Chapter 40 Care of Patients With Hematologic Problems IV.pdfKhawlaKhalaf2
This document discusses care of patients with hematologic problems. It focuses on two priority concepts: perfusion and immunity. As an exemplar of perfusion problems, it provides an in-depth overview of sickle cell disease, including its pathophysiology, genetics, incidence, and interprofessional management. It describes how sickle cell disease results in impaired perfusion through vaso-occlusive crises that block blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. Proper management requires a collaborative approach to address patients' chronic needs and acute complications.
SICKELE CELL DISEASE MODULE 3 SEJOJO.pptx TO BE PRESENTED. IN TRAININGS.pptxSEJOJO PHAAROE
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder whereby red blood cells are abnormally shaped, causing problems with the flow of blood through the body as well as transport of oxygen throughout the body
inheritance is Autosomal because its a blood disorder and systemic disorder
its caused by mutation on B-chain of the globulin chain , where red blood cells (RBCs) become sickle/crescent shaped
Cells get destroyed in narrowed thin blood capillaries , RE system and cause anaemia Blockage in thin layers body
The document discusses two conditions: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). PNH is a complement-mediated hemolytic anemia treated with the drug eculizumab, a C5a inhibitor. aHUS is a complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy that can cause stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure, and is also treated with eculizumab. The document asks the reader to identify PNH, aHUS, and the mode of action of eculizumab.
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis A Case Reportijtsrd
"Hypokalemic periodic paralysis HPP is a medical emergency with prevalence of 1 in 100,000 . Rapid management is very important since, very low potassium levels can lead to cardiac complications . In this case, a twenty four year old female without a similar history in the family, having hypokalemia periodic paralysis attack is presented. This case report study has been presented for the consideration of the rare HPP in patients presenting with sudden muscle weakness. Blessy Rachal Boban | Cillamol K. J | Elena Cheruvil | Sheffin Thomas | Tony Abraham ""Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis: A Case Report"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21658.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacy-practice/21658/hypokalemic-periodic-paralysis-a-case-report/blessy-rachal-boban"
Clinical insights and challenges: A rare case report of Leigh syndromebijnnjournal
Leigh syndrome is a severe neurological disorder that impairs mobility and respiration, among other bodily
functions. Progressive brain deterioration is what makes it distinctive. This case report describes a 10-monthold female child who displayed symptoms such as vibratory movements in the right upper and left lower limbs,
failure to thrive, decreased activity, and vomiting after consuming supplemental feeds. Multiple clinical signs of
Leigh syndrome, including missed developmental milestones and mild acute malnutrition, were identified during
a physical examination. So the symptoms that led to the diagnosis of Leigh syndrome were quadriparesis,
dystonia, intermittent stridor (laryngeal dystonia), and bulbar weakness
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that can develop from an infection. It occurs when the body's response to an infection damages its own tissues. The document discusses sepsis in children, including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, treatment guidelines, and future directions. Mortality from sepsis is high in developing countries, around 50% compared to 2-10% in industrialized nations. Young infants, especially those born premature or with low birth weight, are most at risk. Timely treatment of infection source and administration of antibiotics and fluids can help reduce mortality from this condition.
This document provides an overview of sepsis in children. It defines sepsis and septic shock, noting that sepsis is a clinical syndrome complicating severe infection characterized by systemic inflammatory response, immune dysregulation, microcirculatory derangements, and potential end organ dysfunction. It discusses epidemiology, noting sepsis is a leading cause of child mortality worldwide. Presentation and pathophysiology are described. Etiology depends on factors like age and site of infection. Investigations and common lab abnormalities in septic shock are also outlined.
approach to a bleeding child with blood disorders.pptxtsholanangmaoka
This document describes the approach to three cases of bleeding in children. Case 1 involves a 5-month-old male with intracranial bleeding and seizures who was found to have a subdural hematoma requiring surgery. Despite resuscitation efforts, the child did not survive the surgery. Case 2 is a 2-year-old male with bruising and a very low platelet count, consistent with thrombocytopenia. Case 3 involves a 1-year-old male with knee swelling and fever, who was found to have a low platelet count, consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. The document provides definitions of types of bleeding, the stages of hemostasis, differential diagnoses, and management strategies for bleeding
Chapter 40 Care of Patients With Hematologic Problems IV.pdfKhawlaKhalaf2
This document discusses care of patients with hematologic problems. It focuses on two priority concepts: perfusion and immunity. As an exemplar of perfusion problems, it provides an in-depth overview of sickle cell disease, including its pathophysiology, genetics, incidence, and interprofessional management. It describes how sickle cell disease results in impaired perfusion through vaso-occlusive crises that block blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. Proper management requires a collaborative approach to address patients' chronic needs and acute complications.
SICKELE CELL DISEASE MODULE 3 SEJOJO.pptx TO BE PRESENTED. IN TRAININGS.pptxSEJOJO PHAAROE
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder whereby red blood cells are abnormally shaped, causing problems with the flow of blood through the body as well as transport of oxygen throughout the body
inheritance is Autosomal because its a blood disorder and systemic disorder
its caused by mutation on B-chain of the globulin chain , where red blood cells (RBCs) become sickle/crescent shaped
Cells get destroyed in narrowed thin blood capillaries , RE system and cause anaemia Blockage in thin layers body
The document discusses two conditions: paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). PNH is a complement-mediated hemolytic anemia treated with the drug eculizumab, a C5a inhibitor. aHUS is a complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy that can cause stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure, and is also treated with eculizumab. The document asks the reader to identify PNH, aHUS, and the mode of action of eculizumab.
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis A Case Reportijtsrd
"Hypokalemic periodic paralysis HPP is a medical emergency with prevalence of 1 in 100,000 . Rapid management is very important since, very low potassium levels can lead to cardiac complications . In this case, a twenty four year old female without a similar history in the family, having hypokalemia periodic paralysis attack is presented. This case report study has been presented for the consideration of the rare HPP in patients presenting with sudden muscle weakness. Blessy Rachal Boban | Cillamol K. J | Elena Cheruvil | Sheffin Thomas | Tony Abraham ""Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis: A Case Report"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21658.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacy-practice/21658/hypokalemic-periodic-paralysis-a-case-report/blessy-rachal-boban"
Clinical insights and challenges: A rare case report of Leigh syndromebijnnjournal
Leigh syndrome is a severe neurological disorder that impairs mobility and respiration, among other bodily
functions. Progressive brain deterioration is what makes it distinctive. This case report describes a 10-monthold female child who displayed symptoms such as vibratory movements in the right upper and left lower limbs,
failure to thrive, decreased activity, and vomiting after consuming supplemental feeds. Multiple clinical signs of
Leigh syndrome, including missed developmental milestones and mild acute malnutrition, were identified during
a physical examination. So the symptoms that led to the diagnosis of Leigh syndrome were quadriparesis,
dystonia, intermittent stridor (laryngeal dystonia), and bulbar weakness
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that can develop from an infection. It occurs when the body's response to an infection damages its own tissues. The document discusses sepsis in children, including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, treatment guidelines, and future directions. Mortality from sepsis is high in developing countries, around 50% compared to 2-10% in industrialized nations. Young infants, especially those born premature or with low birth weight, are most at risk. Timely treatment of infection source and administration of antibiotics and fluids can help reduce mortality from this condition.
This document provides an overview of sepsis in children. It defines sepsis and septic shock, noting that sepsis is a clinical syndrome complicating severe infection characterized by systemic inflammatory response, immune dysregulation, microcirculatory derangements, and potential end organ dysfunction. It discusses epidemiology, noting sepsis is a leading cause of child mortality worldwide. Presentation and pathophysiology are described. Etiology depends on factors like age and site of infection. Investigations and common lab abnormalities in septic shock are also outlined.
approach to a bleeding child with blood disorders.pptxtsholanangmaoka
This document describes the approach to three cases of bleeding in children. Case 1 involves a 5-month-old male with intracranial bleeding and seizures who was found to have a subdural hematoma requiring surgery. Despite resuscitation efforts, the child did not survive the surgery. Case 2 is a 2-year-old male with bruising and a very low platelet count, consistent with thrombocytopenia. Case 3 involves a 1-year-old male with knee swelling and fever, who was found to have a low platelet count, consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. The document provides definitions of types of bleeding, the stages of hemostasis, differential diagnoses, and management strategies for bleeding
Anemia is a condition in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body.
The most common cause of Anemia is iron deficiency, and Anemia is the most common blood disorder in the world. This PDF is for those of you who are looking for a comprehensive overview of Anemia.
We'll go over the classification, clinical presentation, investigations, and mechanism of Anemia.
This Part 1 of 'Monsoon Illnesses affecting Lungs' covers an overview of leptospirosis, malaria and dengue. It base on Harrison's Textbook of Internal Medicine, 18th edition.
This lesion shows cholesterol emboli in the renal arterioles. Cholesterol emboli, also known as cholesterol crystal embolization syndrome or cholesterol microembolization, is a potential complication of cardiac catheterization where cholesterol crystals break off from atherosclerotic plaques in arteries and become lodged in the arterioles of end organs like the kidneys, causing an inflammatory reaction and fibrosis. The characteristic finding on pathology is biconvex clefts representing dissolved cholesterol crystals surrounded by inflammation.
This document discusses various laboratory investigations used in dentistry, including biopsies, hematological tests, urinalysis, and blood chemistry screens. It describes 10 different types of biopsies and their purposes. It also explains common hematological tests like complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and tests used to investigate bleeding disorders. Urinalysis and various blood chemistry screens are outlined that can provide information about conditions like diabetes, kidney function, and lipid levels.
an overview of Lupus for journalist
Lupus has a wide spectrum of manifestation. Some mild but in most cases it has a high impact of life and quality of life
This document provides an overview of anemia, including its classification, causes, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, and pathophysiology.
Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin level below the normal range based on age and sex. It can be classified based on red blood cell size (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic) or pathophysiology (blood loss, impaired RBC production, increased RBC destruction). Common causes include iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, blood loss, hemolytic disorders, and bone marrow disorders.
Clinical features depend on the severity and speed of onset of anemia. Laboratory evaluation includes complete blood count, RBC indices, peripheral smear, and additional
This document discusses the kidney involvement in sickle cell disease. It begins by providing background on the discovery of sickle cell disease and the genetic basis involving a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. It then covers the epidemiology and natural history of sickle cell disease, including clinical manifestations involving the kidneys. It discusses various renal pathologies seen in sickle cell disease like hematuria, proteinuria, renal papillary necrosis and chronic renal failure. Finally, it explores the pathophysiology of renal involvement, with sickling of red blood cells in the kidney vasculature and medulla playing a key role in reduced perfusion and infarction leading to chronic kidney damage.
A case presentation and discussion of TB Meningitis presented in a Tertiary Care Hospital ER. Includes presenting complaints, work-up, diagnosis and relevant case discussion.
This document provides an overview of haematological malignancies. It discusses the basics of haematopoiesis and covers common malignancies including acute leukaemias, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, myeloproliferative disorders like chronic myeloid leukaemia, polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia. It describes the key clinical features, pathogenesis and prognosis of these conditions. A quiz is also included to test existing knowledge of haematological diagnoses.
This case report describes a rare case of Chediak Higashi syndrome (CHS) in a family. A 9-year old girl presented with pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Blood work showed decreased hemoglobin, increased ESR, neutropenia, and lymphocytosis with abnormal granules in neutrophils and eosinophils. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of CHS, showing abnormal granules and myeloperoxidase positive inclusions in neutrophils. The patient was diagnosed with the accelerated or lymphoma-like phase of CHS and started on high-dose vitamin C and a stem cell transplant was recommended.
Preeclampsia/eclampsia is a pregnancy-induced syndrome that usually occurs after 20 weeks of gestation and is characterized by high blood pressure, which can lead to serious complications for both the mother and baby if untreated. It is a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The exact causes are unknown but it is thought to be related to reduced blood flow to the placenta caused by abnormalities in the development of the placenta and its blood vessels during pregnancy.
This document discusses alterations in hematologic function and childhood malignancies. It covers the following key points:
1. It describes the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets and how they differ in children compared to adults.
2. It discusses common pediatric hematologic disorders like sickle cell disease and hemophilia, outlining their pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.
3. It provides an overview of childhood cancers, including incidence, causes, signs, diagnostic tests, treatment goals like chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant, and the most common types.
- An 18-month old female Savannah cat presented with 2 weeks of progressive ataxia and reduced appetite. Physical examination revealed vestibular syndrome and pyrexia. Bloodwork and additional testing ruled out several potential causes. Abdominal ultrasound found an effusion that tested positive for feline coronavirus via PCR. Despite negative coronavirus results on the fluid, FIP remained the most likely diagnosis given the signalment, clinical signs, and fluid analysis findings. The cat was started on remdesivir and showed rapid neurological improvement, supporting a presumptive diagnosis of FIP.
Nephrotic syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease of Western Odisha, India: A case re...inventionjournals
Sickle cell disease causes a distinct pattern of glomerular dysfunction. Subjects with sickle cell disease (SCD) are known to develop many potential functional and structural renal abnormalities. Glomerular hypertension and hyper filtration are thought to play a major role in the development of glomerular disease in subjects with SCD. We reported 5 unusual cases of sickle cell disease presenting as nephrotic syndrome. KEYWORDS- Nephrotic syndrome, sickle cell disease
Nephrotic syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease of Western Odisha, India: A case re...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1. The document discusses toxic encephalopathy and provides details on various toxic disorders that can cause it.
2. It describes how alcohol and related toxins like methanol can cause acute or chronic brain changes including diffuse swelling, lesions in the basal ganglia and white matter abnormalities.
3. A rare but serious alcohol-related condition discussed is Marchiafava-Bignami disease which involves demyelination and necrosis of the corpus callosum.
This case report describes a newborn female with incontinentia pigmenti (IP). IP is a rare genetic condition characterized by skin lesions that appear in four stages. The newborn presented with diffuse blistering and bullae on her extremities and trunk arranged in a linear pattern. A skin biopsy showed features consistent with IP. She also experienced seizures. IP is caused by a defect on the X chromosome and predominantly affects females. It involves abnormalities in the skin, teeth, hair, eyes, and nervous system. Management focuses on monitoring for associated complications rather than treating the skin lesions directly.
complete information about the cancer condition that is leukemia - introduction, definition, etiology and causes, pathophysiology ,types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, nursing management, medical management, nursing research .
This case report describes an atypical case of seronegative scleroderma in a 73-year-old Asian woman who presented with presyncope and worsening dysphagia and dyspnea. She exhibited clinical features of scleroderma including skin thickening, but was negative for specific scleroderma antibodies. Investigations revealed involvement of multiple organs including lungs, heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. This case highlights the importance of considering seronegative scleroderma when a patient presents with scleroderma-like features and multiorgan involvement, even in the absence of antibodies, to allow for early diagnosis and management.
Approach to intracorpuscular hemolytic anemia bikalBikal Lamichhane
This document provides an overview of intracorpuscular hemolytic anemia. It defines hemolytic anemia and describes general clinical and laboratory features. It discusses abnormalities that can occur in the red blood cell membrane-cytoskeleton complex. Specific inherited red blood cell disorders are described in detail, including hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, disorders of cation transport, enzyme deficiencies like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria and management are covered for key intracorpuscular hemolytic anemias.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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This case report describes a rare case of Chediak Higashi syndrome (CHS) in a family. A 9-year old girl presented with pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Blood work showed decreased hemoglobin, increased ESR, neutropenia, and lymphocytosis with abnormal granules in neutrophils and eosinophils. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of CHS, showing abnormal granules and myeloperoxidase positive inclusions in neutrophils. The patient was diagnosed with the accelerated or lymphoma-like phase of CHS and started on high-dose vitamin C and a stem cell transplant was recommended.
Preeclampsia/eclampsia is a pregnancy-induced syndrome that usually occurs after 20 weeks of gestation and is characterized by high blood pressure, which can lead to serious complications for both the mother and baby if untreated. It is a leading cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The exact causes are unknown but it is thought to be related to reduced blood flow to the placenta caused by abnormalities in the development of the placenta and its blood vessels during pregnancy.
This document discusses alterations in hematologic function and childhood malignancies. It covers the following key points:
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2. It describes how alcohol and related toxins like methanol can cause acute or chronic brain changes including diffuse swelling, lesions in the basal ganglia and white matter abnormalities.
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environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
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of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. Hematopathology Lab 1
Start Slide Show
Read history, review image stacks (space bar, arrow, mouse click)
Space bar, arrow, mouse click to reveal question
Space bar, arrow, mouse click to reveal answers
After working through case using PPS, open virtual slide (links in PPS)
and review
Your instructor will briefly introduce each case then ask students to work through the slides, questions, answers and
virtual slides using the PowerPoint show (PPS) on their laptops. The micrographs are displayed adjacent to
micrographs of a "normal" or "look-alike" abnormal smear at the same (or nearly the same, case #3) magnification.
The micrographs should serve as a guide for viewing the virtual slides. The virtual slides can be accessed from links
embedded in the PPS (if you are using a workstation or laptop on the Medical School Campus). A “self-test tool” for
the virtual slides is available as well (self-test tool).
3. CASE 1: A 19-year-old woman with anemia presents with a two day history of fever and joint pain.
She reports experiencing similar episodes 2-3 times/year that respond to hydration and pain
medication. Her history is notable for avascular necrosis of the left femoral head at age 14.
Normal smear stack Patient stack
Virtual Slide Normal Smear (Web viewer) Virtual Slide Patient Smear (Web viewer)
4. CASE 1: A 19-year-old woman with anemia presents with a two day history of fever and joint pain.
She reports experiencing similar episodes 2-3 times/year that respond to hydration and pain
medication. Her history is notable for avascular necrosis of the left femoral head at age 14.
What are the major RBC abnormalities on the smear ?
Many sickle cells and some polychromasia (young RBCs; nucleic acid stains blue, protein red with Wright stain). Marked variability in
red cell shape (poikilocytosis), a few target cells and occasional RBC with small, dark blue inclusions (Howell-Jolly bodies, nuclear
fragments) indicate splenic hypofunction from repeated infarcts (“autosplenectomy”). Occasional activated lymphs (? viral infection
triggered sickle crisis).
A diagnosis of the "process" is readily made by inspection of the smear. What additional test(s) establish etiology?
A patient with multiple sickle crises/year is likely to have a moderate-severe form of the disease and, most likely, would have been
diagnosed in infancy or childhood. Hemoglobin electrophoresis establishes a diagnosis in most cases.
What would you expect the red cell indices to show in this case ?
Generally normochromic and normocytic.
If you just had the CBC and red blood cell indices, what other types of anemia would you consider ?
Differential diagnosis of a normochromic, normocytic anemia includes decreased red blood cell production (e.g., aplastic anemia,
some cases of anemia of chronic disease), acute (uncompensated) blood loss, other hemolytic anemias.
How do the abnormal RBC produce symptoms, signs and complications in this disease ?
Sickled cells are stickier and stiffer than normal RBCs thus "adhere" to endothelium, to one another and to WBCs, particularly in post-
capillary venules, producing thrombosis. During "painful crises" (triggered by hypoxia, infection), sickled fraction increases resulting
in thromboses in many microvascular beds. Ischemia and infarction ensues with cumulative organ damage in multiple organs.
5. CASE 2: The patient is a 28-year-old woman in the second trimester of pregnancy. Her pregnancy
has been uncomplicated but she tires easily and gets short of breath with exertion. She reports
episodes of light-headedness, though not to the point of fainting. Patient has tachycardia at rest,
pale gums and nail beds.
Normal smear stack Patient stack
Virtual Slide Normal Smear (Web viewer) Virtual Slide Patient Smear (Web viewer)
6. CASE 2: The patient is a 28-year-old woman in the second trimester of pregnancy. Her pregnancy
has been uncomplicated but she tires easily and gets short of breath with exertion. She reports
episodes of light-headedness, though not to the point of fainting. Patient has tachycardia at rest,
pale gums and nail beds.
What are the major RBC abnormalities on the smear ?
Hypochromia, anisocytosis, microcytosis and poikilocytosis.
A diagnosis of the "process" is readily made by inspection of the smear. What additional test(s) establish etiology?
Serum ferritin, iron and iron-binding capacity to confirm iron deficiency anemia (IDA). If IDA confirmed still need to establish cause.
Insufficient intake most common cause in healthy pregnant women but want to rule out occult blood loss.
What would you expect the red cell indices to show in this case ?
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia.
If you just had the CBC and red blood cell indices, what other types of anemia would you consider ?
Differential diagnosis of microcytic, hypochromic anemia includes iron deficiency, thalassemias, anemia of chronic
disease/inflammation, and lead poisoning.
How do the morphologic and biochemical abnormalities produce symptoms, signs and complications in this disease ?
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity. Fatigue, tachycardia, shortness of breath, pale gums and nail beds. Occasionally, bizarre appetites
for substances that are largely non-nutritive (e.g., clay, soil, sand, paper, ice), termed pica.
7. CASE 3: A 50-year-old woman with a history of Type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease felt well until 4 days prior to hospitalization when she developed
crampy abdominal pain and deteriorating mental status. There was no prior history of a
hematologic disorder.
Normal smear stack Patient stack
8. CASE 3: A 50-year-old woman with a history of Type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease felt well until 4 days prior to hospitalization when she developed
crampy abdominal pain and deteriorating mental status. There was no prior history of a
hematologic disorder.
What are the major RBC abnormalities on the smear?
Substantial poikilocytosis including many schistocytes, occasional spherocytes, and some polychromasia. This constellation of
microangiopathic features was found in the context of profound thrombocytopenia.
A diagnosis of the “process” is readily made by inspection of the smear. What additional tests may help to confirm the
morphologic impression and subclassify this process?
Measurements of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), unconjugated bilirubin, and haptoglobin help to confirm the impression of
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). Screening coagulation assays (e.g., prothrombin time, activated partial
thromboplastin time) and other tests (e.g., ADAMTS13 level) can help to refine the diagnosis (e.g., discriminate disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC) from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)).
What would you expect the red cell indices to show in this case?
Generally normocytic and normochromic.
What is the physical basis for the observed red cell morphology?
Shear stress or mechanical trauma disrupts the red cell membrane, resulting in formation of red cell fragments (schistocytes and
microspherocytes). There is laboratory evidence of intravascular hemolysis as red cells are damaged by contact with fibrin/platelet
aggregates. The polychromasia reflects compensatory reticulocytosis. Disorders commonly associated with fragmentation
hemolysis include DIC, TTP, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Prosthetic cardiac valves and areas of highly turbulent flow
(e.g., severe aortic stenosis) sometimes cause shear stress on red cells resulting in schistocyte formation.
9. SUMMARY AND REVIEW
MECHANISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ANEMIA
I. Blood Loss
Examples:
- Acute – trauma; surgery
- Chronic – lesions of GI or GU tracts
II. Increased RBC destruction (hemolytic anemias)
Examples:
- Hereditary – hemoglobinopathies; RBC membrane or enzymatic defects
- Acquired – autoimmune hemolysis; mechanical trauma to red cells
III. Impaired RBC production
Examples:
- Aplastic anemia
- Defective DNA synthesis (B12/folate)
- Defective heme synthesis (iron)
REMEMBER THE UTILITY OF THE RETICULOCYTE COUNT IN
DISCRIMINATING THESE CATEGORIES !
10. SUMMARY AND REVIEW
CLASSIFICATION OF ANEMIA ACCORDING TO MEAN CELL VOLUME (MCV)
I. MICROCYTIC
Examples: iron deficiency; thalassemia; some cases of anemia of chronic
disease/chronic inflammation
II. NORMOCYTIC
Examples: sickle cell anemia; hereditary spherocytosis; some cases of anemia of
chronic disease/chronic inflammation; some cases of hemolytic anemia
III. MACROCYTIC
Examples: vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency (megaloblastic anemias); liver disease;
hypothyroidism; some cases of hemolytic anemia (e.g., those with a particularly
prominent reticulocytosis; reticulocytes are slightly larger than more mature red cells,
on average, and will raise the MCV)