The document summarizes key aspects of the public healthcare system in Andalucía, Spain. It highlights that the system provides universal coverage funded through taxes. It aims to put citizens at the center and guarantee quality of care, including maximum waiting times for surgeries and diagnostic tests. The system utilizes electronic health records, online appointment booking, and other digital tools. It also focuses on accessibility, health promotion, elderly care, and coordinating healthcare with other policy areas.
At the 2016 CCIH Annual Conference, Evan Novalis of IMA World Health discusses the organization's efforts to integrate its HIV/AIDS programs with cervical cancer screening and care.
Purpose: According to the World Health Organisation, 10% to 15% of the population of every developing country lives with disability. This amounts to about 2.4 - 3.6 million Ghanaians with disability. Since their contribution is
important for the development of the country, this study aimed to assess the financial access to healthcare among persons with disabilities in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana.
Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving administration of a semi structured questionnaire, was conducted among persons with all kinds of disabilities (physically challenged, hearing and visually impaired) in the Kumasi
Metropolis. Multi-stage sampling was used to randomly select 255 persons with disabilities from 5 clusters of communities - Oforikrom, Subin, Asewase,
Tafo and Asokwa. Data analysis involved descriptive and analytical statistics at 95% CI using SPSS software version 20.
Results: There were more male than female participants, nearly one-third of them had no formal education and 28.6% were unemployed. The average monthly expenditure on healthcare was GHC 21.46 (USD 6.0) which constituted 9.8% of the respondents’ income. Factors such as age, gender, disability type, education, employment, and whether or not they stayed with family members had significant bearing on the average monthly expenses on healthcare (p<0.05).><0.05). Although about 63.5% of the respondents used the National Health Insurance Scheme as the regular source of payment for healthcare, 94.1% reported that sources of payment did not cover all their expenses and equipment.
Conclusion: Financial access to healthcare remains a major challenge for persons with disabilities. Measures to finance all healthcare expenses of persons with disabilities are urgently needed to improve their acc ess to healthcare.
Slide presentation used at one of the breakout/parallel sessions of the 4th National Medical Students' Conference (NMSC). On health policy in the Philippines and the country's Kalusugan Pangkalahatan (Universal Health Care) program.
This a brief summary of the Primary Care level development at the Andalusia region, Spain, in the last 25 years, and a description of the current main features and outcomes in terms of accessibility, resources, patient's satisfaction, life expectancy, mortality and health expenditure.
Health Care delivery system is the skeleton of meeting healthcare needs of enormous population of every country.
In order to have a clear view of community medicine, it is essential to know about different health care systems in order to fulfill learning objectives of students.
At the 2016 CCIH Annual Conference, Evan Novalis of IMA World Health discusses the organization's efforts to integrate its HIV/AIDS programs with cervical cancer screening and care.
Purpose: According to the World Health Organisation, 10% to 15% of the population of every developing country lives with disability. This amounts to about 2.4 - 3.6 million Ghanaians with disability. Since their contribution is
important for the development of the country, this study aimed to assess the financial access to healthcare among persons with disabilities in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana.
Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving administration of a semi structured questionnaire, was conducted among persons with all kinds of disabilities (physically challenged, hearing and visually impaired) in the Kumasi
Metropolis. Multi-stage sampling was used to randomly select 255 persons with disabilities from 5 clusters of communities - Oforikrom, Subin, Asewase,
Tafo and Asokwa. Data analysis involved descriptive and analytical statistics at 95% CI using SPSS software version 20.
Results: There were more male than female participants, nearly one-third of them had no formal education and 28.6% were unemployed. The average monthly expenditure on healthcare was GHC 21.46 (USD 6.0) which constituted 9.8% of the respondents’ income. Factors such as age, gender, disability type, education, employment, and whether or not they stayed with family members had significant bearing on the average monthly expenses on healthcare (p<0.05).><0.05). Although about 63.5% of the respondents used the National Health Insurance Scheme as the regular source of payment for healthcare, 94.1% reported that sources of payment did not cover all their expenses and equipment.
Conclusion: Financial access to healthcare remains a major challenge for persons with disabilities. Measures to finance all healthcare expenses of persons with disabilities are urgently needed to improve their acc ess to healthcare.
Slide presentation used at one of the breakout/parallel sessions of the 4th National Medical Students' Conference (NMSC). On health policy in the Philippines and the country's Kalusugan Pangkalahatan (Universal Health Care) program.
This a brief summary of the Primary Care level development at the Andalusia region, Spain, in the last 25 years, and a description of the current main features and outcomes in terms of accessibility, resources, patient's satisfaction, life expectancy, mortality and health expenditure.
Health Care delivery system is the skeleton of meeting healthcare needs of enormous population of every country.
In order to have a clear view of community medicine, it is essential to know about different health care systems in order to fulfill learning objectives of students.
Discover Why Maxwell Hospital is the Best in Varanasi - Healthcare in VaranasiMaxwellHospital
Are you looking for top-quality healthcare in Varanasi? Look no further than Maxwell Hospital. In this video, we take a tour of the hospital and showcase its state-of-the-art facilities and equipment. From advanced diagnostic services to cutting-edge treatments, Maxwell Hospital has it all. We also introduce you to the dedicated team of doctors and nurses who work tirelessly to provide the best care possible. From general medicine to specialized care, Maxwell Hospital is committed to providing the highest level of service. Join us as we explore why this hospital is the best in Varanasi and how it's impacting the lives of the community.
https://www.maxwellhospital.in/
The purpose of this briefing is to help you to identify the immediate priority actions to commission effective end of life care.
Publication by the National End of Life Programme which became part of NHS Improving Quality in May 2013
new approaches and national guidelines in oncorehabilitation in GERMANY & NET...Shabana2428
A report about the cancer rehabilitation guidelines of GERMANY & NETHERLANDS with the differences ans similarity comparison between the 2 countries.
Also there is information about how the cancer rehabilitation is carried in the 2 countries and also the new approaches that are being brought into action.
The Community: strengthening the health system from the bottom upjehill3
The Community: strengthening the health system from the bottom up
Dr. Adrian Hopkins, Director of the Mectizan Donation Programme
CORE Group Spring Meeting, Tuesday April 27, 2010
We've produced an annual report for the West of England Academic Health Science Network to showcase how the organisation is helping to enhance healthcare delivery.
Integrated health & social care: service transformation supported by technolo...flanderscare
Wat is de toekomst van zorg op afstand in Vlaanderen? Dat was de centrale vraag van het event van 17 juni. 100 deelnemers dachten hier samen over na. Studiebezoeken aan andere Europese regio's toonden dat daar reeds op grote schaal met telecare en telehealth gewerkt en geëxperimenteerd wordt.
Visión general del desarrollo de la Gestión Clínica, con referencia a las tendencias en gestión en el ámbito empresarial, el desarrollo de la nueva gestión pública y algunas de las experiencias mas relevantes en Gestión Clínica dentro y fuera de España
Construção e utilização do Modelo de Gestão por Competências no Sistema da Sa...Jose Luis Rocha Castilla
Descrição da estratégia de gestão baseada em competências tem sido feita na última década no sistema de saúde pública na região da Andaluzia, em Espanha
Ponencia sobre los efectos del copago en los servicios sanitarios, en el contexto del debate político, social y sanitario en España y Andalucía. Se describe la situación del Sistema de Salud español en términos de coste, tendencia del gasto, utilización y eficiencia demostrando que, en comparaciones internacionales, se trata de un sistema con un coste relativamente bajo, que no muestra datos de crecimiento incontrolado ni de utilización abusiva y cuyos indicadores lo sitúan entre los más eficientes del mundo. Se revisan los efectos del copago demostrados en la literatura científica sobre la utilización de los servicios de salud, el gasto sanitario y los resultados en salud, concluyendo que no existe evidencia que demuestre que el copago es capaz de reducir el gasto sanitario. Se analizan algunos de los efectos adversos detectados cuando se introducen copagos como perjuicios para la salud, pérdida de equidad o incremento del coste final de la atención. Se destaca el efecto de las barreras económicas en el acceso a la atención sanitaria en países con larga experiencia en coste compartido, como el caso de Estados Unidos, donde hasta el 46% de personas aseguradas pero con bajos ingresos (menores de 23.000 $ anuales) no pueden seguir tratamientos o tienen que eludir citas médicas necesarias debido a no poder hacer frente al pago. Se destaca igualmente que a pesar de estas barreras el coste de la atención sanitaria duplica el de otros países avanzados, e incluso el coste de los programas de atención a personas sin recursos (Medicare y Medicaid) supone ya un coste equivalente en % PIB al coste de un sistema sanitario público universal como el español. A continuación se caracterizan las diferencias entre los modelos de aseguramiento y los financiados con impuestos, resaltando la contradicción intrínseca existente entre modelos de cobertura universal y existencia de copago. Por ultimo se introducen reflexiones acerca de las razones por las que se sigue recurriendo al copago a pesar de su escasa eficacia y relevantes efectos negativos. Ideología, discurso dominante, intereses y posiciones teóricas de expertos económicos mantienen la actualidad de una herramienta que debería descartarse por su escasa utilidad y por sus efectos negativos sobre la salud y la equidad
Resumen de las estrategias de calidad en salud y resultados en AndaluciaJose Luis Rocha Castilla
Se revisa la estrategia de calidad del Sistema Sanitario Publico de Andalucía en los últimos años y sus resultados en relación con el promedio de España. La referencia al promedio nacional es útil por la disponibilidad de datos entre distintas regiones que al menos parcialmente se relacionan con distintas aproximaciones y estrategias en salud, pero también porque los resultados de España en su conjunto son excelentes, de forma que la comparación con el promedio nacional no deja de ser con una referencia cualificada. Se toma el modelo de la Commonwealth Foundation para comparar distintas dimensiones de la calidad: accesibilidad y equidad, calidad, eficiencia, innovación y resultados en salud. En todos ellos puede observarse que los resultados del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía son en algunos casos similares y en la mayoría mejores que el promedio de España, observándose una tendencia a la mejora sostenida en el tiempo. Sin embargo persisten problemas y desafíos, en especial los malos indicadores en determinantes de salud y hábitos de vida que muestran tanto España en su conjunto como Andalucía en particular. Hay muchas propuestas de mejora del SNS, desde distintas ópticas, algunas de ellas contradictorias. Precisamente el SSPA ha afrontado numerosos cambios de gran envergadura basados en la gestión clínica, la gestión por competencias y la gestión por procesos. Pero el desafío de la cronicidad aflora la integración como un elemento relevante para la mejora de los resultados y la sostenibilidad. El SSPA ha avanzado hacia la integración de manera progresiva, tanto reforzando la continuidad asistencia como rediseñando sus estructuras organizativas para facilitar la integración asistencial. Así las Áreas integradas de Gestión con hospitales comarcales y distritos de AP, la integración en las empresas públicas de hospitales y CHARES o, más recientemente, la convergencia de hospitales. Pero no basta la integración organizativa, aunque puede facilitarla, lo esencial es la integración clínica y para ello es fundamental el liderazgo y la gestión clínica
Se revisa el impacto de la cronicidad sobre los sistemas de salud y el desarrollo de distintas medidas en Andalucía en la última década que se agrupan y adquieren coherencia con el Plan Andaluz de Atención a las Personas con Enfermedades Crónicas. Adicionalmente, se examinan los espacios compartidos entre la atención sanitaria a la cronicidad, la atención social a las personas dependientes y las estrategias de envejecimiento activo y saludable, para destacar de que, en gran medida, se trata de las mismas personas observadas desde perspectivas diferentes. Se trata también de políticas y actuaciones diferentes sobre las mismas personas, no siempre coherentes entre sí y a veces duplicadas o redundantes, por lo que la integración del sistema de salud con el sistema de atención a la dependencia ofrece un gran potencial de mejora y de eficiencia con el consiguiente ahorro económico. Aunque el desarrollo del sistema de salud es homologable desde hace más de dos décadas a los países del entorno europeo, la situación de los cuidados de la dependencia ha estado prácticamente ausente en las políticas y en los presupuestos públicos en España hasta la Ley del 2006. Desde esa fecha se ha realizado un enorme esfuerzo organizativo y presupuestario de forma que hoy en Andalucía reciben prestaciones cerca de 180.000 personas dependientes, un avance sin precedentes en este campo. Sin embargo la integración entre ambos sistemas tropieza con numerosas dificultades derivadas de la distinta regulación, visión, estructura y desarrollo de las distintas prestaciones. De ahí que la integración sea un desafía de gran complejidad y de primera magnitud que, para tener éxito, habrá de considerar simultáneamente numerosos aspectos relativos a la visión, liderazgo, modelo, herramientas, financiación y otros. En Andalucía se ha comenzado ese proceso con 14 grupos de trabajo y la concreción de algunas iniciativas, como la coordinación e integración funcional de los servicios de teleasistencia, coordinación de emergencias y servicios remotos de salud (salud responde) o el desarrollo de una estrategia de envejecimiento activo y saludable o el despliegue de herramientas TIC como mecanismo de integración, proyectos en los que Andalucía ha sido reconocida por la UE como lugar de referencia con la máxima valoración por la calidad de los mismos. Por último se mencionan medidas que afectan negativamente al manejo de la cronicidad, la dependencia o el envejecimiento saludable, como la reducción del esfuerzo presupuestario en prevención y promoción, la pérdida de la cobertura universal o la introducción de copagos, que han demostrado que empeoran los resultados y, además, incrementan el coste
Una aproximación a la sostenibilidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud desde la perspectiva del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía. Un modelo universal, accesible, homogéneo territorialmente y basado en una atención primaria fuerte. Un sistema muy integrado y de provisión publica mayoritaria, que ha acometido una reforma completa de su funcionamiento, situando al paciente en el centro del sistema y apostando por la gestión clínica, la reingenieria de procesos y el desarrollo profesional basado en las competencias individuales. Además de una estrategia de acreditación y una implantación masiva de tecnologías de la información. Los resultados muestran una convergencia de los indicadores de mortalidad y expectativa de vida en buenas salud con la media nacional, un coste por habitante muy inferior a la media, con una baja tasa de hospitalización y elevada de CMA, y con unos indicadores de satisfacción que se encuentran ya por encima del promedio de España
Planificación anticipada de decisiones en el Sistema Sanitario Público de And...Jose Luis Rocha Castilla
Este documento es una Guía de Apoyo para los profesionales sanitarios, para efectuar el proceso de la planificación anticipada de las decisiones en el caso de pacientes con situación terminal o ante enfermedades graves. Ha sido elaborado por un grupo de profesionales y expertos del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía (SSPA), coordinados por Pablo Simón, Profesor de la Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública y Director de la Estrategia de Bioética del SSPA, así como por María Isabel Tamayo y Sagrario Esteban. Contiene conceptos básicos sobre la planificación anticipada de las decisiones, su utilidad, contenidos y beneficios, las habilidades de comunicación que se precisan, el proceso de su realización, su encaje en la estrategia institucional y un buen número de ejemplos para facilitar su utilización práctica
This presentation summarizes the achievemente of electronic prescription in Andalusia and its contribution to improve therapeutic adherence in patients with chronic conditions. The Public Healthcare Service of Andalusia has developed a long-term strategy about e-health called "Diraya". All the citizens of Andalusia have a single electronic health record, available at primary care centres, hospitals, pharmacy offices or emergency units. The system has a prescription module. Last year 121 million of electronic prescriptions were done in Andalusia. The system allows to saving costs in many ways: avoiding mistakes and duplications, facilitating the use of international non proprietary name (INN), reducing the number of consultations in primary care, and many other. Accumulated, every 100 euros invested, the system recovers 212 euros. This module and its decision support system may allow to identify patients with potential non-compliance behaviour by checking the treatment prescribed for a single drug and the withdrawal of boxes of this drug at the pharmacy offices. This approach should be complemented by other actions and tools, such as mems apps designed for smartphones and tablets; patient education, phone surveillance, and others.
Ponencia sobre la perspectiva de Andalucia sobre la sostenibilidad del SNS presentada en el Congreso de SOMUCA en Cartagena. Muestra los excelentes resultados en salud y eficiencia del SNS antes de la crisis financiera, respaldados por estudios internacionales. Detalla las estrategias de Andalucia en la última década para mejorar la calidad y la eficiencia del sistema público y las profundas reformas introducidas en el SSPA que demuestran que un sistema publico puede mejorar la calidad y ganar en eficiencia manteniendo la provisión pública y los valores de universalidad equidad y gratuidad incrementando el compromiso profesional. Gestión Clínica, ya implantada en el 100% de los centros andaluces; reingenieria de procesos para los problemas de salud más importantes y frecuentes y un modelo de gestión de competencias para incidir en la excelencia profesional gracias a la formación como elemento estratégico y el desarrollo profesional en el marco de las necesidades del Sistema de Salud. Y con dos elementos transversales, una línea de acreditación de la calidad y el uso masivo de TIC. Con muy buenos resultados en los principales drivers de gasto del SNS: hospitalización, con la tasa más baja del conjunto del SNS, y farmacia, con una reducción relativa de gasto por habitante con respecto al promedio nacional. En contraste con el incremento del coste producido en Holanda al privatizar el conjunto del Sistema sanitario en 2006, o con el impacto negativo sobre la mortalidad en los paises del este que privatizaron masivamente su asistencia sanitaria durante la crisis que atravesaron en los 90. Concluye mostrando referencias en la literatura que avalan que son más eficientes los modelos públicos, universales, financiados por impuestos, basados en atención primaria, con el Medico de famila como gatekeeper, con capitación, profesionales asalariados, provisión pública preferente y descentralizada. Razones que justifican la defensa de un modelo como el SNS cuando se apuesta por la mejora continua del mismo en complicidad con los profesionales y con el apoyo de la ciudadanía. Se muestra que el 5% de los pacientes suponen el 50% del coste. Para un sistema privado, expulsar a este pequeño grupo del sistema supone un ahorro enorme. Desde la perspectiva de un sistema público, este es el segmento de población que hay que atender preferentemente y buscar fórmulas para hacerlo de forma más eficiente.
Reflexión sobre la evolución de la calidad de la atención sanitaria en Andalucía en la última década, el impacto de la crisis económica y como inciden las medidas de ahorro sobre la calidad asistencial y la importancia de un abordaje adecuado de la cronicidad para dar respuesta al desafio de mejorar la asistencia a un coste menor. Contiene una fotografia en homenaje a Enrique Alonso, que recibió el primer premio de Calidad en Andalucia. Los datos básicos de calidad sanitaria de Andalucia han mejorado significativamente en Andalucia en esta decada, tanto en terminos absolutos como relativos con el promedio nacional. Así la satisfacción, la esperanza de vida en buena salud. Todo ello con el menor coste por habitante del conjunto de España, gracias a la baja tasa de hospitalización, comparable a la de Canadá, a la mejora del gasto farmacéutico y al esfuerzo diferencial en atención primaria, donde Andalucia se situa como la Comunidad que más invierte en términos relativos. Eso no significa un impacto negativo en servicios hospitalarios; de hecho se observa como en una actividad emblemática como los trasplantes, Andalucia ha superado el promedio nacional cuando partia de cifras mucho menores. Igualmente la incorporación de algunas técnicas de diagnóstico genético o cirugía fetal, se ha producido en el SSPA incluso varios años antes que en otros Centros punteros de nuestro país. El impacto de la crisis y su prolongada duración no deben hacernos olvidar los logros alcanzados ni reinterpretar de forma negativa nuestro modelo de atención. Por ejemplo, a pesar de algunas visiones pesimistas sobre la situación de la Atención Primaria, un estudio europeo nos situa entre los 3 sistemas del continente con una AP mas fuerte, junto a Dinamarca y el Reino Unido. Además, es el momento de reforzar nuestro esfuerzo en salud, puesto que conocemos el impacto de las crisis sobre la salud, y es devastador, especialmente cuando se desmantela el tejido social de soporte como sucedió en algunos países del este tras la caida del telón de acero. Ya hay datos en españa que apuntan a un incremento de suicidios. Un grave problema es que la previsión del Gobierno de la Nación para 2015 refleja un gasto en sanidad del 5.1% del PIB, una cifra que hace inviable un sistema de proteción universal. Por otra parte, las medidas del RDL 16/2012 suponen de hecho un retroceso sobre la universalidad en las tres dimensiones de la OMS: población cubierta, cartera incluida y coste en el punto de atención. Las políticas de calidad contribuyen a una mejora de la eficiencia, pero es fundamental evaluar sistematicamente es aspecto economico de las medidas implantadas. La crisis ha obligado a numerosas medidas, Es interesante que las actuaciones de mejora de la calidad son eficientes, pero actuan a largo plazo, Por contra muchas de las medidas de restriccion presupuestaria ahorran a corto plazo pero empeoran la calidad. La cronicidad emerge como clave: el 5%
Presentación del Plan Andaluz de Atención Integral a los pacientes con Enfermedades Crónicas, con sus precedentes y referencias principales. Lineas estratégicas y medidas.
Resumen de la Estrategia de Desarrollo Profesional del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucia, basada en el modelo de gestion por competencias. Seleccion, evaluación, carrera, acreditación y formación continuada. Incluye los ultimos desarrollos como la herramienta para la gestion de planes de desarrollo individual GPDI y el reconocimiento de practicas profesionales avanzadas
Resumen del desarrollo de la Atención Primaria en Andalucia, España, en los últimos 30 años con los aspectos mas relevantes desde el punto de vista organizativo, de recursos y resultados. Presentado en un Foro Internacional de Experiencias en APS celebrado en Bogotá (Colombia) en 2012
Short revision on the current status of the electronic prescription module of the eHR in Andalusia Region and the available tools improving patient safety. CDSS may avoid interactions, unnecessary duplications, undetected allergies and many others.
Documento informativo para pacientes, cuidadoras y familiares sobre los cuidados paliativos. Que son, para que sirven, donde se proporcionan, que se debe saber, que derechos se tiene y como ejercerlos. Se describe la sedacion paliativa, la declaracion de voluntad vital anticipada, el tratamiento del dolor, el apoyo a la familia y otros aspectos de esta situacion. Se relacionan los recursos disponibles en Andalucia y donde obtener informacion adicional
Guía de ayuda a los profesionales sobre la practica de sedacion paliativa en enfermos terminales en el contexto de los cuidados paliativos. Elaborada por un grupo multidisciplinar de expertos, aborda tanto aspectos eticos como científico-técnicos y de practica clinica, para facilitar la toma de decisiones y el abordaje de una practica de excelencia clinica como es la sedacion paliativa terminal
Documento pensado para ayudar a los pacientes que han sido diagnosticados de ernfermedad renal cronica avanzada, para que conozcan las alternativas de tratamiento y sus ventajas e inconvenientes. Esta estructurado para ayudar a tomar una decision sobre la modalidad de tratamiento que mas se adapte a sus preferencias y expectativas. Basada en la evidencia científica disponible y elaborada en lenguaje sencillo. Elaborado por la Agencia de Evaluacion de Tecnologias Sanitarias de Andalucia en el marco de colaboración previsto en el Plan de Calidad del SNS elaborado por el Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad al amparo del convenio de colaboración entre el Instituto de Salud Carlos III, del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y la Fundación progreso y Salud de Andalucia
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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1. EU SECTION???
The best of health
Maria Jesus Montero, Minister of Health for the Government of Andalucía, champions the
actions and initiatives of the region’s dynamic public healthcare system…
A
ndalucía, the southernmost region in Spain, is the acknowledgement of high performance. This strategy
well-known across Europe due to its colourful enables teamwork based on multidisciplinary and multi-
landscapes and cultural heritage, as well as the professional approaches, providing more autonomy and
beauty of its beaches and golf courses. That is why we responsibility to achieve objectives.
‘ …new rights include a second
welcome more than 21 million tourists every year. However,
the region is also home to 8.4 million inhabitants, who are
supported by an exceptionally dynamic, proactive and medical opinion for severe
modern public healthcare system.
diseases, pre-implantatory
Excellent healthcare as a citizen’s right genetic diagnostic (PGD) tests
The regional healthcare service of Andalucía fulfils all the
basic features of the Spanish National Health System: for couples with severe inherited
universal coverage that is tax-funded and consequently diseases, and some specific
without direct charges for patients, except for a small rights for hospitalised children
’
copayment for drugs on ambulatory care, which account
for, on average, less than 4%. In addition, the regional and end-of-life patients…
government – which has been in charge of healthcare since Each healthcare worker can certify the quality of their
1984 – has deployed a wide set of new rights on quality activity through a programme from the Agency for
aspects of care. Based on the principle that citizens must be Healthcare Quality Certification. All the programmes are
at the centre of the system, the role of the public healthcare based on professional performance. A certification of
network has evolved from being merely a provider of excellence is earned through demonstrated improvements
services, to a guarantor of the quality of healthcare. in the usual clinical practice, and this certificate is a
In this way, in 2002 Andalucía was the first region in Europe prerequisite to career progression and increased salary. So
to set a maximum waiting time for elective surgery: far, more than 13,000 professionals in Andalucía, mainly
120 days for more than 700 procedures, such as cataract doctors and nurses, are enrolled in this programme.
surgery. When a surgeon indicates an intervention, the Accessible, efficient and extended care
patient is registered in a database and receives a report to Accessibility in primary care is a main feature of our system,
check their waiting time with, or alteratively they can also and an enormous effort to improve it has been made in
find out this information via the telephone or through a the past 25 years. Currently, there are 1,136 primary care
special webpage. If the time of planned surgery exceeds the centres and 360 auxiliary offices, whereas there were only 33
limit, the patient has the right to undergo the procedure in in 1986. More than 6,000 family physicians act as gatekeepers,
a private clinic and charge the costs to the public service. and each one has 1,400 people assigned to them on
Currently, the average time for elective surgery is 43 days. In average. The physicians work in multiprofessional teams,
the same way, there is a limited waiting time for diagnostic together with community nurses, paediatricians, dentists,
tests (30 days) or specialised consultation (60 days). physiotherapists, midwives, epidemiologists, veterinarians,
Furthermore, new rights include a second medical and auxiliary and administrative personal. An extended
opinion for severe diseases, pre-implantatory genetic network of services is provided at this level, including
diagnostic (PGD) tests for couples with severe inherited dental care, rehabilitation, home care, minor surgery and
diseases, and some specific rights for hospitalised children many others.
and end-of-life patients – such as an individual room,
E-health
amongst others.
One of the most striking achievements in Andalucía is the
Professionals’ commitment to the system massive use of ICT for healthcare. A single electronic
Achieving excellence is a main objective, and professional health record for each citizen is available, anywhere and at
development is promoted through personal continuous anytime. A centralised physician appointment system,
training, providing incentives and motivation through meanwhile, is available by internet, phone or SMS. Using
1 Public Service Review: European Union: issue 22
2. SECTION???
their individual health smart card, patients can receive Furthermore, there is a specific professional – the liaison
their medication directly at any pharmacy in the region nurse – who is in charge of home-based highly complex
during the ordered treatment period. Moreover, pharmacists patients. This nurse visits the patient at home, plans their
are able to network with physicians for drugs interactions, care needs and assures them when objectives are achieved
contraindications, compliance or warnings. For example, in coordination with the corresponding primary care
doctors can share all clinical information, as well as the centre team.
lab tests and diagnostic images, between hospitals and
primary care. Healthy ageing
16% of the Andalucían population are older than 65 years
Last year, we had 105 million e-prescriptions and 95 million of age, and this percentage is growing due to the increase
appointments. Consequently, when a patient wants to in life expectancy. Moreover, Northern Europeans are
obtain an appointment, they can simply visit the Health choosing Andalucía as a place for their retirement. We are
Department webpag, where following an identification therefore promoting many initiatives to improve elderly
procedure, they can select the most convenient option in people’s health and wellbeing. Under the motto of ‘healthy
their physician’s agenda. One million appointments are ageing’, many programmes support physical activity, self-
made using this easy and free procedure every month. management and active lives. Furthermore, a number of
‘ One of the most striking initiatives support disabled or dependent people, such as
the family carer supporting programme.
achievements in Andalucía is
Health in all policies
the massive use of ICT for Currently, one of the most relevant governmental strategies
healthcare. A single electronic is addressed to broaden the field of health promotion,
health record for each citizen prevention and protection following the ‘Health In All
is available, anywhere and Policies’ approach. We work together with other regional
’
government departments and agencies to promote a healthy
at anytime. view of other policies and initiatives, such as transport,
Home care and citizen services housing, education, economic activities, and others. Currently,
A complementary strategy has been oriented to provide we are passing a law on this issue at the Regional Parliament,
more information directly to citizens and several tools to which I think will constitute a milestone.
improve self-care. A call centre, ‘Salud Responde’ (Health Results, costs and challenges
Responds), provides phone appointments; information on
Andalucían results in terms of life expectancy or avoidable
services and centres; personal counselling on specific
mortality for amenable care are good given our per capita
health conditions; activation of second medical opinion
income. The regional public health expenditure is relatively
procedure; and information on living wills and many
low (€9,390m; 6.67% of the Region GDP) in comparison to
other topics, such as waiting times; a tobacco cessation
the OECD average, with a very broad network of services
programme line; AIDS information; and a translation
and the cutting-edge technologies available: transplantation,
service for foreigners. Within this latter specification, if an
human assisted reproduction, robotic surgery, genetic
individual needs clinical care and does not speak Spanish,
we use the phone-translation service. Using a regular counselling, etc. Moreover, patients’ satisfaction is very
phone (landline or mobile phone) and ordinary earphones high (90%) at both hospital level and primary care level.
(one for the doctor and the other one for the patient), a As Minister of Health, it is my opinion that we have to face
call to ‘Salud Responde’ activates a procedure that enables a number of challenges in the coming future. First of all,
a direct translation for patient and doctor, under safe and management of chronic patients should be improved,
confidential conditions. The service is available at any reinforcing their autonomy with organisational measures
point of care, 24/7 for 11 languages and from 08:00 to 18:00 and telemedicine services and devices. Secondly, we need
for a further 40 languages, including all the European to facilitate professional excellence, supporting high-
ones. The most used so far have been English, Arabic, quality training and promoting a friendly and professional
German, Chinese, French, Romanian and Russian. environment. Thirdly, sustainability is an unavoidable
There is also ‘www.informarseessalud.org’ (‘to be informed task for all health systems. Finally, we need to increase our
is healthy’), which contains many videos, documents and research to foster new treatments for diseases, as well as
applications containing information on diseases, healthy increase our social and economic development.
habits, recommended physical activities, and diets,
amongst others. This is coordinated with a ‘Patient’s Maria Jesus Montero
School’ for people with chronic conditions. This initiative Regional Minister of Health of Andalucía
is intended to improve self-management for some Government of Andalucía
common chronic diseases (for instance, diabetes and Tel: +34 955 006300
cardiac insufficiency) and provides skills and evidence- www.juntadeandalucia.es/salud
based knowledge.
Public Service Review: European Union: issue 22 2