Healthcare is comprised of many professions that work on different levels to care for their patients. Some healthcare professionals have tasks that vary from complicated surgical procedures, to changing a baby’s diaper. This chapter will discuss some of many professions that make up the healthcare system. Nevertheless, when we think of healthcare professions we assume that only nurses and physicians are involved. While physicians and nurses are a vital part of the healthcare system there are many other professions that makeup the healthcare field. This chapter will discuss the duties, skills, and educational level of many healthcare professions. The chapter which follows is divided into seven sections. The first of these sections contains Healthcare Professionals, which will include medical doctors, doctors of osteopathy, and nurses. The section will also discuss the differences between a medical doctors and doctors of osteopathy. The second section describes the official medical specialties. The next section is on Nursing, including different types and their duties, skills, and educational background. The fifth section will discuss other licensed professions like, Rehabilitation specialists, Occupational therapist, and Physical therapist. The sixth section will cover Healthcare Managers. This refers to the people that are providing services instead of care. The last section will discuss controversy between physician, nurse practitioners, and physicians assistant.
List of Medicare Doctors and Hospitals in Delhi. Delhi Clinics and Treatment centers. Patientcare. Profiles of Medical Experts Physicians Surgeons across specialties and therapies. Treatment of Diseases Appointment booking with doctors.
List of Medicare Doctors and Hospitals in Delhi. Delhi Clinics and Treatment centers. Patientcare. Profiles of Medical Experts Physicians Surgeons across specialties and therapies. Treatment of Diseases Appointment booking with doctors.
Medical interdisciplinary fields alan moelleken md lawsuit anti trust suit-mdAlan Moelleken
These documents are for inquiry into medical terms. They are basic and do not represent the expanding knowledge of medical terms, anti-trust, jury lawsuits, trial cases and legal and medical case law in courts.
EuroBioForum 2013 2nd Annual Conference
27-28 May 2013 - Hilton Munich City, Munich, Germany
http://www.eurobioforum.eu/2013
=======================================
# REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES #
Rotterdam Delta, The Netherlands:
What’s keeping medicine from becoming personalised?
Dr Menno Kok,
Advisor Research Strategies Erasmus MC and sector manager Medical Delta
=======================================
http://www.eurobioforum.eu
This study aims to develop our understanding of how generational differences in work related values interact with those attributed to a national culture by investigating workers’ perception of organizational attractiveness in India, China and Thailand. The results show significant differences both between different generations within cultures as well as between the same generations across cultures. By developing an impression of cultural and generational value sets from the ground up we hope to have captured the current state of the acculturation processes in those countries, which may be useful for similar studies as well as to help HR managers in making specific recommendations regarding their recruitment and talent development initiatives in that part of the world.
Key words: cross-cultural; cross-generational; gold collar workers; organizational attractiveness; motivation; talent recruitment.
Medical interdisciplinary fields alan moelleken md lawsuit anti trust suit-mdAlan Moelleken
These documents are for inquiry into medical terms. They are basic and do not represent the expanding knowledge of medical terms, anti-trust, jury lawsuits, trial cases and legal and medical case law in courts.
EuroBioForum 2013 2nd Annual Conference
27-28 May 2013 - Hilton Munich City, Munich, Germany
http://www.eurobioforum.eu/2013
=======================================
# REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES #
Rotterdam Delta, The Netherlands:
What’s keeping medicine from becoming personalised?
Dr Menno Kok,
Advisor Research Strategies Erasmus MC and sector manager Medical Delta
=======================================
http://www.eurobioforum.eu
This study aims to develop our understanding of how generational differences in work related values interact with those attributed to a national culture by investigating workers’ perception of organizational attractiveness in India, China and Thailand. The results show significant differences both between different generations within cultures as well as between the same generations across cultures. By developing an impression of cultural and generational value sets from the ground up we hope to have captured the current state of the acculturation processes in those countries, which may be useful for similar studies as well as to help HR managers in making specific recommendations regarding their recruitment and talent development initiatives in that part of the world.
Key words: cross-cultural; cross-generational; gold collar workers; organizational attractiveness; motivation; talent recruitment.
One in four winds up in jail within two years, studies have shown. As many as two in five find themselves homeless or "couch surfing" at the homes of friends or family members.
"When they leave the system, they don't have any kind of safety net to fall back on," said Marci McCoy-Roth, spokeswoman for the Kids Are Waiting campaign, a project of The Pew Charitable Trusts.
State and local officials have pushed for more money and new programs to help foster children strike out on their own, but, in a tight budget year, little help could be found.
Foster teens, most abandoned or abused by their families, are used to that.
But in Hilton's case, he had one thing going for him that many foster children never have: He'd had a taste of success -- and he'd found that he liked it.
Sports Law is a relatively new field beginning in the 1970’s. Lawyers in this growing field hold many sport manager leadership positions. Though it is not necessary to be a lawyer to hold these positions, it certainly helps when you deal with legal issues.
The following information has been compiled as a tool to guide you in setting up a sport law course, to be used in conjunction with a sports marketing course, or designed to augment a current law course where you want to implement information on sports law.
Various areas of the law are applied to the sports industry with the most common being antitrust, contracts, and torts. A variety of cases are highlighted, terminology explained, and resources listed to assist you in your course.
WHAT IS SPORTS LAW?
Sports Law is the application of a variety of legal doctrines to a range of sporting activities. Areas of the law included but not limited to are contracts, labor law, collective bargaining, discrimination, employment, torts, crimes, constitutional, and common law. New issues arise on a daily basis due to court decisions, new legislation, and regulations.
UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHAT IS A SPORT AND WHAT IS NOT A SPORT
Dictionary Definition of Sport: An activity involving physical exertion and skill that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often undertaken competitively. An active pastime; recreation.
Suggested Readings for Children and Teenssuzi smith
Preschool/Elementary
Brown, Laurie and Marc. When Dinasours Die. Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. April 1988. Simple language, explains feelings people may have regarding the death of someone they love, discusses ways to honor the memory of someone who dies.
Burleigh, Robert. Goodbye Sheepie. Marshall Cavendish Corp. Tarrytown, NY 2010. A dad helps his son deal with the death of his pet dog.
Buscaglia, Leo. The Fall of Freddie the Leaf. Charles B. Slack Co. 1982. Uses the life of a leaf to talk about death as part of the life cycle.
Fitzgerald, Helen. The Grieving Child. A Parents Guide. Simon and Schuster, NY. 1992. A guide for parents seeking to explain death to a child. Suggestions given to deal with emotional responses and helping a child’s adjustment to a new life.
Hazen, Barbara Shook. Why Did Grandpa Die? A Book about Death. Golden Book, NY 1985. Death and loss in a family setting, Deals with the suddenness of death and a girl’s anger, covers stages and the process of grieving.
Self-Study Guide for the Evaluation of a Pediatric Dentistry suzi smith
The Self-Study Guide is designed to help an institution succinctly present information about its advanced specialty education program in preparation for an evaluation visit by the Commission on Dental Accreditation. It is suggested that the institution initiate the self-study process approximately 12 months prior to completion of the Self-Study Report. The primary focus of the self-study process should be to assess the effectiveness of the educational program in meeting (1) the program’s stated goals and objectives and (2) the Commission’s Accreditation Standards for Advanced Specialty Education Programs in Pediatric Dentistry.
The Self-Study Report should be a concise, yet thorough, summary of the findings of the self-study process. The Commission hopes that the self-study will be a catalyst for program improvement that continues long after the accreditation process has been completed. In its opinion, this is a more likely outcome if there is thorough planning, as well as involvement of students/residents and administrators in the self-study process. Most programs will concentrate upon questions germane to the Commission’s Accreditation Standards. Nevertheless, the benefits of self-study are directly related to the extent to which programs evaluate their efforts, not simply in light of minimal standards for accreditation, but also in reference to the program’s stated goals and objectives as well as standards for educational excellence. Conclusions of the self-study may include qualitative evaluation of any aspect of the program whether it is covered in the Self-Study Guide or not. Programs must respond to all questions included in the Self-Study Guide. The responses should be succinct, but must in every case provide or cite evidence demonstrating achievement of objectives in compliance with each of the Accreditation Standards.
Health professionals are experts who keep people healthy by using evidence-based medicine and compassion. They identify and treat illnesses, injuries, and both physical and mental challenges in line with the needs of the communities.
Education About Medical Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Education About Medical Presentation Template
If you want to buy this presentation template, please visit http://madlis.com
Good design gets out of the way of the content you are sharing. It helps your audience focus on the content itself instead of the design.
But, it's no secret that most people dislike giving presentations. The dread of public speaking consistently ranks among the greatest fears in public surveys.
This presentation slides can help you reduce the anxiety involved with giving a presentation. Well-designed slides not only build your own confidence, they make your key points clearer to the audience.
Outpatient care, also known as ambulatory care, refers to medical treatment that is administered outside of a hospital setting and may include diagnostic testing, observation, consultation, treatment, intervention, and rehabilitation services.
How to Answer The 64 Toughest Interview Questionssuzi smith
THIS BOOK IS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE ACCURATE INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECTS COVERED. HOWEVER, IT IS DONE WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING OR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF LEGAL ADVICE OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL ASSSTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT, PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOUID BE SOUGHT. ANY NAMES USED IN THE TEXT ARE FICTITIOUS AND FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. ANY RESEMBLANCE TO ACTUAL PERSONS OR COMPANIES IS PURELY COINCIDENTAL AND UNINTENTIONAL.
Dedication:
This report is dedicated to courage and knowledge,
the two qualities most needed
to succeed in any human challenge,
especially a job search.
Very few would dispute the fact that we live in a global world, where local economy, politics and culture do not longer belong to and influence their immediate surroundings alone, but a large extent of the rest of the globe. This context of merging borders has entailed drastic changes in the way goods and services are produced and distributed and in how information and ideas are transmitted. Fashion, both a business and a cultural good, has not been impervious to that: on the one hand, fashion is a multi-billion dollar industry that has to survive in a more and more competitive global market and produce for a trans-continental audience; and, on the other hand, it is also an immaterial good and the way it is transmitted, shared and created changes along with society. Both fashion and globalization are complex and multidimensional phenomena, and the analysis of their connection can be approached by a wide variety of disciplines. Throughout this essay I will analyse what and how has changed in fashion with globalization, focusing on the influence economical and cultural globalization have had in the transmission of trends and the structure and behaviour of the industry. Firstly, fashion is one of the few cultural goods that we carry with us every day and have a role in our daily life, so the way trends are created and transmitted is affected both by changes in the diffusion of culture –as it happened with cultural globalization- and by changes in society. Secondly, fashion industry has, as every other, been affected by economic globalization. However, unlike any other industry, fashion produces ephemeral cultural goods, and so the production of clothes has also been affected by the new model of transmission of trends with cultural globalization.
HEALTH MANAGEMENT EDUCATION IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH CARE POLICY ...suzi smith
Head, Centre for Social Studies, Institute of International Economic and Political Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Moscow 2003
Overview
The aim of this paper is to analyse the current state of health management education in Russia. It is discussed in the context of
-- recent public sector initiatives and
-- health policy and management
Traditionally in Russian health care public sector plays a leading role that makes particularly important the developments that take place in public administration as reflected in health care. Such an approach is not common to Russian experts for the variety of reasons that will be also examined further in this chapter.
• Please keep your three-day food record for three consecutive days.
• The days should include two weekdays and one weekend day.
• Select days that closely resemble your child’s usual eating habits.
• Each time he/she eats or drinks anything (meals, snacks, etc.) during the three days, write down what and how much was served and what and how much was eaten.
• To measure how much was eaten, use a set of measuring cups and spoons to help estimate amounts. Also see the examples below to estimate portion sizes.
• Note if food choices are homemade or purchased. Please include brand names whenever possible.
Healthy food is food considered to be beneficial to health in ways that go beyond a normal healthy diet required for human nutrition. Because there is no precise, authoritative definition from regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, different dietary practices can be considered healthy depending on context.
Foods considered "healthy" may be natural foods, organic foods, whole foods, and sometimes dietary supplements. Such products are sold in health food stores or in the health/organic sections of supermarkets.
I. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW? WHY DO STATES COMPLY WITH IT?
1. Defining International Law
Definition from Restatement Section 101:
- “‘International law,’ as used in this Restatement, consists of rules and principles of general application dealing with the conduct of states and of international organizations and with their relations inter se, as well as with some of their relations with persons, whether natural or juridical.”
Public International Law
- governs the activities of governments in relation to other governments
Private International Law
- governs the activities of individuals, corporations, and other private entities when they cross national borders
Entities that create international law:
- States
- International organizations (which are composed of states)
Purpose
Article 1: The purpose of this Law, in view of rights and obligations stemming from international and national law in matters of assuring marine safety and preventing marine pollution, is to establish;
a) The principles concerning response and preparedness for eliminating the risk of pollution, or for reducing, containing, or eliminating pollution in emergency incidences stemming from ships or operations of coastal facilities,
b) The principles for determining and compensating for damages resulting from an incident,
c) The principles concerning fulfillment of international commitments, and
d) Powers, duties, and responsibilities of the officials of institutions, organizations, ships, and facilities as stipulated in the Law, along with those of any (other) persons subject to the Law.
Scope
Article 2: This Law includes the authorities , duties and responsibilities of the Ministries , Public Authorities and liable parties of the ships of 500 gross tons or larger, that are carrying petroleum or other harmful substances and are already in or are requesting to enter an area of enforcement for any reason; along with the liable parties of coastal facilities performing operations that might cause pollution with petroleum or other noxious substances.
War ships, auxiliary war ships, along with any ships owned or operated by a state and used for noncommercial activities, shall not be subject to this Law.
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT (ZVZD-1) GENERAL PROVISIONSsuzi smith
(introductory provision)
This Act shall lay down the rights and duties of employers and workers with respect to healthy and safe work and measures to ensure health and safety at work.
(2) This Act transposes into the legal order of the Republic of Slovenia the Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, which was amended by Regulation (EC) No 1137/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 adapting a number of instruments subject to the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty to Council Decision 1999/468/EC, with regard to the regulatory procedure with scrutiny — Adaptation to the regulatory procedure with scrutiny — Part One (OJ L 311, 21.11.2008, p. 1). Furthermore, this Act also partially transposes into the Slovene legal order the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2006/123/EC of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market (OJ L 376, 27.12.2006, p. 36).
(3) This Act shall also determine the competent bodies in the field of health and safety at work.
(4) Implementing regulations concerning health and safety at work shall be enacted by the minister competent for labour and the minister competent for the field to which a given implementing regulation shall pertain, after consultation with social partners within the Economic and Social Council.
(5) The employer shall ensure health and safety at work in accordance with this Act, other regulations and guidelines.
REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA LAW AMENDING THE LAW ON COURTSsuzi smith
The Law on Courts shall establish the court system of the Republic of Lithuania, the jurisdiction, organisation, activities, administration and self-governance of courts, their principles, the status of judges, the procedure of selection of candidates to judges, appointment of judges, their promotion and liability, the social guarantees of judges and other issues relating to courts.
Legal regulation of the organisation and activities of courts, legal regulation of the status of judges and related issues shall be based on the universally recognised principles of law laid down in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, other laws and international agreements to which the Republic of Lithuania is a party - respect for human rights and freedoms, the right of everyone to judicial remedy, to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, the principles of separation of powers under which justice in the Republic of Lithuania is administered only by courts, the rule of law, independence of courts and judges, the autonomy of courts, their financial independence from other government institutions and decisions of the officials, self-regulation and self-governance of courts, other principles of court structuring, the status of judges and judicial process.
Introduction
1. Rights shall be exercised and duties performed in good faith.
2. This Law is applicable to all legal issues, to which its text or interpretation relates.
Rights based on custom may neither set aside nor vary law. Rights based on custom are applicable in the cases specified by law.
3. Every civil legal relation shall be adjudged in accordance with the laws, which are in force at the time when such legal relations are created, varied or terminated. Previously acquired rights shall not be affected.
4. The provisions of this Law shall be interpreted firstly in accordance with their direct meaning; where necessary, they may also be interpreted in accordance with the structure, basis and purposes of this Law; and, finally, they may also be interpreted through analogy.
5. Where a matter is required to be decided in the discretion of a court or on the basis of good cause, the judge shall decide the matter in accordance with a sense of justice and the general principles of law.
6. The general provisions regarding obligations are applicable mutatis mutandis to family, inheritance and property legal relations.
IMPROVING YOUR COMPETITIVE EDGE
A Marketing Plan is a written strategy for selling the products/services of a new business. It is a reflection of how serious a company is in meeting the competition head on, with strategies and plans to increase market share and attract customers. An effective Marketing Plan is backed by carefully collected market, consumer and competitor information, sometimes citing professional advice.
Social Networking Tools for Academic Librariessuzi smith
Social Networking Tools for Academic Libraries
Abstract
This is an exploratory study investigating the use of social networking tools in academic libraries. The major areas examined include the extent of use of social networking tools, library staff’s perceptions of their usefulness, and perceived challenges in using them. Considerations that influenced decisions to use or not to use social networking tools were also examined. Invitations to participate in a web-based survey were sent to the libraries of 140 universities from Asia, North America and Europe. Responses were received from 38 libraries, yielding a response rate of 27.1%. Twenty-seven libraries (71.1%) used social networking tools, five (13.1%) were potential users who planned to use these tools and six (15.8%) did not plan to use these tools at all. Facebook and Twitter were the most commonly adopted tools in university libraries. Most library staff had generally positive perceptions on the usefulness of social networking tools, but hesitancy among some library staff and limited participation of library users (i.e., students) were perceived to be hindrances. The findings of this study offer insights for academic librarians to use as basis for informed decisions in applying social networking tools.
Dividing the Debts in a California Divorcesuzi smith
My spouse ran up huge credit card debts during the marriage. In dividing assets and debts in the settlement agreement, who should be responsible for these debts?
In California, Family Code section 910 provides that the community is liable for all debts incurred during the marriage and prior to separation. It doesn’t matter whether the debt was incurred by one spouse for his or her own benefit or for the family. It also doesn't matter whose name appears on the bill or the credit card statements. If it was incurred during the marriage and prior to separation, it’s a community property debt and both spouses are equally liable. This means that when the parties are negotiating a settlement and tallying the marital balance sheet such debts should be divided equally. A better option might be that one spouse agrees to pay off the joint debts in return for a greater share of the community property. The spouse paying off the debts can at least make sure that joint debts are paid, because as long as debts are jointly owed both spouses are financially responsible to the creditors.
Credit Cards 101:
Teaching Young People the
Truth about the Plastic Peril
1. Results of Personal Finance Quiz (5 – 10 min)
a. Discuss with the students how they did as a group compared to the national averages. Questions you could ask them:
- Why do you think our class did better/worse than other students?
- What do you think these results indicate about your understanding of personal finance?
2. Credit Card Introductory Activity (10 min)
a. The goal of this activity is to see what students know and don’t know about Credit Cards…
b. Put up poster paper with the following questions. Give them 10 minutes to walk around the room and write either a response to the question, or a response to someone else’s answer.
- What is a credit card?
- Who can get credit cards?
- What are the advantages to having a credit card?
- What are the disadvantages to using a credit card?
- What should you look for when trying to choose the right credit card?
- What do I want to know about credit cards?
Law No. : 5411
Adoption Date : October 19, 2005
Official Gazette : November 1, 2005, 25983 re.
PART ONE
General Provisions
Objective
Article 1-The objective of this law is to regulate the principles and procedures of ensuring confidence and stability in financial markets, the efficient functioning of the credit system and the protection of the rights and interests of depositors.
Scope
Article 2- The deposit banks, participation banks, development and investment banks, the branches in Turkey of such institutions established abroad, financial holding companies, Banks Association of Turkey, Participation Banks Association of Turkey, Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency, Savings Deposit Insurance Fund and their activities shall be subject to provisions of this law.
The provisions of this law shall also apply to banks that have been established as per their special laws, on the condition to preserve the provisions of their special laws
The general provisions shall apply to cases for which provisions are not set out in this law.
Definitions and abbreviations
Article 3- For the implementation of this Law, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated below:
Relevant Minister: The Prime Minister or State Minister to be authorized by the Prime Minister,
Board: Banking Regulation and Supervision Board,
Agency: Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency,
Chairman: The Chairman of the Banking Regulation and Supervision Board,
Central Bank: Central Bank of Turkish Republic Inc. Co.,
Fund: Savings Deposit Insurance Fund,
Fund Board: Savings Deposit Insurance Fund Board,
Fund Chairman: The Chairman of Savings Deposit Insurance Fund Board,
Credit institution: Deposit banks and participation banks,
LAW ON STATE AND LOCAL PROPERTY CHAPTER ONE. GENERAL PROVISIONSsuzi smith
The purpose of this Law is to regulate relations arising
from the matters of powers of the legislative and
executive organs concerning ownership rights on state and
local property, level of authority of a legal person with
state property and its administration, principle and
regulations of activity of an organ implementing policy on
state property.
Article 2. Law's scope of effect
1. This law effects to the regulation of matters concerned
to the enjoying ownership rights on state and local
properties, specified in the Constitution and the Civil
Law of Mongolia.
2. This law shall not effect to the regulation of matters
concerning the composition, distribution and expenditure
of the State central and local budgets and State treasury
fond.
CHAPTER TWO. STATE PROPERTY ITEMS
Article 3. Concept and classification of state property
items
State property consists of state property for public use
and state's own property. State property for public use
and state's own property divides to immovable and movable
properties in accordance with the article 77 of the Civil
Law.
Article 1. Purpose of the Law
1.1. The purpose of this law is to regulate possession and use of state-owned land and other related issues.
Article 2. Legislation on Land
2.1. The legislation on land shall consist of the Constitution of Mongolia, this law and other legislative acts issued in conformity with them.
2.2. Issues related to use and protection of underground resources, forests, water, air, flora, fauna and other natural resources shall be regulated by relevant legislative acts.
Article 3. Legal Definitions
3.1. The following terms used in this law shall be interpreted as follows:
3.1.1. "land" means a piece of space including the land surface, its soil, forests, water and plants;
3.1.2. "to own land" means to be in legitimate control of land with the right to dispose of this land;
3.1.3. "to possess land" means to be in legitimate control of land in accordance with purpose of its use and terms and conditions specified in respective contracts;
3.1.4. "to use land" means to undertake a legitimate and concrete activity to make use of some of the land's characteristics in accordance with contracts made with owners and possessors of land;
Outline (Fall 2006)
I. Judicial Review
A. The Nature and Sources of the Supreme Court’s Authority
- It is the Supreme Court, not Congress, which has the authority and duty to review the constitutionality of the statutes passed by Congress, and to invalidate the statute if it violates the Constitution
o Marbury v. Madison
- U.S. Supreme Court is the main interpreter of the Constitution
- Most of the justices’ ruling are consistent with their past opinions
- the USSC’s last word makes it the most important judicial voice and the final decider of what is Constitutional
Constitution
- Supremacy Clause (Article 6, Section 2)
o The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land.
- We know that the constitution is supreme, but what if one branch decides something the other branch does is unconstitutional?
o None of this is explicitly stated in the Constitution
- What gives the Supreme Court the power of judicial review?
o Justice Marshall did in Marbury v. Madison
- constitution is the primary law—extending to acts of the president and acts of congress
- the power of judicial review also extends to lower federal courts
o they have the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison
- this case decided which branch of the fed gov. should have the final say in interpreting the constitution
- if the USSC identifies a conflict b/w a constitutional provision and a congressional statute, the Court has the authority and the duty to declare the statute unconstitutional and to refuse to enforce it
HOW UKRAINIAN AMBER IS ILLEGALLY TRANSPORTED TO POLANDsuzi smith
Raw amber, which is illegally mined in Ukraine, is unlawfully transported abroad. And it is successfully sold in Poland. These precious stones of organic origin are also popular in Russia and China.
The Volyn customs unit of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine said that people, in the majority of cases, have been hiding amber from customs control in their personal belongings. They are also using specially created storage units that are hidden in the frames of cars. These hiding places were previously taken apart.
According to information from the customs unit, amber that becomes the property of the state on the basis of a court decision is transferred to the “State Storage of Precious Metals and Precious Stones of Ukraine.”
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
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Healthcare
Professionals
Healthcare is comprised of many professions that work on different levels to care
for their patients. Some healthcare professionals have tasks that vary from complicated
surgical procedures, to changing a baby’s diaper. This chapter will discuss some of many
professions that make up the healthcare system. Nevertheless, when we think of healthcare
professions we assume that only nurses and physicians are involved. While physicians and
nurses are a vital part of the healthcare system there are many other professions that
makeup the healthcare field. This chapter will discuss the duties, skills, and educational
level of many healthcare professions.
The chapter which follows is divided into seven sections. The first of these
sections contains Healthcare Professionals, which will include medical doctors, doctors
of osteopathy, and nurses. The section will also discuss the differences between a medical
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doctors and doctors of osteopathy. The second section describes the official medical
specialties. The next section is on Nursing, including different types and their duties,
skills, and educational background. The fifth section will discuss other licensed
professions like, Rehabilitation specialists, Occupational therapist, and Physical therapist.
The sixth section will cover Healthcare Managers. This refers to the people that are
providing services instead of care. The last section will discuss controversy between
physician, nurse practitioners, and physicians assistant.
Healthcare Professionals
There are hundreds of healthcare professions that array from medical doctor to
dietitian. Similarly, 11.6 million people work in healthcare in the US which includes
778,000 physicians where 5 percent are Doctors of Osteopathy2
, 2.1 million registered
nurses, and 160,000 dentists1
. The remaining are involved in research, care-giving,
teaching, or administration1
.
Doctors prevent, treat, and advise patients to keep healthy. Nevertheless, doctors
can be categorized in two groups, medicine as practiced by MD’s, known as allopaths
(traditional) and Doctor of Osteopathy, DO2
. The majority of doctors practice allopathy.
There are 15 accredited osteopathy schools compared to over 120 medical schools.
According to New England Journal of Medicine, osteopathic philosophy focuses on a
patient-centered approach, where it is based on prevention along with concentrating on the
patient as a whole, rather than individual parts of the body separetly2
. In addition, the body
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is used to assist in healing the body with the manipulation of bones, muscles, and tendons.
This technique used by DO’s is not practiced by most MD’s. An osteopath focuses on the
symptoms and its treatment rather than the disease only. Both forms of doctors use
medicines, surgery, and standard methods of treatment; however the approaches for the
doctors are slightly different1
. Osteopaths have the same specialties as MD’s (see
Specialty section for further information).
MD’s and DO’s have the same level of education, training, and residency
programs, however there are many more MD’s then DO’s. In addition, MD’s and DO’s
attend separate and different schools that have variation in curriculum. Many more MD’s
enter into specialty where many DO’s enter in primary care. Whatever type of doctor a
patient chooses, they should realize that both physicians meet the same standards, but have
different approaches in treatment.
Those who desire to attend medical should pursue a pre-medical curriculum in
undergraduate and then apply to medical school or osteopathic school. Most medical
schools take four years to complete however, there are schools that allow for a completion
of both pre-medical and medical school in six to seven years4
. Typically, in medical
school the first two years are spent in the classrooms and laboratories, the next two years
are spent in the hospital learning and training under supervision. After graduation medical
students enter a residency program, research programs, or may decide to teach.
The largest health professional group is nurses. There are different levels such as:
licensed practical nurse, nurse practitioner, registered nurse, and nurse midwife. These
topics will be discussed in detail later in the chapter.
Graduate Medical Education Year
1 2 3 4 5 6-7
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Medical Specialties
Primary and specialty care received by a patient may include ambulatory care
(primary), secondary (specialty), and tertiary. Primary care refers to care received when
needed for example, you go to a primary care physician for a cough or cold in addition to
immunizations. Primary care aims for prevention and focuses on the maintenance of high
quality of life3
. Some key points that primary care concentrates on include: disease
prevention, early detection of disease to eliminate further and or serious problems,
educates the patient, advises the patient for better health, and refers the patients to other
providers for the appropriate times3
. Some examples of primary care physicians include
internist (internal medicine) and pediatricians. The primary care provider offers a wide
array of services to their patients such as: physical exams, health screenings, and
immunizations, infection assessment, advise on different conditions and many others
health-based advise3
. Primary care providers are essential to the healthcare system;
Family Practice
Pediatrics
Obstetrics
Internal
Medicine
Neurosurgery
Subspecialties
Dermatology
Neurology
Ophthalmology
Psychiatry
Colon-Plastic-Thoracic
Orthopedic Surgery
Otorhinolaryngology
Urology
Surgery
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however, they may be less paid then the other specialty doctors or surgeons. Primary care
physicians provide direct care to patients, which is the difference between secondary and
tertiary care.
Secondary care is often referred to as specialty care. Normally, a patient receives
care from their primary care giver; moreover if a specific problem arises the patient will be
referred to a specialist. Secondary care is often provided in hospitals and allows for long
term care3
. Similar to primary care providers, specialists deal with diagnosis, prognosis,
and treatment3
. In addition, secondary care concentrates on one specific part of the
patient’s body. There are several types of specialties (and there are subspecialties which
are not included for example cardiology):
SPECIALTY DESCRIPTION
Allergy and Immunology (formed in 1971) Study, diagnosis, and treatment of
disorders of the immune system, including
allergy, immune deficiency, and
autoimmune disease.
Anesthesiology (1938) Use of anesthetic agents to prevent pain
during surgical or other painful procedures
Colon and Rectal Surgery (1935) Surgical treatment of disorders of the anus,
rectum, and intestines
Dermatology (1932) Diagnosis and treatment of disorders and
diseases of the skin
Emergency Medicine (1979) Treatment of patients suffering from
sudden, life threatening injury and illness.
Family Practice (1969) Comprehensive care of individual of all
ages on a long-term basis.
Internal Medicine (1936) Non-surgical diagnosis and treatment of
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disorders of the internal organs.
Medical Genetics Study, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
of genetic disorders.
Neurological Surgery (1940) Surgical treatment of the nervous system,
including the nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
Nuclear Medicine (1971) Use of radioactive substances to diagnose
and treat disease.
Obstetrics and Gynecology (1930) Diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the
female reproductive system and
management of pregnancy, labor, and
childbirth.
Ophthalmology (1917) Diagnosis and treatment of disease and
disorders of the eyes.
Orthopedic Surgery (1934) Diagnosis and surgical treatment of
disorders of the bones, muscles, and
associated structures.
Otolaryngology (1924) Study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease
of the head and neck.
Pathology (1936) Study of the nature of disease and the
changes it causes in the body.
Pediatrics (1933) Study of the growth and development of
children, as well as diagnosis and treatment
of disease in children.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
(1947)
Treatment of disorders by physical means,
such as heat, cold, and radiation.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (1939) Surgical treatment, to repair superficial
parts of the body.
Preventive Medicine (1948) Study and use various measures to prevent
disease by immunization and other
controls.
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Psychiatry and Neurology (1934) Study of the mind and the treatment of its
disorders.
Radiology (1934) The use of x rays and other radiation to
treat disease.
Surgery (1937) Use of various procedures called operations
to treat and diagnosis disease and injury.
Thoracic Surgery (1948) Surgery of the chest, including surgery of
the heart, lungs, and chest wall.
Urology (1935) Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the
urinary tract in female and the urogenital
tract in males.
Source: American Board of Medical Specialties, Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2001.
Primary care is synonymous with promoting health and prevention of disease,
secondary care specializes in certain areas such as dermatology or orthopedic surgery, and
tertiary care provides highly specialized care like intensive-care.
Alternative Healthcare
The definition of alternative medicine is not clear cut, but the previous written
chapter by Anna Rosenfeld discusses some of the professions that are considered as
alternative medicine today. Chapter three discusses chiropractors, acupuncture, Chinese
medicine, homeopathy, naturopathy, massage therapist, hypnosis, and biofeedback.
Nursing
Nurses are a vital part of the healthcare system. Next to doctors nurses are most
familiar with the patient’s cases. Nevertheless, there are several levels of nursing who
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have different skills and qualifications. The two main categories of nurses are Licensed
practical nurses or LPNs and Registered nurses or RNs.
There are approximately 700,000 licensed practical nurses that provide different
types of care4
. LPN’s provide for patients in hospital, nursing homes, and extended care
facilities4
. LPNs do not have the same education and training as an RN; however provide
the physicians and other nurses assistance with patient care. Some of the duties that a LPN
performs include: record keeping of the patient, taking blood pressures, care of newborns,
administer medications, bathe patients, and other tasks that are needed by the physicians4
.
LPNs work a 40 hour week, but not all nurses work the usual nine to five, most nurses
have to work odd hours because patients need 24 hour care. Most nurses are first to arrive
and assist a patient and if they seem necessary they will call a physician for duties they
cannot perform such as prescribing medication. Nurses also feel stressed and strained
similar to doctors because they have risks involved with their job. Some risks include
injuries, sleep deprivation, and emotional problems.
An LPN can receive their education through trade, technical, and vocational
schools4
. The length of the program is one year in addition to a high school diploma.
After the completion of the program the nurses are certified by the state to practice.
Registered Nurses or RNs are extremely important in health care. They work hand
in hand with physicians and administering medications to patients4
. Nurses are likely to
work on several different patients at one time in intensive care unit or a children’s ward.
Registered nurses can work in a variety of environments such as patient’s homes, schools,
public clinics and other community related areas4
.
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RNs differ from LPNs by the level of education and training received. RNs either
attend nursing school after graduating high school. RNs usually complete a four year
bachelor degree or receive an associate degree to be properly certified to practice nursing
where LPNs do not need a bachelor’s degree to practice. Indeed most RNs work part-time
with varying times in different areas of health care. Nevertheless, LPNs and RNs
educational background and duties vary so their tasks are different also but both nurses are
essential to doctors and their areas of work.
HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS DESCRIPTION
Anesthesiologist Assistant Assists the anesthesiologist in developing
and implementing the anesthesia care plan
Art Therapist
www.arttheerapy.org or www.atcb.org
Uses drawings and other art/media forms to
assess, treat, rehabilitate patients with
mental, emotional, physical, and/or
developmental disorders
Athletic Trainer Are involved in prevention, recognition,
evaluation, management, treatment,
rehabilitation, organization, administration,
and education.
Audiologist and Speech-Language
Pathologist
Audiologist determines what type of
hearing loss a person has and what can be
done to assist the person. A pathologist
evaluates speech, language, and swallowing
skills of people to determine any
communication problems and treats them.
Blood Bank Technology-Specialist Tests blood group for antigens, investigates
abnormalities, supports physicians in
transfusion, and performs blood collection
and processing.
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Cardiovascular Technologist Reviews patient history and performs
cardiovascular and therapeutic services.
Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical
Technology
www.aspc.org
Perform complex analyses, fine-line
discrimination, and error correction.
Counseling-related Professions
www.nbcc.org
Deal with human development concerns
through support, therapeutic approaches,
consultation, evaluation, teaching, and
research.
Cytotechnologist
Email:asc@cytopathology.org
Prepare cellular samples for study under
microscope and assist in diagnosis of
disease by examining the samples.
Dental-related Occupations
www.ada.org or www.aads.jhu.edu
Include Dental Assistant, Dental hygienist,
and Dental Laboratory Technician.
Diagnostic medical Sonographer Provides patient services in use and
interpretation of ultrasound procedures.
Dietitian
www.eatright.org/caade
Integrate and apply the principles derived
from the sciences of food, nutrition,
biochemistry, physiology, food
management, and behavior to achieve and
maintain the health status of the public.
Electroneurodiagnostic Technologist Taking and abstracting histories, applying
adequate recording electrodes and using
EEG, EP, and PSG techniques;
documenting the condition of the patients.
Emergency Medical Technician-Paramedic
Email: naemthq@aol.com
Practice out-of-hospital medicine in
conjunction with medical direction. The
asses and provide medical care, goal is to
prevent death due to injury or illness.
Genetic Counselor Consulting individuals with birth defects or
genetic disorder.
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www.fadeb.org/genetics
Health Information Management Related to the management of health
information and the systems used to collect,
store, process, retrieve, analyze,
disseminate, and communicate that info.
Kinesiotherapist Treats the effects of disease, injury, and
congenital disorders through the use of
therapeutic exercise and education.
Medical Assistant Work under the supervision of physicians
in their offices or other medical settings.
Medical Illustrator Create visual material designed to facilitate
the recording and dissemination of medical,
biological, and related knowledge.
Music Therapist
www.musictherapy.org
Music is used within a therapeutic
relationship to address individuals’
physical, psychological, cognitive, and
social needs.
Nuclear Medicine Technologist Uses nuclear properties of radioactive and
stable nuclides to make diagnostic
evaluations and provide therapy.
Occupational Therapy Uses purposeful activity and interventions
to achieve functional outcomes to
maximize health of injured or ill.
Ophthalmic Dispensing Optician Fit corrective eyewear, including glasses
and contact lenses.
Ophthalmic Laboratory Technician Cut, grind, edge and finish lenses and
fabricate eyewear.
Ophthalmic Medical
Technician/Technologist
Assists ophthalmologists by administration
work and collection of data.
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Orthoptist
www.orthoptics.org
Evaluation and treatment of disorders of
vision, eye movements, and eye alignment
in adults and children.
Orthotist and Prosthetist
www.oandp.com/academy or
www.oandp.org
Rehabilitation of the physically challenged.
Perfusionist
www.amsect.org
Conduct extracorporeal circulation and auto
transfusion equipment temporarily.
Physical Therapy
www.apta.org
Help improve patients’ strength and
mobility, relieve pain, and prevent
permanent physical damage.
Physician Assistant Prepared to practice medicine with the
supervision of a licensed doctor of
medicine or osteopathy.
Radiologic Technology Deliver prescribed doses of radiation to
patients for therapeutic purposes.
Rehabilitation Counselor Determines and coordinates services to
assist people with disabilities.
Respiratory Care Provides respiratory care.
Surgical Technologist Assist surgeons to provide surgical care.
Therapeutic Recreation Specialist
www.nrpa.org/branches/
Uses various interventions to treat physical,
cognitive, emotional, and social conditions
associated with illness, injury or
disabilities.
Health Professions Career and Education Directory. American Medical Association, 2000.
Other Licensed Professionals
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Besides doctors, nurses, and administrators there are other professions that are
important to the health care system. Rehabilitation counselors, Occupational therapists,
and Physical therapist are some of the few licensed professionals that are not given very
much attention in the medical field. Each profession plays an important role to its patients
and with their specialized care they provide.
Rehabilitation counselors have various backgrounds which include public health
nursing, social work, and school counselining5
. Rehabilitation counselors work with
persons who have a disability, where they encourage psychological, emotional, and
economic growth5
. Furthermore, counselors aid patients who have other disabilities such
as mental and emotional along with physical. Some additional tasks of rehabilitation
counselors include: assist patients in locating and keeping employment, break down social
barriers that the society creates for disabled individuals, aid in the disabled to create a bond
between themselves and family and friends, they assist in training individuals so they are
more independent, and encourage good job performance and progress in daily living4,5
.
There are a range of jobs and areas that a counselor may be employed however, they must
be certified through the Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC) in
addition to training programs that last up to two years. Approximately 43 million
Americans have some disability and having rehabilitation counselor’s assist with their
lives, jobs, and relationships the disabled will have better quality of life5
.
Occupational therapists are similar to Rehabilitation counselors because they both
assist disabled individuals and aid them into a “normal” way of life. First, the patient is
evaluated to observe the type of therapy needed with tests which measure the skills of the
person. After the tests are interpreted the treatment or training begins with education,
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consultation with the individual and or their family5
. Victims of accidents which have left
them disabled are assisted with therapy by skills such as weaving, knitting, and other
intricate projects. Other similar activities provide a creative skill which assists the patients
in restoring their lost ability4
.
In addition, Occupational therapist can also be considered one of several Home
care specialists because they may make home visits and plan educational, recreational, and
social activities to aid the patients regain their bodily functions6
. The optimum goal of
occupational therapist is to have their patients become independent even with their
handicaps. The goals of occupational therapists are similar to rehabilitation counselor,
which is for optimum health and well being in addition to the patient being independent.
Occupational therapists must have a bachelor’s degree and afterwards they take an
examination to be certified for their state of residence, where the state regulates the
practices of therapist5
.
Physical therapists work with a broad range of individuals; they work with patients
recovering from accidents to Olympic atlethes5
. They use methods such as exercise,
massage, ultrasound, electricity, heat, cold, and water to increase the mobility of patients,
relieve pain, and improve muscle and skin condition5, 6
. Physical therapists have a detailed
job in evaluating patients such as providing the family with proper training instructions to
assist in the care of the patient. Along with a extensive skills involved in treating a patient
a physical therapist does not need to only work in a hospital, they are employed in many
other areas, such as sports facilities, health care centers, and nursing homes. There is a
great need for physical therapists that provide home health care. Attending therapy session
is a task for the patient and their family. This entails the family taking time out of their
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schedule to take the patient to the hospital to provide therapy; however, with the ease of
having a therapist do home-visits is easier for the family and patient. Moreover, life
expectancy is very high for Americans today, so there are a growing number of elderly
individuals (baby boom) that require physical therapy after a surgery. Equally important is
our love of sports in the US, we have many athletes that push their limits daily, however,
in doing so they have an increased number of injuries which leads to surgery afterward
receiving physical therapy.
Physical therapists have a bachelor’s degree in physical therapy and attain a
certification by the state which gives them the license to practice.
These are only a few of licensed professionals that are important in the functions of the
health care system. We’ve noticed that simple surgery is not enough to retain a good
quality of life, therefore having counselors and therapist is very important in patient care.
Healthcare Managers
So far we’ve discussed health care professionals that provide care of some sort,
with primary or secondary care. However, coordinators within a hospital do not provide
care, but services. A Healthcare manager can have one task or many such as planning,
engineering, administration, application, and policy5
. Planning refers to strategic efforts
engineering is designing modes and the flow of the department, administration is handling
various information and organizing it, application is analyzing and using the data for
attaining information, and policy is implementing confidentiality, integrity and other
standards within the hospital5
.
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Most healthcare managers have tasks based on the work environment so there are
no specific duties that are assigned on a daily basis, however the main skill the manager
should have and implement is to run the health care system as smoothly as possible. Being
the bridge between doctors and drug, insurance, or other companies is a difficult task for
an individual to handle. So the employees work as a team to function as a good system.
Another responsibility the health manager faces is the serving as an information service;
such as clinical quality assessment so the data is used properly and effectively5
.
The Health and Human Services Department is an example of a large administrator
employee. Within the federal government it resides over 12 major divisions like the
Administration for Children and Families with provides services to encourage the proper
and healthy development of children7
. Programs such as this allow the assistance
programs to run properly and with managers with skills to run a healthcare system the
entire organizations are able to assist children and families.
For more information on Healthcare Manager see chapter three.
Lastly, there has been controversy between the roles of physicians, physicians
assistant, and nurse practitioners. Nurse Practitioners are RNs who have received
specialized training who work under a physician similarly to a physician assistant. A
physicians assistant is fully capable of practicing medicine but under the supervision of a
physician5
. Nurse practitioners practice mainly primary care and which is well received by
patients. However, individual states have authority to allow NPs to practice independently,
but the majority of states require the supervision of physicians1
. All three are able to
prescribe medications. Nevertheless, physicians have more training which means that PA
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and NPs will always have to report to physicians. Moreover, if all doctors, assistants, and
nurses work together with separate duties will allow for better and effective patient care.
The medical field requires an individual to be extremely disciplined and devoted to
their career. Doctors are extremely respected for their knowledge, devotion and hard work
that made them a doctor. The healthcare system may or may not always acknowledge the
difficulty of their careers, but hopefully this chapter has made readers more aware of some
different professions and importance of each profession. Doctors and nurses are
backbones of the medical field but it takes more than a backbone for a human to function.
There are many more professions that were not mentioned in the chapter that contribute a
great deal to the healthcare system. With some introductory knowledge an individual may
want to explore other options and hopefully want to pursue a career in the medial area.
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References
1. “Medicine”. Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2001.
http://encarta.msn.com
2. Howell, Joel. Osteopathy vs. Traditional Doctor. N England J Med. 1999;
341:1426-1431, 1465-1467.
3. Miller M. Health Care Choices for Today, a Consumers Guide to Quality and
Cost. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997.
4. Selden, A. Handbook of Health Care Careers. Lincolnwood: VGM Career
Horizons, 1994.
5. Health Professions Career and Education Directory. American Medical
Association, 2000.
6. Cardoza, A. Homecare Services Careers. Lincolnwood: VGM Career
Horizons, 1993.
7. “Health and Human Services”. Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia
2001. http://encarta.msn.com
8. Belshaw, Chris. Osteopathy Is it for you? Element Books limited, 1987.
9. Fabb, W., Fry, J. Principles of practice management in Primary care.
Lancaster: MTP Press, 1984.
10. Stephen, William. An analysis of primary medical care: an international study.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.