Heat_Stress-new.pptx_human body requirem

BIRLA CORPORATION LIMITED
Welcomes all for the Session on
Heat Stress

• Heat stress – When sum of environmental influences (air temperature, radiant
heat, humidity, air velocity) that, coupled with metabolic heat generation and
effects of clothing, exceeds body’s capacity to cool itself
• Heat strain – physiological response to heat stress on the body
Factors leading to heat strain
• Increase in core body temperature
• Lack of acclimatisation
• Lack of fitness and/or the presence of medical conditions
• Type and amount of clothing
• Dehydration
• HEAT STRESS PROBLEMS IN HUMAN
• Heat Stress is a potential hazard relating to safety and health
• Mild or Moderate Heat Stress is uncomfortable and may affect
safety and health
• Extreme heat stress cause several harmful effects to our body
Heat stress and heat strain

EFFECT OF HEAT ON BODY
Normal body temperature varies by person, age, activity, and time of day.
The average normal body temperature is generally accepted as 98.6°F (37°C). Some studies have shown that
the "normal" body temperature can have a wide range, from 97°F (36.1°C) to 99°F (37.2°C).
97°F (36.1°C) to 99°F (37.2°C).
Normal
Temperature

Act as the thermostat to Regulate the
body temperature
Hypothalamus
99°F (37.2°C).
It measures the temperature of
the body and activate
SWEATING
NOREPINEPHRINE
heat production,
vasoconstriction / store
chemical energy in heat
vasodilation

Fever / Pyrexia
99°F (37.2°C).
Usually cause due to undersealed
diseases, infection, body increases the
temperature (fever)
That the body use effectively fight with
Bactria or infection.

Fever / Pyrexia
99°F (37.2°C).
• Higher temperature - slows down growth of pathogens
boosts immune response (both innate & adaptive) (increases
recruitment of neutrophils.
- Increases metabolic response – Accelerate the tissue
repaired.
Fever is result of immune response
Produced Cytokines
When immune cells contact with Bactria
The type of cytokine like
Pyrogen cytokines produced
pathogens E2
We should take precaution to rise body temperature too (105 C)high with may cause
confusion lose of balance and irreversible damage to the brain. In heat stroke pathogens not
involve with cause imbalance temperature and mechanism fail .

• There are two main ways in which our bodies produce heat:
Metabolic Heat - the body generates heat through the digestion of
food, work and exercise.
Environmental Heat - body absorbs heat from the surrounding
environment, whether it is the hot sun or a hot room.

Contributing Factors
• Environmental Factors
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Radiant Heat
- Air Velocity
• Temperature is not the only indicator!!

Individual risk factors
• Age (especially greater than 60 years old), Gender
• Food/liquid intake, sleep, clothing
• Low level of physical fitness
• Increase in body weight
• Medical conditions (diabetes, cardiovascular disease)
• Some medications (antihistamine, Beta-blockers)
• Drug and alcohol use (alcohol is diuretic)
• Lack of acclimatisation
• Dehydration
Workplace risk factors
• High frequency, duration or intensity of physical activity
• Requirement for use of personal protective equipment and clothing (may increase humidity levels and
prevent air flow across the skin)
• Contact with Conductive heat sources
Contributing Factors……………

• Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index
• Thermal Work Limit
• Heat Index
Indices of heat stress

11
HEAT GAIN, STORAGE AND LOSS
Heat inputs
 Heat production – from metabolic activity or work intensity
 Heat storage – due to insulation of the “inner core”
 Heat gain – from external heat sources (radiation and convection)
Heat transfer: The human body cools itself through “Perspiration
• Conduction – sitting on a cool floor
• Convection – bulk transfer through air/water
• Radiation – process of heat transfer over distance through electromagnetic waves
• Evaporation –process of sweating
Thermal balance
Body must balance the heat transferred into the body, heat generated in the body and heat dissipated to
the environment

Defining terms related to heat illness and heat stress
THERMOREGULATION
Thermoregulation is the ability of the human body to adjust to excessively cold, or
excessively hot environmental conditions
Optimal conditions for cellular reactions in the human body include a core body temperature of
approximately 37°C (98.6 degree F)
Physical exertion-moving around or working generates heat
.Further, when exposed to hot working conditions, the body must be able to get rid of excess heat to
maintain a stable internal temperature, in a normal range around 98.6 degrees F.. If the body can not
“regulate” normally, the body core temperature will rise to dangerous levels and result in progressively
more severe heat-related illnesses.
•Heat sensors in the skin and body – transmit “information” to hypothalamus in the brain, which
directs an increase in heart rate, vasodilatation and sweating
•Sweat loss may be as high as 1.5 litres per hour
•Evaporation of one litre of sweat can be equivalent of 670 watts of energy – highly effective

The Body’s Response to Heat
• Increased Blood Circulation
- Blood is circulated to the skin which increases skin temperature and
allows the body to give off excess heat through the skin.
- This is why your face turns red when you are hot.
• Sweating
- Sweating is an effective way to cool the body when
humidity is relatively low.
- However, physical labor requires blood to fuel the muscles; therefore,
less blood is available to flow to the skin surface and because of this,
less heat is released from the body.

SUGGESTED HEAT WORK PROCEDURES
Heat Index Risk Level Protective Measures
Less than 91° F Lower (caution)
Basic heat safety and
planning
91° F to 103° F
Moderate
Implement precautions and
heighten awareness
103° F to 115° F
High
Additional precautions to
protect workers
Greater than 115° F Very high to extreme
Triggers even more
aggressive protective
measures

NCDOL Photo Library
Heat Disorders and Health Effects
• Heat Oedema
• Heat Rash
• Heat Fatigue
• Heat Cramps
• Heat Syncope
• Heat Exhaustion
• Heat Stroke

•Heat oedema – mild form of heat illness resulting in
pooling of fluid in legs brought about by transient peripheral
vasodilation
HEAT REALATED HEALTH PROBLEMS........

• Heat Rash - also known as Prickly Heat, occurs in hot, humid environments
• Profuse sweating that keeps the skin continually wet under warm conditions can
result in a skin infection
• where sweat can't easily evaporate from the skin. . Bumps caused by blocked
sweat glands, which subsequently burst, causing a stinging sensation
Body areas exposed to restrictive clothing often become covered with red papules
(RASH) that cause a prickly sensation, in some cases causes severe pain
.Heat rash usually cures itself when the victim returns to a cooler, drier environment.
Can be prevented :
• by wearing clothes that allow sweat to evaporate
• to rest frequently in cool places
• as well as bathing regularly and drying the skin.
HEAT RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS ........

Heat Fatigue
Additional blood is diverted to skin as result of peripheral vasodilatation,
reducing output to the brain and internal organs, and resulting in fatigue
and reduction in strength
Under most work conditions, new or replacement workers who are not
used to warm work environments (have not been acclimatized) are prone
to this ailment.
Symptoms include impaired sensorimotor skills, and impaired mental or
vigilant decision-making, unsafe choice of taking a short cut, or use the
chine carelessly to get the job done quicker.

 Heat cramps are painful muscle spasms caused by dehydration and electrolyte loss especially
Sodium.
 They can be brought about by strenuous activity, hot weather, and other causes.
 Heat cramps are the initial symptom of heat illnesses preceding heatstroke, a potentially deadly
reaction to the body overheating.
 Occur in individuals who sweat profusely then drink large quantities of water, but do not adequately
replace the body’s salt loss.
 Symptoms can result from both too much, or too little salt.
Heat Cramps

Symptoms
 Muscle spasms, which can be debilitating
 Involuntary jerking movements
 Muscle pain, which can be severe
 Profuse sweating
 Moist, flushed skin
 Running a fever
Heat Cramps
This condition can be treated by drinking
fluids containing electrolytes such as
calcium, sodium and potassium.
Please don’t use “thirst” as a guide to water
replenishment! Water should be taken every 15-
20 minutes while doing physically demanding
landscape work under hot weather conditions.
HEAT RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS .........

 Symptoms of heat syncope include:
 Fainting (short duration)
 Dizziness
 Light-headedness from standing
too long or suddenly rising from a
sitting or lying position
Upon lying down, the worker should soon
recover
By moving around, and thereby preventing
blood from pooling, the victim can prevent
further fainting
Heat Syncope (collapse )is usually the result of blood pooling in the body’s extremities and not carrying enough
oxygen to the brain. This can result in a lack of consciousness very quickly and unexpectedly.
Workers who are not used to, or prepared for, strenuous work during warm and humid weather are most prone
to this level of heat stress.

31-Mar-02 23
HEAT RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS
 Heat Exhaustion - is a state brought on by the loss of fluids lost during excessive sweating.
 Individuals with heat exhaustion still sweat, but they experience extreme weakness and may even collapse. . It could
mimic as an upset stomach, but during hot weather work, headaches, nausea, vertigo, muscle weakness, thirst, and giddiness may indicate the
onset of this serious ailment.
Their skin is clammy and moist, their complexion is usually pale and the body temperature is usually normal or
slightly higher.
Coming to work tired to begin a new work day may increase the risk for heat exhaustion.
 Treatment
 Do not leave the person alone
 Move to a cool place to rest
 Drink water or electrolyte fluids
 Treat for shock, if necessary elevating the feet
 If unconscious, fails to recover rapidly, has other injuries, or has a history of medical problems,
seek medical attention.

HEAT STROKE
 Heat stroke is a medical emergency requiring immediate medical
attention.
 It is the most severe form of heat-related illness, and it can sometimes
lead to death or permanent disability.
 Heat stroke occurs when the body's ability to regulate its internal
temperature has failed.
 The body's temperature rises rapidly in excess of 104 F (40. C), leading to
damage to the brain and other vital organs.
 Generally, the extent of injury depends on the duration of exposure to
excessive heat and the peak temperature attained.
 Heat stroke is sometimes referred to as sunstroke
HEAT RELATED ILLNESSES

Signs and Symptoms of heat stroke
 High body temperature (above 104 d F or 40 d C),
 Skin that is red, hot, and either moist or dry (sweating may have stopped),
 Rapid heart rate,
 Difficulty breathing,
 Headache,
 Dizziness,
 Loss of coordination,
 Nausea and vomiting,
 Confusion and restlessness,
 Seizures, and
 Unconsciousness/coma
HEAT RELATED ILLNESS

Treatment for Heat stroke
 Once heat stroke is suspected, cooling must begin immediately and must be continued
during the patient's resuscitation.
 Immerse in cold water. A bath of cold or ice water has been proved to be the most
effective way of quickly lowering your core body temperature.The quicker you can
receive cold water immersion, the less risk of death and organ damage.
 Use evaporation cooling techniques. If cold water immersion is unavailable, health
care workers may try to lower your body temperature using an evaporation method.
Cool water is misted on your body while warm air is fanned over you, causing the water
to evaporate and cool your skin.

Treatment for Heat stroke
 Pack with ice and cooling blankets. Another method is to wrap you
in a special cooling blanket and apply ice packs to your groin, neck, back
and armpits to lower your temperature.
 Give medications to stop your shivering. If treatments to lower
your body temperature make you shiver, your doctor may give you a
muscle relaxant, such as a benzodiazepine. Shivering increases your body
temperature, making treatment less effective.

Things to Remember
• Thirst is not a good indicator (a late sign of dehydration) of the
need for drinking water on the worksite.
• Occupational heat stress has side effects that may not be apparent
to the worker or supervisor.
• Acclimatization takes 5-10 days to achieve for most workers and
can be undone in 4-5 days.
• It doesn’t take extremely high air temperatures for the onset of heat
stress – medication can be a factor.
• Even the mildest types of heat stress can seriously affect the ability
of workers to operate machinery.
• Firms where air temperatures can be extreme need a “hot weather
work” training program.
• Do not give a victim salt tablets- they can irritate the stomach
and cause nausea and vomiting

DrinkingWater
In the course of a day’s work in the heat, the body may produce as much as 2-3
gallons of sweat (7-11 L)
Because so many heat disorders involve excessive dehydration of the body, it is
essential that water intake during the workday be about equal to the amount
of sweat produced
Most workers exposed to hot conditions drink less fluids than needed because
of an insufficient thirst drive
You therefore should not depend on thirst to signal when and how much to
drink
You should drink about 5-7 ounces (150-200 ml) of fluids every 15-20 minutes
to replenish the necessary fluids in the body
Work patterns
Shifts can be adjusted so that physical work occurs in cooler periods of
the day
Self pacing
Regular breaks and work-rest schedules
Provision of cool rest or recovery areas
Provision of relief workers
Things to Remember………..

• Acclimation - accustom yourself to the weather prior to long durations of physical
activity.
• Maintain Body Fluids - Fluid intake must be maintained throughout the course of
physical activity.
• Do not rely on thirst as an indicator of dehydration because your body loses
water faster than you realize.
• Alcohol should be avoided because it is a diuretic, which increases
dehydration and can interfere with heat loss.
PREVENTING HEAT-RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS

Acclimatisation
(A process to adapt to hotter temperature)
• Reduction in heat rate, reduce cardiovascular stress
• Reduction in core body temperature
• Increase in sweat rate
• Decrease in the electrolyte content of sweat, conserve body salt
• Increase in blood plasma volume
• Allows a person to work more safely and efficiently
• It takes about 4-7 working days time

• Proper Diet – Eat light and stay
away from heavy foods. They
increase metabolic heat production
and also increase water loss. Eat
smaller, well-balanced meals more
often.
Rest Periods - Pace your work
activities at a slower rate during high
temperatures and take frequent rest
periods in a shaded area and drink
plenty of fluids.

• Dress Light – Lightweight, light-colored clothing
reflects heat and sunlight and helps your body
maintain normal temperatures.
• Wear loose-fitting clothes such as cotton which lets air
move over your body.
• Wide brimmed hats should also be worn.

গরমের সময় কী করবেন
হাইড্রেটেড থাকুন: সর্বদা আপনার
শরীরকে হাইড্রেটেড রাখুন এবং প্রচুর
পরিমাণে জল পান করুন, বিশেষ করে
গরমের আবহাওয়ায়।
ছায়া বা শীতল জায়গায় বিরতি নিন: আপনি
যদি বাইরে থাকেন তবে ছায়া সন্ধান করুন
বা শীতল হওয়ার জন্য পর্যায়ক্রমে
বাড়ির অভ্যন্তরে যান।
হালকা, হালকা রঙের পোশাক পরুন: এটি
সূর্যের আলো প্রতিফলিত করতে সহায়তা
করে এবং আপনার শরীরকে শীতল রাখে।
আপনার সীমা জানুন: দিনের প্রচণ্ড গরমের সময়
কোনও কঠিন কাজ এড়িয়ে চলার চেষ্টা করুন
এবং যদি গরমের কারণে আপনার অস্বস্তিকর
অনুভূতি হয় তবে স্বাস্থ্য কেন্দ্রে যান
হালকা খাবার খান: ভারী, গরম খাবারগুলি আপনার
দেহের তাপমাত্রা বাড়িয়ে তুলতে পারে, তাই হালকা,
শীতল বিকল্পগুলি বেছে নিন।
প্রয়োজনে চিকিত্সার যত্ন নিন: যদি আপনি বা
অন্য কেউ হিটস্ট্রোকের লক্ষণগুলি যেমন
বিভ্রান্তি, বমি বমি ভাব বা অজ্ঞান হয়ে যায় তবে
অবিলম্বে চিকিত্সা সহায়তা নিন।
তাপ সূচক নিরীক্ষণ করুন: কেবল তাপমাত্রা নয়,
বাইরে কতটা গরম অনুভূত হয় সে সম্পর্কে সচেতন
হন, কারণ আর্দ্রতা এটিকে আরও গরম বোধ করতে
পারে।
সানস্ক্রিন ব্যবহার করুন: আপনার ত্বককে
রোদে পোড়া থেকে রক্ষা করুন, যা আপনার
দেহের তাপমাত্রা নিয়ন্ত্রণ কোরবে
করণীয়

हाइड्रेटेड रहना: अपने शरीर को हमेशा
हाइड्रेटेड रखें और पर्याप्त मात्रा में पानी पीते
रहें, खासकर गर्मियों के मौसम में।
छाया या ठंडी जगहों पर ब्रेक लें: यदि आप
बाहर हैं, तो छाया की तलाश करें या समय-
समय पर ठंडा होने के लिए घर के अंदर
जाएं।
हल्के, हल्के रंग के कपड़े पहनें: यह सूरज की
रोशनी को प्रतिबिंबित करने में मदद करता है
और आपके शरीर को ठंडा रखता है।
सनस्क्रीन का प्रयोग करें: अपनी त्वचा को सनबर्न
से बचाएं, जिससे आपके शरीर के तापमान को
नियंत्रित करने में मदद करता है ।
अपनी सीमाएं जानें: अत्यधिक गर्मी के दौरान अत्यधिक
काम से बचें और यदि आप अधिक गर्मी महसूस करना शुरू
करते हैं तो स्वास्थ्य केंद्र पर जाएँ।
हल्का भोजन खाएं: भारी, गर्म भोजन आपके शरीर के
तापमान को बढ़ा सकते हैं, इसलिए हल्के, ठंडे विकल्पों का
चयन करें।
यदि आवश्यक हो तो चिकित्सा पर ध्यान दें: यदि आप या
कोई और हीटस्ट्रोक के लक्षणों का अनुभव करता है, जैसे
भ्रम, मतली या बेहोशी, तो तत्काल चिकित्सा सहायता लें।
गर्मी सूचकांक की निगरानी करें: इस बात से अवगत रहें
कि यह बाहर कितना गर्म लगता है, न कि केवल तापमान,
क्योंकि आर्द्रता इसे अधिक गर्म महसूस कर सकती है।
क्या करें क्या करें गर्मी के मौसम में क्या करें?

সতর্কতা লক্ষণগুলি উপেক্ষা করবেন না: তাপের
ক্লান্তি বা হিটস্ট্রোকের লক্ষণগুলি গুরুত্ব সহকারে
নিন এবং যদি আপনি বা অন্য কেউ সেগুলি প্রদর্শন
করেন তবে স্বাস্থ্য কেন্দ্রে যান ।
নিজেকে অতিরিক্ত পরিশ্রম করবেন না: অতিরিক্ত
কাজ এড়িয়ে চলুন, বিশেষত দিনের গরম তাপমাত্রার
সময় ।
অ্যালকোহল গ্রহণ করবেন না: অ্যালকোহল
আপনাকে ডিহাইড্রেট করতে পারে এবং আপনার
দেহের তাপমাত্রা নিয়ন্ত্রণ করার ক্ষমতাকে
ক্ষতিগ্রস্থ করতে পারে।
ভারী বা গাঢ় রঙের পোশাক পরবেন না: এগুলি
তাপ শোষণ করতে পারে এবং আপনাকে গরম
বোধ কোরাতে পারে।
তৃষ্ণার্ত না হওয়া পর্যন্ত অপেক্ষা করবেন না: তৃষ্ণার্ত
বোধ না করলেও সারা দিন হাইড্রেটেড থাকুন।
সূর্য সুরক্ষা উপেক্ষা করবেন না: আপনার ত্বক এবং
চোখকে রোদে পোড়া এবং ইউভি ক্ষতি থেকে রক্ষা
করতে চশমা ব্যবহার করুন.
দীর্ঘ সময়ের জন্য বাইরে থাকবেন না: যদি
সম্ভব হয় তবে অতিরিক্ত গরমের সময় বাইরে
আপনার সময় সীমাবদ্ধ করুন।
সাহায্য চাইতে দ্বিধা করবেন না: আপনি যদি
গরমের কারণে অসুস্থ বোধ শুরু করেন তবে
সহায়তা চাইতে বা চিকিত্সার সহায়তা নিতে
দ্বিধা করবেন না। নিকটতম স্বাস্থ্য কেন্দ্রে
যান ।
যা করবেন না
গরমের সময় কী করবেন না

मदद मांगने में संकोच न करें: यदि आप गर्मी के
कारण अस्वस्थ महसूस करने लगते हैं, तो सहायता
मांगने या चिकित्सा सहायता लेने में संकोच न करें.
चेतावनी के संकेतों को अनदेखा न करें: गर्मी की थकावट या
हीटस्ट्रोक के लक्षणों को गंभीरता से लें, और यदि आप या कोई
और उन्हें प्रदर्शित करता है तो स्वास्थ्य केंद्र पर जाएँ।
अपने आप को ओवरएक्सर्ट न करें: अत्यधिक गर्मी के दौरान
अत्यधिक काम से बचें खासकर दिन के सबसे गर्मी के समय।
शराब का सेवन न करें: शराब आपको निर्जलित कर
सकती है और आपके शरीर के तापमान को नियंत्रित
करने की क्षमता को क्षीण कर सकती है।
भारी या गहरे रंग के कपड़े न पहनें: ये गर्मी को
अवशोषित कर सकते हैं और आपको गर्म महसूस
करा सकते हैं।
जब तक आप पीने के लिए प्यासे न हों, तब तक प्रतीक्षा न करें:
पूरे दिन हाइड्रेटेड रहें, भले ही आपको प्यास न लगे।
सन प्रोटेक्शन को नजरअंदाज न करें: अपनी त्वचा और
आंखों को सनबर्न और यूवी डैमेज से बचाने के लिए चश्मा
का इस्तेमाल करें।
लंबे समय तक बाहर न रहें: यदि संभव हो, तो चरम
गर्मी के घंटों के दौरान अपना समय बाहर सीमित
करें।
क्या न करें
गर्मी के मौसम में क्या न करें

CAUTION REGARDING ORS
 1) Overusing may cause fluid retention causing swelling and/or discomfort
 2) Consuming too much can disrupt electrolyte balance in body causing
weakness, confusion or even irregular heart beats
 3) May be allergic to specific components in ORS (artificial flavours,
sweeteners) causing rash, swelling, itching
 4) Consultation with healthcare professional is required for individuals
having kidney problems, heart diseases before taking ORS
 5) Incorrect preparing or consuming ORS can lead to salt toxicity causing
symptoms like nausea, vomiting, weakness and confusion

Occupational Health & Safety
THANK YOU !!

Heat_Stress-new.pptx_human body requirem

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