Hispanic Low-Income Parents’ Attitudes toward Treatment of ADHD
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![HISPANIC LOW-INCOME PARENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD TREATMENT OF ADHD IN A COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER Valerie F. Pietry, MD, MS; Gonzalo Bacigalupe, EdD; Heather-Lyn Haley, PhD University of Massachusetts Medical School Department of Family Medicine and Community Health Background Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder has a prevalence of 4 to 12% among school-aged children. However, studies describe underdiagnosis and undertreatment of ADHD among Hispanic populations. Parental factors have been shown to impact ADHD treatment outcomes. Qualitative studies of parental attitudes and beliefs about ADHD in Latino populations are limited and suggest a need to investigate divergent findings. Quantifying Hispanic parental knowledge and attitudes about ADHD treatment could lead to more culturally-appropriate interventions, and a reduction of health disparities in the management of ADHD in underserved Latino families. The goal of this study was to employ an existing survey tool, normed in a primarily middle-income, non-Hispanic, tertiary care population, to describe parental knowledge, attitudes and opinions about ADHD and its treatment in a Hispanic, low-income, primary care population, and to evaluate the relevance of this instrument to the study population’s treatment concerns. Additionally, we evaluated the association between the study population’s demographic factors and survey responses. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],All 32 parents were female, described themselves as Hispanic or Latino, ranging in age from 22 to 45 years, with a mean age of 33 years. Other demographic data are summarized in Table 1. * p=0.05 * p=0.04 *p=0.01 Parenting efficacy Knowledge Scale Focus Group Themes Table 1: Demographic Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Role of Professionals 1. Medication: In response to the use of stimulant medications and the effects on their children, parents describe a mixture of feelings of empowerment and powerlessness, experiencing relief when they perceive positive effects on their children’s behavior, as well as a sense of distress when medications wear off, are in short supply or cause undesired side effects. 2. Trust based on results: Positive results in children’s behavior transcend cultural barriers and translate into trust in the provider. 3. Counseling: Parents may be seen as exploring the contribution that counseling makes to their children’s treatment plans—making sense of the benefits it offers for their particular situations. 4. Teachers and schools: Teachers and school personnel may be the first to identify an attention problem, and are sometimes construed as having authority as diagnosticians of ADHD, and judges of treatment efficacy. 5. Cultural competence and family-centered medical home: Language need not be perceived as a barrier if the medical home provides culturally-appropriate services. Parents are willing to work with a medical system that they perceive is earnestly trying to meet their needs. Role of Family Systems 1. Beliefs about meaning of “hereditary”: Parents view family histories of ADHD and trauma as interrelated etiologic factors. 2. Influence of family members: Extended family members contribute their opinions about ADHD to parents, whether appreciated or not. The impact of this may be enhanced when housing arrangements force cohabitation with extended family. Parent Comments : “ We also need someone who can inform the parents, especially the Latinos; many parents are afraid, or they do not know the language.” “… the children, they need the father, them as boys they need the father…the boys want a masculine figure around.” Figure 1 Figure 3 Comparison of published AKOS norms with the study population’s subscale scores yielded the following associations, suggesting both differences between a low-income, Hispanic parental cohort and the general population, and diversity within the cohort. Knowledge score for the entire sample was significantly lower than the norm (P<0.001), independent of demographic subgroup shown in Table 1. Sample mean: 7.8 SD 2.7 Norm: 11.0 SD 2.4 Figure 2 Opinion Factors: Significant demographic correlations Figure 3 Counseling Acceptability score was significantly higher in the Spanish vs. English language group. (P = 0.05.). Medication Acceptability and Counseling Feasibility, but not Counseling Acceptability scores, were significantly higher for parents with high school education or less (P = 0.04, P = 0.016, respectively). Parenting efficacy scores were significantly higher among parents who completed a mail-in rather than an office-based survey (P = 0.04). *p<0.04 Results References 1. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 1088 – 1096. 2. Can J Psychiatry 1999; 44: 1043 – 1048. 3. General Hospital Psychiatry May-June 2007; 29(3): 179 – 181 4. J Attention Disorders June 2003; 6(4): 163 – 175. 5. J DB Pediatrics October 2004; 25(5): 311 – 317 6. J DB Pediatrics February 2001; 22(1): 60 – 73. 7. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1996; 21(5): 643-57 8. Power T et al. Homework success for children with ADHD: a family-school intervention program. New York: The Guilford Press, 2001 Summary and Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Acknowledgements This study was supported by a grant from the University of Massachusetts Commonwealth Medicine Mini-Grant Program. The authors greatly appreciate the cooperative spirit of the parents and caregivers who took part in the study, the support of the FHC ADHD Clinic staff, and the assistance of Dr. Kenneth Fletcher and Dr. Daniel Smith. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],p < 0.001 0 No 45.2 No 51.6 Yes Prior ADHD experience 51.6 No 48.4 Yes Single caregiver 28 Any college 72 12 th grade or less Education level 100 Yes Public Assistance 53.3 Spanish 46.7 English Primary language 6.7 Other 6.7 Dominican Republic 63.3 Puerto Rico 23.3 USA Country of Origin 100 Hispanic/Latino Ethnicity Valid %](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/adhdposternapcrgstfm-110512102900-phpapp02/85/Hispanic-Low-Income-Parents-Attitudes-toward-Treatment-of-ADHD-1-320.jpg)
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Using the brief case description below, prepare a script you could use to call the mock client’s pediatrician for a 10-minute conversation. To prepare, consider the following: What facts do you need to communicate to the doctor? What will the doctor likely want to know from you? What will you want to be sure to tell the doctor about your diagnosis of him having ADHD and treatment plan for family? You diagnose that he should be placed on medication and pediatricians nurse prescribe the diagnosis level
Case description: Your client is an 8-year-old male whose parents are concerned might have ADHD. He is the middle child of three boys. You have met the parents and the child in your initial sessions. At this point, you have had only three sessions with the family. Your client says he has lots of friends, he hates school because it’s boring, and his parents yell at him too much!
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A NATIONAL SURVEY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS:
PERSPECTIVES ON COLLABORATION WITH
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPISTS
Rebecca E. Clark
Lifespan Family Healthcare, Newcastle, Maine
Deanna Linville
University of Oregon
Karen H. Rosen
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Recognizing the fit between family medicine and marriage and family therapy (MFT),
members of both fields have made significant advances in collaborative health research
and practice. To add to this work, we surveyed a nationwide random sample of 240 family
physicians (FPs) and asked about their perspectives and experiences of collaboration with
MFTs. We found that FPs frequently perceive a need for their patients to receive MFT-
related care, but their referral to and collaboration with MFTs were limited. Through
responses to an open-ended question, we gained valuable information as to how MFTs
could more effectively initiate collaboration with FPs.
Despite the success of medical family therapists in providing integrative, collaborative
healthcare, we know little about how commonly family physicians (FPs) and marriage and fam-
ily therapists (MFTs) collaborate in routine patient care. To our knowledge, there have been
no studies published from the perspective of the FP that describe the extent to which FPs seek
the collaboration of MFTs, the degree to which they are aware of MFT as a field, their per-
ceived need for their patients to receive MFT, or their attitude toward MFT as a potential
resource for patient treatment.
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Number of Pages: 4 Slides
Number of sources: 3
Writing Style: APA
Type of document: Essay
Academic Level:Undergraduate
Category: Psychology
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· Position
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· tradeoffs
· Dual advantage (strategy)
· Relatively low cost products with valued differentiated features.
· Use primary and support activities to produce differentiated products at relatively low costs.
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Diagnosis of Depression in Early Childhood
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Presenting problem: “Social worker believes our discipline style is too harsh and we need
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History of Present Illness: Both clients present to the office with concerns regarding their
children being “taken away” by social services as she believes they parent too harshly. They
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Past Psychiatric History: “Needs to be added to”
Medical History: “Needs to be added to”
Substance Abuse History: No indication for substance abuse. “Needs to be added to”
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GASTROINTESTINAL: No nausea, emesis, or diarrhea. Abdomen soft, no distention, no
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GENITOURINARY: No burning or discomfort when urinating.
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American Indian Teen Mothers’ and Infants’ Behavioral
Risks: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Allison Barlow, M.A., M.P.H.
Britta Mullany, Ph.D., M.H.S.
Nicole Neault, M.P.H.
Scott Compton, Ph.D.
Alice Carter, Ph.D.
Ranelda Hastings, B.S.
Trudy Billy, B.S.
Valerie Coho-Mescal
Sherilynn Lorenzo
John T. Walkup, M.D.
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ine the effectiveness of Family Spirit, a
paraprofessional-delivered, home-visiting
pregnancy and early childhood interven-
tion, in improving American Indian teen
mothers’ parenting outcomes and moth-
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ioral functioning 12 months postpartum.
Method: Pregnant American Indian teens
(N=322) from four southwestern tribal
reservation communities were randomly
assigned in equal numbers to the Family
Spirit intervention plus optimized stan-
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alone. Parent and child emotional and
behavioral outcome data were collected at
baseline and at 2, 6, and 12 months
postpartum using self-reports, interviews,
and observational measures.
Results: At 12 months postpartum, moth-
ers in the intervention group had sig-
nificantly greater parenting knowledge,
parenting self-efficacy, and home safety
attitudes and fewer externalizing behav-
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ternalizing problems. In a subsample of
mothers with any lifetime substance use at
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intervention group had fewer externalizing
and dysregulation problems than those in
the standard care group, and fewer scored
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izing problems. No between-group differ-
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partum suggest that the Family Spirit
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fant outcomes that predict lower lifetime
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and bear twice as many children while in their teens
compared with the general U.S. population (1, 2). Teen
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maternal outcomes and poor parenting, which put teens’
children at higher risk for behavioral health problems in
their lifetime (3–5). Compounding the challenge of teen
parenting, American Indian and Alaska Native adolescent
females experience higher drug use rates and related
conduct problems than other U.S. ethnic groups, in-
cluding school dropout, intentional and unintentional
injury, and sexually transmitted disease (1, 6, 7). Native
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Ellen S. Cohn, ScD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Clinical Associate
Professor, Boston University, Sargent College of Health and
Rehabilitation Sciences, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston,
Massachusetts 02215; [email protected]
This article was accepted for publication May 17, 2000.
Ellen S. Cohn
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The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 285
This qualitative study explored parents’ points of view
regarding their children’s participation in occupational
therapy using a sensory integration approach. Data were
collected through parent interviews and were analyzed
using grounded theory methods. The parents’ perceptions of
the benefits of therapy for their children were categorized
into three interrelated constructs: abilities, activities, and
reconstruction of self-worth. For themselves, parents valued
understanding their children’s behavior in new ways, which
facilitated a shift in expectations for themselves and their
children, having their parenting experience validated, and
being able to support and advocate for their children.
Implications for family-centered intervention and future
research are proposed.
Cohn, E. S. (2001). Parent perspectives of occupational therapy
using a sensory integration approach. American Journal of Occupational
Therapy, 55, 285–294.
S
ensory integration approaches are the most widely
researched intervention within pediatric occupational
therapy (Miller & Kinnealey, 1993). Ayres (1972)
reported that occupational therapy using sensory integra-
tion approaches, when coupled with special education, was
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ry integration approaches, whereas subsequent reviewers
have claimed that the evidence in support of sensory inte-
gration approaches was inconclusive (Arendt, Mac Lean,
& Baumeister, 1988; Daems, 1994; Polatajko, Kaplan, &
Wilson, 1992; Schaffer, 1984; Spitzer, Roley, Clark, &
Parham, 1997; Vargas & Camilli, 1999; Wilson & Kaplan,
1994). Although much of this research indicates that sen-
sory integration approaches are effective in increasing chil-
dren’s motor, sensory processing, and academic skills, no
definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding efficacy.
Many studies regarding the efficacy of sensory integra-
tion approaches have relied on measures of performance
components for outcome evaluation. Use of perceptual,
motor, sensory, and cognitive scales has narrowed the focus
of the research. To broaden our understanding of out-
comes, researchers have identified the need to understand
the outcomes of occupational therapy from the child and
family perspective (Bundy, 1991; Butler, 1995; Cohn.
Running head SCHIZOPHRENIA .docx
Running head: SCHIZOPHRENIA 1
Working with Families
1. Effects of a psych educational intervention program on the attitudes and health perceptions of relatives of patients with schizophrenia
The article highlights the importance of both family and relatives to support the victim who has schizophrenia. Moreover, the article goes further and highlights the purpose of the study. The article assesses the effectiveness of a family psych educational program in the different outlook and health insights of the relatives of the patient with suffering from schizophrenia. Various programs aid in supporting both the family and relatives to gain more information about the schizophrenia and how they can best offer support to them.
The psych educational program was efficient in adjusting to the caregivers’ outlooks. Nonetheless, the program did not influence the perceptions of healthcare. Moreover, the family and relative psych educational management program transforms the deleterious approaches of both family and relatives to schizophrenia. On the other hand, not all the agenda of this type may advance health difficulties; otherwise, their consequences might only appear in a long-term condition or situation.
The psycho-educational plan gave an enhancement in the outlooks of families to schizophrenia. Besides, this signifies that they have known how to think, feel, and act, in a positive method in regards to the disorder.
Seeing the unfortunate result of the majority of people who have schizophrenia, the process has made it possible for individuals to discover the influence of psych educational programs, which may aid indirectly or directly to advancing the quality and the course of life of these people and their families. Besides, it is vital to evaluate the efficiency of the agendas in diverse cultures and nations.
2. The Mediating Effect of Family Cohesion in Reducing Patient Symptoms and Family Distress in a Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Parallel-Process Latent-Growth Model
The paper examines whether a CIT-S (Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia outdid the usual family psych education (PSY-ED) by not only in reducing patient schizophrenia signs but also in diminishing a person’s DASS. Since CIT-S nurtured family consistency in therapy; moreover, it is anticipated that an increase in family solidity would facilitate the cure effects.
The procedure permitted individual’s to be fixed in latent-change or latent-growth models to check the treatment impacts and guarantee the model fit was sufficient prior to joining them to parallel-procedure models and investigating the secondary outcomes. The latent-change model is assessing the medication influence on family solidity from standard to average, as shown in a Time Treatment Interaction (TTI). The CIT-S team displayed a natural growth of approximately on.
Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6.docx
Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid
BSHS/435
October 3, 2016
Dr. Vanessa Byrd
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013).
Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds
It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another.
Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008).
Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chi ...
Parents perceptions of autism and theirhealth-seeking behav
Parents' perceptions of autism and their
health-seeking behaviors
Maria Isabel O. Quilendrino a,*, Mary Anne R. Castor a,
Nenacia Ranali Nirena P. Mendoza b, Jacqueline R. Vea c,
Nina T. Castillo-Carandang c
a Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines,
Manila, Philippines
b Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine,
University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
c Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
c l i n i c a l e p i d e m i o l o g y a n d g l o b a l h e a l t h 3 ( 2 0 1 5 ) s 1 0 – s 1 5
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 15 September 2015
Accepted 13 November 2015
Available online 7 December 2015
Keywords:
Autism
Autistic disorder
Behavior
Perception
a b s t r a c t
Background: Parents' health-seeking behaviors, which in turn may be related to their per-
ceptions, are hypothesized to be the major determinant of the timing of diagnosis and
subsequent intervention for children with autism.
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to describe parental perceptions of autism
and health-seeking behaviors for urban Filipino children aged 2–6 years.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in several phases. The first phase
involved collection of qualitative data from key informant interviews and small group
discussions. The second phase involved the development of a validated and reliable ques-
tionnaire, which was administered to 41 parents of children with autism, aged 2–6 years.
Results: Parents had varying perceptions of autism. They were generally undecided with
regard to the etiology of autism, but were in agreement that psychosocial factors, such as
parental sins and curses, were unlikely to be associated with autism. The most common
presenting symptom noted by parents was a qualitative impairment in social interaction.
There was a noted trend towards earlier age of symptom recognition (mean of 24 months)
and diagnosis of autism (mean of 39 months) among parents with younger children.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed some trends: There is improved awareness
regarding autism and the needs of children with autism. Parents tend to disagree with
previous myths about autism. There was an observable trend toward earlier diagnosis for
this group.
# 2015 INDIACLEN. Published by Elsevier, a division of Reed Elsevier India, Pvt. Ltd. All
rights reserved.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +63 9178033888; fax: +63 27311631.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.I.O. Quilendrino).
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cegh
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2015.11.003
2213-3984/# 2015 INDIACLEN. Published by Elsevier, a division of Reed Elsevier India, Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://crossmar ...
Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9.docx
Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid
BSHS/435
October 3, 2016
Dr. Vanessa Byrd
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013).
Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds
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Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chil ...
Autistic Children
This is a presentation on the problems of parents with autistic children and effective intervention strategies.
A Survey Of Autism Knowledge In A Health Care Setting
Paper Writing Service
http://StudyHub.vip/A-Survey-Of-Autism-Knowledge-In-A-Healt 👈
Similar to Hispanic Low-Income Parents’ Attitudes toward Treatment of ADHD (20)
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Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6.docx
Parents perceptions of autism and theirhealth-seeking behav
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Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 9.docx
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A Survey Of Autism Knowledge In A Health Care Setting
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Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
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Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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