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Hispanic Culture for Educators
- 1. by Maria deJesus Dixon April 7, 2015 for T&L 339-Communicating in Diverse Classrooms Hispanic/Latino Culture for Educators
- 2. Quote by aGreat Educator
- 3. What Teachers needto know about Hispanic Culture Demographics Cultural Insight Food and Language Social Conventions Folklore, Dichos and Taboos Significant Individuals and Organizations Stereotypes and Challenges Relevant to Washington State
- 4. Demographics Term Usage Whether to utilize “Hispanic” or “Latino” History of terms Varies regionally Additional terms to describe Hispanics
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- 6. Demographics As ofJuly 1, 2013 - 54 million Constitutes 17% of the nation’s total population (316,497,531) Hispanics are the nation’s largest ethnic minority Mexico ONLY has a larger population of Hispanics (120 million) than the U.S. worldwide
- 7. Demographics 64% Mexicanbackground 9.4% Puerto Rican background 3.8% Salvadoran background 3.7% Cuban background 3.1% Dominican background 2.3% Guatemalan background Remainder are some other Central American, South American or other Hispanic/Latino
- 8. Demographics In 22states, Hispanics are the largest minority group:
- 9. Demographics Education: 64%of Hispanics 25 and older, have a least a high school education In 2012, 13.8% have a bachelor’s degree or higher, which is about 4 million There are 1.3 million who have advanced degrees (master’s, professional) There were 23.3% of elementary and high school students who are Hispanic in 2012
- 10. Demographics 8.4% ofvoters in the 2012 presidential election were Hispanic There were 2.3 million Hispanic owned businesses in 2007 Receipts generated by Hispanic-owned businesses in 2007 was $350.7 billion
- 11. Cultural Insights Food Every Hispanic/Latino culture has some sort of variation of rice and beans
- 12. Cultural Insight: Food Mexican
- 13. Cultural Insight: Food Puerto Rican
- 14. Cultural Insight: Food Salvadoran
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- 16. Cultural Insight: Language All Latinos speak different dialects of the Spanish language Mexicans: Latin American Spanish This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong "r" sounds. Puerto Ricans: Taino Spanish This dialect is derived from the Tainos, the indigenous original people of Puerto Rico. Salvadorans: Voseo Spanish This dialect is derived from Spanish spoken in Spain but is the second person singular pronoun Cubans: Lowland Spanish This dialect features the debuccalization of the letter /s/ in syllable coda
- 17. Cultural Insight: Language Linguistic Challenges Pronunciation: Linguistic Problem peculiar to Spanish speakers The word “it” pronounced as “eat” Pronunciation problem peculiar to the Speech community The word “junk” pronounced as “chunk”
- 18. Cultural Insights: SocialConventions Traditional Patriarchal Structure Machismo Collectivistic Culture Look to one another for opinions Disease vs Dying Dia de los Muertos Household Size Children are a big part of family households
- 19. Cultural Insights: SocialConventions Bilingual Ad Messaging Top 3 Media Outlets Children Games Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices Empacho Mal de “Ojo” Envidia Susto
- 20. Cultural Insights: Folklore Mexican: La Llorna (The Weeping Woman) Pedro de Urdemalas (Pedro the Trickester) The Virgin de Guadalupe (The Virgin of Guadalupe)
- 21. Cultural Insights: Dichos Dichos are commonly used in the home by parents and/or grandparents: "El muchacho malcriado dondequiera encuentra padre" "Dime con quien andas y te dire quien eres" "Al mal paso darle prisa"
- 22. Cultural Insights: Taboo Birds and the bees talk Being lazy and not having a job Treating a man with less respect than with the woman he is with Using religious profanity Not asking the father/family for permission to marry his/their daughter
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- 28. Cultural Insights: Stereotypes& Challenges Latinas as Maids The Latino Lover Latinos are Drug Dealers Crazy Latina Moms Latinos are Loud
- 29. Cultural Insights: Stereotypes& Challenges All Latinos are Mexican All Latinos are Catholic All Latinos are Poor All Latinos Speak Spanish All Latinos have Big Families
- 30. Washington State 790,000– Total Hispanic Population in WA, 2011 65% - Native Born Hispanics 35% - Foreign Born Hispanics 83% - Mexican Origin 17% - Non-Mexican Origin 206,000 – Number of Hispanics enrolled in K-12 19% - Hispanics as percent of all K-12 students
- 31. What Now? Implementin your classroom: A welcoming presence Display items from students’ home country Incorporate activities where the student can teach other students about their home country and culture Celebrate similarities Respect and accommodate for differences.
- 32. What Now? NineStrengths 1. Not easily discouraged 2. Desires upward social mobility 3. Expects high academic performance 4. Resists stereotype threat 5. Rejects negative cultural norms 6. Aspires to pave the way for others 7. Possesses spiritual assurance 8. Have a sense of responsibility 9. Prefers self-reliance
- 33. #1 – NotEasily Discouraged Educators can: Remind them of their self-determination Encourage them to share their success strategies Help them transfer their resourceful skills to college and career
- 34. #2 – UpwardSocial Mobility Educators can: Encourage them to talk about the future Coach them to develop a game plan Place role models in front of them
- 35. #3 – HighAcademic Performance Educators can: Arm them with new academic strategies Encourage them to connect with other students Make sure they are aware of resources
- 36. #4 – ResistStereotypes Educators can: Educate students about stereotype threat Be aware of their racial identity development Arm them with healthy resistance strategies
- 37. #5 – RejectNegative Cultural Norms Educators can: Praise them for their strength Learn their stories and backgrounds: Ask questions Encourage them to also reject negative norms
- 38. #6 – Pavethe Way for Others Educators can: Provide mentoring opportunities Help them connect their aspiration to help others to a career Encourage them to coordinate classroom events for siblings
- 39. #7 – SpiritualAssurance Educators can: Encourage them to discover their greater life purpose Help them connect with a spiritual community Encourage them to utilize those spiritual values that motivated them to seek educational opportunities
- 40. #8 – Senseof Responsibility Educators can: Help them effectively balance academics, activities and a job Help them keep their academics vs. familial responsibilities in perspective
- 41. #9 – PrefersSelf-Reliance Educators can: Encourage them to seek out help when needed Encourage them to use their problem solving skills beyond the classroom Provide team building experiences that connect them with other students
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- 43. Resources Hispanic Educationin the Unites States, NCLR, 2007 Statistical Brief No. 8 Pew Research Center Survey of Hispanic Adults, May 24-July 28, 2013 Hispanic Heritage Month 2014: Sept 15-Oct 15; U.S. Census Bureau News; U.S. Department of Commerce – CB14-FF.22, Sept. 8, 2014 IBRC – U.S. Census Bureau Data Graph Building Our Understanding: Culture Insights Communicating with Hispanic/Latinos Report; CDC Healthy Communities Program
- 44. Resources The Roleof Mexican Folklore in Teaching and Learning – www.learnnc.org/lp/pages Mexico’s popular sayings: A Taste for Dichos by Wendy Delvin – www.mexconnect.com Cultural Clues, Do’s & Taboos: Communication Guidelines for MEXICO – www.circleofexcellence.com/blog Understanding the Hispanic/Latino Culture – www.coedu.usf.edu/zalaquett/hoy/culture.html Changing Nation Percent of Hispanic of the U.S. Population: 1980-2050; U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce
- 45. Resources Dr. PamelaA. Larde Innovative Educator presentation - Inspired to be the First: Increasing the Success Rate of African American & Latino/a First-Generation College Students Some Pronunciation and Linguistic Problems of Spanish-Speaking Children in American Classrooms by Jerome Axelrod. Elementary English, Vol. 51, No. 2 (February 1974), pp. 203-206 'Hispanic' Or 'Latino'? Polls Say It Doesn't Matter — Usually by Karen Grisby Bates, NPR Codeswitch, 01/21/2014 The Hispanic Population: 2010 Census Brief Understanding the Latino Culture Fact Sheet; The Ohio State University Extension, 2009
- 46. Thank You! Maria deJesus Dixon Retention Counselor CUB 402B mdj.dixon@wsu.edu
Editor's Notes
- #3 Jamie Escalante was born in La Paz, Bolivia and immigrated to the U.S. He began teaching at Garfield High School in 1974 after learning English on his own and earning another college degree as he was a Math and Physics teacher in Bolivia for 12 years before he came to the U.S. He left Garfield H.S. in 1991.
- #5 History of terms - Hispanics in the United States includes any person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. - Latinos are people of “Latin-American” descent. - Widespread usage of the term “Hispanic” dates back to the 1970s, when the Census asked individuals to self-identify as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central/South American or “other Hispanic.” While the terms Hispanic and Latino are used interchangeably currently, they do have different connotations. - Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person’s parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. - People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race (Black/African-American, White/Caucasian, Asian, and Native American) or mixed race. Varies Regionally “Hispanic” is often used in the East, and “Latino” commonly used in the West. Additional Terms: “La Raza” Chicano – predominantly with Mexican Americans Tejana/o Californio/a
- #6 For the Millennials and Generation Z, they actually have no preference.
- #7 US total population – 316,497,531
- #8 It is important to ask your students what country of origin their family is from. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans get really upset out East if you accidently call them the other.
- #9 55% of Mexicans live in the West 77% of Cubans live in the South 59% of Puerto Ricans live in the Northeast
- #14 Sofrito Plantanos
- #15 Pupusas
- #16 White rice and black beans. Platanos Cuban Sandwich
- #17 Puerto Ricans - Puerto Ricans do roll the ‘r’ indeed, but not always and certainly not as often or as strong as some other dialects, but not because Puerto Ricans can’t. The Africans who were enslaved in Puerto Rico overwhelmingly did not have a strong “r” in their native languages so when the Africans were forced to learn Spanish it was difficult for them to roll the ‘r’. This ended up becoming the standard, not because it was difficult but because it was more popular and had become standard. This is why there are instances where Puerto Ricans do not roll or pronounce the “r” as strong as other Spanish speakers. Cuban - Debuccalization is a sound change in which an oral consonant loses its original place of articulation
- #18 Linguistic Problem peculiar to Spanish speakers Spanish speaking children have a linguistic problem if in trying to pronounce a written English word they apply Spanish language phonics laws which do not apply to English. For example, “it” can be pronounced as “eat” since Spanish phonic law says that the letter “I” is usually pronounced as a long “e” This is a linguistic problem as the student is applying an inappropriate phoneme (fonem) to an English grapheme (grafeme). Phoneme - distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another Grapheme - the smallest unit used in describing the writing system of a language Pronunciation problem peculiar to the Speech community Spanish speaking students can mispronounce written words because of a pronunciation problem specific to learning English. For example, a student sees the word “junk” and pronounces it as “chunk”. This is an error in pronunciation because there is no Spanish phonics law which associates the sounds of “j” and “ch”. A “j” in Spanish never sounds like “ch” or vice-versa. Pronouncing “ch” is the students way of approximating the “J” sound and applying suitable phonics law. It is just coming out wrong.
- #19 Traditional Patriarchal Structure – Grants the father or oldest male relative the greatest power, whereas women are expected to show submission. Collectivistic Culture – Where group activities are dominant, responsibility is shared and accountability is collective. Because of the emphasis on collectivity, harmony and cooperation among the group tends to be emphasized more than individual functions and responsibility. Getting a disease is a bigger concern than dying. Issues of morbidity rather than mortality are of greatest concern; lifestyle, behaviors and environmental factors. Dia de los Muertos - This Mexican holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died, and help support their spiritual journey. The average household size is 3.47 people compared to 2.62 for the total American population
- #20 Bilingual Ad Messaging – teens respond best to bilingual ad messages – especially from English-language celebrities “who happen to slip in some Spanish” – because it mirrors their own usage patterns. The top 3 media outlets Hispanic get information and entertainment is (1) Internet, (2) Television, (3) Radio Children Games are very similar to American Children Games: Avion (Hopscotch) Escondidas (Hide and Seek) La Cuerda (Jump Rope) Atrapadas (Catch) La Gallinita Ciega (The Blind Hen) Piedra, Papel o Tijeras (Rock, Paper, Scissors) Games Played with Toys El Balero (A Ball and Cup Game) El Yoyo (Yoyo) Canicas (Marbles) Loteria with uncooked pinto beans Traditional Health Benefits and Practices: Empacho is a form of upset stomach or indigestion thought to be caused by eating the wrong food at the wrong time of day, eating undercooked food or swallowing gum. The most common treatment is rubbing the stomach or back gently with cooking oil and pinching the spine. Mal de Ojo is also known as bad eye or evil eye. It is caused when someone looks with admiration or jealousy at another person. The person looked upon experiences malaise, sleepiness, fatigue, and sever headache. Folk remedies include saying a prayer while passing an egg over the victim's body then placing the egg in a bowl under the victims bed overnight, or alternately, having the person who caused the mal de ojo care for the victim. Envidia, the Spanish word for envy, causes illness and bad luck. Envy can be provoked by success, but can result in misfortune and illness. Working theories are Ritchie Valens and Selena Susto is known as fright sickness and arises from a traumatic or frightening experience and is thought to cause soul loss, whereby the soul leaves the body and wanders freely. Symptoms include anxiety, depression, insomnia, introversion, irritability, lethargy and anorexia.
- #21 Most American-born children know the stories of the Three Bears, Sleeping Beauty, and Hansel and Gretel. Most Mexican and Mexican-American children know the stories of La Llorona, Pedro de Urdemalas and the The Virgin of Guadalupe. La Llorna - La Llorona, also known as the Weeping Woman or the Woman in White, is a scary legend told to older Mexican children. There are many, many versions of this tale. In a common version told in the Southwestern U.S., a beautiful and haughty young woman marries a rich and handsome stranger who visits her village one day. At first, the couple is happy, giving birth to two children and making a home together. Eventually, the husband leaves La Llorona for another woman. In her anger and grief, she drowns her own children in the nearby river. She realizes right away what she’s done, and tries to rescue her children. In the attempt, she herself drowns. Her spirit is doomed to wander the river banks in a white dress, calling for her dead children. The legend typically ends by saying that La Llorona can still be seen today, her ghostly figure still wandering and wailing for her children. Pedro de Urdemalas - Pedro, known in Spanish as Pedro de Urdemalas, is the central figure in several “trickster” tales. In many tales, he tricks unwitting victims out of large sums of money. In one of the most well-known Pedro de Urdemalas tales, Pedro manages to trick both God and the Devil. In one version, Pedro, an incurable gambler, helps a pair of beggars, who turn out to be God and Saint Peter. In exchange for his kindness, God grants Pedro’s wishes — a deck of cards that will always let him win, and eternal salvation for his entire family. After his death, Pedro is first sent to Limbo, then Purgatory, and finally Hell. In each place, he makes such a nuisance of himself that he’s thrown out. Finally, he sneaks up to the Gate of Heaven, where God turns him into a statue to keep watch over everyone who passes through the gates. The Virgin de Guadalupe - This religious folktale is based on the beginnings of the Catholic church in Mexico in the 16th century. A man named Juan Diego is visited by the Virgin of Guadalupe in 1531. She instructs him to tell the bishops of the newly founded church in Mexico City to build a church to her on the hills of Tepeyac. He travels all the way to the city, only to be politely dismissed by the bishop. He returns to the Virgin and tells her to pick another messenger because he has failed. She insists that he is the one she has chosen, and he travels again to Mexico City. He tells the bishop once more about building the church in Tepeyac, but the bishop refuses to believe Juan Diego without some sign of a miracle. Dejected, Juan Diego returns to see the Virgin. She tells him that she will provide a sign if he will gather up all the roses on the hill. Because it’s December, Juan Diego expects to see no roses at all, but the hillside is suddenly covered with them. He gathers them up as instructed, and the Virgin sends him back to the city. There, he reveals the roses to the bishop. They have turned into an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, convincing the bishop that Juan Diego is telling the truth. The church is immediately built on the hill of Tepeyac, and in response the Virgin promises to protect the people of Mexico forever. A modern version of the Basilica of Guadalupe still stands there today.
- #22 Dichos means sayings or proverbs. "El muchacho malcriado dondequiera encuentra padre" (The ill-mannered child finds a father wherever he goes) "Dime con quien andas y te dire quien eres" (Tell me who your friends are and I will tell you who you are). "Al mal paso darle prisa" "To a bad step, rush it!" Just like the kids say today, "Get over it!"
- #24 Maria de Loudres Sobrino – Founder and CEO of Lulu’s Desserts When Maria arrived in the United States in 1982, all she wanted was a true Mexican dessert. Unable to find one, she recognized a need, filled it and revolutionized the food industry by creating the first-ever ready-to-eat gelatin product. Unbeknownst to Maria, introducing her dessert created the first ever ready-to-eat gelatin category in the United States, eleven years before Kraft, ConAgra and Del Monte began stocking grocery store shelves with their versions. Carlos Slim Carlos Slim Helú is a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. From 2010 to 2013, Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world. In 2014, Carlos’ net worth was $76.4 B
- #25 Jennifer Lopez Pitbull Cristela Alonzo
- #26 Julian and Joaquin Castro Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor Linda Chavez – GOP Commentary Alberto Gonzalez – US Attorney General in Bush 2 Administration: Holds record as the highest ranking Hispanic in the Executive Branch Cesar Chavez – Historically UFW
- #27 Pope Francis is currently the Pope of the Catholic Church. He is from Argentina. Francis is the first Jesuit pope, the first from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere and the first non-European pope since the Syrian Gregory III in 741. Rev. Samuel Rodriguez – deemed The leader of the Hispanic Evangelical movement and is the President of the National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference
- #28 LULAC - League of United Latin American Citizens, Founded in 1929 MALDEF - Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Founded in 1968 NCLR – National Council of La Raza, Active after WWII and then during the 1960s Civil Rights Movement VOTO LATINO – Began in 2005, Brainchild of Rosario Dawson and Wilmer Valderamma UNITED FARM WORKERS - Founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez HISPANIC SCHOLARSHIP FUND – Founded in 1975, HSF is a non-profit that provides Scholarships to Hispanic students MECHA – Movimiento Estudiantil Chican@ de Aztlan, Founded in 1969 at UC-Santa Barbara. MECHA is a student organization that promotes higher education, cultura, and historia
- #31 Nearly one in five students will be Hispanic .
- #33 First in the Family.org did a study on how to increase the success rates of African-American and Latino 1st Generation College Students. They found 9 strengths that came out of the study and after reviewing them, I decided to share them with you as you will see these strengths in your students and share how you can enhance each strength.
- #34 Students may say: No one can stop me! Ouch and that’s it. Mom never says she is proud. My school did not offer it so I found it..
- #35 Students might say: I want to get the education my mom couldn’t have. My parents worked hard for me. My mentor was an inspiration to me. I don’t want to struggle like my family
- #36 Student might say: Earning a ‘B’ is not acceptable. I sought out the difficult courses. I met with my teacher on Saturdays.
- #37 Students might say: I stayed away from other Latinos. I worked hard not to be the stereotype. I ignored them. I wanted to prove myself even more. Stereotype threat is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group.
- #38 Students might say: Everyone called me a sellout so I stayed to myself. My mom was jealous of me, so I looked to my grandmother. I was NOT going to live that kind of life.
- #39 Students might say: I have to be a good role model for my little cousins. If I don’t encourage my siblings, no one will. I am here so that I can help others get here.
- #40 Students might say: God blessed me with this opportunity. My faith in God is what helps me through. I always said that God didn’t bring me this far to fail.
- #41 Students might say: The roles are reversed. I was my grandmother’s caretaker. I started translating for my parents when I was 5. I treated school like it was my career.
- #42 Students might say: I took care of all the school forms myself. I never asked for help. If I got help, it’s because they offered. My family wanted the best for me but didn’t know how to help.