histology practical

1. DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY
Travancore Medical College
Kollam, Kerala
General and Systemic Slides with
Salient Features
HISTOLOGY SLIDES

3. HYALINE CARTILAGE
• Presence of perichondrium – fibrous and
cellular layer
• Chondrocytes in cell nests within lacuna
• Homogenous matrix with metachromasia
(Territorial and interterritorial matrix

4. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

5. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
• Presence of perichondrium – fibrous and
cellular layer
• Large chondrocytes within lacuna arranged
singularly
• Elastic fibres within the matrix

7. FIBROCARTILAGE
• Absence of perichondrium
• Chondrocytes arranged in linear manner
between parallel bundles of collagen fibres

9. BONE -Transverse section
• Haversian system with central Haversian Canal
• Osteocytes in lacunae arranged in between
concentric, interstitial and circumferential
lamellae and connected by canaliculi between
lamellae

11. BONE- Longitudinal section
• Longitudinal sections of Haversian and
Volkmann’s canal seen
• Osteocytes in lacunae arranged parallel to
Haversian canal.

12. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

13. SKELETAL MUSCLE
• Unbranched long fibres with dark & light cross
striations.
• Syncytium, sarcoplasm with peripheral
flattened nucleus

15. CARDIAC MUSCLE
• Branched fibres with faint cross striations.
• Central ovoid nucleus with intercalated discs
separating adjacent myocytes.

17. ELASTIC ARTERY
• Tunica intima, Tunica media and Tunica
adventitia .
• Prominent Tunica media containing abundant
elastic fibres arranged in a concentric manner

19. MUSCULAR ARTERY
– Tunica intima, Tunica media and Tunica adventitia.
– Prominent Tunica media with smooth muscle cells
arranged in a concentric manner
– Prominent internal elastic lamina

20. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

21. LARGE VEIN
– Tunica intima, Tunica media and Tunica adventitia
– Prominent Tunica adventitia with longitudinally
arranged smooth muscle fibres

22. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

23. SENSORY GANGLIA
– Large round to ovoid cell bodies of
pseudounipolar neurons arranged in groups
separated by bundles of myelinated nerve fibres.
– Numerous satellite cells surrounding each nerve
cell.

25. AUTONOMIC GANGLIA
• Small, irregular Multipolar cell bodies with
eccentrically placed nucleus scattered in
between thin unmyelinated nerve fibres
• Few satellite cells

27. THIN SKIN
• Epidermis lined by stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium
• Numerous hair follicles, sebaceous glands and
arrectores pilorum
• Papillary and reticular layer of Dermis

29. THICK SKIN
• Epidermis lined by stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium with prominent
Stratum Corneum and Lucidum
• Absence of hair follicles
• Papillary and reticular layer of Dermis

31. LYMPH NODE
• Capsule with subcapsular sinus
• Dark staining outer cortex with lymphocytes
arranged in the form of lymphatic nodules
with pale staining germinal centre and inner
medulla
• Pale staining inner medulla with lymphocytes
arranged in form of Medullary sinus

33. THYMUS
• Incomplete lobulation with lymphocytes
arranged as outer cortex and inner medulla
• Hassall’s corpuscle in medulla

35. TONSIL
• Tonsillar crypts lined by stratified squamous
nonkeratinised epithelium
• Lymphocytes arranged in the form of nodules.

36. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

37. SPLEEN
• Lymphocytes arranged as red pulp and white
pulp
• Red pulp with lymphocytes and Red blood
corpuscles interspersed
• White pulp with lymphocytes arranged
around eccentrically placed arteriole

39. MIXED SALIVARY GLAND
• Lobes made up of serous and mucous acini
• Crescent shaped groups of serous cells
capping the mucous acini (Demilunes of
Heidenhain or crescents of Gianuzzi)

40. Serous salivary gland

41. SEROUS SALIVARY GLAND
• Rounded serous acini , small lumen ,
pyramidal cells with centrally placed rounded
nuclei bipolar staining cytoplasm( basal
basophilia and apical eosinophilia )
• Inter lobular, Intralobular and intercalated
ducts lined by columnar, cuboidal and
squamous epithelium.

43. MUCOUS SALIVARY GLAND
• Mucous acini of various shapes, large lumen ,
lined by columnar cells having pale foamy
cytoplasm , flat basal nuclei.
• Inter lobular, Intralobular and intercalated
ducts lined by columnar, cuboidal and
squamous epithelium

44. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

45. PANCREAS
• Exocrine part- serous acini with bipolar
staining, centroacinar cells
• Endocrine part – pale staining Islets of
Langerhans

46. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

47. LIVER
• Hepatic lobule with central vein and
hepatocytes radiating from it. Hepatocytes
separated by sinusoids
• Portal triad with cut sections of portal vein,
hepatic artery, bile duct

49. GALL BLADDER
• Mucosa, fibromuscular coat, serosa.
• Simple tall columnar epithelium with
microvilli.
• Smooth muscle fibres interspersed with
elastic fibres are seen in the fibromuscular
coat.

51. TONGUE
• Lining epithelium is stratified squamous non-
keratinised.
• Presence of papillae-Filiform, fungi form and
circumvallate papillae
• Cental core of fibromusculoglandular tissue

53. ESOPHAGUS
• Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa &
adventitia
• Mucosa lined by nonkeratinised stratified
squamous epithelium thrown into folds.
• Prominent submucosa with tubuloacinar
mucous glands.

55. STOMACH -FUNDUS
• Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and
serosa.
• Mucosa – lined by simple columnar
epithelium , gastric pits extending into ¼th of
the mucosa, Lamina propria with numerous
gastric glands - Acidophilic parietal cells and
basophilic chief cells seen.

57. STOMACH- PYLORUS
• Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and
serosa.
• Mucosa – lined by simple columnar
epithelium with gastric pits extending into ⅔rd
of the mucosa. Pyloric mucous glands are seen
in lamina propria.

59. DUODENUM
• Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa and
serosa
• Mucosa –finger like villi lined by columnar
cells with striated border and goblet cells.
• Mucous Brunner’s glands in submucosa.

61. JEJUNUM
• Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa and
serosa
• Mucosa –leaf like villi lined by columnar cells
with striated border and goblet cells.
• Featureless submucosa.

63. ILEUM
• Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa and
serosa
• Rudimentary villi lined by columnar cells with
striated border and goblet cells.
• Peyer’s patches- lymphoid aggregates.

65. APPENDIX
• Small lumen with Mucosa, Submucosa,
Muscularis externa and serosa
• Crypts of Leiberkuhn lined by simple columnar
epithelium with goblet cells
• Lamina propria - lymphoid aggregates.

67. LARGE INTESTINE
• Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa and
serosa
• Absence of intestinal villi
• Crypts of Leiberkuhn with numerous goblet
cells

69. KIDNEY
– Capsule, cortex, medulla
– Cortex shows sections of renal corpuscles, darkly
stained PCT (small lumen, lined by a single layer of
large cuboidal cells with eosinophilic granular
cytoplasm and brush borders)and pale stained
DCT( larger lumen lined by smaller cuboidal cells)
– Medulla shows collecting tubules and ducts and
Loop of Henle (Thin - simple squamous
epithelium, thick – simple cuboidal epithelium)

71. URETER
• Mucosa, muscular coat, adventitia
• Star shaped lumen lined by transitional
epithelium
• Muscular layer showing outer circular and
inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

73. TESTIS
• Outer Tunica albuginea
• Sections of semniferous tubules lined by
spermatogenic cells and supportive Sertoli
cells
• Interstitial cells of Leydig seen in between.

75. EPIDIDYMIS
• Tubules lined by pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium with stereocilia with
clumps of spermatozoa within lumen
• Circularly arranged smooth muscle fibres and
connective tissue around each tubule

77. VAS DEFERENS
• Mucosa, muscular layer, adventitia
• Mucosa thrown into folds lined by
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Thick muscular coat with 3 layers – outer &
inner longitudinal, middle circular

79. FALLOPIAN TUBE
• Mucous, muscular, serous coat
• Mucosa thrown into complex folds - primary
secondary & tertiary – lined by ciliated simple
columnar epithelium

80. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

81. OVARY
• Cuboidal germinal epithelium with inner
Tunica albuginea
• Outer cortex with numerous ovarian follicles
in various stages of development (primordial,
primary, secondary, tertiary, mature)
• Medulla - stroma of irregular connective
tissue with blood vessels.

83. Umbilical cord
• Core of mucoid connective tissue (Wharton’s
jelly) covered by amnion
• Section of two umbilical arteries and one
umbilical vein.

85. MAMMARY GLAND - INACTIVE
• Tubuloalveolar glands and connective tissue
stroma
• Glandular elements minimal , lined by simple
cuboid epithelium
• Abundant stroma consists of adipose tissue,
fibroblasts

86. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

87. Placenta
• Sections of irregular chorionic villi, lined by
cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
• Maternal RBC in intervilllous space
• Hofbauer cells seen

89. UTERUS – PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
• Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
• Endometrium lined by simple columnar
epithelium with long straight tubular glands.
• Myometrium shows thick layer of smooth
muscle fibre bundles interlacing in many
directions and connective tissue.

91. PITUITARY GLAND
• Pars anterior showing chromophils (acidophils
and basophils), chromophobes and sinusoids
• Pars posterior showing nerve fibres and
pituicytes
• Pars intermedia shows colloid filled follicles

93. THYROID GLAND
• Lobules made up of thyroid follicles lined by
simple cuboidal epithelium and filled with
homogenous colloid
• Para follicular cells between follicles as well as
in follicular wall between basement
membrane and follicular cells

94. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

95. SUPRARENAL GLAND
• Outer cortex, inner medulla with numerous
sinusoids
• Cortex has 3 zones – zona glomerulosa , zona
fasciculata and zona reticularis.
• Medulla shows large chromaffin cells and
sympathetic ganglion cells

97. CEREBRUM
– Outer gray matter (cortex) and inner white matter
– Cortex shows 6 layers (superficial to deep) :
Molecular layer,Outer granular layer, Pyramidal
cell layer, Inner granular layer, Ganglionic layer,
Polymorphous layer

99. CEREBELLUM
– Inner white matter and outer cortex
– Cortex made up of Outer molecular layer , Middle
purkinje cell layer (Purkinje cells seen as flask
shaped cells with ramifying dentrites), Inner
granular layer

100. ©Dept. Anatomy Travancore Medical College

101. SPINAL CORD
• Inner “H” shaped gray matter with broad
anterior horns( large multipolar neurons) and
narrow posterior horns, central canal lined by
ependymal cells
• Outer white matter in the form of posterior
lateral and anterior funiculi made up of nerve
fibers and neuroglia

103. CORNEA
– Stratified squamous nonkeratinised epithelium
with anterior limiting membrane -Bowman’s
membrane
– Corneal stroma or substantia propria consisting of
special collagen fibres and corneal corpuscles
– Descemet’s membrane (posterior limiting
membrane) with corneal endothelium lined by
low cuboidal cells.

105. RETINA
• 10 layers from outer to inner
• 1. Pigment epithelium
• 2. Layer of Rods & Cones
• 3. Outer limiting membrane
• 4. Outer nuclear layer
• 5. Outer plexiform layer
• 6. Inner nuclear layer
• 7. Inner plexiform layer
• 8. Ganglion cell layer
• 9. Optic nerve fibre layer
• 10. Inner limiting membrane

107. TRACHEA
• Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage and
adventitia
• Mucosa lined by pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium with goblet cells
• Hyaline cartilage as C shaped rings with
trachealis(smooth) muscle at places where
cartilage is absent.

109. LUNG
• Alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium
• Bronchus lined by pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium surrounded by irregular
cartilage plates and lamina propria with
serous and mucous acini.
• Bronchiole lined by low cuboidal or
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
surrounded by prominent smooth muscle
fibres, cartilage plates are absent

110. Q001
The above picture represents a girl child affected with Turner’s syndrome
1. Mention all possible karyotypes in this condition (1 mark)
2. Name 4 clinical features in this condition (1 mark)
3. Mention two changes noted in the ovarian tissue in this condition (1 mark)
4. Name one test for prenatal diagnosis of this condition (1 mark)
5. Mention the four components of the planting material used in karyotyping (1 mark)

111. The above picture is that of a child affected with Down’s syndrome
1. Mention the possible karyotype in this condition (1 mark)
2. Mention two facial features noted in this condition (1 mark)
3. Mention two features noted in the hand of the affected person (1 mark)
4. Mention two diagnostic prenatal radiological features. (1 mark)
5. Mention the phase of cell division during which karyotyping is done (1 mark)
Q002

112. 1. Based on the clinical features depicted
above, Identify the syndrome (1mark)
2. Mention all possible karyotypes in this
condition (1 mark)
3. Name two invasive prenatal diagnostic
test of this condition (1 mark)
4. Mention the diagnostic criteria used with
Barr body test in this condition(1 mark)
5. Which is the histopathological feature
noted in Testicular biopsy in this
condition (1 mark)
Q003

113. 1. Identify the clinical syndrome (0.5 marks)
2. Mention the karyotype (0.5 marks)
3. Mention two facial features noted in this condition (1 mark)
4. Mention two features noted in the hand of the affected person (1 mark)
5. Mention the two major chromosomal aberrations. (1 mark)
6. Mention two other Trisomy which can occur (1 mark)
Q004

114. 1. Identify the karyotype (0.5 mark)
2. Name the clinical syndrome (0.5 mark)
3. In this clinical condition , mention the usual presenting complaint (1 mark)
4. Mention four clinical features in this condition (1 mark)
5. Mention the test which can be easily done to diagnose this condition (1 mark)
6. Can the affected person transmit the disease to the next generation? Explain with reason
(1 mark)
Q005

115. 1. Identify the syndrome with this karyotype (1 mark)
2. Name 4 clinical features in this condition (1 mark)
3. Name two invasive prenatal diagnostic test of this condition (1 mark)
4. Mention the diagnostic criteria used with Barr body test in this condition(1 mark)
5. Which is the histopathological feature noted in Testicular biopsy in this condition (1 mark)
Q006

116. 1. Identify the karyotype ( 0.5 mark)
2. Mention the five major steps of karyotyping ?(1.25 marks)
3. Name the drug used and the phase in which it is used to arrest mitosis during
Karyotyping (1 mark)
4. Mention the four types of chromosomes depending on the position of centromere
(1mark)
5. Mention the names of the groups of chromosome based on Denver classification
(1.25 marks)
Q009

117. 1. Identify the karyotype ( 0.5 mark)
2. What is the above picture called as? (0.5 mark)
3. Name the drug used and the phase in which it is used to arrest mitosis during
Karyotyping (1 mark)
4. Mention the four types of chromosomes depending on the position of centromere
(1mark)
5. How is Paris classification a more progressive one than Denver classification. (1mark)
6. Which type of chromosomal aberration does Paris classification help identify (1marks)
Q010