Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
Breast problems after delivery and their management.sunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Breast problems after delivery and their management. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
LAW: THE SUM TOTAL OF RULES AND REGULATIONS BY WHICH THE SOCIETY IS GOVERNED
ETHICS: Ethics is the systematic study of What a persons conduct ought to be with regard to him or herself, other human beings and the environment, it is the justification of what is right or good and the study of what a person’s life and relationship ought to be, not necessarily what they are.
This topic contains Meaning and definitions of midwifery, obstetrics, obstetrical nursing, midwife, scope of midwifery, basic competencies of a midwife, history of midwifery in nursing and development of maternity services in India.
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
Breast problems after delivery and their management.sunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Breast problems after delivery and their management. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
LAW: THE SUM TOTAL OF RULES AND REGULATIONS BY WHICH THE SOCIETY IS GOVERNED
ETHICS: Ethics is the systematic study of What a persons conduct ought to be with regard to him or herself, other human beings and the environment, it is the justification of what is right or good and the study of what a person’s life and relationship ought to be, not necessarily what they are.
This topic contains Meaning and definitions of midwifery, obstetrics, obstetrical nursing, midwife, scope of midwifery, basic competencies of a midwife, history of midwifery in nursing and development of maternity services in India.
2.1 DEFINITION OF INFERTILITY :
Infertility is defined as a failure to conceive within one or more year of regular unprotected coitus.
2.2 TYPES OF INFETILITY:
1. PRIMARY INFERTILITY:
SECONDARY INFERTILITY
2.3 CAUSES OF INFERTILITY :
• MALE FACTORS :
DEFECTIVE SPERMATOGENESIS
SECONDARY INFERTILITY
2.3 CAUSES OF INFERTILITY :
• MALE FACTORS :
DEFECTIVE SPERMATOGENESIS
Infection
Gonadotropin suppression
Endocrine factors
Immunological factors
Tubal and peritoneal factors
UTERINE FACTORS CERVICAL FACTORS
VAGINAL FACTORS
COMBINED FACTORS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
FOR FEMALE
HISTORY
EXAMINATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
1. CERVICAL MUCUS STUDY
2. HORMONAL ESTIMATION
3. ENDOMETRIAL BIOPSY
4. SONOGRAPHY
5. LAPROSCOPY
6. INSUFFLATION TEST (Rubin’s test)
2.5 RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN INFERTILITY MANAGEMENT :
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES (ART)
“ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES INVOLVING DIRECT RETRIEVAL OF OOCYTE FROM OVARY, MANIPULATION OF GAMETS AND EMBROYOS OUTSIDE BODY FOR PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING PREGNANCY”.
TYPES OF ART :
1. IUI (Intrauterine insemination)
2. IVF-ET(In vitro fertilization & embryo transfer)
3. ZIFT(Zygote intra fallopian transfer)
4. ICSI (Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection) (TESA, PESA, MESA)
5. EMBRYO OR OOCYTE DONATION
6. GESTATIONAL CARRIER
7. SURROGACY
2.6 ROLE OF NURSE IN MANAGEMENT OF
INFERTILITY :
] ASSESSMENT :
- Assessment of the infertile couple is the initial stage of infertility management. The nurse is often the first contact the infertile couple make during their visit for treatment. The nurses role during this stage is to educate the couple about each test or investigation. The nurse plays a vital role in alleviating the fear and anxiety about the various diagnostic procedure.
2] TREATMENT :
- The nurse plays the link between the doctor and the couple and should always be available to the couple for their assistance, guidance and support before, during and after the infertility treatment.
- Numerous ethical issues are associated with infertility treatments and the couple undergoing treatment need appropriate counselling and discussion.
-The goal of the nurse helping the infertile couple is to assist them through the treatment cycle as smoothly as possible.
3] EDUCATION :
- The role of a nurse in educating the patients includes education about the basic male and female anatomy and physiology and how the drugs act on their body, including possible side effects. This may be offered under various setting such as
• Face to face on an individual basis.
• In a group situation,
• Fertility nurses should also educate the couple about the self-administer medications.
• Proper knowledge of administration of these medicines and storage conditions for medications, as well as the possible side affects, should be imparted to the couple undergoing treatment.
4] PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT :
-A couple undergoing infertility treatments are usually under stress due to variety of reasons.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. ● Midwifery is as old as the
history of human species.
Archeological evidence of
woman demonstrates the
existence of midwifery in
5000BC.
Introduction
3. ORIGIN OF OBSTETRICS:
● Obstetrics word came from a Latin
word “OBSTETRIX means “MIDWIFE”.
● As we all know that birth is the complex
final act of nature’s greatest miracle i.e.
formation and arrival of a child in the world.
And the science and art that deals with
human reproduction is called Obstetrics
Introduction
4. ● “SORANUS OF EPHESUS”Is the FATHER
OF OBSTETRICS .He was the first to write
about the Podalic Version.
Introduction
5. ● King of Egypt spokes to the midwives, who
helped Hebrew women whent hey gave birth.
They were the first midwives found in the
Literature.
● Hippocrates(460BC), the father of scientific
medicine, organised trained and supervised
Midwives. He believed that the fetus had to
fight its way out of the womb
Introduction
6. ● Aristotle(384-322BC), the father of
embryology, described the uterus and the
female pelvic organs. And the essential
qualities of the midwife.
● Ambroise Pare(1510-1590) laid the
foundations of modern obstetrics. He
performed internal podalic version and
skillfully delivered women. He also sutured
perineal lacerations.
Introduction
7. ● There are references to the
midwives in the old testament.
Genesis 35:17 “and it came to
pass, when she was in hard
labor, that the midwife said
unto her, fear not Rachel, it is
another Boy”
Introduction
8. Julius Caesar Aranzi wrote the first book for italian Midwives. He advised
Cesarean section for contracted Pelvis.
9. ● William Harvey(1578-1657), the
father of British midwifery, wrote
the first English text book on
Midwifery. He described the fetal
circulation and the placenta The
first to deliver the placenta by
massaging the uterus.
10. MIDWIFERY :-
According to WHO (2013), midwifery encompasses care of women
during pregnancy ,labour and postpartum period as well as care of
newborns.
International Confederation of Midwives (2014)states that a midwife is a
person who has acquired requisite qualifications to be registered and or
legally licensed to practice midwifery and uses the title ‘midwife’ and
who demonstrates competency in the practice of midwifery
11. Formal education has improved
aspects of midwifery and classified
them into two main categories ;
● Certified nurse-midwife
● Direct entry midwife
TYPES OF MIDWIVES
During the 1970’s, there were three categories
of midwives:
• Granny midwives
• Lay midwives
• Traditional birth attendants
13. INTRODUCTION:-
Laws and ethics are often seen as complimentary
to each other , but at same time they are also
seen as opposite sides of a coin. Midwives must
follow standard and regulations that range from
the national level to the individual area of
practice, such as hospital, labor and delivery
unit..
14. 1.NATIONAL STANDARDS
OF PRACTICE
Various levels of legal regulations and
standards define midwifery practice.
National standards provide an
expectation of delivery care. The
educational programs of midwifery
assure that all new nurse midwives can
safely deliver care within the scope of
usual midwifery practice
2.STATE LICENSE
Midwifery practice is regulated in the
state of practice through license to
practice. If a midwife practices in two
states, she must be licensed by both
states. State license is meant to protect
the consumers by ensuring that the
midwife has appropriate education for
the profession and can provide safe care
15. 3. COMMUNITY STANDARDS
It tells that a midwife’s duty must be
evaluated according to the availability of
medical and practical knowledge that would
be used in the treatment of similar patients
under similar circumstances , by competent
midwives, given the facilities , resources and
options available.(2001)
4.INSTITUTIONAL
POLICIES
The hospital laws govern midwives
working in the hospital. The midwife
working in the hospital should review
the policies of the units n which
midwifery care is provided. The hospital
laws govern midwives working in the
hospital. The midwife working in the
hospital should review the policies of the
units in which midwifery care is
provided.
16. 5.PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE
Medical malpractice is the legal error committed by medical personnel. In
legal terms, this error is tort a civil wrong that injuries a person. If a tort is
intentional , it becomes a crime of assault or battery . Negligence, a form
of malpractice, is an unintentional tort.
To prove a negligent tort occurred , 4 elements must be there;
1. A duty must exist between the injured party and the professional accused of
wrong doing.
2. A breach of duty must have occurred. The midwife must have practiced
outside the standard of care for a breach to occur.
3. The breach of duty must be proximate cause of the claimed injury.
4. There must be damage or injuries to the claimant that are recognized by the
law and compensable.
18. PROBLEMS OF MEDICATION
Nurses provide medication to the
clients . Certain problems can occur
during giving medication which can
result into allegation against nurses,
such as improper dosage of
medication, improper client
medication, wrong route of medication
and wrong time
FAILURE IN MONITORING
OF THE CLIENT
It is the responsibility of the nurse to
monitor the client regularly depending
upon the condition of the client. She is
expected to monitor the condition of the
client admitted with any gynecological
problem..
19. FAILURE TO REPORT
CHANGES IN THE PATIENT
• Nurses do the regular monitoring and the
assessment of the client.
• During assessment , she may notice any
change in the client’s condition. This has
to be brought to the notice of the
physician. With this, a precious life can
be saved.
FAILURE IN ASSESSING
THE CLIENT
• Assessment is the first thing which
nurses have to do . Based on the
assessment care is provided to the
patients. She is responsible for
assessing and reporting any minute
change in the client’s condition.
20. ABORTIONS:
• Many abortions are performed illegally.
Nurses have the right to refuse to assist
in the procedure of the abortion. If the
abortion is performed under the act of
medical termination of pregnancy.
NURSING CARE OF
NEWBORN
Nurses have many responsibility for
the newborn. She has to take the foot
print of the newborn, cord is clamped,
wrist band has to be put for the
identification , proper warming is
maintained etc. there are many
responsibilities which the nurses have
to carry.
21. ETHICS IN MIDWIFERY AND
GYNAECOLOGY
According to Thompson and Thompson , to be professional is to be
ethical, and to be ethical is to be professional . To be ethical requires an
understanding of ethics, values, moral reasoning, and ethical decision –
making . The nature of ethics requires one to focus on what it means to be
human and how to interact with others in a respectful manner.
• The goal of ethical midwifery is to do the right thing for the right reasons.
Knowing how to make good decisions as well as why these decisions
were made constitutes of ethical midwifery practice
22. 1.Ethical principle of beneficence: The ethical principle of
beneficence requires one to act in a way that is expected
reliably to produce the greater balance of benefits over harms
in the lives of others.
2. Non- maleficence: It means that health professionals
should prevent causing harm and is understood as expressing
the limits of beneficence.
3. Respect for autonomony: This principle requires one
always to acknowledge and carry out the value based
preference to adult,competent patient.
PRINCIPLES
23. 4. Beneficence and respect for autonomy in
gynecological practice: Beneficence based and
autonomy based clinical judgment in gynecology
practice are usually in harmony. For example;
awoman may present with an ectopic pregnancy. The
gynecological must explain diagnostic findings and
potential for maternal death and unlikelihood of
spontaneous resolution.
5 .Empowerment and advocacy; One of the and help
woman to exercise their autonomy important role of
the midwife is to support.
6.Advocacy means speaking out for someone’s
rights.
25. Technological advances
● As the technology has revolutionized
and increasingly sophisticated
computers in today's world, it has
become necessary for the nursing
personnel to have thorough knowledge
of the new technology being used.
● Today fetal monitoring has progressed
from the use of fetoscope to electronic
fetal monitors.
26. Increased cost of high-tech
care
As the high and sophisticated
technology is being introduced into
todays world, the cost are also
increasing. For the procedures such as
ultrasound, fetal monitoring etc, the
couple has to pay good amount of
money . Gradually, obstetrics care is
becoming a business for the care
providers
27. Changing patterns of
childibrth
There are increasing numbers of
working women, until they are in there
thirties. As early marriage practise still
continue , both ends, the older and
younger mothers face increased risks of
complications during pregnancy , such
as preterm delivery, LBW.
28. Family centred care
● Maternally care today has enhanced to
family centred care. Definition of health
include physical ,social, psychological
and economic dimension ..Family
centered approach is basic unit of
society. Thus emphasis on this aspect is
must that fosters family unity.
Integration and bonding takes high
priority and much anticipatory
counselling is offered.
29. Increasing the number of
intensive care units
● Over past 20 years, care of infants and
children has become extremely
technical .Many infants nowadays are
born with low birth weight and who are
ill. Such infants are transferred to
NICU. For this, the opportunities for
advanced practice nurses also has
increased.
30. Increasing use of
alternative treatment modalities
● Families have growing tendency to use
alternative therapies such as
acupuncture or the therapeutic touch.
Health care providers should be aware
of alternative forms of therapy, like
meditation, exercises, herbal
therapies.etc.
31. Early discharge
● In earlier days, women were
hospitalized for longer duration and
physical activity was increased very
gradually. Over the years now,
however, health care personnel have
realised that early return to normal
activities is the best course for
uncomplicated births
32. Role of fathers
● With increased societal emphasis on
shared parenting and the recognition of
parental bonding, many fathers are
active in care giving and enjoy the
closeness it brings.
33. • Promote health and self-care to expectant mothers, infants and families.
• Serves as an advocate for women e.g. cultural sensitivity
• Focuses on health promotion and disease prevention.
• Respect for human dignity and for women as persons with full human rights.
• Although all midwives attend births in hospitals, they may also work in the home, clinics,
communities and maternal units.
ROLES OF A MIDWIFE