· π «∑ “ ß ° “ √ ª Ø‘ ∫— µ‘ ß “ π
‚√§¡◊Õ ‡∑â“ ª“° ·≈–‚√§µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õπ‡∑Õ‚√‰«√— 71 19
” À √— ∫ ∫ÿ § ≈ “ ° √ ° “ √ · æ ∑ ¬å · ≈ – “ ∏ “ √ ≥ ÿ ¢
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß
1. World Health Organization (1997): Outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Sarawak.
Cluster of deaths among infants and young children. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 72, 211-2.
2. World Health Organization Fact Sheet No 174 , June 1998
3. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Media Relations , Fact Sheet June 1998.
4. CDC. Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease; Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/
enterovirus/hfhf.htm
5. Singapore Government Media Release (4 & 5 October 2000)
6. Schmidt NJ, Lennette EH, Ho HH. An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients
with disease of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 1974 ; 129 : 304-9.
7. Melnick JL. Enterovirus type 71 infections : A varied clinical pattern sometimes mimicking
paralytic poliomyelitis. Rev Infect Dis 1984 ; 6 (suppl 2) : S 387-90.
8. Shidarov LM, Chumakov MP, Voroshilova MK, et al. Epidemiological, clinical, and pathologi-
cal characteristics of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease caused by enterovirus 71. J Hyg
Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1979 ; 23 : 284-95.
9. Nagy G, Takatsy S, Kukan E, Mihaly I, Domok I. Virological diagnosis of enterovirus type 71
infections : experiences gained during an epidemics of acute CNS diseases in Hungary in
1978. Arch Virol 1982 ; 71 : 217-27.
10. Shimizu H, Utama A, Yoshii K, Yoshida H, Yoneyama T, et al. Enterovirus 71 from fatal and
nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan in
1997-1998. Jnp J Infect Dis 1999 ; 52 ; 12-5.
11. Sherris J. An introduction to infectious disease. Med Microbiol. Newyork: Simon and Schuster
Inc; 1984.
12. Peter C. McMinn. An overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public
health significance. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2002; 26 : 91-107.
13. Lum LCS, Wong KT, Lam SK, Chua KB, Goh AYT. Neurologic pulmonary oedema and
enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. Lancet 1998 ; 352 (9137) : 1391.
· π «∑ “ ß ° “ √ ª Ø‘ ∫— µ‘ ß “ π
‚√§¡◊Õ ‡∑â“ ª“° ·≈–‚√§µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õπ‡∑Õ‚√‰«√— 71 65
” À √— ∫ ∫ÿ § ≈ “ ° √ ° “ √ · æ ∑ ¬å · ≈ – “ ∏ “ √ ≥ ÿ ¢
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß
1. World Health Organization (1997) : Outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Sarawak.
Cluster of deaths among infants and young children. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 72, 211-2.
2. WHO Fact Sheet No 174 , June 1998
3. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Media Relations , Fact Sheet June 1998
4. CDC. Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease; Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/
enterovirus/hfhf.htm
5. Singapore Government Media Release (4 & 5 October 2000)
6. Schmidt NJ, Lennette EH, Ho HH. An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients
with disease of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 1974 ; 129 : 304-9.
7. Melnick JL. Enterovirus type 71 infections : A varied clinical pattern sometimes mimicking
paralytic poliomyelitis. Rev Infect Dis 1984 ; 6 (suppl 2) : S 387-90.
8. Shidarov LM, Chumakov MP, Voroshilova MK, et al. Epidemiological, clinical, and pathologi-
cal characteristics of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease caused by enterovirus 71. J Hyg
Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1979 ; 23 : 284-95.
9. Nagy G, Takatsy S, Kukan E, Mihaly I, Domok I. Virological diagnosis of enterovirus type 71
infections : experiences gained during an epidemics of acute CNS diseases in Hungary in
1978. Arch Virol 1982 ; 71 : 217-27.
10. Shimizu H, Utama A, Yoshii K, Yoshida H, Yoneyama T, et al. Enterovirus 71 from fatal and
nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan in
1997-1998. Jnp J Infect Dis 1999 ; 52 ; 12-5.
11. Lum LCS, Wong KT, Lam SK, Chua KB, Goh AYT. Neurologic pulmonary oedema and
enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. Lancet 1998 ; 352 (9137) : 1391.
12. Chang LY, Huang YC, Lin TY. Fulminant neurologic pulmonary oedema with hand, foot and
mouth disease. Lancet 1998 ; 352 : 367-8.
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76 ‚√§¡◊Õ ‡∑â“ ª“° ·≈–‚√§µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õπ‡∑Õ‚√‰«√— 71
” À √— ∫ ∫ÿ § ≈ “ ° √ ° “ √ · æ ∑ ¬å · ≈ – “ ∏ “ √ ≥ ÿ ¢
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 · ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ“°“√∑“ß§≈‘π‘°·≈–°“√µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ‡Õπ‡∑Õ‚√‰«√— 71
(Peter C. McMinn. An overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public
health significance: FEMS Microbiology Reviews 26 (2002); 91-107.)
Clinical syndromes associated with EV71 infection
Clinical syndrome Association with References
EV71 infection
Neurological disease :
Aseptic meningitis Very commona [6,9-14,16,18,21,24,43,44,47,48,52,105]
Poliomyelitis-like paralysis Common [5,6,916,22,24,33,43,52,53,55,105]
Brainstern encephalitis Common [6,13,15,24,35,43,44,48,52,105]
a
Neurogenic pulmonary oedema Commonb [15,33,41-44,52,61,63,64,66,105]
Cerebellar ataxia Uncommon [9,12,13,21,23,48]
GBS Uncommon [6,10,12,48,55,58]
Transverse myelitis Rarec [48]
Opso-myoclonus syndrome Rarec [48]
Benign intracranial hypertension Rarec [48]
Febrile rash illnesses :
HFMD Very commond [6,9,13,14,16,19,27-29,33,43,47,48,52]
Herpangina Common [7,13,14,1947,52]
Other exanthems Uncommon [6,14,21,52,71]
Other syndromes :
Acute respiratory disease Uncommon [11,16,21,72]
c
Intrauterine infection Rare [73]
a
Aseptic meningitis has been described in all reported epidemics of EV71 infection.
b
Neurogenic pulmonary oedema was first described in association with EV71 infection in 1995 [61]
and has been frequently associated with EV71 epiedmics in the Asia-Pacific region since 1997.
c
Only one example reported in the literature.
d
HFMD has been described in all reported epidemics of EV71 infection, with the sole exception of the
1975 outbreak in Bulgaria [22].