The document discusses the history of gender testing for female athletes from the late 1800s to present day. Early gender tests involved visual inspections and medical certificates of femininity. Later tests included chromosome analysis, DNA testing, and examinations of sexual characteristics. Many female athletes faced public humiliation and lost medals due to failing emerging gender tests. Modern sports organizations have moved away from routine testing but still use a multi-factorial approach when gender is questioned for a particular athlete.

1. The Humiliating History of Gender Testing

24. It is about time we ended the gender testing of females It is about time the IOC stopped taking one step forward, and two steps back in protecting their athletes.