Heat

Heat
First discuss how energy can be converted from one form to another, giving specific examples. The
seven major forms of energy are: sound, chemical, radiant (light), electrical, atomic (nuclear),
mechanical, thermal (heat). Remembered as "SCREAM Today" The two states of energy are
potential and kinetic. (Clarkson, edu.2008). Energy can be converted to useful forms by various
means. Energy and its conversion between forms can be expressed quantitatively. When converting
energy, a significant fraction of that energy can be lost from the system (in the form of heat, sound,
vibration, etc.) For example: in a power plant burning coal will produce heat energy, heat energy
transfers to the water causing water to turn into steam, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the biomass fuels used today come in the form of wood products, dried vegetation, crop
residues, and aquatic plants. Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable
sources of energy in the last two decades, second only to hydropower in the generation of electricity.
The advantage of Biomass Energy is it such a widely utilized source of energy, probably due to its
low cost and indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 15% of the world's total energy supply
and as much as 35% in developing countries, mostly for cooking and heating. . (altenergy.org,
2012). The disadvantages of Biomass Energy are that affect the evaluation of biomass as a viable
solution to our energy problem: the effects of the farming and production of biomass and the effects
of the factory conversion of biomass into usable energy or electricity. There are as many
environmental and economic benefits as there are detriments to each issue, which presents a difficult
challenge in evaluating the potential success of biomass as an alternative fuel. For instance, the
replacement of coal by biomass could result in "a considerable reduction in net carbon dioxide
emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect. We are all aware of the problems
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Experiment Synthesis Essay
The project's hypothesis is: if the type of biomass is vegetable peels then the amount of biogas
produced will increase. This project tests the amount of biogas produced when cow manure is
combined with different types of biomass (in this case, mashed bananas and vegetable peelings). It
is an interesting project because studying how biogas is produced, it is possible to see how this
chemical reaction happens. Biogas can be used for cooking, heating, and after going through a
transformation process it could be even used as fuel. If studied more, biogas could have more
functions. When choosing this experiment the hopes were to find out what types of things easily
found can increase the production of biogas, and how could it be produced. Cows ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
And when the bananas were mixed with the cow manure (that also produces gas by itself), the
amount of gas produced was a lot bigger than the other options. The predicted results were for the
vegetable peelings + cow manure balloon would turn out to be bigger at the end of the experiment ,
but the bananas combined with the manure produced more gas than the expected. If repeated, the
changes made would be the place where the experiment happened and the type of bottles used. The
bottles used had drawings all over its surface, which made it hard to look at what was going on, and
placed (at the porch) where it had the risk of being dropped because of the wind/any other natural
causes or even because of people that could walk by and drop it if not paying attention. The data
does not support the hypothesis, since the products that produced more biogas were not the
vegetable peelings and the cow manure. The average difference between the vegetable peelings
(approximately 0.6 cm) and the mashed bananas (approximately 2.5 cm) were 1.9 cm

Solar Energy : The Ultimate Renewable Resource Manish Kumar
SOLAR ENERGY IS THE ULTIMATE RENEWABLE RESOURCE Manish Kumar (EE B.Tech)
Universal Institute of Technology, Garhi (Hisar) manishboora13@gmail.com Abstract–The energy
availability is essentially needed for all living beings in life .The energy resource like coal, natural
gas and petroleum products are non–renewable fossil fuels .These are finite and can be used for
limited period of time. Non–renewable resource are also cause environmental pollution .In India
various energy source include coal(48%),natural gas (21%,),nuclear (20%),hydro(6%),solar ,wind
,biomass(3%) and other resource (2%).The average energy demand per capita in India 631 kwh(1.7
kwh/day)which is lower as compare to developing countries. Solar energy is the energy with help of
which we can generate electricity directly used for heating and cooking .For generation of electricity
we use photovoltaic cells or we can say solar cells .India is acclaimed for its sunny areas most of
country receive more than 4 kwh/m3/day with more than 300 sunny days per year in most of part of
country. Solar energy is free from air pollution, indefinitely sustainable ,helps in preventing the
fossil fuels that is why solar energy is the ultimate renewable resource.

Advantages And Advantages Of Bioenergy And Solar Energy
Nowadays, global warming is causing terrible damages from climate change such as powerful
typhoons, hurricanes, tsunami, super flood to human lives. It has become a big issue since the
changes have happened more frequently. Therefore, many scientists are struggling with finding
some alternative sources of energy to fossil fuel which release a great amount of carbon dioxide that
have affected global warming. Governments also struggle with finding some possible solutions to
deal with climate change. They are encouraging and investing on researching new energy sources.
Bioenergy and solar energy have been highly used as alternative energies. This essay will explore
the advantages and disadvantages of bioenergy and solar energy. How governments encourage
spreading renewable energy in the specific countries will be described.
Bioenergy is a renewable energy which is obtained by combusting the biomass. It is also called
'biomass energy'. Biomass is one of alternative sources, which consists of different materials such as
trees, construction wood, sewage sludge, manure, and farm waste including cornhusks, peanut
shells, leaves and so on (Ischenko et al, 2007). Ischenko et al (2007) claim that biomass releases less
carbon dioxide than fossil fuel. In the other words, it helps to slow down the pace of global
warming. Another advantage of it is turning the great amount of waste such as potato peels, used
cooking oil, pig intestines into useful energy. So it can reduce the costs of

A Brief Note On Housing Association And The Center Of Dundee
HILLCREAST
Hillcrest Housing Association had developed to 600–700 staff, managing over 6000 properties.
Their headquarters was situated in a 1970 's building manufactured for a jute in the center of
Dundee. Hillcrest required more space for their staff, the new building serves solely as company
offices, with the Dundee housing office where tenants would come to pay rent or discuss tenancies
remaining at Camperdown Street at the docks in the city center. £5.3m budget.
Heating/cooling
Air is brought into the building through 5 trunk–molded conduits climbing out of the grass to the
once again of the building. Low controlled fans support the methodology. The air is drawn into a
"maze" of 600mm solid pipes that bolster into a block chamber ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In two rooms in the building it demonstrated unreasonable to depend on this framework alone to
give cool air and individual ventilating units were introduced – the IT room where significant high
temperature is created by the server and the meeting room where it was figured that a speedier
cooling time was needed than could be effected by the fan–aided characteristic ventilation. Also,
heat is provided by the biomass boiler feeding a high temperature collector which then bolsters
heated water to radiators all through the building, each one fitted with a thermostatic valve. Hot
water to tea–points, kitchen, gym shower room and toilets is given by a solar heated evacuated tubes
situated on the top of the boiler room.
Another important thing is that every window on the North and south exteriors is fitted with
physically worked roller blinds. The glazed West gable is fitted with mechanically worked blinds
activated by a light meter. Lamp units all through the building are low–vitality, with daylight control
and occupancy detection to minimize energy consumption. Showers, taps and WC 's are designed
for low water–consumption. Rain water is gathered from the top and recycled for use in flushing the
toilets. A SUDS is installed externally. The building envelope surpasses great practice measures for
air tightness with a measured air permeability of 3.3m3/ hr/m2.

Renewable Energy Sources Of Energy
The worldwide demand of energy has been increasing considerably. Up to 2030, it is supposed to be
60% higher than today (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). Currently, non–renewable energy sources, like coal
and oil, are more commonly used, since they are cheaper than renewable energies. In the European
Union, 80% of the energy consumption demands are covered by fossil sources (B. SCHMITZ,
2013). But, non–renewable energy sources are running out and they are also very harmful for the
environment, since they generate greenhouse gases. So, it is very important to discover more
renewable ways to generate energy.
For a very long time, the only energy source that mankind had was the human muscle. After that
they discovered the fire and the animal domestication providing them a source of heat and help from
horses to plough their fields. The only other accessible sources of energy that they could explore
were wind and water. Sails were used on ships allowing people to move across water, windmills and
water–wheels were used to grind grains and pump water. At the end the 18th century Europeans
discovered the power of non–renewable energy sources and started to use fossil fuels, first coal then
oil and natural gas. With these new energy sources, a lot of new technologies were invented over the
years until in 1700 and 1800 when the industrial revolution occurred. These new technologies based
in fossil fuels allowed an exponential increase in the population and living standards. But, this
increase in

Economic And Environmental Integration And Optimization Of...
Economic and Environmental integration and optimization of biomass based CHP and micro CHP
into HVAC systems, using life cycle assessment methodology
Global climate change, a growing population, decreasing availability of fossil fuels increasing
environmental and economic concerns regarding energy use are driving forces towards more
sustainable ways of responding to energy demands (Li et al., 2011). Energy consumption is widely
increasing all around the world resulting in rising of the energy price and global environmental
problem. It is estimated that the world energy consumption will increase from 522 EJ in 2006 to 570
EJ in 2015 and 730 EJ in 2030. Due to the rising energy demand and diminishing energy resources,
sustainability and energy conservation are becoming increasingly important topics (Conti et al.,
2013). Governments and businesses are starting to pay more attention to the role of energy in the
design, development and operation of buildings and whole communities.
Buildings currently stand for almost 40% of entire energy consumption in the world therefore there
is a great energy saving potential in buildings (Europe's buildings under the microscope e a country–
by–country review of the energy performance of buildings. Buildings Performance Institute Europe,
2011).
Residential sector is one of the major energy consumers in Canada and is responsible for 77% of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for space heating and cooling, and hot water.
Canada has planned to

A Report On The Stirling Engine
The Stirling engine, noted for its high efficiency, converts heat energy to mechanical work. A typical
Stirling cycle consists of four phases – compressing cool gas, heating the gas, expanding the hot gas,
and finally cooling the gas before repeating the cycle. The engines can run on heat from solar,
geothermal, biological, nuclear sources or waste heat from industrial processes, can be built to run
quietly and don't produce any emissions. In contrast to other solutions used in solar thermal
technology, Stirling engines don't have an inherent mechanism for storing heat. Stirling engine
based combined heat and power plant (CHP) fuelled with biomass represents a technological
breakthrough within onsite renewable energy generation. A system working on biofuel is a step
towards utilisation of clean energy source. In biomass type wood chips and waste wood pallets are
used which is environment friendly.
Ideal Stirling Cycle
The Stirling cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the general class of Stirling devices. This
includes the original Stirling engine that was invented, developed and patented in 1816 by Reverend
Dr. Robert Stirling with help from his brother, an engineer [1]. The ideal Stirling Cycle consists of 4
individual processes with end points as marked in the Fig. 1[2]. Here the isothermal compression
stroke (process 1→2) takes place by removing heat, Q12, from the working fluid in order to keep
the temperature at a constant low value, TC. Figure 1: p–V

Literature Review On Energy Poverty
Literature Review
Overview of energy
Many developing countries are facing major challenges in relation to energy crisis; economic,
environmental and development issues. Nearly 1.4 billion people live without electricity in the third
world – contributing to other vital social challenges, such as a lack of food and water and adequate
healthcare (MIT News). They have no power to fulfil their basic necessity. Underdeveloped and
developing countries account for 75 per cent of the world's population but consume only about 30
per cent of world's total energy.
Energy crisis for the poor sector of the population, in other words can be known as energy poverty.
There are many different visions of energy poverty. According to Eguino article, he's ... Show more
A disturbingly large swath of humanity is caught in a time warp (Guruswamy Laskshman, 2011).
They rely on traditional methods, such as biomass to generate energy, which can be utilised for
mainly cooking fuel, heating homes, lighting etc. This is done by burning agricultural waste, leaves,
rotted pieces of wood etc. According to OCEA/IEA – 2010, there are 2.7 billion people in
developing countries who rely on biomass as a source of energy supply. Approximately 82% of
those depending on traditional use of biomass as energy supply live in rural areas, despite the fact
that in sub–Saharan Africa, almost 60% are living in urban areas likewise utilise biomass as a supply
for energy. However, 17% of people living in urban areas of sub–Saharan Africa still rely on
biomass, in comparison to other countries, it accommodates the highest percentage. This maybe due
to lack of government investment in modern technology (See Figure 1). (Figure 1) – Number and
share of population relying on traditional use of biomass. – International Energy Agency (IEA).
In Sovacool's study, he has distinguished the energy service use between households types (low
income, middle income and high income) in developed and developing countries. (Figure 2). (Figure
2) – Sovacool, Benjamin K, 2012. The political economy

Factors of Wind Energy
Wind
Introduction
Wind is created by temperature gradients , created by differences in heat received on the surface of
the earth as a result of incoming radiation from the Sun. These gradients depend on the angle of the
incident sunlight, as well as the characteristics of the terrain and are vital for the formation of
specific regional climates. Land and water masses have different heat capacities which lead to an
uneven heating of the planet's surface. As there are different temperatures in different regions due to
the aforementioned reasons, bulk motion of air molecules is created as the density of air changes
with temperature, leading to concentration gradients and pressure gradients. These pressure
gradients are what is we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 2: A typical Weibul distribution for wind speeds
Source : http://www.wind–energy–the–facts.org/the–annual–variability–of–wind–speed.html
Intermittency
The greatest problem for wind power production integration into the electrical grid is intermittency.
The wind is variable on different timescales, as turbulent gusts change the hourly production, and
climate/temperature fluctuate the daily and sometimes seasonal power contained by the wind. This
instability needs regulation and different operational reserves, in order to maintain grid stability and
avoid electricity spillage/shortage.
Energy Storage
Intermittent energy resources can be used in tandem with energy storage systems for better grid
stability. The most common technique for energy storage is pumped–hydro, which can be used
together with wind to store excessive energy and provide it when required. Such cooperative
systems increase the overall efficiency and financial viability of such ventures, as the usage of
stored energy shifts to displace more expensive means of power production, like fossil fuels. The
low maintenance costs of pumped hydro systems and money saving on peak electricity production
make them financially appealing even though their starting capital investment is considerable.
Environmental Effects

Wind has minimal environmental effect as it produces no greenhouse gases. The only production of
such gases occurs in the manufacturing stage

Alternative Energy Sources For A Call Center Based On...
Call Centre Report [Type the document subtitle] C M 9/29/2016 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2
2. Description of current situation 2 3. Solar Systems 3 3.1 Active solar water heating systems 4 4.
Biomass systems 5 Works Cited 6 Figure 1 – Roof mounted flat plate solar collectors and hot water
tank. 3 1. Introduction With companies becoming more aware of how important it is to reduce their
current environmental impact, alternative energy sources like solar and wind powered energy are
becoming more prominent as eco–friendly alternatives to current unsustainable methods of power
such as fossil fuels (BBC, n.d.) The purpose of this report is to identify the best suited alternative
energy sources for a call center based on information the company has provided such as the area and
space available, average wind speed, solar energy reach and average ground temperatures. 2.
Description of current situation The call center is in a rural location and consumes 200MWh of
energy annually; 150MWh of this is used for space heating. Electrical storage heating is currently
being used, with each off–peak unit of electricity costing £0.06 (April 2008). The company now
wishes to reduce their environmental impact and if possible, energy costs. The following report will
discuss several microgeneration systems and whether they are a viable option for the company to
install in order to reduce their environmental impact, energy usage and costs. Annual energy costs
for the

Renewable Sources Of Energy : Glasgow And The West Of...
It has recently come to light that Glasgow and the West of Scotland have been using a great deal of
our earth's precious finite resources. To combat this we must take advantage of our valuable
surroundings and look for long term replacements such as solar, wind and tidal power as well as
geothermal and hydroelectric sources. In the interest of our planets wellbeing and our country's
economy, the engineers at SECC have created the following report. Our aim is to help you realise
the potential of these alternative sources and push for them to replace the power plants burning
through our finite resources. One of many possible renewable sources of energy is biomass.
Biomass energy is the power that is contained within plant and animals. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, it would reduce the need for landfills as all organic waste can be turned into biomass
energy. Biomass has also been developed as an alternate fuel source and has helped to reduce
dependencies on fossil fuels. It is an incredibly versatile form of energy as it can be used for many
different purposes. However, despite its many advantages biomass still has many disadvantages.
Firstly it is not as efficient as fossil fuels, for example the ethanol produced for cars via biomass is
not even close to the efficiency of petrol and does damage to engines over time. It also has the
potential to harm the environment through increase of methane gases which are produced as a bi–
product if animal and human waste is used. Biomass also requires a large distance away from
residential areas in order to burn it and a large amount of fuel in comparison to other energy sources
which can have dramatic effects if large portions of forests are cut down to provide lumber.1 The
majority of biomass power plants use direct combustion. In a cogeneration facility the steam from
the boiler is captured to heat water and buildings. Although this is a dependable technology it only
achieves a thermal efficiency of 20%. This can, however, be increased by cogeneration or by co–
firing which is the burning of biomass along with coal. Another method being used is gasification of
biomass.

Hydro Power Energy : Hydropower
Hydro power energy
Hydropower is the renewable energy contained in flowing water. Electricity generated using
hydropower is known as hydroelectricity and is generally considered to be reliable.
There are three main methods for generating hydroelectricity:
Storage – where a dam collects water in a reservoir, then releases it to drive turbines, producing
electricity
Pumped storage – where water is pumped to a higher reservoir, usually during times of low–priced
electricity, then released to a lower reservoir, again driving a turbine, usually when the electricity
price is higher
Run–of–river – where the natural flow of a river or stream is used to drive a turbine.
How electricity is generated through hydropower
In order to generate electricity from the kinetic energy in moving water, the water has to move with
sufficient speed and volume to spin a propeller–like device called a turbine, which in turn rotates a
generator to generate electricity. Roughly speaking, one gallon of water per second falling one
hundred feet can generate one kilowatt of electricity.
To increase the volume of moving water, impoundments or dams are used to collect the water. An
opening in the dam uses gravity to drop water down a pipe called a penstock. The moving water
causes the turbine to spin, which causes magnets inside a generator to rotate and create electricity.
There are a variety of types of turbines used at hydropower facilities, and their use depends on the
amount of hydraulic head (vertical

Comparing Dundee University's Heat Energy Systems And...
Introduction
This report shows the differences and the similarities between Dundee University's heat energy
systems and those that are employed by Hillcrest Housing Association. The main technologies used
in the university are gas fired engines, whereas the Hillcrest building which has a biomass boiler. As
far as models of ownership are concerned, the University has established a wholly owned operating
company DUUSCo to undertake the Project. While, although owned by Hillcrest the biomass
system is operated and maintained under a 10–year agreement by Angus Biofuels who sell the
energy to Hillcrest. Finally, comparing the risks associated with security of energy delivery we can
say that they are similar. Even if the two heating systems are different, both of them had the same
goal, reducing the energy used and achieve low energy consumption. And move a step closer to
sustainable and zero carbon buildings. An explanation of "zero–carbon" meaning is given.
Technologies used in Hillcrest and Dundee University
Hillcrest Housing Association (Appendix A) building uses for heating, except for the orientation and
the big windows on the North and south, the air. Air is brought into the building through 5 trunk–
molded conduits climbing out of the grass to the once again of the building (Appendix G, 4). Low
controlled fans support the methodology. The air is drawn into a "maze" of 600mm solid pipes that
bolster into a block chamber which works on the same guideline as an issue –

The Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies
4.3 Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies
Biomass materials can be converted to various useful forms of energy such as heat, electricity and
liquid fuels. The technologies used to convert biomass into energy ranged widely from the simple
combustion of biomass used for cooking and heating in developing countries to a variety of
technologies to generate modern energy carriers – electricity, gas, and liquid bio–fuels. Canada is
using various materials including waste and residuals to generate electricity, heat and, bio–liquid
fuels (bio–ethanol and biodiesel) (Defra UK et al. 2007). Biomass energy can be used at the
household (–10 kW), community (–100 kW), or industrial (– MW) scale. Key biomass energy
conversion technologies include thermal and thermochemical, and biological and biochemical.
Thermal and Thermochemical Technologies o Combustion – convert forestry, agricultural and
municipal residues into heat and power under environmentally sound conditions o Gasification –
convert forestry, agricultural and municipal residues into syngas o Pyrolysis – convert forestry and
agricultural residues into bio–oils and value added products o Thermal and Catalytic Processing –
convert a variety of new and used vegetable oils; tall oils; waste greases and animal fats into
renewable diesel fuels and diesel blending stocks
Biological and Biochemical Technologies o Fermentation – convert the starch and cellulose
components of biomass to bio–ethanol o Anaerobic Digestion – convert

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Biomass
Cooking Using Biomass Energy Biomass refers to living and recently dead biological materials that
can be used as fuel or for industrial production.
Moreover, Biomass Energy is one of the most reliable alternative energy sources in the present and
the future as well. According Adria and Bethge (2013, p.9), more than 2.5 billion people still depend
on biomass such as wood, waste or drug for cooking, In Nepal about 88% percent of total energy
consumption is traditional biomass resources and out of the bio mass resources nearly 78% is met by
wood. The majority of the wood resources are used for cooking purposes but combusted in the
traditional wood stoves which causes major health and environmental impacts. Therefore, to use this
limited source of energy in a more sustainable manner more efficient devices and technologies have
to be promoted.
Types of Biomass stoves promoted in Nepal Mud brick stove This is the most widely used
technology in Nepal. 1 The mud brick is made of clay, rice husk, cow and few metal rods.
Moreover, the Mud brick is available in different models such as one pothole, two pothole and three
pothole.
Advantages of Mud brick It's cheap in cost Can be built very easily More than 15% of efficiency
Suitable in the mid–hills as in the northern part of Terai ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) is eight goals to be accomplished by 2015 that relates to
the world's main development challengers (United Nations, 2000). Implementation of improved
biomass stoves like Save80 Stove in Nepal is a crucial factor to obtain the MDGs. The use of energy
sufficient and cleaner stoves helps on achieving MDG such as environmental sustainability; improve
maternal health and eradication of extreme poverty and hunger from improving health conditions
and reducing the cost associated with the energy for

How Does Biogas Affect The Production?
As the modern world is configuring with new advances, environment preservation may take part in
these innovations. Common innovations with the environment may include solar, wind,
hydroelectric power (etc.). These advancements basically represent clean energy. In our world,
today, clean energy is used quite frequently in the world. One uncommon type of clean energy is
biogas. With other natural components, biogas can be made into a useful product. But what exactly
is biogas? What can create it? How can you use this type of fuel be accommodate daily life? Can
temperature affect the production? Biogas production generally simple, and not as complex, as other
types of clean energy. Solar power might use critical ingredients, would usually be costly. Other
conventional energies might go along those same lines. Biogas production, however, is considerably
unique. Along with composting, biogas production can either include everyday kitchen scraps, or
heavy duty agricultural excess. Inevitably, biogas production includes sources of biomass that
undergo a biochemical development. (U.S.D.E., 10 May 2016).
` With biogas' unique process, where it can actually be produced is somewhat peculiar. As stated by
the U.S. Department of Energy, 3 types of sources can be used in the production of biogas.
Landfills, livestock operations, and wastewater treatments are the most common. In landfills,
conventional electricity can be produced by the blending of household waste

Kamuri Yama Research Paper
Kamuri–Yama project replacement assignment
Coal: Electricity from coal is the power made from the energy stored in coal. Carbon, made from
ancient plant material, gives coal most of its energy. This energy is released when coal is burned. We
use coal–generated electricity for:
Heating
Cooling
Cooking
Lighting
Transportation
Communication
Farming
Industry
Healthcare
And a lot more!
Coal has a clear advantage, in terms of supply. There is about 260 billion tons of recoverable coal in
the United States. If we continue to use coal at the same rate we use it today, which would be
enough to last us up to 235 years. It can be converted to a gas to replace expensive imported fuels or
it can be used as a solid fuel. The mining, transportation, electricity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many power plants still use fossil fuels to boil water for steam. Geothermal power plants, however,
use steam produced from reservoirs of hot water found a couple of miles or more below the Earth's
surface. There are three types of geothermal power plants: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle.
Dry steam power plants draw from underground resources of steam. The steam is piped directly
from underground wells to the power plant, where it is directed into a turbine/generator unit.
Flash steam power plants are the most common. They use geothermal reservoirs of water with
temperatures greater than 360°F. This very hot water flows up through wells in the ground under its
own pressure. As it flows upward, the pressure decreases and some of the hot water boils into steam.
Binary cycle power plants operate on water at lower temperatures of about 225°–360°F. These
plants use the heat from the hot water to boil a working fluid, usually an organic compound with a
low boiling point. The working fluid is vaporized in a heat exchanger and used to turn a turbine. The
water is then injected back into the ground to be reheated. The water and the working fluid are kept
separated during the whole process, so there are little or no air

Wood Biomass In The Thermally Thick Regime
Wood Biomass Pyrolysis in the Thermally Thick Regime
Charles McGill
12/12/14
1
Table of Contents
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................2
Literature Review.............................................................................................................................4
Low Temperature Char Generation .....................................................................................4
Radiative Heating Pyrolysis .................................................................................................5
Fluidized Bed Mass Loss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pyrolysis is also the precursor process to gasification, in which synthetic natural gas (syngas) is
made. The products of pyrolysis can also be used directly as combustion fuel on their own or used as
chemical feedstock in other processes. This review will focus specifically on the study of pyrolysis
reactions using wooden particles in the thermally thick transport regime.
Wood is a complex material with numerous chemical components. It is made up chiefly of the
biopolymers cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The decomposition of these polymers at high
temperatures involves a system of possibly hundreds of interrelated reactions with a wide variety of
products. The array of products is generally simplified by broadly categorizing them by phase
behavior as gas, tar, or char. The gases produced are not condensable at ambient conditions and are
often comprised of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and light hydrocarbons1. Tar
makes up the fraction of organic products that are expelled as vapor during pyrolysis but are able to
be condensed into a liquid. The tar fraction excludes water, as water is assumed to have been dried
from the material before the onset of pyrolysis. Finally, the char is a carbon rich solid phase left
behind after pyrolysis.
Due to the extreme complexity of the underlying reactions, the kinetics of pyrolysis are often
aggressively simplified to involve a limited number of reactions with products expressed as gas, tar,
or char.

Solar Energy Advantages
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever–evolving
technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten
salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its
technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they
capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the
use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable
thermal mass or light–dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. The
large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The
United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the
annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules . This is several times larger than the
total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012. In 2011, the International Energy
Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies
will have huge longer–term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security through reliance on
an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import–independent resource, enhance sustainability,
reduce

Biomass And Renewable Sources Of Energy
Executive summary
Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two
decades. Many of the biomass fuels used today come in the form of wood products, dried
vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants. It is such a widely utilized source of energy, probably
due to its low cost and indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 14% of the world 's total energy
supply and as much as 35% in developing countries, mostly for cooking and heating. The wood
from trees is most common biomass used for energy. It has been used by humans for producing
energy for heating and cooking for a very long time. Biomass cannot replace our current dependence
on coal, oil, and natural gas, but it can complement other renewables such as solar and wind energy.
To converted biomass into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and at least
as economical, technological innovations will be needed. Gasification is considered as a key
technology for the use of biomass. In order to promote this technology in the future, advanced, cost
effective, and highly efficient gasification processes and systems are required. Generally all different
types of biomass can be converted by gasification into syngas mainly comprising hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane. . From this syngas, all kinds of energy or energy carriers
such as heat, power, biofuels, hydrogen, biomethane and chemicals can be provided.
Key words: renewable sources,

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy:
Renewable energy is such a form of energy as is replaced rapidly by a natural process such as power
generated from the sun or from the wind etc. Types of renewable energy
There are many types of renewable energy available. Most of which, in one way or the other, depend
on sunlight e.g. Wind and Hydroelectric power are the direct result of heating of the surface of earth
which results in air moving about (wind) . Moreover Solar Energy, as the name is self–explanatory,
is the direct conversion of sunlight while using solar modules and/or collectors . Biomass Energy is
actually stored sunlight contained in plants . However there are other types of renewable energies
that are not associated with sunlight e.g. Geothermal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Renewable energy generation mainly takes place in remote settings. Hence there is a great
possibility for local towns or areas of getting a fair share of power generated. Electrification of those
areas can open sky–kissing opportunities for development .
Disadvantages of renewable energy resources:
1. Many forms of renewable energy are location–specific e.g. the potential of solar energy varies
depending upon the location i.e. altitude, longitude etc. for example In Seattle, Washington, just 71
days per year are classified as "sunny," or having a cloud cover that is less than 30%. Similarly,
Northern areas may go prolonged periods without experiencing sufficient sunlight during the winter
months. Because renewable energy is often location–specific, it may not be available for every
community to use .
2. Many forms of renewable energy require storage capabilities. With traditional power resources, a
home or business is connected to a local distribution grid so that it can be accessed 24/7. However,
using a renewable energy resource requires the meanwhile use of back–up and storage capabilities
because sunlight doesn't happen at night, say, and wind speeds are not always consistent. Thus
storage capabilities that are required can push the cost of a new renewable energy system beyond
what the average person or community can afford

The Energy Development Of Greening Energy Sector
Greening energy sector in India has started through the implementation of various policies and acts
in energy sector. The electricity Act which was enforced in 2003 for the generation of renewable
energy, providing sufficient support and facilitating its purchase was the first formal process in
promoting clean energy (solar energy in India). Other energy policies and acts like National Tariff
policy 2006, National rural electrification policies 2006 and semiconductor policy 2007 have
provided ground for the establishment of standalone off grid renewable energy and also subsidised
manufacturing of solar panels (solar energy in India).
The installed capacity of solar power plant which was 161 MW in 2010 increased up to 4097 MW
till July 2015 (Phillips, 2014).During the year 2014–2015, there has been 42 % increase in the solar
power installed capacity adding up 1112 MW in the renewable energy pool (Power brochure India).
Recently on August 2015, India has turned The Cochin International Airport into entirely solar
powered airport producing 48 KWh of energy which is assumed to save 300,000 tons of Equivalent
carbon in the next 25 years (Greenberg, 2015). This has been considered as a great achievement in
clean energy development in India and around world. Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, Rajasthan, are the
leading states in solar energy production in India. With the aim to reduce the dependency in
conventional fuel, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) launched the programme

The Pros And Cons Of Biomass
Biomass is the organic matter in plants which can be burned to create energy. Forms of biomass
include wood, charcoal, farm crops, and different forms of waste. Some biomass can be burned
directly, while others are converted to methane gas or ethanol which can be burned or used to power
different things such as vehicles. Chiras states that Biomass is considered renewable, but it only is to
a certain point, it cannot be used faster than it is produced to avoid depleting the resource (2016).
Biomass can also be used in a variety of ways to produce energy such as burning it directly,
converting it to ethanol, or converting it to natural gas. There are many pros and cons of using
biomass over fossil fuels to produce energy. Biomass is great for undeveloped countries where they
can't afford other alternative energy sources because they can reduce pollution by not using fossil
fuels. One of the most significant pros of biomass as it relates directly to humans everyday life is
that ethanol created from biomass costs roughly 60 cents per gallon, and dropping, which means
fuel for vehicles can be produced much cheaper than fuel made completely from fossil fuels (Chiras,
2016). Not only is this form of fuel cheaper, it is also cleaner and does not release as many
pollutants into the atmosphere. Although biomass is relatively clean in comparison to fossil fuels, it
can release many pollutants into the air such as dioxins and creosote (Chiras, 2016). Biomass can
also lead to an

Biochar Produced Carbon
Biochar produced from pyrolysis process is known as a chemically and biologically stable form of
carbon because microbes find it very difficult to break down and remain stable in soil for hundreds
or thousands years. The carbon contained in the biochar is not degrading to carbon dioxide (CO2) to
the same extent as untreated organic materials. Hence, biochar can be a very low cost soil
amendment with low carbon sequestration capacity. It can affect in improving the quality of soil,
prevent soil erosion, increases water retention, reduces fertilizer leaching and soil acidity and
increases the plant yield of vegetation grown in biochar amended soil.
Furthermore, biochar slows down the decaying and mineralization of the biological carbon cycle to
establish a carbon sink and a net carbon withdrawal from the atmosphere of 20 percent. Upon
production through pyrolysis, the biochar is applied to soil in order to improve soil health and to
boost the plant growth. As biochar is much more stable than the carbon from the material it is made
and it can remain in soils for hundreds to thousands of years, thus, it has the potential of carbon
sequestration. Besides that, biochar also helps in reducing climate change.
Besides that, biochar has a unique physiochemical structure which can lead to increased soil fertility
and crop yields depending on the type of feedstock material and pyrolysis conditions used to make
it. It is returned to agricultural land so that it can increase the

The Ecosystem and Energy Sources
Scientist and researchers are finding new ways to help the world become more efficient, while
saving the eco system and preserving the earth. The use of energy is an essential part of our day to
day lives from heating, petroleum and electricity. In the same token we depend on energy to get
through the day, the use of energy has increased along with the growing population and produced
harmful effects. Finding new ways to preserve this treasure has been a topic of concern and finding
new ways to make energy. Forest Biomass as replacement of fossil fuels Fossil Fuels have been a
point of concern among environmentalist due to its harmful effects on the environment. The
potential for alternative energy has been thoroughly studied concerning the use of forest biomass.
Replacing fuels with biomass could reduce our foreign dependence on petroleum and minimize CO2
emissions. When considering the benefits "forest biomass can provide a domestic energy resource,
create local jobs and provide financial incentives to forest owners" Studies have shown that biomass
supply "ranging from 4.2–15.1 million metric tons/yr used in the most efficient current technology,
forest biomass energy would constitute 1.4–5.5% of the entire region's current energy consumption".
The region's size, population and energy consumption would determine the greater or lesser benefit,
which would be received by the use of biomass. The use of biomass would also create jobs around
the world, due to the fact that it

How Does Climate Affect Renewableiferous Trees In A...
As I am walking around on campus to my classes in this cold winter weather, I start looking at the
trees and begin to wonder why some of them still have their needles on them. I notice that the trees
that still hold their needles are not like deciduous trees in the fact that deciduous trees have leaves
rather than needles, and they also lose their leaves before winter begins. I started to wonder if
climate affects the coniferous trees like it affects deciduous trees. Deciduous trees change
throughout the seasons by the change in color of their leaves and by their leaves falling in the
winter. Coniferous trees however, look the same though out the seasons. I then came up with the
question of does the climate affect the conifer trees in a significant way? According to a study, an
experiment was done over the course of six years on the growth, needle, carbon, and nitrogen,
chlorophyll, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Natural foliar shedding is different from species to species, with pines they lose their third year
needles that are the closest to their trunk. These needles turn yellow at first then red–brown and then
they fall. In the winter there are longer nights and shorter days and with this comes longer periods of
darkness, because of this there is an increase of the production of abscisic acid which slows the
protein and RNA production which are both key factors of plant growth according to Barkley
(Barkley 1–2). The dryer the year the more noticeable the natural foliage shed is. Drought causes the
red–browns of shedding needles to become deeper and brighter and when a tree is under severe
stress they will drop more needles than usual as defense (Barkley

Report On Agriculture And Natural Resources
DRAFT
LITERATURE REVIEW
ON
IMPROVED COOKSTOVES IN MALAWI
Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources
August, 2014
Contents
Contents 2
Acronyms and abbreviations 2
Executive Summary 4
1. Introduction 5
1.1. Use of biomass in Sub–Saharan Africa 5
1.2. Use of biomass in Malawi 6
1.3. Energy Conservation Projects in Malawi 7
1.3.1 Improved Stove Design: Energy Studies Unit 7
1.3.2 GTZ Projects 7
1.3.3 Blantyre Fuelwood Project 8
1.3.4 MBAULA Network 8
1.4. Studies on improved biomass cooking stoves in Malawi 8
2. Conclusions and Recommendations 10
References 11
Acronyms and abbreviations
ICS Improved Cooking Stoves
ProBEC Programme for Biomass Energy Conservation
MBAULA Movement for Bio–energy Advocacy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The promotion of ICS concentrated in the Southern Region followed by the Central Region. It is,
therefore, recommended to carry out a comprehensive study on ICS adoption across the country.
1. Introduction
1.1. Use of biomass in Sub–Saharan Africa

Biomass (charcoal and firewood) is the major energy source in southern Africa, particularly in rural
areas. Most households rely on biomass energy for cooking and space heating. This exhaustive use
of biomass cause several health and environmental related threats. This heavy reliance on biomass
exerts pressure on forests and trees which eventually leads to extensive deforestation and as well as
soil erosion. Furthermore, the traditional cooking on open fire leads to severe problems of indoor air
pollution and its associated health hazards. It is estimated that about 3% of the global burden of
diseases is caused by wood smoke resulting in 1.6 million premature deaths every year including
900 children under five (Malinski, 2008; Warwick and Doig, 2004; WHO, 2002).
One of the factors that results in high demand for fuelwood is its low combustion efficiency
(Muneer and Mohamed, 2003). The development and distribution of energy efficient cooking
technology such as improved biomass cooking stoves (ICS) is considered as one of the best
technically possible, socially reliable, and economically viable interventions available that can help
to maintain low demand for fuelwood to reduce pressure on forest reserves (Arnold et

P2 Opportunities
P2 Opportunities
The retail industry has used various pollution prevention techniques that are applicable to other
industries. In many cases the success of the pollution prevent program is determined by the
commitment of the facility and employees. This resource list provides some useful information as
well as links that are focused on P2 for the retail industry. There are a wide range of
implementations available for retail locations and while the information presented in this resource
list includes specific case studies and examples, these are not comprehensive and are presented for
illustrative purposes. ADEQ does not specifically endorse the products, businesses and certifications
on this resource list.
Focus Areas:
1. Waste from Nicotine–containing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rainwater Harvesting Policies – http://nepis.epa.gov/EPA/html/DLwait.htm?
url=/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P1005FN2.PDF?Dockey=P1005FN2.PDF
Proper Disposal of Hazardous Waste:
Compactor Demonstration Project – http://nepis.epa.gov/EPA/html/DLwait.htm?
url=/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100SHCN.PDF?Dockey=9100SHCN.PDF
Solar Trash Compactors – http://bigbelly.com/
Sustainable Management of Electronics – http://www.epa.gov/ssm–electronics
Product Return Systems –
http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/32/pdf/Product_Return_Reverse_Distribution.pdf
Life Cycle Assessment – http://nepis.epa.gov/EPA/html/DLwait.htm?
url=/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P1000L86.PDF?Dockey=P1000L86.PDF
Energy Use:
Small Wind Electric Systems – http://energy.gov/energysaver/small–wind–electric–systems
Waste to Biogas Mapping Tool – http://www3.epa.gov/region9/biogas/purpose.html
Biomass Heating and Cooling Technologies – http://www.epa.gov/rhc/biomass–heating–and–
cooling–technologies Micro–hydropower Systems –
http://energy.gov/energysaver/microhydropower–systems
Solar Panel Implementation – https://cfo.asu.edu/solar
Quarterly Solarization Program Status – http://www.asu.edu/fm/documents/solar–status.pdf
Benchmark Energy Use –

Argument Synthesis Essay
In the article, the Burning Question, the issue of biomass energy via wood pellets was brought to
question. This subject has deeply divided scientists, primarily from the chemistry and environmental
science disciplines, economists, and politicians. Currently the use of wood pellets for energy, under
the European Union, is classified as a carbon–neutral fuel. The argument for this designation lies in
the regeneration of trees to take up the carbon released from burning past trees. However, many
scientists call foul, basing their argument on the substantial lag period between burning trees and the
regeneration of them. This period has led many to worry that such actions will worsen the current
global warming crisis. Biomass energy plants produce, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I did know that, especially in the United States, wood pellets were an increasingly common fuel for
winter heating. I was not aware that pellets were also being used for the creation of electricity in
Europe, but I suppose the two are quite similar. I did find the argument quite interesting; however, it
was a quite similar one to that of many environmental vs. economic gain based arguments before.
What I did find intriguing, though, was how the data, timeline, numbers, and conclusion could differ
so vastly based on which side of the argument a scientist was on. So, I guess what I learned from
this article was that there is an emerging international wood pellet trade; however, the arguments are
similar to those that I have been previously exposed to, with this argument being slightly more in
depth. Two things that were not discussed in this article, which I think are pretty crucial, were that
wood pellets are a form of renewable energy, if maintained responsibly, and that the ash from the
wood pellets, depending on their temperature of combustion, can be used as fertilizer on fields. My
personal view on this topic is in favor of the use of wood pellet fired power plants as long as the
harvest of timber is highly managed with programs for reforestation. However, I am opposed to the
designation of wood pellets as a carbon neutral fuel. The substantial lag period of over 40 years and
the augmented production

Energy: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Solar Energy
1. Introduction
The energy availability plays a vital role in economic activity because production and manufacturing
can be fulfilled by energy consumption only. Nowadays low cost energy is necessary for economical
development of any country but because still the major energy extraction is possible using fossil
fuels and those countries which have not sufficient amount of such fossil fuel facing lot many issues
related unemployment; but the solution of this energy crisis is available from alternative energy
sources like solar energy, wind energy and bio mass and bio fuel etc.
1.1 Various alternative energy sources with Advantages and Disadvantages [1,2,3]
1.1.1 Solar Energy
Solar energy is responsible for all of the light and most of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are different types of solar water heater available based of shape of absorber plate,
arrangement of piping for water circulation etc.
Solar radiation is an alternative energy source for numerous industrial and domestic applications.
One of the simplest and most direct applications of this energy is the conversion of solar radiation
into heat. Hence the domestic sector can lessen its impact on the environment is by the installation
of solar flat collector for heating water. Conventional natural circulation flat plate solar water
heaters are the most economical and large scale use of solar energy all over the world. Its thermal
performance and efficiency which depends on its design parameters, thickness, type of insulation,
number and type of glass covers, spacing between absorber and inner glass. Apart from these
parameters its performance also depends on climatic and operational

World Energy Consumption
World energy consumption
World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth [6] Energy markets have combined crisis
recovery and strong industry dynamism . Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5%
in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends.
Onthe one–hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in
2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and
electricity markets followed the same trend. On the other hand, China and India, which showed no
signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their intense demand for all forms of energy.
In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The total energy flux from the sun is 3.8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non–renewable resources.
|Contents |
|1 Emissions |
|2 Primary energy |
|2.1 Fossil fuels |
|2.2 Coal |
|2.3 Oil |
|2.4 Gas |
|2.5 Nuclear power |
|2.6 Renewable energy |
|2.6.1 Hydropower |
|2.6.2 Biomass and biofuels |
|2.6.3 Wind power |
|2.6.4 Solar power |
|2.6.5 Geothermal |
|3 By country |
|4 By sector |
|5 Alternative energy paths |
|6 See also |
|7 References |
|8 Further reading |
|9 External links |
Emissions

The global warming emissions are the most serious global environmental problem. Therefore many
nations have signed the UN agreement to prevent a dangerous influence in the climate system. What
is dangerous concentration is a

Microalgae Lipid Case Study
Microalgae lipid production combined with HM removal is a cost–effective and environment–
friendly method for microalgae biofuel production and hazardous waste treatment. Chlorella
minutissima UTEX 2341 had strong resistance to Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn ions under heterotrophic
culture conditions and could efficiently remove them through intracellular accumulation and
extracellular immobilization. Meanwhile, lipid accumulation was not inhibited by heavy metals.
Instead, the algae lipid content significantly increased by 21% and 94%, respectively with the
addition of cadmium and copper. Furthermore, the heavy metal residue in lipid was within μg range
and satisfied the commercial standard. This artificial wastewater–algae biofuel–heavy–metal ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Arsenic [As(V)] was reported to improve the growth of cyanobacterium Nostoc minutum and
microalgae Chlorella salina and Chlorella sp. (Miazek et al., 2015). Mahdavi et al. (2012) reported
that the removal of Ni, Cu, As, Sr, Mo and Ba by Parachlorella kessleri, from Syncrude tailings
pond water was significantly enhanced by high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, whereas
the high nutrient concentrations adversely affected the removal of Co, Ni, As, Sr and Mo in samples
of Albian tailings pond water. In order to make it more suitable for biosorption process, algae waste
obtained after oil extraction, have been activated by alkaline treatment and used for cadmium(II)
removal in batch and column systems. For batch systems, the effect of initial cadmium(II)
concentration and contact time was studied in optimal experimental conditions (pH of 5.0, 8 g
biomass L–1). Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo–second order kinetics model describe the
experimental data well. For column studies, the alkaline treated algae waste biomass was mixed
with an industrial ion exchanger resin (Purolite A–100) in order to prevent the clogging of column.
Bohart–Adams, Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models were used to fit breakthrough curves obtained
under varying conditions. Five biosorption/desorption cycles have yielded between 98.83 and
92.39% biosorbent regeneration. The biosorbent could efficient remove cadmium (II) from
industrial wastewater, and obtained effluent has

Productivity Improvement in Srew Type Biomass Briquetting
In spite of very good potential for using biomass as a renewable source of energy the practice is in
very early stage and limping. There are many factors which contribute their parts in making the
process unsuccessful. The major ones are seasonality of the raw materials, shortfalls in logistics,
absence of proved manufacturing systems, lack of skilled workers and very many technical factors.
Considering technical factors for the screw type of briquetting the biomass, the life of the screw and
the mould contribute the highest percentage of hindrance to the production process and hence the
highest chance of improving the total productivity. A successful process of producing quality
briquettes is very essential in using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To produce low–ash, high Btu briquettes form coal fine and timber wastes research works were done
in the University of Kentucky. More than 70 million tons of coal fines are dumped at the abandoned
site near the Appalachian coal fields. Combining the coal fine with the wastes from nearby timber
industries briquettes were made and tested for various parameters. It was concluded that the
briquettes were of premium quality and that offers near term practical solutions to generate green
energy utilizing existing equipments [1]. There are works going on in designing energy management
methods in biomass applications, as at least 15% of energy is wasted in drying the biomass before
using in boilers or any other heating system. The typical moisture content of biomass varies from
50% to 63% by weight in most of the situations including the seasons and types of biomass. A low
initial moisture level could utilize most of the energy released during combustion and it will make
larger boiler unnecessary. Utilizing exhaust gases to preheat the input biomass to a lower level of
moisture can conserve the energy significantly [3]. Though briquetting of biomass as a green fuel is
a necessary solution, the primary importance of any biomass should be for feeding animals. In
Mexico the excesses residues of corn, sugarcane, sorghum and wheat are briquetted and sent to
livestock growing regions to handle dry seasons. There were other advantages like homogeneous

Essay On Ready Made Fuels
Formed from fossilised plants and consisting of carbon with various organic and some inorganic
compounds.
Mined from seams of coal, found sandwiched between layers of rock in the earth.
Burnt to provide heat or electricity.
Ready–made fuel.
It is relatively cheap to mine and to convert into energy.
Coal supplies will last longer than oil or gas.
When burned coal gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases.
Oil (fossil fuel)
A carbon–based liquid formed from fossilised animals.
Lakes of oil are sandwiched between seams of rock in the earth.
Pipes are sunk down to the reservoirs to pump the oil out.
Widely used in industry and transport.
Oil is a ready–made fuel.
Relatively cheap to extract and to convert into energy.
When ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of biomass energy is oilseed rape (yellow flowers you see in the UK in summer), which
produces oil.
After treatment with chemicals it can be used as a fuel in diesel engines.
It is a cheap and readily available source of energy.
If the crops are replaced, biomass can be a long–term, sustainable energy source.
When burned, it gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases. If crops are not
replanted, biomass is a non–renewable resource.
Wood
Obtained from felling trees, burned to generate heat and light.
A cheap and readily available source of energy.
If the trees are replaced, wood burning can be a long–term, sustainable energy source.
When burned it gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases.
If trees are not replanted wood is a non–renewable resource.Formed from fossilised plants and
consisting of carbon with various organic and some inorganic compounds.
Mined from seams of coal, found sandwiched between layers of rock in the earth.
Burnt to provide heat or electricity.
Ready–made fuel.
It is relatively cheap to mine and to convert into energy.
Coal supplies will last longer than oil or gas.

When burned coal gives off atmospheric pollutants, including greenhouse gases.
Oil (fossil fuel)
A carbon–based liquid formed from fossilised animals.
Lakes of oil are sandwiched between seams of rock in the earth.
Pipes are sunk down to the reservoirs to pump the oil out.
Widely used in industry

Renewable Energy Sources And The Global Warming
Renewable energy sources
Let's ask ourselves that when the erosion able elements of the earth is not achievable anymore and
the glob is getting warmer day by day, what we are going to do to satisfy our requirements, and
wants? How we can reduce global warming, decrease the negative impacts of greenhouse gas
emission? What are some other natural origins by which we can continue our lives without hurting
other existences in the earth? All these problems can be solved if we use renewable energy sources
and recycle things again. That is why human is searching to discover and figure out many other
natural ways to use the resources positively and act logically.
First, let's define what Renewable energy sources is and how we can benefit from ... Show more
So, the greatest way is to recycle the used items, use alternative energy sources instead of non–
renewable sources, they should be kind to their nature and avoid the probable dieses that may
influence our nature.
One of the cleanest and basic energy sources is the solar power by which people can come out with
many of their problems. Solar energy power, which is the energy taken from the sun, have a big
usage in today's world. People in all the countries use this energy source for different cases. It can be
used for producing electricity, heating, cooking, charging, and much more usages. For example,
people in the cities and rural areas of Afghanistan use the solar energy for electricity purposes, and
in countries like japan and U.S it has a vast usage in industrial factories. This energy is the power
that can be converted in to electrical energy and is the most abundant renewable source available.
We can invert this power by modern technologies for different uses like, generating energy,
providing light, heating water, and many manufacturing uses. Furthermore, the companies that
provide solar shingles can make available many job opportunities. Solar energy technology is a
common type of renewable sources that everyone in Afghanistan knows that and

Renewable Energy Vs. Solar Thermal Power Plants
2.1. Introduction The limited resources of non–renewable energy and the fluctuation of fuel price
have forced the world to find clean and economical natural energy resources by means of renewable
energy. Solar energy is a sustainable alternative option that can be utilized in various ways and can
be used in many applications. The world has experienced enormous enlargement in energy and fuel
consumption with lacking of energy resources. Moreover, the finite fossil fuel resource could not
cope up with the increasing energy demand. According to the World Health Organization, air
pollution is now the world's largest single environmental health risk. Lately, the statistics have
shown that air pollution is responsible for approximately two million deaths a year [1].
Conventional power plants are the major source of air pollutions due to toxic emissions such as
carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. Alternative power plants that work on renewable resources
have been dedicated for this purpose. Different types of renewable energy and solar thermal power
plants will be presented in this chapter.
2.2. Renewable Energy Recently, the constraints of reducing fuel consumption and pollution have
improved the efforts toward renewable energies. Renewable energy resources such as sunlight, wind
and water are eventually unlimited and are much more eco–friendly than fossil fuel. It can be used
directly as solar ovens and geothermal heating, or indirectly by creating another form of energy

Nuclear Energy Essay
There are sources of energy that are renewable and do not cause so many pollutants, however they
only contribute a smaller amount to the energy pyramid. These sources include hydro–electric
power, wind power, solar energy and biomass energy. Most of these fuel sources do not produce as
much energy as efficiently as the majority of fuel sources used today. Solar power is a clean source
of practically inexhaustible energy. Solar plants are easy to construct and solar power is safe. It has
many uses from heating to direct electric energy generation. Wind power is also a clean source of
energy, however it can be intermittent and low yielding. Moving along to hydro–electric energy
generation which is used slightly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(H.E.R.I.).
Many car companies today are preparing for the use of fuel cell power generation. Companies like
Ford, Chrysler, and Honda are already developing or have already developed vehicles built to run
from the fuel cells or transitional motors. These engines are designed to run more efficiently and
more cost effectively than those of today. Commercial cars of today are getting increasingly more
efficient due to the hundreds of thousands of engineers in the world making improvements to the
internal combustion engine. When this number is compared to the 5000 people world–wide working
to develop fuel cells it is easy to see the already efficient fuel cell in favor of the much developed
combustion engine and the direction of fuel production for the future. Squeaky clean hydrogen
operated buses are also being developed for mass transportation purposes. Transportation is a
preliminary test to develop the use of the fuel cell and can easily be converted into other uses.
It is important for the consumers to realize the magnitude of the energy situation and strive to
provide their children with the tools and the education to properly conserve the resources available.
These simple tasks can start in the home and can be easily applied to everyday life. For example, it's
more efficient to leave a light on instead of turning it off

Productivity Improvement in Screw Type Biomas Briquettes...
Biomass densification by screw briquetting produces uniform, dense and durable solids desirable for
gasification, process heating, power generation and other heating applications which are currently
run by coal. Due to high wear rate, the screw and mould used for forming the briquettes deteriorate
leading to regular production stoppage and considerable down time losses. Hence Indian
entrepreneurs are apprehensive to adopt screw briquetting technology in spite of its potential. In this
work improvement in productivity parameters are tested for predetermined replacement of screw
before considerable damage is done. They were found to be significant and aiding quality briquette
output and smooth operation which could aid in improving ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the excess biomass materials are compacted to briquettes near their source they can be transported
to longer distances, stored for more duration unaffected much by humidity [9] and put into versatile
uses. There are many methods of densification available and screw briquetting is one good choice
for producing high quality briquettes, a sample of which is shown in fig 2. These types of briquettes
have uniform dimensions, high calorific value, less moisture are desirable feed stock for gasification
systems, process heating and power generation applications. But the screw briquetting technology is
having its own shortcomings like, the life of its parts like screw and mould are very short due to
high wear rate, need of skilled labors to run the machine and wastage of energy for heating the raw
material and the mould. The heating process is needed to eliminate moisture and volatile matters and
to melt the lignin content in the raw material which acts like a binder. The quality of briquettes
produced justifies the use of skilled labor. Due to high wear rate of screw and mould particularly the
screw which have very short life about 4 to 15 hrs [10] there are regular stoppages of production,
reconstruction of tools and wastage of output.Research works are going on all over the world in
designing compact briquetting machines,

Heat

More Related Content

Similar to Heat

More from Sharon Roberts

Recently uploaded

Heat