Healing is a complex process involving different steps. Any change in one of them interferes with the normal repair process causing functional, morphological and aesthetic problems in the scar. Therapeutic ultrasound is a widely used and studied resource for cutaneous repair. However, divergences and parameters cause further scientific investigations. The experimental research sought to verify the effects of the high intensity of the therapeutic ultrasound in the cutaneous healing process of rats in the different stages 3, 7 and 21 days. Methodology: 60 animals, male rats, young adults, were irradiated in one SHAM group and another group with 3MHz continuous and intensity 2.0W / cm² for 5 minutes, 24 h after surgery. Results: The high intensity of the TUS in the continuous mode promoted burns, necrosis and poor healing in the irradiated areas. Conclusion: The high intensity of continuous TUS irradiated for 5 minutes was not therapeutic in skin repair of rats
brief introduction of transdermal drug delivery system is provided in this slide. This slide includes an introduction, how do they work, benefits over traditional drug delivery system.
TDDS, Anatomy of Skin, Advantages and disadvantages,Permeation of Drug Molecule through Skin, Factors affecting Transdermal Permeation, Design of transdermal system, Evaluation of TDDS
brief introduction of transdermal drug delivery system is provided in this slide. This slide includes an introduction, how do they work, benefits over traditional drug delivery system.
TDDS, Anatomy of Skin, Advantages and disadvantages,Permeation of Drug Molecule through Skin, Factors affecting Transdermal Permeation, Design of transdermal system, Evaluation of TDDS
Deals with the novel approaches of transdermal delivery systems, their manufacture, categories, advantages, disadvantages, applications, precautions and evaluation in detail.
Non Tuberculous Mycobacterium as a Causative Factor in Port Site Wound Infect...Crimsonpublisherssmoaj
Over the two decades there has been an increase in Non Tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) organisms in post laparoscopic port site skin and soft tissue infections. Presenting a patient who underwent eight successive surgical explorations of multiple skin and soft tissue sinuses and for aggressive necrosectomy and debridement of multiple sinuses caused by NTM organisms which ended up in abdominoplasty and meshplasty 2 months after the infection had been completely controlled. She finally had complete relief from the infection and had 6 months follow up from the last meshplasty surgery. The presentation and treatment of NTM skin and soft tissue infection are briefly outlined.
Transdermal drug delivery system was introduced to overcome the difficulties of drug delivery through oral route. A transdermal patch is medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. Often, this promotes healing to an injured area of the body. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The main disadvantage to transdermal delivery systems stems from the fact that the skin is a very effective barrier; as a result, only medications whose molecules are small enough to penetrate the skin can be delivered in this method.
QSAR Studies of the Inhibitory Activity of a Series of Substituted Indole and...inventionjournals
HF method, with the basis set 6-31G (d) was employed to calculate quantum some chemical descriptors of 37 substituted Indole. The best descriptors were selected to establish the quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) of the inhibitory activity against isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt), by principal components analysis (PCA), to a multiple regression analysis (MLR), to a nonlinear regression (RNLM) and to an artificial neural network (ANN). We accordingly propose a quantitative model and we interpret the activity of the compounds relying on the multivariate statistical analysis. This study shows that the MLR and have served to predict activity, but when compared with the results given by the ANN model. We concluded that the predictions achieved by this latter is more effective and much better than other models. The statistical results indicate that the model is statistically significant and shows very good stability towards data variation in the validation method. The contribution of each descriptor to the structure-activity relationship is evaluated.
Deals with the novel approaches of transdermal delivery systems, their manufacture, categories, advantages, disadvantages, applications, precautions and evaluation in detail.
Non Tuberculous Mycobacterium as a Causative Factor in Port Site Wound Infect...Crimsonpublisherssmoaj
Over the two decades there has been an increase in Non Tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) organisms in post laparoscopic port site skin and soft tissue infections. Presenting a patient who underwent eight successive surgical explorations of multiple skin and soft tissue sinuses and for aggressive necrosectomy and debridement of multiple sinuses caused by NTM organisms which ended up in abdominoplasty and meshplasty 2 months after the infection had been completely controlled. She finally had complete relief from the infection and had 6 months follow up from the last meshplasty surgery. The presentation and treatment of NTM skin and soft tissue infection are briefly outlined.
Transdermal drug delivery system was introduced to overcome the difficulties of drug delivery through oral route. A transdermal patch is medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. Often, this promotes healing to an injured area of the body. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The main disadvantage to transdermal delivery systems stems from the fact that the skin is a very effective barrier; as a result, only medications whose molecules are small enough to penetrate the skin can be delivered in this method.
QSAR Studies of the Inhibitory Activity of a Series of Substituted Indole and...inventionjournals
HF method, with the basis set 6-31G (d) was employed to calculate quantum some chemical descriptors of 37 substituted Indole. The best descriptors were selected to establish the quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) of the inhibitory activity against isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt), by principal components analysis (PCA), to a multiple regression analysis (MLR), to a nonlinear regression (RNLM) and to an artificial neural network (ANN). We accordingly propose a quantitative model and we interpret the activity of the compounds relying on the multivariate statistical analysis. This study shows that the MLR and have served to predict activity, but when compared with the results given by the ANN model. We concluded that the predictions achieved by this latter is more effective and much better than other models. The statistical results indicate that the model is statistically significant and shows very good stability towards data variation in the validation method. The contribution of each descriptor to the structure-activity relationship is evaluated.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Treatment of Purulent Wounds Immobilized Antisepticsinventionjournals
An experimental study of the wound healing abilities of immobilized forms of m and x lorgeksidinairamistinabigluconate on various bases in the treatment of purulent wounds. Results of the study showed the benefits of using a combination of m with m etronidazolomiramistinaized and immobilized on sodium carboxymethylcellulose and the preparation of chlorhexidine digluconate with m etiluratsilom immobilized on polymethylsiloxanepolyhydrates compared with ointment "Aevomekol."
Comparative macroscopic study between Oil extracted Annona seed AlGaInP Laser...inventionjournals
Recent studies suggest the effectiveness of AlGaInP Laser, Therapeutic Ultrasound (UST) and the oil extracted Annona seed as therapeutic resources in the treatment of cutaneous wound healing. The objective was to comparatively evaluate the macroscopic process of healing of skin wounds in mice. The sample consisted of 32 male mice (Mus musculus) divided into four groups: group 1 (control), group 2 (pulsed UST 3 MHz), group 3 (topical application of oil extracted Annona seed) and group 4 (660nm laser AlGaInP). The animals were anesthetized and then shaved. The surgical incision was made with a punch of 8 mm diameter perpendicular to the back of the animal. The treatments were started 24 hours after injury. Each group was divided into subgroup A (n = 4, five applications) and B (n = 4 eleven applications) as observation period, with euthanasia at 7 and 14 days, respectively. Statistical analysis was obtained through non-parametric Mann Whitney and significance at p <0.05, by GraphPad Prism v program. 5.0. It was concluded that all treatment groups were effective in regression of cutaneous wound 14 days of the healing process when compared to the control group
Comparative macroscopic study between Oil extracted Annona seed AlGaInP Laser...inventionjournals
: Recent studies suggest the effectiveness of AlGaInP Laser, Therapeutic Ultrasound (UST) and the oil extracted Annona seed as therapeutic resources in the treatment of cutaneous wound healing. The objective was to comparatively evaluate the macroscopic process of healing of skin wounds in mice. The sample consisted of 32 male mice (Mus musculus) divided into four groups: group 1 (control), group 2 (pulsed UST 3 MHz), group 3 (topical application of oil extracted Annona seed) and group 4 (660nm laser AlGaInP). The animals were anesthetized and then shaved. The surgical incision was made with a punch of 8 mm diameter perpendicular to the back of the animal. The treatments were started 24 hours after injury. Each group was divided into subgroup A (n = 4, five applications) and B (n = 4 eleven applications) as observation period, with euthanasia at 7 and 14 days, respectively. Statistical analysis was obtained through non-parametric Mann Whitney and significance at p <0.05, by GraphPad Prism v program. 5.0. It was concluded that all treatment groups were effective in regression of cutaneous wound 14 days of the healing process when compared to the control group.
EWMA - Ep447 - Effects of tissue-tolerable plasma on chronic wound treatment ...EWMA
Christin Ulrich1, Franziska Kluschke1, Dr. Alexa Patzelt1, Dr. Staffan Vandersee1, Dr. Viktor A. Czaika1, Heike Richter1,
Dr. Adrienne Bob1, Dr. Johanna von Hutten1, Prof. Axel Kramer2,
Prof. Jürgen Lademann1, Dr. Bernhard Lange-Asschenfeldt1
EWMA 2013-Ep447-EFFECTS OF TISSUE-TOLERABLE PLASMA ON CHRONIC WOUND TREATMENT...EWMAConference
EFFECTS OF TISSUE-TOLERABLE PLASMA ON CHRONIC WOUND TREATMENT COMPARED TO A MODERN CONVENTIONAL LIQUID ANTISEPTIC
Bernhard Lange-Asschenfeldt1, Jürgen Lademann1, Christin Ulrich1,
Franziska Kluschke1, Staffan Vandersee1, Alexa Patzelt1, Viktor Czaika1, Heike Richter1, Adríenne Bob1, Johanna Von Hutten1, Axel Kramer2
1Charité Berlin, Department of Dermatology (Berlin, Germany);
2University of Greifswald, Department for Hygiene and environmental medicine (Greifswald, Germany).
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
High Intensity of Continuous Ultrasound in the Skin Repair Process in Rats: Risks to Tissue Integrity
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 1|| January2017 || PP. 24-28
www.ijesi.org 24 | Page
High Intensity of Continuous Ultrasound in the Skin Repair
Process in Rats: Risks to Tissue Integrity
Viviani de Marque Carrer1
, Auristela Duarte Moser2
1
(Department of Postgraduate Program in Health Technology/ Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Brazil)
2
(Department of Postgraduate Program in Health Technology/ Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Brazil)
Abstract: Healing is a complex process involving different steps. Any change in one of them interferes with the
normal repair process causing functional, morphological and aesthetic problems in the scar. Therapeutic
ultrasound is a widely used and studied resource for cutaneous repair. However, divergences and parameters
cause further scientific investigations. The experimental research sought to verify the effects of the high intensity
of the therapeutic ultrasound in the cutaneous healing process of rats in the different stages 3, 7 and 21 days.
Methodology: 60 animals, male rats, young adults, were irradiated in one SHAM group and another group with
3MHz continuous and intensity 2.0W / cm² for 5 minutes, 24 h after surgery. Results: The high intensity of the
TUS in the continuous mode promoted burns, necrosis and poor healing in the irradiated areas. Conclusion:
The high intensity of continuous TUS irradiated for 5 minutes was not therapeutic in skin repair of rats.
Keywords: Burn, Necrosis, Repair, ultrasound, wound healing
I. Introduction
After injury, the inflammatory process begins. At this early stage the epidermis of the margins of the lesion by
first intention become thicker and migrate from the deep margins to the upper part. The epidermis then joins the
upper dermis, separating the necrotic tissue from the epithelium and the necrotic dermis where the crusty scar
contains the dry blood clot, fragments of dead epidermis, collagen fibers, and elastin. Mitotic activity is
restricted to the adjacent basal cells of the wound margins (1). Cells involved in inflammation can be clustered
into cells present in vascular endothelial tissues, mast cells and macrophages, and cells that arrive from the
bloodstream to platelets and leukocytes. Leukocytes are active and divided into polymorphonuclear cells and
mononuclear cells. Mast cells are cells present in the damaged tissue and secrete various chemical mediators
such as histamine, heparin, leukotrienes (2). The released histamine increases capillary permeability, makes
vasodilation and facilitates the passage of fibrinogen. The proliferative phase lasts from 12 to 14 days (3) or up
to 4 weeks (4). This phase is responsible for the closure of the lesion, subdivided into three phases:
Reepithelialization, Fibroplasia and Angiogenesis (5, 6, 7). In the reepithelial phase there is migration of
uninjured keratinocytes from the wound margins which proliferate, considering the growth factors PPARα and
PPARβ, those responsible for the increase of the mitoses and hyperplasia of the epithelium. Keratinocytes have
their cytoskeleton altered for keratin production. Its motion plane is also related to the water content present in
the wound bed where resected wounds reepitheze more slowly (8; 7). When the reepithelialization is
established, a new basement membrane is formed, starting from the edges of the wound, closing the new
epidermis on the matrix (4). Due to the increase of fibrinogen, fibronectin and plasma proteins, a temporary
stromal is created for the growth of fibroblasts. Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts are regulated by
TGFα, PDGF, VEGF, FGF, mediators released by the macrophages and cytokines 1L1 and TNF formed at the
site of the wound.
In the wound, growth factors produce and deposit large amounts of hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, collagens type
I, III and VI. Then the fibroblasts bind to each other and to the extracellular matrix by tensioning around the
contracting wound. The new tissue continues to grow inward from the margins of normal tissue. At the end of
this stage the wound bed is completely filled by the granulation tissue that is slowly enriched with collagen fiber
deposition promoting a fibrous mass, the scar (9). In the Remodeling or maturation phase there is a
reorganization of collagen and an increase in the resistance of the scar. The remodeling involves successive
stages of production, digestion and orientation of the collagen fibers (3). The order of deposition is related to
fibronectin and is digested by the enzyme collagenase. At the end of this stage, scar staining is pale due to
decreased melanocyte regeneration and absence of neocapillaris (10; 11). The scar is slowly considered to be
avascular and may last for months or years. At this stage there is also a decrease in the number of fibroblasts and
macrophages and an increase in the collagen content, whose fibers progressively align in the direction of
increased wound tension. Several authors report the acceleration of wound healing and induction of collagen by
the TUS (12; 13; 14). Therapeutic ultrasound promotes tissue heating, influences cellular metabolism, increases
the extensibility of collagen constructs and can raise the local temperature by up to 45 ° C without causing
injury (15; 16). The prevalence of the thermal effect on the mechanic occurs in intensities higher than 1.0 W /
2. High intensity of continuous ultrasound in the skin repair process in rats: risks to tissue integrity
www.ijesi.org 25 | Page
cm², continuous mode in the frequencies 1 MHz or 3 MHz (17). There are discrepancies in the penetration depth
of the ultrasonic emission and degrees of absorption (18; 19). Authors report that studies on TUS show
methodological flaws and problems with equipment calibration (20). In this context, several authors suggest the
application of low intensity ultrasound therapy in the healing process, the efficacy of the therapeutic ultrasound
requires further clarification (21; 22; 23; 24; 25). There is unanimity among the authors: Need for ultrasonic
therapy protocols regarding frequency, time of application, mode of emission and intensity.
II. Materials And Method
Sixty male Wistar rats, young adults, average weight 230g were used. The animals were kept in cages with the
same environmental conditions, light / dark cycle of 12 hours, feeding, receiving water and feed ad libidum, for
22 days. The project followed the guidance of Law 6638 and the recommendations of the Brazilian College of
Animal Experimentation. The animals were anesthetized with dissociation of the drugs Ketamine (60mg / kg)
and Xilazine (10mg / kg) by administering 0.2ml for each 100g animal weight, intramuscularly, in the
semitendinous muscle. The animal was then placed in the ventral decubitus position, fixing the lower and upper
limbs to wooden supports to perform dorsal tricotomy. The 4 cm incision was measured with a pachymeter,
obtaining exposure of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, sutured with simple nylon 2.0 thread. PVPI was used as
antiseptic (26). After the end of the surgical procedure, the animals received Cephalexin (Cephalexin) at the
concentration of 15mg / kg, subcutaneously, once a day for 5 days, with antibiotic effect (27). The ultrasound
equipment has an analgesic effect (28; 29) and anti-inflammatory drugs (30). Two groups of 30 rats were
randomly divided. Each group according to the intensities Control Group = Sham; Group 1 = 2.0W/cm². These
were subdivided into 10 rats according to the healing stages: 1. Inflammatory phase (3 days); 2. Proliferative
phase (7 days) and Remodeling phase (21 days). Therefore, 30 rats were exposed to ultrasonic therapy with
3MHz frequency, in continuous mode, intensity of 2.0W/cm² at 3, 7 and 21 consecutive days with onset of
ultrasound therapy after 24 hours of injury for 5 minutes. The other 30 rats were exposed to ultrasonic therapy
off.
Therapeutic ultrasound equipment was measured using a precision dosimeter (Ultra Sonic Power Meter®,
model UPM-DT-1) and obtained a maximum deviation of 20%, the value being tolerated by NBR 60601-2 -5.
Stimulation was performed at the same time with animals sedated with xylazine and ketamine in the above-
mentioned proportions, with a 5-minutes treatment time remaining under anesthetic effect. After 3, 7 and 21
days of treatment the animals suffered euthanasia per lethal dose of intraperitoneal Sodium Thiopental (120mg /
kg) according to Resolution 714 of the Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine of June 20, 2002. After
euthanasia, a segment of the dorsum on which the scar was contained was removed. The segments destined for
histology were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for 72h and 70% alcohol until the beginning of dehydration.
The scar was sectioned into 5 mm and 1 cm portions for each side of the incision. Four cuts of each sample were
selected from the extremities and center of the scar. After inclusion in paraffin blocks, they were submitted to
cuts of 4 micrometers, being prepared the slides with 4 cuts in each blade. Histological sections were stained
with Hematoxylin and Eosin to evaluate the basic structures of the cell as inclusions and alterations in the
cytoplasm, and by the Sirius Red used to promote an increase in specific birefringence for the collagen types I
and III structure for analysis of their fibers in the microscope with polarization (31). The microscope used was
the Olympus BX50 brand with 3CCD pro-series capture cameras and the image capture program will be
ImageProPlus version 4.5 of Cybermetics®. The images were captured by an Olympus® DP71 camera, sent to a
Sony Trinitron® color monitor, frozen and scanned by an Oculus TCX® (coreco) scribing board, to be analyzed
by the ImageProPlus 4.5 application for Windows on a computer. For each slide, a reading was performed in
three fields following the path of the scar, with magnification of 400x, for the quantification of type I and III
collagens stained in Sirius Red with polarized light. In the group treated with ultrasound 3MHz and 2.0W/cm²,
the collagen from the scar edges was quantified, as there was necrosis at the center of the lesion, making
impossible any qualitative or quantitative analysis at the site itself. In addition, objective readings of 40x and
400x were used for the qualification of the dermis, epidermis, granulation tissue and repair. Statistical Analysis:
For Hematoxylin and Eosin stained slides, we used a qualitative analysis by histological description of the
epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The results obtained by reading the types I and III collagens with
Image ProPlus 4.5 Program were expressed as means, medians, minimum values, maximum values and standard
deviations. For the comparison of groups and moments of sacrifice we used the analysis of variance model and
the LSD test for multiple comparisons. The collagen III variable underwent a logarithmic transformation.
Values of p <0.05 indicated statistical significance.
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III. Results And Discussion
The slides stained with H.E. were qualitatively evaluated with light microscopy using increases of 40 and 400x.
The description of the blade verifies the thickening of the epidermis, preserved attachments, absence or presence
of cellular proliferation involved in the repair and healing itself.
Fig.1. Inflammatory Phase. 1.1-Photomicrography of the animal of the control group- sham, 3 days of TUS.
Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Panoramic view, optical microscopy, 40x magnification. Note: A1.1. Stratum
corneum thick; B1.1 Granulation fabric in formation and aligned; C1.1. Dermal annexes organized. 1.2-
Photomicrography of the animal of group 1. Coloration Hematoxylin-eosin. Note: A1.2. Thickening of the
stratum corneum; B1.2. Presence of granulation tissue; C1.2. Necrotic tissue.
As Fig. 1 shows a thickening of the epidermis can be observed. We identified an alignment of the granulation
tissue at the incision area. Also, reorganization and presence of the appendages of the dermis, proximity
between the edges of the lesion during the tissue regeneration phase for the control group. As Fig. 1.2 there is a
disorganization and thickening of the epidermis. There is formation of granulation tissue at the edges of the
incision in all animals of group 1 in addition to morphological alterations of the dermis attachments. An intense
disorganization of the dermis was observed in the proximal region of the incision with disarrangement and
misalignment of the deeper layers. Mortimer and Dyson (32); Leung et al. (33) observed degranulation and
lesion in mast cells. Bem et al. (34) evaluated the TUS in mouse skin, continuous mode, 3 MHz, in intensities
0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 W/cm² in 4 days, 2min .: Increased epidermal thickness, inflammatory infiltrate, thinning of
collagen fibers at intensities 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 W / cm². They suggest precautions in the use of TUS mainly in
high intensity esthetic treatments, with the risk of causing internal lesions that may appear late.
Fig. 2. Proliferative Phase. 2.3- Photomicrography of the animal of the group sham, treated TUS for 7
consecutive days. Panoramic view, optical microscopy, 40x magnification. Hematoxylin-eosin staining. Note:
A2.3. Thick epidermis; B2.3. Concentration of granulation tissue; C2.3. Alignment of granulation tissue. 2.4-
Photomicrography of the animal of group 1. Coloration Hematoxylin-eosin. Note: A2.4. Wide area of thick
stratum corneum; B2.4. Distal granulation tissue concentration; C2.4. Dispersion of the granulation tissue in the
dermis.
In Fig. 2 it is possible to observe in all the animals of group sham, decreased thickness of the stratum corneum,
great concentration of granulation tissue in the region of the dermal papillae, presence of alignment of the
granulation tissue along the region of incision in the dermis. In this phase we found that there were no
appendages of the dermis near the edges of the incision. There is an organization in the deeper layers of the
dermis. On the other hand, in the group 1 animals, a large area of epidermal thickening was observed, bilaterally
at the site of the surgical incision, absence of dermal papillae along the epidermal layer at the lesion site. There
is presence of granulation tissue dispersed between the layers of the dermis and epidermis, a large area with
absence of appendages of the dermis and derangement of the dermis with involvement of the hypodermis and
muscular layer.
4. High intensity of continuous ultrasound in the skin repair process in rats: risks to tissue integrity
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Fig. 3. Remodeling Phase-3.5. Photomicrography of animal from the group sham, treated by TUS in a period of
21 consecutive days. Panoramic view, optical microscopy, 40x magnification. Hematoxylin-eosin staining.
Note: The arrow shows tissue repair area. Photomicrography of the animal of group 1. Note: A3.6. Thickening
of the stratum corneum; B3.6. Absence of dermal papillae; C3.6 Absence of dermis attachments; D3.6 Intense
granulation tissue; E3.6 Necrotic tissue.
It was possible to observe according to figure 3 that there was a similar pattern of tissue repair in all animals of
group sham at 21 days. It is observed a reduction of the granulation tissue, presence of appendages of the
dermis, which demonstrates the process of reorganization of the dermis and also of the epidermis in the
regeneration of the area of injury. All animals in group 1 presented burns, crust, necrosis and lesion at the
incision site, making quantification impossible. Therefore, material from the edges of the lesions was used.
Large thickening of the stratum corneum, formation of crust and necrotic tissue was observed. Also, intense
disorganization of the dermis with large area of distribution of granulation tissue, intense loss of the dermis
attachments, absence of the normal pattern of tissue repair and presence of giant cells. There were losses of the
hypodermic and muscular layers. In a study on ultrasonic therapy in rabbit ears, researchers observed an
induction of venous thrombosis, increased lymphocytes, necrosis in addition to edema, erythema and heat, at the
intensity of 3.0W/cm², in the continuous mode (35). Variable Collagen Type I. A significant difference between
groups was considered for p <0.05. When comparing the intensities of the groups in 3 days, with the
quantification of the area of the type I collagen, its means and standard deviations, no significant results were
obtained (p = 0.089). The same happened for the type I collagen variable for the time of 7 days p = 0.175. There
was no significant difference between the quantified area related to high intensity applied. When comparing the
group SHAM and the group 1 in 21 days of therapy with ulstrasound there was significance between (p <0.001)
for type I collagen and quantified area. The control group presented a higher mean number of collagen type I in
the scar area (34.48% and ± 8.83) than the group treated with the intensity 2.0W / cm² (7.10% and ± 3.50).
When analyzing the moments of sacrifice of group 1, a significant difference (p = 0.018) was observed between
the means of the amount of collagen type I in 3 and 7 days. In 3 days we have 13.64% of type I collagen in the
scar area to ± 5.58 and 21.18% and ± 9.58 in 7 days. When comparing sacrifice times 3 days with 21 days in this
group we have a significant decrease of the type I collagen variable (p = 0.038). There was a decrease in the
amount of collagen type I of 13.64% and ± 5.58 in 3 days to 7.10% and ± 3.50 for 21 days. In this same group,
the average amount of type I collagen was compared in the area of the incision edges between 7 and 21 days.
There was a significant (p <0.001) decrease in the amount of this collagen from 21.18% to 7.10% and a standard
deviation of ± 9.58 to ± 3.50. Variable Collagen Type III. For the comparison in which there was a significant
difference between the groups, the comparisons of groups two and two for the type III collagen were made.
Considering each group, we tested the null hypothesis that the mean of collagen III is equal for the moments of
sacrifice versus the alternative hypothesis that at least one moment has a mean different from the others (p
<0.05). In group 1 it was possible to observe statistical significance for type III collagen between 3 and 21 days
(p <0.001) and between 7 and 21 days (p <0.001). It did not present statistical significance for type III collagen
between 3 and 7 days (p = 0.051). The performance of ultrasonic therapy in the intensity 2.0W / cm² was
notorious, where at all times it was worse when compared to the SHAM group. The non-significant increase of
the type III collagen variable in 21 days in the intensity 2.0W / cm 2 indicated the delay of the healing process.
Authors reporting high intensities may be less effective than low dosages in cutaneous repair (36; 37).
5. High intensity of continuous ultrasound in the skin repair process in rats: risks to tissue integrity
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IV. Conclusion
The high intensity irradiated in the time of application of 5 minutes of the Therapeutic Ultrasound in the
frequency of 3MHz, in the mode of continuous emission, was not effective in the process of healing by first
intention in the cutaneous repair of rats. The therapy caused skin burns, tissue necrosis to the muscular layer of
the incisional dorsal region, as well as presence of giant cells and reverberation of the repair process. Further
studies should be performed at different intensities, frequencies and time of application.
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