The document discusses the similarities and differences (S/D) learning strategy. It finds S/D to be the most effective strategy for increasing student achievement, generating a 45% increase. S/D works well because it allows students to build on prior knowledge, review material again when learning a second item, and creates strong memory bonds between items. The document provides a step-by-step process for implementing S/D, including gathering information, organizing it using tools like Venn diagrams, drawing conclusions through discussion, and applying the conclusions reached.

1. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
Healthcare Foundation Course Strategy

2. Of all the learning strategies identified and
evaluated by researchers, Similarities and
Differences (S/D) is the most effective in
terms of increasing student achievement.
Marzano, R.J., Pickering, D., & Pollock, J. (2001)

3. Similarities and Differences
Indeed, when Robert Marzano and partner researchers
reviewed hundreds of studies on teaching and
learning, they found that teaching students how to
identify similarities and differences and then apply
their conclusions generated a 45% increase in student
achievement. That’s about as close to a magic bullet as
educators can get!

4. Similarities and Differences
The S/D strategy works well for several reasons:
1. After students learn one element, they have the background
knowledge on which to build the learning of the second item. In the
brain, the dendrites involved in learning the second item have the
first to branch from.
2. Similarly, when students learn a second item in relation to a
previously-studied first item, they review the information related to
the first item, practicing those skills and understandings over again.
For example, learning the digestive system in comparison to the
previously-studied circulatory system allows students to review and
apply their knowledge of the circulatory system.
3. When students learn two items in connection with each other, the
linkage creates a memory bond that is retained in the brain longer
than the single items can be.
4. Comparing two items that are similar, such as veins and arteries,
clarifies the differences between the two so they aren’t confused.

5. However, this does not mean that all other strategies should be
swept aside by a singular focus on S/D. This strategy should
only be used when the two items being compared have
significant similarities and important differences. For example,
comparing autumn and spring generates clear and important
similarities and differences, whereas comparing dental health to
pogo sticks does not.
S/D works particularly well to create clear distinctions between
two elements that could be easily confused by a novice, for
example, chlamydia and gonorrhea. And, finally, S/D should be
used for the most important concepts in the curriculum, both to
ensure that students truly master these concepts and to justify
the time spent.
Similarities and Differences

6. • When you have decided on the items for the S/D activity, follow the
steps for the process, as detailed below. The examples used used are
2 types of power tools, 2 hand tools, and 2 types of blueprints.
Step 1) Students understand the reason for making the comparison.
It is important to cite the reasons for making the comparison.
• First, to ensure that students view the process as contributing to
their essential learning, not just an an exercise; and
• Second, so they will know when to apply the strategy in their
independent study.
For example, “We’re comparing the effects of alcohol abuse to
marijuana abuse to determine the comparative detrimental effects of
each to the society as a whole and to the individual, so you can make
good decisions and advise others.”
Similarities and Differences

7. Step 2) Students gather information on both elements.
To do this effectively, students need to know what to look for and where to
find it.
• Focusing on specific information to gather. Students who are learning
the S/D process need your help to identify key focus areas for their
research of new information and recall of existing information. For
example, key areas are shown as questions for information gathering in
the typical assignment below.
• Compare caffeine and nicotine as drugs. Use the following key
questions to guide your research:
- How addictive are these drugs?
- What benefits do they offer, if any?
- What negative health effects are there, if any?
- Where are these substances commonly found?
Similarities and Differences

8. Step 2) Students gather information on both elements, continued.
• Finding the information. Students may access the information to
answer the key questions on the elements in several ways:
- Groups that have research skills can conduct research online or in
the library for one or both elements.
- If groups have minimal research skills, you can provide them with
reading materials—from the text if you’re using one, from specific
online websites, or from references to journal articles available in
the classroom or the local library.
- If the first element has already been studied, students should use
their existing notes to describe the element in relation to the key
questions you have provided.
Similarities and Differences

9. Step 3) Students enter the information in a S/D organizer.
• There are 3 organizers commonly used in S/D:
1. Venn Diagram,
2. Side-by-Side Comparison, and
3. Top Hat.
Each is shown on the following pages. Note that the
space for similarities is specifically defined, while
differences or unique characteristics are listed under
the title of the elements being compared.
Similarities and Differences

10. Similarities and Differences
1. Venn Diagram

11. Similarities and Differences
2. Side by Side Comparison
Key area Viral STI Bacterial STI Similarities
Examples HIV/AIDS Syphilis
Transmitted
through
Semen Semen, blood Sexual activity
Level of health
threat
Deadly for some
even if treated
Deadly if
untreated
Can cause death
Transmission
from mother to
child
Can be
transmitted
through natural
or Cesarean
birth
Can be
transmitted
through natural
birth
Can be
transmitted from
mother to child
Prevention
through
Abstinence,
condoms
Abstinence,
condoms
Abstinence,
condoms

12. Similarities and Differences
3. Top Hat
Typical Fast
Food Lunch:
Medium
burger, fries, m
edium regular
soft drink
Healthy Fast
Food Lunch:
Salad with low-
fat dressing,
diet drink,
frozen yogurt
cone
Calories
usually ~700+
Calories usually
~250
Fat content
often 60%+
Fat content
often below 5%
High sugar
content
Lower sugar
content
Similarities:
Relatively fast, cheap, approximately the same cost,
available almost everywhere

13. Step 4) Students come to conclusions about the relationship of the
two elements through guided discussion.
This step is the key to deeper understanding, and you can handle this is
several different ways.
• You can provide the guiding questions to the Work Teams, provide them
time in class or assign for extended day, and have them come to
conclusions which they then report out, setting the stage for a full-class
discussion; or
• You can start with the whole-group discussion without the preliminary.
As usual, you’ll get a higher quality product if students have time to
work on the questions alone or in a small group in advance of the
discussion.
Similarities and Differences

14. Step 4) Students come to conclusions about the relationship of the
two elements through guided discussion, continued.
Common types of questions that will help students analyze include the
following:
• What is the the most important similarity? Why?
• What is the most important difference? Why?
• Are these items more alike than different - or more different than alike?
How did you come to that conclusion?
• What is more important in thinking about these items - their similarities
or differences? Why?
• Is there anything about the similarities that allows you to make a generic
statement?
Similarities and Differences

15. Step 5) Students apply their conclusions.
For the most important S/D topics, students should apply their findings
and judgments to create a product or conduct a process. For example, For
example, Job Corps students could create a PPT to teach Middle School
students about sexually transmitted infections, focusing on syphilis and
HIV/AIDS. They could create a comic strip for new mothers showing the
issues with nicotine and caffeine. They could make a picture book for
young children or write a radio public service advertisement promoting
healthy choices in fast food.
• Summary: This week, use the S/D strategy in the wellness/nutrition unit
at least twice. Discuss with students why the strategy is powerful and
how they can use it in their own study.
Similarities and Differences

16. END
If you continue to click forward, you will see links to
presentations of similar content available through
slideshare.com
Content prepared for the National Office of Job Corps through Contract No. DOLJ111A21695
Job Corps Professional Development Support - KUCRL