This document provides information on establishing a successful herb farming operation, including the theory of herb farming, required research, apprenticeship training, land size and characteristics, and marketing. It discusses choosing land with good soil depth and drainage, a northern exposure, and some wind protection. Apprenticeships and scaling the operation to 1/2 to 5 acres are recommended. Simplifying production techniques, efficient machinery, reducing purchased supplies, and direct marketing are keys to economic success.
Etichal business and global ecological catastropheMilan Malej
This document discusses the risks of global ecological catastrophe due to increasing temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions. It notes that methane concentrations and emissions are increasing rapidly due to thawing permafrost and melting methane hydrates on land and sea floors. This released methane could significantly increase global temperatures in the short term due to methane's high heat-trapping potential. The document argues that urgent action is needed to reduce human activities that cause climate change in order to avoid potentially catastrophic feedback loops from further methane releases.
Farm management involves making strategic decisions about how to organize and operate a farm to maximize sustainable profits. There are three main types of farm management decisions: organizational decisions, which involve determining what and how much to produce, as well as strategic decisions about farm size and infrastructure; administrative decisions around financing, supervision, and record keeping; and marketing decisions regarding buying farm inputs and selling farm outputs, including when, where, and to whom to sell. Making good decisions is essential to the sustainable profitability and success of a farm business over time.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in microeconomics and macroeconomics. It defines economics as dealing with scarcity and choice. It discusses opportunity costs, markets, and different economic systems. Productive efficiency and inefficiency are explained using the production possibilities frontier model. The document also distinguishes between positive and normative economics and microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Agricultural production economics is concerned with optimizing resource use on farms to maximize profits. It applies microeconomic principles to production decisions at the farm level and higher levels. The goals are to determine the most efficient use of resources like land, labor, capital and management and to analyze how production responds to changes in prices and technology. The subject matter includes production relationships, costs, optimization of resource use, and yield analysis. Production economics provides a framework to assist farmers and policymakers in production and resource allocation decisions.
Sarah attended several seminars on topics like ethical banking, recruitment, sustainable farming, pollinator conservation, and biofabrication. She reflected on each seminar, noting what she learned about making positive environmental and social impacts. For the sustainable fashion seminar, Sarah expressed interest in pioneering a sustainable fashion line using new biofabrication techniques discussed.
The document discusses the Fuller Center for Housing, its mission and foundational principles. The mission is to promote collaborative partnerships to provide adequate shelter for all people in need worldwide. The foundational principles state that the Center is a Christian faith-based organization that works with churches and communities around the world through local partners to build homes for those in need using volunteer labor and no-interest loans. The Center believes its housing ministry is a God movement that helps stretch beyond rational limits to finish providing shelter.
Small Giants: Strategies for Small Dairy Farm SurvivalJeffrey Bewley
This document discusses strategies for small farm survival. It provides characteristics of successful small "small giant" businesses, including having a strong leader, being community-rooted, prioritizing employees, and protecting margins. It also discusses factors like passion, connections to customers and suppliers, and maintaining a sound business model. Additional topics covered include assessing business opportunities, building farm resilience through diversification and flexibility, applying business management principles to dairy farms, understanding economies of size, and controlling controllable aspects of the business like milk yield and herd health. The document provides advice on financial analysis, investment decisions, and developing strategies for different milk price environments.
This document provides an outline and introduction to a chapter on economic terminology from a class at Somali National University. It defines key economic concepts including:
- Economics as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to meet unlimited wants.
- Scarcity as the fundamental economic problem arising from limited resources and unlimited wants, forcing choices.
- Opportunity cost as the cost of the next best alternative forgone when choosing one option over another.
- Factors of production as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship that are used to produce goods and services.
- Microeconomics focuses on individual agents like households and businesses, while macroeconomics studies the overall economy.
Etichal business and global ecological catastropheMilan Malej
This document discusses the risks of global ecological catastrophe due to increasing temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions. It notes that methane concentrations and emissions are increasing rapidly due to thawing permafrost and melting methane hydrates on land and sea floors. This released methane could significantly increase global temperatures in the short term due to methane's high heat-trapping potential. The document argues that urgent action is needed to reduce human activities that cause climate change in order to avoid potentially catastrophic feedback loops from further methane releases.
Farm management involves making strategic decisions about how to organize and operate a farm to maximize sustainable profits. There are three main types of farm management decisions: organizational decisions, which involve determining what and how much to produce, as well as strategic decisions about farm size and infrastructure; administrative decisions around financing, supervision, and record keeping; and marketing decisions regarding buying farm inputs and selling farm outputs, including when, where, and to whom to sell. Making good decisions is essential to the sustainable profitability and success of a farm business over time.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in microeconomics and macroeconomics. It defines economics as dealing with scarcity and choice. It discusses opportunity costs, markets, and different economic systems. Productive efficiency and inefficiency are explained using the production possibilities frontier model. The document also distinguishes between positive and normative economics and microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Agricultural production economics is concerned with optimizing resource use on farms to maximize profits. It applies microeconomic principles to production decisions at the farm level and higher levels. The goals are to determine the most efficient use of resources like land, labor, capital and management and to analyze how production responds to changes in prices and technology. The subject matter includes production relationships, costs, optimization of resource use, and yield analysis. Production economics provides a framework to assist farmers and policymakers in production and resource allocation decisions.
Sarah attended several seminars on topics like ethical banking, recruitment, sustainable farming, pollinator conservation, and biofabrication. She reflected on each seminar, noting what she learned about making positive environmental and social impacts. For the sustainable fashion seminar, Sarah expressed interest in pioneering a sustainable fashion line using new biofabrication techniques discussed.
The document discusses the Fuller Center for Housing, its mission and foundational principles. The mission is to promote collaborative partnerships to provide adequate shelter for all people in need worldwide. The foundational principles state that the Center is a Christian faith-based organization that works with churches and communities around the world through local partners to build homes for those in need using volunteer labor and no-interest loans. The Center believes its housing ministry is a God movement that helps stretch beyond rational limits to finish providing shelter.
Small Giants: Strategies for Small Dairy Farm SurvivalJeffrey Bewley
This document discusses strategies for small farm survival. It provides characteristics of successful small "small giant" businesses, including having a strong leader, being community-rooted, prioritizing employees, and protecting margins. It also discusses factors like passion, connections to customers and suppliers, and maintaining a sound business model. Additional topics covered include assessing business opportunities, building farm resilience through diversification and flexibility, applying business management principles to dairy farms, understanding economies of size, and controlling controllable aspects of the business like milk yield and herd health. The document provides advice on financial analysis, investment decisions, and developing strategies for different milk price environments.
This document provides an outline and introduction to a chapter on economic terminology from a class at Somali National University. It defines key economic concepts including:
- Economics as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to meet unlimited wants.
- Scarcity as the fundamental economic problem arising from limited resources and unlimited wants, forcing choices.
- Opportunity cost as the cost of the next best alternative forgone when choosing one option over another.
- Factors of production as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship that are used to produce goods and services.
- Microeconomics focuses on individual agents like households and businesses, while macroeconomics studies the overall economy.
Public sector infrastructure and services generally do not have a major impact on mitigating or adapting to climate change or sustainability (exceptions exist).
A cycleway or a public bus service does not mitigate or adapt to climate change, in fact their construction often accelerates climate change. It is us riding our bikes on the cycleway or using the bus service instead of using our cars that mitigates climate change. A cycleway being used for recreational purposes is not contributing to climate mitigation unless the riders would otherwise be using their cars for recreation.
This presentation will use ‘PRUB-Logic’ to demonstrate that any actions project managers take to address climate change and sustainability must not just enable and empower users but also inspire us and our communities to change our behaviours. This means that project managers need to consider how the results of their projects will better inspire changed user behaviours.
Public sector infrastructure and services generally do not have a major impact on mitigating or adapting to climate change or sustainability (exceptions exist).
A cycleway or a public bus service does not mitigate or adapt to climate change, in fact their construction often accelerates climate change. It is us riding our bikes on the cycleway or using the bus service instead of using our cars that mitigates climate change. A cycleway being used for recreational purposes is not contributing to climate mitigation unless the riders would otherwise be using their cars for recreation.
This presentation will use ‘PRUB-Logic’ to demonstrate that any actions project managers take to address climate change and sustainability must not just enable and empower users but also inspire us and our communities to change our behaviours. This means that project managers need to consider how the results of their projects will better inspire changed user behaviours.
This document provides an overview of permaculture design principles from a certification course. It begins with foundational concepts like systems thinking and the 2nd law of thermodynamics. It then outlines 14 primary design principles for creating functional systems, such as observing and connecting elements, catching and storing resources, and designing for multiple functions and redundancies. The document also discusses techniques like keyline design, forest gardening, and guilds. It emphasizes designing for regeneration and abundance rather than scarcity. Overall, the document introduces students to the holistic and systems-based approach of permaculture design.
Setting Up African Permaculture School Gardens
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It has environmental, economic, social, and political components. Environmental sustainability focuses on reducing waste through techniques like cradle-to-cradle manufacturing. Economic sustainability considers who pays for products and if they will continue paying. Social sustainability ensures products fit their social contexts and don't harm people. Appropriate technology uses simple, low-cost, and local methods to create socially and economically sustainable solutions. Markets are good for allocating resources but bad at serving unprofitable markets. Stakeholder analysis systematically addresses all those affected by a product to help ensure its success.
This document discusses the concept of sustainable development. It provides definitions of sustainability from both a normative and operational perspective. The major components of sustainability are identified as environmental, economic, social, and political. Key aspects of environmental sustainability discussed include reduce, reuse, recycle approaches as well as cradle-to-cradle manufacturing. The concepts of economic, social, and appropriate technology are also summarized. The document stresses the importance of stakeholder analysis to ensure all affected parties are considered in product development.
Role of Farming System and Farm Business Organisations to provoke agricultura...pujasinha58
Introduction
Classification Of Farming System And Its Sub Types
Role Of Farming System And Farm Business Organisation To Provoke Agricultural Economy
Conclusion
This document discusses opportunities for investing in smallholder farmers in Africa to address food insecurity and poverty. It notes that Africa has significant untapped agricultural potential but currently imports half its food and half of farmers' production is lost. Smallholder farmers are key to success if given access to credit, inputs, and markets. The model proposes integrating investments across agricultural value chains to link farmers to processors and international food markets. It has had early success improving incomes and aims to scale its impact through franchising models, partnerships, and risk mitigation finance. The goal is to transition millions of families out of poverty in a sustainable way that protects smallholder interests.
The document discusses several topics related to the effects of plant cultivation on biodiversity:
1) Crop rotation, intercropping, and diversified agricultural systems promote biodiversity compared to monocultures. They allow different plant species to grow and affect the environment in varying ways.
2) Allelopathy refers to chemical interactions between plants that help them compete or defend against herbivores, with potential positive and negative impacts on farming systems.
3) Sustainable cropping systems that have been redeveloped in recent decades can provide economic and environmental benefits over conventional monocultures.
This document proposes a solution to global hunger by implementing solar food drying and establishing entrepreneurial opportunities for rural communities. The solution involves:
1) Training and supplying rural communities, especially women, in food processing and preservation techniques using solar dryers costing under $300.
2) Establishing a franchise model to distribute the dryers and supplies through local shops owned by entrepreneurs.
3) Financing the purchase of dryers and facilitating the sale of dried foods to generate income for rural families.
1. The document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in farm management, including defining a farm, farm enterprises, inputs and outputs, costs (variable, fixed, opportunity), and the management functions of planning, implementation, control, and adjustment.
2. It also discusses calculating fixed costs such as depreciation, interest, and maintenance costs, as well as running costs.
3. An example is provided to demonstrate calculating the annual costs of owning a tractor by determining depreciation, interest, maintenance, and operating costs.
This document provides a dairy farm sustainability checklist to help farmers evaluate the sustainability of their operations. It covers a wide range of topics including farm planning and goals, record keeping, facilities, livestock and forage management, nutrient management, marketing, and assessments of pastures, soils, and watersheds. The checklist is intended to stimulate critical thinking and identify both strengths and areas for improvement. It suggests having in-depth discussions with farmers to work through the checklist over multiple visits, as needed, to define information needs and management alternatives.
This document provides an overview of business concepts including the meaning of business, nature of business, roles and responsibilities of business, basic business functions, forms of business enterprise, types of production systems, and feudal system. It defines business as organized commercial activities aimed at producing and selling goods or services for profit. The key business functions are identified as operations, finance, and marketing. Several forms of business enterprise are described including sole proprietorship, partnership, private company, public company, LLP, and one person company. Production systems are categorized as intermittent (jobbing, batch, project) or continuous (mass, process). A feudal system is also briefly introduced.
1. When designing an olive grove, the harvest method should be defined first as it is a major expense. This will influence choices around spacing, training, and equipment.
2. The size of the grove determines the appropriate harvesting equipment. Larger groves can afford more efficient machines.
3. Training systems must be compatible with harvesting equipment for high efficiency. Comb harvesters require accessible olives on long branches while trunk shakers need short, upright branches.
The macro environment consists of uncontrollable factors that impact all organizations within an industry. These factors include the political system, economic system, technology, demographics, cultural forces, global considerations, and the ecosystem. Businesses have little influence over these macro environmental factors and must adapt their strategies in response to changes within the political, economic, technological, demographic, cultural, global, and environmental conditions.
This document provides an introduction to managerial economics and economic concepts. It defines economics as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources. Managerial economics applies economic theory to help organizations achieve goals efficiently. The document discusses key economic topics like scarcity, opportunity cost, production possibilities frontiers, efficiency, and economic growth. It also distinguishes microeconomics, which examines individual and business decisions, from macroeconomics, which analyzes performance of national and global economies.
This document discusses creating an environment for growing herbs. It recommends mulching soil rather than digging and provides examples of herbs that grow well in different soil and light conditions, such as mints in shady areas and garlic and onions in sunny spots. The document also discusses bringing some herb plants indoors over winter and integrating herbs into existing flower and vegetable gardens.
This document discusses organic farming and companion planting. It explains that organic farming focuses on building healthy soil, using crop rotations for prevention of pests and diseases, and avoiding artificial pesticides and fertilizers. Companion planting involves mixing certain plants together that can help confuse or repel pests from other plants through odors or attracting beneficial insects. The document provides several examples of companion planting and natural pest control methods used in organic farming.
Public sector infrastructure and services generally do not have a major impact on mitigating or adapting to climate change or sustainability (exceptions exist).
A cycleway or a public bus service does not mitigate or adapt to climate change, in fact their construction often accelerates climate change. It is us riding our bikes on the cycleway or using the bus service instead of using our cars that mitigates climate change. A cycleway being used for recreational purposes is not contributing to climate mitigation unless the riders would otherwise be using their cars for recreation.
This presentation will use ‘PRUB-Logic’ to demonstrate that any actions project managers take to address climate change and sustainability must not just enable and empower users but also inspire us and our communities to change our behaviours. This means that project managers need to consider how the results of their projects will better inspire changed user behaviours.
Public sector infrastructure and services generally do not have a major impact on mitigating or adapting to climate change or sustainability (exceptions exist).
A cycleway or a public bus service does not mitigate or adapt to climate change, in fact their construction often accelerates climate change. It is us riding our bikes on the cycleway or using the bus service instead of using our cars that mitigates climate change. A cycleway being used for recreational purposes is not contributing to climate mitigation unless the riders would otherwise be using their cars for recreation.
This presentation will use ‘PRUB-Logic’ to demonstrate that any actions project managers take to address climate change and sustainability must not just enable and empower users but also inspire us and our communities to change our behaviours. This means that project managers need to consider how the results of their projects will better inspire changed user behaviours.
This document provides an overview of permaculture design principles from a certification course. It begins with foundational concepts like systems thinking and the 2nd law of thermodynamics. It then outlines 14 primary design principles for creating functional systems, such as observing and connecting elements, catching and storing resources, and designing for multiple functions and redundancies. The document also discusses techniques like keyline design, forest gardening, and guilds. It emphasizes designing for regeneration and abundance rather than scarcity. Overall, the document introduces students to the holistic and systems-based approach of permaculture design.
Setting Up African Permaculture School Gardens
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It has environmental, economic, social, and political components. Environmental sustainability focuses on reducing waste through techniques like cradle-to-cradle manufacturing. Economic sustainability considers who pays for products and if they will continue paying. Social sustainability ensures products fit their social contexts and don't harm people. Appropriate technology uses simple, low-cost, and local methods to create socially and economically sustainable solutions. Markets are good for allocating resources but bad at serving unprofitable markets. Stakeholder analysis systematically addresses all those affected by a product to help ensure its success.
This document discusses the concept of sustainable development. It provides definitions of sustainability from both a normative and operational perspective. The major components of sustainability are identified as environmental, economic, social, and political. Key aspects of environmental sustainability discussed include reduce, reuse, recycle approaches as well as cradle-to-cradle manufacturing. The concepts of economic, social, and appropriate technology are also summarized. The document stresses the importance of stakeholder analysis to ensure all affected parties are considered in product development.
Role of Farming System and Farm Business Organisations to provoke agricultura...pujasinha58
Introduction
Classification Of Farming System And Its Sub Types
Role Of Farming System And Farm Business Organisation To Provoke Agricultural Economy
Conclusion
This document discusses opportunities for investing in smallholder farmers in Africa to address food insecurity and poverty. It notes that Africa has significant untapped agricultural potential but currently imports half its food and half of farmers' production is lost. Smallholder farmers are key to success if given access to credit, inputs, and markets. The model proposes integrating investments across agricultural value chains to link farmers to processors and international food markets. It has had early success improving incomes and aims to scale its impact through franchising models, partnerships, and risk mitigation finance. The goal is to transition millions of families out of poverty in a sustainable way that protects smallholder interests.
The document discusses several topics related to the effects of plant cultivation on biodiversity:
1) Crop rotation, intercropping, and diversified agricultural systems promote biodiversity compared to monocultures. They allow different plant species to grow and affect the environment in varying ways.
2) Allelopathy refers to chemical interactions between plants that help them compete or defend against herbivores, with potential positive and negative impacts on farming systems.
3) Sustainable cropping systems that have been redeveloped in recent decades can provide economic and environmental benefits over conventional monocultures.
This document proposes a solution to global hunger by implementing solar food drying and establishing entrepreneurial opportunities for rural communities. The solution involves:
1) Training and supplying rural communities, especially women, in food processing and preservation techniques using solar dryers costing under $300.
2) Establishing a franchise model to distribute the dryers and supplies through local shops owned by entrepreneurs.
3) Financing the purchase of dryers and facilitating the sale of dried foods to generate income for rural families.
1. The document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in farm management, including defining a farm, farm enterprises, inputs and outputs, costs (variable, fixed, opportunity), and the management functions of planning, implementation, control, and adjustment.
2. It also discusses calculating fixed costs such as depreciation, interest, and maintenance costs, as well as running costs.
3. An example is provided to demonstrate calculating the annual costs of owning a tractor by determining depreciation, interest, maintenance, and operating costs.
This document provides a dairy farm sustainability checklist to help farmers evaluate the sustainability of their operations. It covers a wide range of topics including farm planning and goals, record keeping, facilities, livestock and forage management, nutrient management, marketing, and assessments of pastures, soils, and watersheds. The checklist is intended to stimulate critical thinking and identify both strengths and areas for improvement. It suggests having in-depth discussions with farmers to work through the checklist over multiple visits, as needed, to define information needs and management alternatives.
This document provides an overview of business concepts including the meaning of business, nature of business, roles and responsibilities of business, basic business functions, forms of business enterprise, types of production systems, and feudal system. It defines business as organized commercial activities aimed at producing and selling goods or services for profit. The key business functions are identified as operations, finance, and marketing. Several forms of business enterprise are described including sole proprietorship, partnership, private company, public company, LLP, and one person company. Production systems are categorized as intermittent (jobbing, batch, project) or continuous (mass, process). A feudal system is also briefly introduced.
1. When designing an olive grove, the harvest method should be defined first as it is a major expense. This will influence choices around spacing, training, and equipment.
2. The size of the grove determines the appropriate harvesting equipment. Larger groves can afford more efficient machines.
3. Training systems must be compatible with harvesting equipment for high efficiency. Comb harvesters require accessible olives on long branches while trunk shakers need short, upright branches.
The macro environment consists of uncontrollable factors that impact all organizations within an industry. These factors include the political system, economic system, technology, demographics, cultural forces, global considerations, and the ecosystem. Businesses have little influence over these macro environmental factors and must adapt their strategies in response to changes within the political, economic, technological, demographic, cultural, global, and environmental conditions.
This document provides an introduction to managerial economics and economic concepts. It defines economics as the study of how societies allocate scarce resources. Managerial economics applies economic theory to help organizations achieve goals efficiently. The document discusses key economic topics like scarcity, opportunity cost, production possibilities frontiers, efficiency, and economic growth. It also distinguishes microeconomics, which examines individual and business decisions, from macroeconomics, which analyzes performance of national and global economies.
This document discusses creating an environment for growing herbs. It recommends mulching soil rather than digging and provides examples of herbs that grow well in different soil and light conditions, such as mints in shady areas and garlic and onions in sunny spots. The document also discusses bringing some herb plants indoors over winter and integrating herbs into existing flower and vegetable gardens.
This document discusses organic farming and companion planting. It explains that organic farming focuses on building healthy soil, using crop rotations for prevention of pests and diseases, and avoiding artificial pesticides and fertilizers. Companion planting involves mixing certain plants together that can help confuse or repel pests from other plants through odors or attracting beneficial insects. The document provides several examples of companion planting and natural pest control methods used in organic farming.
This document provides information on designing and securing an herb garden. It discusses using fences, black plastic windbreaks, and electric fencing to deter animals from herb gardens. It also recommends soil tests to understand soil nutrients and pollutants. The document presents different design options for herb gardens, including square, knot, spiral, and heart-shaped patterns that can be created with paths or hedges.
This document discusses regulations for cultivating, collecting, processing, and distributing herbal medicines in Australia. It covers good manufacturing practices, personnel training requirements, documentation, and quality control standards. Key regulatory bodies that oversee herbal medicines are the Therapeutic Goods Administration, which regulates herbal medicines as complementary medicines, and quarantine restrictions that different states have on transporting plant materials across borders to prevent spreading pests or disease.
This document provides summaries of several plant families, including their botanical descriptions, characteristics, commonly used species, and growing requirements. It discusses families such as Mallow/Malvaceae, Poppy/Papaveraceae, Fumitory/Fumariaceae, Plantain/Plantaginaceae, and others. The document emphasizes the importance of crop rotation by not planting related plant families in the same spot more than every three years to maintain soil health.
This document provides an overview of several plant families, including their key characteristics, examples of plants in each family, and typical growing environments. It discusses the Asteraceae/Daisy family, Lamiaceae/Mint family, Rosaceae/Rose family, Apiaceae/Carrot and Parsley family, Fabaceae/Pea family, Solanaceae/Deadly Nightshade family, Urticaceae/Nettle family, Verbenaceae, Zingiberaceae/Ginger family, Violaceae/Violet family, Orchidaceae, and Liliaceae/Lily family. Each family is briefly described with 1-2 representative photos.
This document provides an overview of herbal cultivation. It discusses the history of herbal medicine from early human cultures through modern practices in various regions. Methods of propagating, growing, harvesting, processing and marketing herbs are covered. The importance of climate, soil, and cultivation techniques are explained. A brief checkpoint quiz is included to conclude the summary.
This document discusses modern farming methods and their drawbacks. It provides information on fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation techniques, harvesting, and storage used in modern agriculture. The text raises concerns that these intensive farming practices are depleting soils, polluting the environment, reducing nutrient levels in crops, and exposing consumers and farm workers to dangerous chemicals. Organic farming is presented as a more sustainable alternative that avoids these issues.
This document discusses ethnopharmacology and covers several topics:
- Ethnopharmacology is the study of traditional medicinal plant use by communities and indigenous people. Many modern medicines originated from traditional uses.
- Herbal medicine is one type of complementary and alternative medicine using plants as therapeutic substances.
- The document provides examples of traditional medicinal plant uses by various cultures and regions including Egypt, Tibet, Australia, Bolivia, Spain and discusses some commonly used species.
- Many foods also have traditional medicinal uses for conditions like digestive issues, parasites, and wounds. Beverages made from plants are also used medicinally.
This document provides an overview of various phytochemical constituent groups found in plants, including flavonoids, tannins, resins, bitters, pungent constituents, saponins, anthraquinones, coumarins, phytooestrogens, and alkaloids. It discusses the chemical structure and properties of these groups and examples of plants that contain prominent members. The document is presented as a lecture on phytochemistry with definitions and examples provided for each constituent group.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in a session on phytochemistry. It defines phytochemistry as the study of plant constituents and their applications in pharmacognosy. Primary metabolites like enzymes and chlorophyll are necessary for plant life, while secondary metabolites provide protection and include alkaloids, tannins, and compounds induced by stress. Specific secondary metabolite groups discussed include simple phenols and glycosides like cyanogenic glycosides; mucilages; essential oils composed of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids; and glucosinolates. The document concludes by previewing that the next session will continue covering phytochemistry.
The document provides an overview of ethnobotany, describing it as the scientific study of relationships between people and plants. It discusses key topics in ethnobotany such as its history, important figures, branches including ethnomedicine and agriculture, and the use of plants in religion and ritual. Examples are given throughout to illustrate ethnobotanical concepts and how human cultures have influenced relationships with important plant species.
The document discusses various topics related to botany and pharmacognosy including fruit and seed formation and dispersal. It describes how a fruit develops from the ovary after fertilization and contains seeds. Seeds contain an embryo and food reserves. The document outlines different types of fruits and various mechanisms of seed dispersal including wind, water, and animal dispersal. It also discusses seed dormancy, conditions required for germination, and types of germination.
This document provides information about a botany and pharmacognosy session covering leaves. It defines the main functions of leaves as photosynthesis and transpiration. It describes leaf structure in dicotyledons and monocotyledons. It discusses simple and compound leaves, types of compound leaves, and modified leaves. The document also covers inflorescences, bracts, and determinate and indeterminate inflorescences. The next session will cover flowers and fertilization.
The document discusses angiosperm morphology and focuses on roots. It describes root systems such as taproots and fibrous roots. Taproots are found in dicots and have a main root with lateral roots, while fibrous roots are found in monocots and arise from the stem. Roots function to anchor plants, absorb water and minerals, and transport and store nutrients. The structure of roots including the root cap, meristem, elongation zone, and root hairs is explained. The document also discusses soil composition and the role of soil in root growth. Finally, it notes that some roots are modified for food storage as tubers.
The document discusses flowers and fertilization. It describes the basic structure of flowers and their function in sexual reproduction. It explains that flowers attract pollinators through traits like color, scent and nectar. The document also outlines the processes of pollination, fertilization and double fertilization, where the sperm cells fuse with the egg and polar nuclei to produce seeds.
This document discusses phytotherapy, including its definition and differences from standard pharmacology. It covers various oral dosage forms used in phytotherapy like liquids, tablets, powders and capsules. Factors to consider for different patient populations like the elderly, pregnant/lactating women, and children are also outlined. Physiological changes that impact herb absorption and metabolism in these groups are described. Cautions for specific herbs in pregnancy/lactation are listed. The importance of dosage adjustment for children is also discussed.
This document discusses various safety issues related to the use of herbal medicines, including phytotherapy. It covers the importance of correct plant identification to ensure the desired therapeutic effects and avoid potential toxicity. Misidentification can occur when the same common names are used for different plant species. Substitution of one plant for another can also be unintentional due to name confusion, lack of knowledge about the authentic plant source, or similarity in morphology. Contamination and adulteration are other safety issues addressed in the document. Correct preparation and dosage of herbal medicines is also important.
This document provides an introduction to botany and pharmacognosy. It discusses the classification of plants from kingdom to species. The main topics covered include the definition of botany, types of plants such as angiosperms and gymnosperms, and how plants are classified based on characteristics such as whether they are annual, biennial, or perennial. It also explains the binomial nomenclature system used to precisely name plant species.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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