The document provides an overview of the Internet and the World Wide Web. It begins by defining the Internet as the global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP protocols. It then defines the World Wide Web as an information space where documents and resources are identified by URLs and can be accessed via the Internet. The document explains some of the key differences between the Internet and the World Wide Web. It also provides a brief history of computing technologies leading up to the development of the Internet and World Wide Web.
THE ORIGINS OF THE INTERNET The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA...ZymyraCanillas
The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA of the 1950s. The Cold War was at its height and huge tensions existed between North America and the Soviet Union. Both superpowers were in possession of deadly nuclear weapons, and people lived in fear of long-range surprise attacks. The US realized it needed a communications system that could not be affected by a Soviet nuclear attack.
At this time, computers were large, expensive machines exclusively used by military scientists and university staff.
These machines were powerful but limited in numbers, and researchers grew increasingly frustrated: they required access to the technology, but had to travel great distances to use it.
To solve this problem, researchers started ‘time-sharing’. This meant that users could simultaneously access a mainframe computer through a series of terminals, although individually they had only a fraction of the computer’s actual power at their command.
The difficulty of using such systems led various scientists, engineers and organizations to research the possibility of a large-scale computer network.
No one person invented the internet. When networking technology was first developed, a number of scientists and engineers brought their research together to create the ARPANET. Later, other inventors’ creations paved the way for the web as we know it today.
In 1965, Lawrence Roberts made two separate computers in different places ‘talk’ to each other for the first time. This experimental link used a telephone line with an acoustically coupled modem, and transferred digital data using packets.
When the first packet-switching network was developed, Leonard Kleinrock was the first person to use it to send a message. He used a computer at UCLA to send a message to a computer at Stanford. Kleinrock tried to type ‘login’ but the system crashed after the letters ‘L’ and ‘O’ had appeared on the Stanford monitor.
A second attempt proved successful and more messages were exchanged between the two sites. The ARPANET was born.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1958, bringing together some of the best scientific minds in the country. Their aim was to help American military technology stay ahead of its enemies and prevent surprises, such as the launch of the satellite Sputnik 1, happening again. Among ARPA’s projects was a remit to test the feasibility of a large-scale computer network.
Lawrence Roberts was responsible for developing computer networks at ARPA, working with scientist Leonard Kleinrock.
Roberts was the first person to connect two computers. When the first packet-switching network was developed in 1969, Kleinrock successfully used it to send messages to another site, and the ARPA Network—or ARPANET—was born.
Once ARPANET was up and running, it quickly expanded. By 1973, 30 academic, military and research institutions had joined the network, connecting locations including Hawaii, Norway and the UK.
As ARPANET grew
History of Internet
History Of Internet On The World
The Internet : The History Of The Internet
Internet Report
The History Of The Internet
History Of The Internet Essay example
The Discovery Of The Internet
History of Internet Essay examples
History of the Internet Essay examples
The History Of The Internet Essay
The Internet and Technology Essay
The History and Development of the Internet
The Birth Of The Internet
The History Of Social Media
The Birth Of The Internet
History Of The Internet Essay
The Internet : The Origin Of The Internet
Chapter 5 Networking and Communication Learning Objecti.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: Networking and
Communication
Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be
able to:
• understand the history and development of
networking technologies;
• define the key terms associated with networking
technologies;
• understand the importance of broadband
technologies; and
• describe organizational networking.
Introduction
In the early days of computing, computers were seen as devices
for making calculations, storing data, and automating business
processes. However, as the devices evolved, it became apparent that
many of the functions of telecommunications could be integrated
into the computer. During the 1980s, many organizations began
Chapter 5: Networking and
Communication | 99
combining their once-separate telecommunications and
information systems departments into an Information Technology
(IT) department. This ability for computers to communicate with
one another and to facilitate communication between individuals
and groups has had a major impact on the growth of computing over
the past several decades.
Computer networking began in the 1960s with the birth of the
Internet. However, while the Internet and web were evolving,
corporate networking was also taking shape in the form of local
area networks and client-server computing. The Internet went
commercial in 1994 as technologies began to pervade all areas of the
organization. Today it would be unthinkable to have a computer that
did not include communications capabilities. This chapter reviews
the different technologies that have been put in place to enable this
communications revolution.
A Brief History of the Internet
In the Beginning: ARPANET
The story of the Internet, and networking in general, can be traced
back to the late 1950s. The United States was in the depths of the
Cold War with the USSR as each nation closely watched the other
to determine which would gain a military or intelligence advantage.
In 1957, the Soviets surprised the U.S. with the launch of Sputnik,
propelling us into the space age. In response to Sputnik, the U.S.
Government created the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA), whose initial role was to ensure that the U.S. was not
surprised again. It was from ARPA, now called DARPA
((Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), that the Internet
first sprang.
100 | Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019)
http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik
ARPA was the center of computing research in the 1960s, but
there was just one problem. Many of the computers could not
communicate with each other. In 1968 ARPA sent out a request
for proposals for a communication technology that would allow
different computers located around the country to be integrated
together into one network. Twelve companies responded to the
request, and a company named Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN)
won the contract. They immediately b.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
More Related Content
Similar to HendersonTheInternetandTheWorldWideWeb.pdf
THE ORIGINS OF THE INTERNET The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA...ZymyraCanillas
The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA of the 1950s. The Cold War was at its height and huge tensions existed between North America and the Soviet Union. Both superpowers were in possession of deadly nuclear weapons, and people lived in fear of long-range surprise attacks. The US realized it needed a communications system that could not be affected by a Soviet nuclear attack.
At this time, computers were large, expensive machines exclusively used by military scientists and university staff.
These machines were powerful but limited in numbers, and researchers grew increasingly frustrated: they required access to the technology, but had to travel great distances to use it.
To solve this problem, researchers started ‘time-sharing’. This meant that users could simultaneously access a mainframe computer through a series of terminals, although individually they had only a fraction of the computer’s actual power at their command.
The difficulty of using such systems led various scientists, engineers and organizations to research the possibility of a large-scale computer network.
No one person invented the internet. When networking technology was first developed, a number of scientists and engineers brought their research together to create the ARPANET. Later, other inventors’ creations paved the way for the web as we know it today.
In 1965, Lawrence Roberts made two separate computers in different places ‘talk’ to each other for the first time. This experimental link used a telephone line with an acoustically coupled modem, and transferred digital data using packets.
When the first packet-switching network was developed, Leonard Kleinrock was the first person to use it to send a message. He used a computer at UCLA to send a message to a computer at Stanford. Kleinrock tried to type ‘login’ but the system crashed after the letters ‘L’ and ‘O’ had appeared on the Stanford monitor.
A second attempt proved successful and more messages were exchanged between the two sites. The ARPANET was born.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1958, bringing together some of the best scientific minds in the country. Their aim was to help American military technology stay ahead of its enemies and prevent surprises, such as the launch of the satellite Sputnik 1, happening again. Among ARPA’s projects was a remit to test the feasibility of a large-scale computer network.
Lawrence Roberts was responsible for developing computer networks at ARPA, working with scientist Leonard Kleinrock.
Roberts was the first person to connect two computers. When the first packet-switching network was developed in 1969, Kleinrock successfully used it to send messages to another site, and the ARPA Network—or ARPANET—was born.
Once ARPANET was up and running, it quickly expanded. By 1973, 30 academic, military and research institutions had joined the network, connecting locations including Hawaii, Norway and the UK.
As ARPANET grew
History of Internet
History Of Internet On The World
The Internet : The History Of The Internet
Internet Report
The History Of The Internet
History Of The Internet Essay example
The Discovery Of The Internet
History of Internet Essay examples
History of the Internet Essay examples
The History Of The Internet Essay
The Internet and Technology Essay
The History and Development of the Internet
The Birth Of The Internet
The History Of Social Media
The Birth Of The Internet
History Of The Internet Essay
The Internet : The Origin Of The Internet
Chapter 5 Networking and Communication Learning Objecti.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: Networking and
Communication
Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be
able to:
• understand the history and development of
networking technologies;
• define the key terms associated with networking
technologies;
• understand the importance of broadband
technologies; and
• describe organizational networking.
Introduction
In the early days of computing, computers were seen as devices
for making calculations, storing data, and automating business
processes. However, as the devices evolved, it became apparent that
many of the functions of telecommunications could be integrated
into the computer. During the 1980s, many organizations began
Chapter 5: Networking and
Communication | 99
combining their once-separate telecommunications and
information systems departments into an Information Technology
(IT) department. This ability for computers to communicate with
one another and to facilitate communication between individuals
and groups has had a major impact on the growth of computing over
the past several decades.
Computer networking began in the 1960s with the birth of the
Internet. However, while the Internet and web were evolving,
corporate networking was also taking shape in the form of local
area networks and client-server computing. The Internet went
commercial in 1994 as technologies began to pervade all areas of the
organization. Today it would be unthinkable to have a computer that
did not include communications capabilities. This chapter reviews
the different technologies that have been put in place to enable this
communications revolution.
A Brief History of the Internet
In the Beginning: ARPANET
The story of the Internet, and networking in general, can be traced
back to the late 1950s. The United States was in the depths of the
Cold War with the USSR as each nation closely watched the other
to determine which would gain a military or intelligence advantage.
In 1957, the Soviets surprised the U.S. with the launch of Sputnik,
propelling us into the space age. In response to Sputnik, the U.S.
Government created the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA), whose initial role was to ensure that the U.S. was not
surprised again. It was from ARPA, now called DARPA
((Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), that the Internet
first sprang.
100 | Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019)
http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik
ARPA was the center of computing research in the 1960s, but
there was just one problem. Many of the computers could not
communicate with each other. In 1968 ARPA sent out a request
for proposals for a communication technology that would allow
different computers located around the country to be integrated
together into one network. Twelve companies responded to the
request, and a company named Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN)
won the contract. They immediately b.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. 2
Wikipedia: The Internet
(Not to be confused with the World Wide Web)
The Internet is the global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite
(TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of
networks that consists of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of local to global
scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless,
and optical networking technologies. The Internet
carries a vast range of information resources and
services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents
and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW),
electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.
3. 3
Wikipedia: World Wide Web
(Not to be confused with the Internet)
The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is
an information space where documents and other web
resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators
(URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be
accessed via the Internet. English scientist Tim Berners-
Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the
first web browser computer program in 1990 while
employed at CERN in Switzerland. The Web browser was
released outside of CERN in 1991, first to other research
institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general
public on the Internet in August 1991.
4. World Wide Web (continued)
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a combination
of all resources and users on the Internet that
are using the HyperText Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
>From the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
"The World Wide Web is the universe of
network-accessible information, an
embodiment of human knowledge”
4
5. Which came first?
• Internet ~1972 (known then as the ARPANET)
Advanced Research Program Agency Network
• World Wide Web ~1990
• The WWW depends on the Internet
5
6. A brief history of computing
leading up to the internet
6
IBM 1620 HP 2114 Mini Computer
Desk Top Computer
7. In C O N T R A S T, today how do you transfer or
share information/files/data between computing
devices?
7
8. Early Computers (1940’s 1950’s)
• Stand Alone
• Dedicated to one task/job at a time
• One, or a group, of users/operators
• Hands on (switches, lights, buttons)
• No automation (ie, Operating System)
• No fast secondary storage
– No hard drive, optical, magnetic tape, etc
– No files or file system
• Slow Input/Output (punched cards, paper tape)
8
9. Punched Cards & Paper Tape
9
Herman Hollerith developed the punched card
standard for use in the 1890 US census.
His grandson lives in Williamsburg
10. Big Iron (1960’s 1970’s)
10
Computing Center – behind glass
• Skilled operators only
• Hands on (switchers, lights, etc)
• Some automation ( JCL, OS )
• Secondary Storage (Drives, Tape)
• Rudimentary file system
11. Big Iron (1960’s 1970’s)
Evolution of Automation
- Batch – sequential jobs/tasks
- Multitasking – more balanced use of resources
- Time-Sharing – users determine use of resources
JOB 1 JOB 2 JOB 3
Time
1 3
2
2 2
3 3 3
1 1 1
1 1
User red idle
12. Time Sharing – interactive computing
12
Terminals could be
remote from the central
computer, even far away
using phone lines.
13. What’s that sound?
13
Raise your hand when you recognize these sounds
A 300 BAUD Acoustic Coupler Modem (1960s)
A 1200 BAUD Acoustic Coupler Modem (1970s)
16. Even with time-sharing it is
difficult to share data
16
Computer System 1 Computer System 2
There was a need to quickly distribute (share) new
data, research articles, and software.
17. Need to network computers
17
Bob Taylor (Advanced Research Project Agency) in 1966 had
three computer terminals in his office, each connected to
separate computers, which ARPA was funding: one for the
System Development Corporation (SDC) Q-32 in Santa Monica,
one for Project Genie at the University of California, Berkeley,
and another for Multics at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. "For each of these three terminals, I had three
different sets of user commands. So, if I was talking online
with someone at S.D.C., and I wanted to talk to someone I
knew at Berkeley, or M.I.T., about this, I had to get up from the
S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the other terminal and get
in touch with them. I said, "Oh Man!", it's obvious what to do:
If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one
terminal that goes anywhere you want to go.”
18. ARPANET - 1969
18
Bob Taylor led a team to network multiple computers with
vastly different attributes – data formats, operating systems,
electronic interfaces, etc.
Used dedicated
phone lines
20. B U T - by 1973 there were numerous
‘independent’ networks
(government, private, commercial, etc)
20
• The protocols (information standards and
electronic methods of passing data from one
computer to another) for each of these
networks was different
• Analogy – each spoke a different language
English
French
Mandarin
Swahili
Hangul
21. TCP/IP - Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol 1974
21
• Standard communication protocols used
to interconnect computers and devices
(i.e, networked computers and digital devices)
• Developed by Vincent Cerf and Robert Kahn
of the DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency)
• In 1982 TCP/IP were officially adopted as
standards for the ARPANET, soon to become
the ‘public’ Internet
23. 23
What “killer app” helped the internet take off?
Email 1972 - Ray Tomlinson is credited with
inventing email. He worked for Bolt Beranek and
Newman as an ARPANET contractor.
Other ARPANET applications
1. Remote Login
2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• GET a file
• PUT a file
“GET a file” - analogous to downloading a photo from Shutterfly
“PUT a file” - analogous to uploading a photo to Shutterfly
26. Let’s understand the basics of
how the internet works
26
Passing a ‘message’ from one
computer to another
27. How many different routes or paths can a
‘message’ from UCSB to Stanford take?
Note that each computer is connected to every other computer
27
28. Let’s create our own ‘network’
28
Introduce yourself and shake hands
with your neighbors – others sitting
“near” you (side, front, back, reach
across isle)
In our network, these will be the only
people you can pass a message to!
29. 29
Handshake - the process of one computer or
digital device establishing a connection with
another computer or digital device.
30. Message Passing (Activity 1)
30
1. If you have a message on a note card,
please raise the note card.
2. Now, please pass the note card to any one
of your neighbors! When you receive a
note card, please pass it to another
neighbor! Random message passing.
a. What is wrong with this?
31. Message Passing (Activity 2)
31
Identify two ‘nodes’ in our network with the names “ANT”
and “BEAR.”
a. Through our network you will send a message/note
card from ‘me@ANT’ to ‘you@BEAR’.
b. ‘me@ANT’ hides this message by folding and stapling
the note card – only ‘you@BEAR’ can open it!
c. Send!
d. Will the recipient ‘you@BEAR’ please read the message!
32. Message Passing (Activity 3)
32
1. Identify a new node named “ZEBRA”
2. Now our network will pass 3 messages concurrently
i. ‘me@ANT’ to ‘you@BEAR’
ii. ‘you@BEAR’ to ‘me@ZEBRA’
iii. ‘me@ZEBRA’ to ‘me@ANT’
3. SEND!
4. Will the recipient of each message please open and read it!
5. What information do we need in each message?
6. What additional information might be included?
33. Message Passing (Activity 4)
33
Reverse the previous 3 message directions, but now one of
the messages will be labelled FAIL. After this message is
passed a few times, the recipient will hide it (pocket, purse,
inside book, etc.)
Original 3 messages:
a. ‘me@ANT’ to ‘you@BEAR’
b. ‘you@BEAR’ to ‘me@ZEBRA’
c. ‘me@ZEBRA’ to ‘me@ANT’
SEND! THOUGHTS?
34. Message Passing - Packets
34
1. To facilitate passing information over a network it is broken
into fixed size chunks, called packets.
2. Packet - A collection of data sent as a unit over a network.
Packets are self-contained; each packet has its own source
address and destination address, and cannot exceed a
maximum size. Long messages are broken up into
multiple packets for transmission over the network.
35. Message Passing – Packets (Example)
35
“Before I got married I had six theories about
bringing up children; now I have six children
and no theories” — John Wilmot
Packet 1: “Before I got married I had six
Packet 2: theories about bringing up children;
Packet 3: now I have six children and no
Packet 4: theories” — John Wilmot
38. Message Passing – Packets (Activity 5)
38
1. We have cut the note card for a message from
‘me@ANT’ to ‘you@ZEBRA’ into five fixed, equal
size pieces, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Each piece has the sender ‘me@ANT’ and the recipient
‘you@ZEBRA’, its number, and the total number of packets
in the message ( eg, 3/5 )
2. Now, send the 5 pieces/packets through our network.
Important: Each piece/packet can follow a different
route/path.
3. Will the recipient you@ZEBRA please assemble the
message and read it!
39. Message Passing – Packets (Continued)
39
1. What happens if the recipient does not
receive all the packets in a message? That
is, one or more of these packets is lost
(Fail).
2. Do you have any suggestions for handling
lost packets?
3. If the senders sends two different messages
to the recipient. How distinguished?
40. Next to Last Concept – IP Address
40
1. In the operation of computer networks they don’t use
names for each node/computing device, but rather
unique numbers – Internet Protocol address (IP
address)
2. My home Cox ISP public internet address is
70.161.163.62 (assigned by Cox & fixed)
3. Likewise, in our network we can assign unique
numbers to each node (eg, nodes ANT, BEAR and
ZEBRA might have numbers 7, 15 and 97, me@97).
4. Every computing device on the internet has a
“unique” IP address
41. IP Address – Local Area Network
41
Internet or Wide Area ‘ISP’ Network (WAN) 70.161.163.62
Local Area Network (LAN) 192.168.10.XXX
056
061
054
063
058
42. Domain Name System (DNS)
Last Important Concept
42
1. Recall, computer networks don’t use names for each
node/computing device, but rather unique numbers –
Internet Protocol address (IP address) { 70.161.163.62 }
2. For example, the familiar World Wide Web (WWW) name
www.google.com corresponds to 172.217.7.164
3. So entering the IP address 172.217.7.164 in your web
browser, instead of www.google.com has the same result
4. If you have a smart phone, tablet, or laptop connected to
the internet, try entering 172.217.7.164 in web browser
43. Domain Name System (DNS) (continued)
43
DNS - The Internet's system for converting alphabetic names
into numeric IP addresses. For example, when a Web address
(URL) is typed into a browser, a DNS server returns the IP
address of the Web server associated with that name (URL).
Example, 172.217.7.164 for www.google.com
48. 48
World Wide Web
Conceived in 1989 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a British
software engineer at CERN, to facilitate the
exchange/sharing of information/data between, mainly
particle physicists working at different locations around
the world. Like with the internet, he saw a need.
“In those days, there was different information on different
computers, but you had to log on to different computers to
get at it. Also, sometimes you had to learn a different
program on each computer. Often it was just easier to go
and ask people when they were having coffee…”, Tim says.
50. 50
World Wide Web – Client Server
1. Software programs (Applications) which run on
computing devices connected to the Internet
2. Web Browser and Web Servers
51. Fundamental WWW concepts
developed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee
51
1. HTML : HyperText Markup Language - the formatting
language for the web.
2. URI : Uniform Resource Identifier - a kind of “address”
that is unique and used to identify each resource on the
web. It is also commonly called a URL (Universal
Resource Locator)
3. HTTP : HyperText Transfer Protocol - allows for the
retrieval of linked resources from across the web
4. Hyperlink (link) : text or image in a web page which a
user can ‘click’ to access another web page (document)
53. Universal Resource Locator (URL)
Links to web resources
53
http://www.example.com or
http://example.com or example.com
https://welsfargo.com (‘s’ for secure)
Some other internet protocols:
FTP – File Transfer Protocol
DNS – Domain Name System
SSH – Secure Shell (secure remote login)
VOIP – Voice over Internet Protocol
54. Simple HyperText Markup
Language (HTML) Example
54
<html>
<body>
<p>
HTML example using paragraph and hypertext link
</p>
<p>
Shopping <a href="http://www.amazon.com">on-line</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>
55. Result using Firefox browser
55
What do you think will happen clicking “on-line”?
Let’s find out by clicking HERE
56. Other concepts as time permits
56
•Cloud Computing
•Internet of Things (IoT)
•Firewall
•Denial of Service (DOS)