health services in different countries.

1. HEALTH
SERVICES
IN
DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES
BY SUMAIYA JABIN

2.  Health care is a major part of every country’s development platform.
 Health care systems primarily safeguard the development core engine
and are the best means of sustainable development.
 It can be understood in many ways. The World Health Organization
defines healthcare system as “all organizations, institutions, and
resources that are devoted to producing health actions.
 This includes public, non profit, profit sectors, international and
bilateral donors, as well as foundations and voluntary organizations
involved in funding or implementing health actions.
 It encompass all levels like; central, regional, district, community and
household.

3. • As the world enters its third year of the coronavirus
pandemic, having a strong healthcare system in the
country is very important. Medical care can vary widely
between countries.
• Countries around the world apply different approaches
to provide public medical care. Some rely on the
government support, as in a single-payer approach.
Other nations depend on private insurers and a third
group of countries, such as the United States, have a
mixture of both. The quality and efficiency of a
country’s healthcare services can have a massive impact
on its citizens’ quality of life.
• According to the World Health Organization, a well-
functioning healthcare system requires a steady
financing mechanism, a properly-trained and
adequately-paid workforce, well-maintained facilities,
and access to reliable information to base decisions on.

4. LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE
 Primary prevention
 Secondary prevention
 Tertiary prevention
PRIMARY PREVENTION :
 Also called as essential health care
 The measures of health promotion and
prevention play an important role at this
level of health care.
 It is the first level of contact of individual
and it is close to people where most of the
health problems can be dealt with and
resolved.

5. SECODARY HEALTH CARE :
 The next higher level of care is secondary (intermediate) health care
level.
 At this level more complex problems are dealt with.
 Care is generally provided in district hospital and community centres.
 Curative services are provided at this level.
 TERTIARY HEALTH CARE :
 The tertiary level is more specialized specific facilities.
 This level is provided by the regional or central level institutions.

6. There are four major models for health care services: the Beveridge Model, the Bismarck model,
the National Health Insurance model, and the out-of-pocket model.
The Beveridge Model (single-payer national health service):
• Examples - the United Kingdom, Spain, New Zealand, Cuba
• It was first established in the United Kingdom and hence spread throughout many areas of Northern
Europe. In this system the government acts as the single-payer, eliminating competition in the market
and generally keeping prices low. Funding health care through income taxes allows for health care to
be free at the point of service – after an appointment or operation, the patient does not have to pay
any out-of-pocket fees because of their contribution through taxes.
• Under this system, a large majority of health staff is composed of government employees. Thus,
universal coverage is guaranteed by the government and anyone who is a citizen has the same access
to care. With the government as the sole payer in this healthcare system, costs can be kept low and
benefits are standardized across the country.
TYPES OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES

7. The Bismarck Model (social health insurance model):
• Examples: Germany, Belgium, Japan, Switzerland
• The Bismarck model was created near the end of the 19th century. Employers and employees fund
health insurance in this model – those who are employed have access to “sickness funds” created by
compulsory payroll dedications. In addition, private insurance plans cover every employed person,
regardless of pre-existing conditions.
• In some countries, there is a single insurer (France, Korea); other countries may have multiple,
competing insurers (Germany, Czech Republic) or multiple, non-competing insurers (Japan). Regardless
of the number of insurers, the government tightly controls prices while insurers do not make a profit.
• The requirement of employment for health insurance provides benefits and causes problems. The
Bismarck model focuses resources on those who can contribute financially. However it faces a number
of concerns, such as how to care for those unable to work or those who may not be able to afford
contributions. More immediate practical concerns include how to contend with aging populations, with
an uneven number of retired citizens compared to employed citizens, and how to stay competitive in
attracting international companies that may prefer locations without these required payroll dedications.

8. The National Health Insurance Model(single payer national health insurance):
• Examples: Canada, Taiwan, South Korea
• The National Health Insurance model incorporates aspects of both the Bismarck and Beveridge models.
Like the Beveridge model, the government acts as the single payer for medical procedures, and like the
Bismarck model, providers are private.
• The balance between public insurance and private practice allows hospitals to maintain independence
while also reducing internal complications with insurance policies. Financial barriers to treatment are
generally low, and patients usually are able to choose their healthcare providers.
• This system covers most procedures regardless of income level. The model also may reduce the costs
involved with administration of health insurance, as the government processes all claims. Perhaps the
largest complaint is that these systems can suffer from long waiting lists for treatment. For example,
waiting times in Canada for hip replacements can be from 42 to 178 days, depending on the province.
• Aging population demographics and overutilization of health resources in non-urgent situation are also
problems for the long-term stability of this model.

9. The Out-of-Pocket Model (market-driven health care):
• Examples: rural areas in India, China, Africa, South America
• In less developed areas with too few resources to create mass medical care, patients must pay for their
procedures out-of-pocket. Without enough money, the poor are unable to afford appropriate health
care. this situation is common in most countries since only the wealthiest countries have robust health
care systems.
• Government workers and most formal employees have their own health insurance schemes. A few
private health insurance providers also exist but with limited uptake. Less than 40% of Indians are
insured. The situation is worsened by the poor quality of public healthcare services and the shortage of
doctors and equipment. Corruption, as in many developing countries, along with accessibility issues,
exacerbates these drawbacks.
• India spends less than 4% of its GDP on healthcare, with a quarter being funded by the public sector.
China spends about 6.6% of its GDP on healthcare, with 28% being funded by central and local
governments, 28% out-of-pocket, and 44% by public or private insurance and social health donations.
Most Africans that are either low or middle-income turn to the public health system or to traditional
healers. Only a few are able to afford high-quality private care, but nonetheless, out-of-pocket
expenditures are bound to be high in this two-tier system. Only six African countries spend 15% of their
budgets on healthcare.

10. Mainly conduct research, oversee programs and establish health care policies
Examples :
 National Institutes of Health- World’s premier medical research organization
which conducts research on cancer, diabetes,
arthritis, Alzheimer’s, heart disease and AIDS.
 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services- Advices on matters of health and
welfare and improves the quality
of health care.
 World Health Organization- It’s main goal is to help all people attain the
highest possible levels of health.
 Local Health Departments- Provides community health related services and
oversees protection of the environment.
 Center for Disease Control & Prevention- Monitors and prevents the outbreak
of diseases and ensures health safety
of the nation.
 Food & Drug Administration- Ensures the safety of food and cosmetics and
usefulness of medications and medical devices.
HEALTH CARE AGENCIES

12. THANK YOU