This document is a guide to the Harvard style of referencing produced by Anglia Ruskin University. It provides information on how to cite references in text and compile reference lists for a variety of source types, including books, journal articles, websites, and more unofficial sources. The guide covers topics such as citing multiple authors, works from the same author in the same year, and citing sources with missing details. It aims to demonstrate the correct formatting for in-text citations and reference list entries according to the Harvard referencing style.
This document provides guidelines for the Harvard referencing style used at Anglia Ruskin University. It begins with an introduction to referencing and the Harvard system. It then discusses citing references in text, including how to cite one, two, three or more authors. The document also covers compiling the reference list and provides numerous examples of how to reference different source types including books, journal articles, websites and more. It concludes with sections on images, music, unpublished works and references missing details.
This document provides a guide to the Harvard style of referencing. It discusses citing references in text using the Harvard system, including how to cite authors, multiple authors, works with no date, quotations, and secondary sources. It also covers compiling a reference list and bibliography in the Harvard style for different publication types such as books, journal articles, websites, and unpublished works. The guide provides examples and explanations for correctly citing references within the text and listing references at the end using the Harvard referencing system.
This document is a guide to the Harvard style of referencing produced by Anglia Ruskin University. It provides information on citing references in text, compiling reference lists, and examples of referencing various sources like books, journal articles, websites, images, music and unpublished works. The guide is now in its fifth edition and aims to help students and researchers properly cite references using the Harvard style.
This document is a guide to the Harvard style of referencing produced by Anglia Ruskin University Library. It provides guidance on how to cite references in text and compile reference lists according to the Harvard style. The guide covers citing various document types in text like books, journal articles, websites and unpublished works. It also provides instruction on compiling reference lists and bibliographies for different materials like books, journal articles, legal documents and electronic sources.
This document discusses various Rabbinical translations of the Gospel of Matthew into Hebrew and Aramaic between the 600s CE and 1800s CE. It notes that early rabbis occasionally cited Matthew, and the earliest full translation was by Shem Tov in 1385. Later translations were produced by Sebastian Münster in 1537, Jean du Tillet in 1555, Rahabi Ezekiel in 1750, and Elias Soloweyczyk in 1869. Christian missionaries also produced some Hebrew versions of Matthew. Shem Tov's translation became part of debates around whether the original gospel was written in Aramaic or Greek.
This document provides a guide to referencing in APA (6th edition) style. It begins with an introduction to APA referencing, explaining why referencing is important and the two parts to referencing - in-text citations and reference lists. The bulk of the document then details the specific rules and formats for various types of in-text citations and reference list entries for different publication formats, such as books, journal articles, websites and more. Examples are provided throughout to demonstrate how to reference sources correctly in APA style.
This document is an introduction to sociology that covers several key topics:
- It defines sociology as the scientific study of society, human social behavior, and the social structures influencing these.
- It provides a brief history of sociology from early social philosophers to the development of the field in the 19th century.
- It distinguishes sociology from other social sciences like psychology, economics, and political science by its focus on broader social and cultural influences.
Violation of Human Rights at Workplace Marya Kumari
This document discusses two types of human rights violations that can occur in the workplace: workplace harassment and child labor. It defines different types of workplace harassment such as physical and emotional harassment. Common victims are discussed based on gender, sexuality, and race. The impacts of workplace harassment include alcoholism and PTSD. Child labor is also analyzed, including causes like poverty, barriers to education, and cultural traditions. The effects of child labor on health, development, and education are outlined. The document proposes some government policies and efforts to reduce both issues.
This document provides guidelines for the Harvard referencing style used at Anglia Ruskin University. It begins with an introduction to referencing and the Harvard system. It then discusses citing references in text, including how to cite one, two, three or more authors. The document also covers compiling the reference list and provides numerous examples of how to reference different source types including books, journal articles, websites and more. It concludes with sections on images, music, unpublished works and references missing details.
This document provides a guide to the Harvard style of referencing. It discusses citing references in text using the Harvard system, including how to cite authors, multiple authors, works with no date, quotations, and secondary sources. It also covers compiling a reference list and bibliography in the Harvard style for different publication types such as books, journal articles, websites, and unpublished works. The guide provides examples and explanations for correctly citing references within the text and listing references at the end using the Harvard referencing system.
This document is a guide to the Harvard style of referencing produced by Anglia Ruskin University. It provides information on citing references in text, compiling reference lists, and examples of referencing various sources like books, journal articles, websites, images, music and unpublished works. The guide is now in its fifth edition and aims to help students and researchers properly cite references using the Harvard style.
This document is a guide to the Harvard style of referencing produced by Anglia Ruskin University Library. It provides guidance on how to cite references in text and compile reference lists according to the Harvard style. The guide covers citing various document types in text like books, journal articles, websites and unpublished works. It also provides instruction on compiling reference lists and bibliographies for different materials like books, journal articles, legal documents and electronic sources.
This document discusses various Rabbinical translations of the Gospel of Matthew into Hebrew and Aramaic between the 600s CE and 1800s CE. It notes that early rabbis occasionally cited Matthew, and the earliest full translation was by Shem Tov in 1385. Later translations were produced by Sebastian Münster in 1537, Jean du Tillet in 1555, Rahabi Ezekiel in 1750, and Elias Soloweyczyk in 1869. Christian missionaries also produced some Hebrew versions of Matthew. Shem Tov's translation became part of debates around whether the original gospel was written in Aramaic or Greek.
This document provides a guide to referencing in APA (6th edition) style. It begins with an introduction to APA referencing, explaining why referencing is important and the two parts to referencing - in-text citations and reference lists. The bulk of the document then details the specific rules and formats for various types of in-text citations and reference list entries for different publication formats, such as books, journal articles, websites and more. Examples are provided throughout to demonstrate how to reference sources correctly in APA style.
This document is an introduction to sociology that covers several key topics:
- It defines sociology as the scientific study of society, human social behavior, and the social structures influencing these.
- It provides a brief history of sociology from early social philosophers to the development of the field in the 19th century.
- It distinguishes sociology from other social sciences like psychology, economics, and political science by its focus on broader social and cultural influences.
Violation of Human Rights at Workplace Marya Kumari
This document discusses two types of human rights violations that can occur in the workplace: workplace harassment and child labor. It defines different types of workplace harassment such as physical and emotional harassment. Common victims are discussed based on gender, sexuality, and race. The impacts of workplace harassment include alcoholism and PTSD. Child labor is also analyzed, including causes like poverty, barriers to education, and cultural traditions. The effects of child labor on health, development, and education are outlined. The document proposes some government policies and efforts to reduce both issues.
This document provides guidance on using the Harvard referencing style at Anglia Ruskin University. It covers referencing a variety of source types including books, journal articles, websites, images, music, unpublished works, and more. The guide has been updated to its sixth edition with revisions to journal article referencing, including guidance on using Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the referencing format.
Foreign retail divestment from china a multi case studyMattThird
This document outlines a master's thesis that examines foreign retail divestment from China through multiple case studies. It begins with an introduction that provides background context and outlines the research aim and objectives. It then presents a literature review on internationalization theories and Chinese economic trends. A theoretical framework is developed identifying internal factors like leadership and external factors like competition that influence divestment decisions. The methodology section describes using a multiple case study approach and qualitative analysis. Subsequent chapters will analyze case studies of foreign retailers in China, discuss key determinants of divestment, and provide conclusions and recommendations.
The document provides formatting guidelines for engineering project reports at Yeditepe University's Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. It specifies formatting for [1] page layout including margins, pagination and headings; [2] arrangement including required report sections like the title page, abstract, and bibliography; and [3] final preparation for submission. Adhering to the provided format ensures consistency and readability.
This document provides a guide to the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. It discusses referencing sources within the text of a document using in-text citations, and compiling a reference list at the end. Examples are given for a variety of source types including books, journal articles, websites and more. Specific rules are outlined around formatting references, capitalization, secondary sources and different works by the same author. The guide is intended to help students properly cite sources and reference them using APA style.
This booklet is documentation of various activities carried out by students during academic year 2019-20. It also has graphical presentations of usage of library books and students quantified performance in co-curricular activities. It also documents creative writings, poems, paintings, photographs etc of the students. The memorabilia 2020 is written, compiled and edited by the students of the Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India.
This document provides an overview of 10 different caste or social groups found in India, including:
- Anglo-Indians, people of mixed British and Indian ancestry with a unique culture and history dating back to British rule.
- Ezhava, a historically disadvantaged caste from Kerala with their own unique traditions in arts, medicine, and spirituality.
- Mappila, a Muslim community from Kerala with a long history along the Malabar coast and cultural practices like Oppana folk songs.
- Several other groups are also outlined like Chakkala Nair, Devadiga, Kaniyar, and Saliya, providing brief histories and cultural details for each. The
This document summarizes Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's defense of poetry. Plato objected to poetry because he believed it deals with illusion or imitation, twice removed from reality. As a moralist, Plato disapproved of poetry because it is immoral, and as a philosopher he disapproved because it is based on falsehood. In contrast, Aristotle defended poetry. He argued that poetry deals with universal truths and can educate as well as give pleasure. Poetry imitates not the outward form but the inward spirit of its subject. For Aristotle, poetry was a worthwhile pursuit.
This Memorabilia is collection of all the activities carried out at Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar (Gujarat - India). This booklet is edited by group of students. The students have contributed their creative writing (poems), blogs, film reviews, play reviews, art, photographs etc. The booklet has some interesting charts on number of online discussion and the number of words used by students, number of books issued by students from library etc.
This document provides summaries of four papers related to literary works and concepts. It discusses Doctor Faustus as a tragic hero, focusing on Christopher Marlowe, the plot of the play, and how Doctor Faustus can be seen as a tragic hero. It also summarizes political satire in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, defining political satire and how humor is used. It briefly outlines papers on Aristotle's six parts of tragedy and the religious and political background of the novel The Kanthapura.
Internet Penetration and Usage in KosovoAgron Fazliu
Using desk research, quantitative approaches and other methods, this study aims at refreshing the previous research on the very same subject matter – namely, updating data related to Internet penetration and usage in Kosovo. In the course of this study, Internet usage and habits, and demographic Internet penetration based on households and users were studied. In addition, data on geographical Internet penetration was gathered and presented.
The document is the third edition of The ACS Style Guide, which provides guidance on communicating scientific information effectively. It aims to help authors and editors write scientific papers and communicate complex ideas with clarity and ease. The guide covers topics like ethics, the editorial process, writing style, references, figures, and chemical structures. It contains style guidelines and recommendations to improve scientific communication skills.
This document provides an overview of a company called Hera. It discusses Hera's mission, values, governance structure, and management of sustainability issues. It also summarizes Hera's key stakeholders including employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, and public administration. For each stakeholder group, it outlines objectives, performance, initiatives for dialogue and involvement.
The role of transnational ethnic on socio economic integration in the horn of...Mohamed Aden Farah
Requirements of Partial Fulfillments of Masters of Arts Degree in Diplomacy
and International Relations, School of Diplomacy and International Relations,
College of Leadership and Governance, The Ethiopian Civil Service
University.
This document contains an table of contents for a thesis on neonatal care. The table of contents outlines 5 chapters: 1) Introduction, 2) Theoretical Medical Review, 3) Case Review, 4) Discussion, and 5) Conclusion. Chapter 2 reviews theories on neonatal definitions, adaptation to extrauterine life, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, and treatment. Chapter 3 presents a case study including assessment, data analysis, diagnosis, interventions, implementation, and evaluation. Chapter 4 discusses the case study assessment, diagnosis, interventions, implementation, and evaluation. Chapter 5 provides conclusions and recommendations.
1. The document provides worksheets and activities for a science unit on festivals covering mixed abilities, evaluation, reading and writing, and a science project.
2. The worksheets include revision activities, extension activities, a unit test, reading and writing practice, and a science project worksheet.
3. Answers for all the worksheets are also included.
The 4th International Conference on Responsible Leadership was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, on 15–16 March 2017.
Hosted by the Albert Luthuli Centre for Responsible Leadership and the Gordon Institute of Business Science in partnership with the Copenhagen Business School and the Globally Responsible Leadership Initiative, the conference brought together nearly 150 speakers and delegates representing government, business, civil society, media and leading academic institutions from across the globe.
Biblical Dream Study Nineteen Hours of Study in Allegorical ContextSister Lara
Biblical Dream Study
Nineteen Hours of Study in Allegorical Context is an Online School of Prayer Student Study Tool on the topic of dreams in the Bible with Instructor Sister Lara
http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
This document contains blogs written by Prakruti Bhatt over two academic years from 2018-2020. It includes blogs on literary works ranging from Christopher Marlowe's Dr. Faustus to J.M Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians. The blogs provide introductions to the works and authors as well as conclusions and analyses. Key points and themes from each work are discussed such as fate versus free will in Dr. Faustus and representations of the native in Robinson Crusoe.
This document provides a guide to the Harvard style of referencing. It discusses citing references in text using the Harvard system, including guidelines for citing one author, multiple authors, works from the same author in the same year, quotations, and secondary sources. It also covers compiling a reference list and bibliography according to the Harvard style, with examples for citing different publication types such as books, journal articles, websites, and unpublished works.
Christian Mystics Part One A Full Library of Over One Hundred Christian MysticsSister Lara
Christian Mystics Part One
A Full Library of Over One Hundred Christian Mystics is a student workbook offering over one hundred biographies in this part one study for Online School of Prayer Learning Center Students with Instructor Sister Lara
http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
This document is a guidebook for referencing sources using the Harvard style. It discusses why referencing is important, how to avoid plagiarism, and provides examples of how to cite sources in-text and format them in a reference list. The guide covers a wide range of source types including books, journal articles, newspapers, websites and more. It aims to provide students and researchers with clear advice on correctly citing and referencing information sources.
This document provides guidance on using the Harvard referencing style at Anglia Ruskin University. It covers referencing a variety of source types including books, journal articles, websites, images, music, unpublished works, and more. The guide has been updated to its sixth edition with revisions to journal article referencing, including guidance on using Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the referencing format.
Foreign retail divestment from china a multi case studyMattThird
This document outlines a master's thesis that examines foreign retail divestment from China through multiple case studies. It begins with an introduction that provides background context and outlines the research aim and objectives. It then presents a literature review on internationalization theories and Chinese economic trends. A theoretical framework is developed identifying internal factors like leadership and external factors like competition that influence divestment decisions. The methodology section describes using a multiple case study approach and qualitative analysis. Subsequent chapters will analyze case studies of foreign retailers in China, discuss key determinants of divestment, and provide conclusions and recommendations.
The document provides formatting guidelines for engineering project reports at Yeditepe University's Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. It specifies formatting for [1] page layout including margins, pagination and headings; [2] arrangement including required report sections like the title page, abstract, and bibliography; and [3] final preparation for submission. Adhering to the provided format ensures consistency and readability.
This document provides a guide to the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. It discusses referencing sources within the text of a document using in-text citations, and compiling a reference list at the end. Examples are given for a variety of source types including books, journal articles, websites and more. Specific rules are outlined around formatting references, capitalization, secondary sources and different works by the same author. The guide is intended to help students properly cite sources and reference them using APA style.
This booklet is documentation of various activities carried out by students during academic year 2019-20. It also has graphical presentations of usage of library books and students quantified performance in co-curricular activities. It also documents creative writings, poems, paintings, photographs etc of the students. The memorabilia 2020 is written, compiled and edited by the students of the Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India.
This document provides an overview of 10 different caste or social groups found in India, including:
- Anglo-Indians, people of mixed British and Indian ancestry with a unique culture and history dating back to British rule.
- Ezhava, a historically disadvantaged caste from Kerala with their own unique traditions in arts, medicine, and spirituality.
- Mappila, a Muslim community from Kerala with a long history along the Malabar coast and cultural practices like Oppana folk songs.
- Several other groups are also outlined like Chakkala Nair, Devadiga, Kaniyar, and Saliya, providing brief histories and cultural details for each. The
This document summarizes Plato's objections to poetry and Aristotle's defense of poetry. Plato objected to poetry because he believed it deals with illusion or imitation, twice removed from reality. As a moralist, Plato disapproved of poetry because it is immoral, and as a philosopher he disapproved because it is based on falsehood. In contrast, Aristotle defended poetry. He argued that poetry deals with universal truths and can educate as well as give pleasure. Poetry imitates not the outward form but the inward spirit of its subject. For Aristotle, poetry was a worthwhile pursuit.
This Memorabilia is collection of all the activities carried out at Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar (Gujarat - India). This booklet is edited by group of students. The students have contributed their creative writing (poems), blogs, film reviews, play reviews, art, photographs etc. The booklet has some interesting charts on number of online discussion and the number of words used by students, number of books issued by students from library etc.
This document provides summaries of four papers related to literary works and concepts. It discusses Doctor Faustus as a tragic hero, focusing on Christopher Marlowe, the plot of the play, and how Doctor Faustus can be seen as a tragic hero. It also summarizes political satire in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, defining political satire and how humor is used. It briefly outlines papers on Aristotle's six parts of tragedy and the religious and political background of the novel The Kanthapura.
Internet Penetration and Usage in KosovoAgron Fazliu
Using desk research, quantitative approaches and other methods, this study aims at refreshing the previous research on the very same subject matter – namely, updating data related to Internet penetration and usage in Kosovo. In the course of this study, Internet usage and habits, and demographic Internet penetration based on households and users were studied. In addition, data on geographical Internet penetration was gathered and presented.
The document is the third edition of The ACS Style Guide, which provides guidance on communicating scientific information effectively. It aims to help authors and editors write scientific papers and communicate complex ideas with clarity and ease. The guide covers topics like ethics, the editorial process, writing style, references, figures, and chemical structures. It contains style guidelines and recommendations to improve scientific communication skills.
This document provides an overview of a company called Hera. It discusses Hera's mission, values, governance structure, and management of sustainability issues. It also summarizes Hera's key stakeholders including employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, and public administration. For each stakeholder group, it outlines objectives, performance, initiatives for dialogue and involvement.
The role of transnational ethnic on socio economic integration in the horn of...Mohamed Aden Farah
Requirements of Partial Fulfillments of Masters of Arts Degree in Diplomacy
and International Relations, School of Diplomacy and International Relations,
College of Leadership and Governance, The Ethiopian Civil Service
University.
This document contains an table of contents for a thesis on neonatal care. The table of contents outlines 5 chapters: 1) Introduction, 2) Theoretical Medical Review, 3) Case Review, 4) Discussion, and 5) Conclusion. Chapter 2 reviews theories on neonatal definitions, adaptation to extrauterine life, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, and treatment. Chapter 3 presents a case study including assessment, data analysis, diagnosis, interventions, implementation, and evaluation. Chapter 4 discusses the case study assessment, diagnosis, interventions, implementation, and evaluation. Chapter 5 provides conclusions and recommendations.
1. The document provides worksheets and activities for a science unit on festivals covering mixed abilities, evaluation, reading and writing, and a science project.
2. The worksheets include revision activities, extension activities, a unit test, reading and writing practice, and a science project worksheet.
3. Answers for all the worksheets are also included.
The 4th International Conference on Responsible Leadership was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, on 15–16 March 2017.
Hosted by the Albert Luthuli Centre for Responsible Leadership and the Gordon Institute of Business Science in partnership with the Copenhagen Business School and the Globally Responsible Leadership Initiative, the conference brought together nearly 150 speakers and delegates representing government, business, civil society, media and leading academic institutions from across the globe.
Biblical Dream Study Nineteen Hours of Study in Allegorical ContextSister Lara
Biblical Dream Study
Nineteen Hours of Study in Allegorical Context is an Online School of Prayer Student Study Tool on the topic of dreams in the Bible with Instructor Sister Lara
http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
This document contains blogs written by Prakruti Bhatt over two academic years from 2018-2020. It includes blogs on literary works ranging from Christopher Marlowe's Dr. Faustus to J.M Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians. The blogs provide introductions to the works and authors as well as conclusions and analyses. Key points and themes from each work are discussed such as fate versus free will in Dr. Faustus and representations of the native in Robinson Crusoe.
This document provides a guide to the Harvard style of referencing. It discusses citing references in text using the Harvard system, including guidelines for citing one author, multiple authors, works from the same author in the same year, quotations, and secondary sources. It also covers compiling a reference list and bibliography according to the Harvard style, with examples for citing different publication types such as books, journal articles, websites, and unpublished works.
Christian Mystics Part One A Full Library of Over One Hundred Christian MysticsSister Lara
Christian Mystics Part One
A Full Library of Over One Hundred Christian Mystics is a student workbook offering over one hundred biographies in this part one study for Online School of Prayer Learning Center Students with Instructor Sister Lara
http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
This document is a guidebook for referencing sources using the Harvard style. It discusses why referencing is important, how to avoid plagiarism, and provides examples of how to cite sources in-text and format them in a reference list. The guide covers a wide range of source types including books, journal articles, newspapers, websites and more. It aims to provide students and researchers with clear advice on correctly citing and referencing information sources.
Archaeology in the Holy Bible List of Artifacts in Biblical Studies of Archae...Sister Lara
This document provides a list of artifacts significant to biblical archaeology studies. It includes artifacts from 2000 BCE to the 1st century CE that have been discovered and analyzed. The artifacts are organized chronologically by century. Several individual artifacts, like the Merneptah Stele and Mesha Stele, are discussed in more detail with descriptions of their historical context and significance. The document also references external lists of artifacts and museums where significant biblical archaeological finds are housed.
This document discusses various methods and approaches for teaching English as a foreign language. It covers the history of foreign language education from ancient to modern times. It also examines different learning strategies like listening, reading, and vocabulary acquisition. The document then explores teaching strategies such as blended learning and various techniques. Finally, it analyzes region-specific language education and different methods for teaching English, including the direct method, grammar-translation method, and audio-lingual method.
This chapter introduces engineering and discusses the nature of the field. It describes what engineers do, the skills and qualities needed to be an engineer, and how engineering impacts society. The chapter explores how engineering affects areas like transportation, communication, public health and infrastructure development. It aims to help students understand the broad role of engineering and why it is an important profession.
The Eagle The Beautiful Creation of God EthomologySister Lara
The Eagle The Beautiful Creation of God Ethomology is an Online School of Prayer Learning Center Student Book with Instructor Sister Lara teaching on the Eagle and it's symbolism from God's Word.
http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
This document provides style and notation guidelines for authors preparing manuscripts for Physical Review journals. It covers correct formatting for manuscript elements such as the title, author list, sections, references, equations, figures and tables. The guidelines are intended to ensure consistency across Physical Review publications. Authors should follow these instructions to properly format their manuscripts, while individual journals may have additional requirements to consider.
Gospel of Matthew Authorship of the Bible and Textual VariantsSister Lara
Gospel of Matthew
Authorship of the Bible and Textual Variants is on Online School of Prayer Learning Center Book for Students to Study the Gospel of Matthew and Authorship of the Bible. http://onlineschoolofprayer.webs.com
This document provides guidelines for citing sources and creating reference lists using the Coventry University Harvard referencing style. It contains information on citing different source types, such as books, journal articles, websites, and more, in both in-text citations and reference lists. Sections cover frequently asked questions, citing print and electronic sources, and secondary sources. The guidelines aim to show students and researchers how to properly attribute ideas and quotations to their original sources.
The document discusses various aspects of life in the British Isles. It covers the etymology, geography, flora and fauna, demographics, history, politics, culture, transportation and education systems of the region. Specific topics examined include the structure of the government and parliament, main political parties, local governance, healthcare system through the National Health Service and university system.
This thesis examines wind speeds over the British Isles using a high-resolution atmospheric model to produce a new wind speed dataset covering the region from 2000 to 2010 at 3km resolution. The author validates the model results against observations from various sources, including meteorological stations, buoys, offshore platforms, and satellites. The ability of the dataset to predict power outputs from current wind farms is demonstrated, and patterns of future wind production are compared to electricity demand patterns to assess the ability of wind generation to meet demand.
This document discusses the English language and people. It covers the history and origins of the English nationality and people from the early Middle Ages through modern times. It also discusses the global dispersion of English communities through migration to places like the United States, Canada, Australia and elsewhere. Finally, it examines the development and current status of the English language, including its classification, history, geographical distribution and technical linguistic characteristics like phonology, grammar and vocabulary.
This document provides teaching materials for grammar lessons, focusing on parts of speech. It includes objectives and teaching points for two grammar courses, as well as acknowledgements recognizing those involved in developing the materials. The introduction defines grammar and explains why it is important to study. Grammar allows people to effectively communicate through speaking and writing by learning vocabulary, word forms, and sentence structure. While people intuitively use correct grammar, formal study provides rules and explanations to improve language skills.
The document is a table of contents for a sixth grade grammar workbook that covers parts of speech and their usage, including subjects, predicates, nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, capitalization and punctuation. It lists 14 units that cover specific grammar topics, and each unit is divided into chapters that provide lessons and exercises related to that topic.
Thesis and Dissertation Guide 2013 According to Cornell UniversityTranscription Star
This document provides guidelines for formatting and submitting theses and dissertations at Cornell University. It outlines requirements for page size, font, margins, spacing, tables, and figures. It also lists the required and recommended sections for the document and provides formatting suggestions for key sections like the title page, abstract, and body. Finally, it includes checklists, timelines, required forms, and information on fees for submitting the thesis or dissertation.
This subject guide provides information for a 100-level statistics course offered through the University of London's International Programmes. It was prepared by James S. Abdey and covers an introduction to the subject area, presenting the aims, learning outcomes, syllabus, and resources for the course. The guide also offers advice on how to study statistics effectively and prepare for examinations.
The document provides guidelines for formatting Water Research Foundation research reports. It outlines the required sections for reports, including the front matter (half title page, title page, disclaimer page, table of contents, etc.), text (introduction, methods, results, conclusions, recommendations chapters), and back matter (appendices, references, abbreviations). It provides direction on formatting aspects like page dimensions, typeface, headings, pagination, and placement of tables and figures. The document also addresses using copyrighted materials and publishing or presenting project results. Examples of each section are provided in appendices to demonstrate the proper formatting.
This document provides an introduction and overview of parts of speech for an academic grammar course. It acknowledges the contributors to developing the learning materials. The introduction defines grammar and explains why studying grammar is important for effectively writing and speaking. It also outlines the eight main parts of speech that will be covered in the module, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
This document provides an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX version 2e from March 2018. It was originally translated from help manuals for earlier LaTeX versions. The document contains detailed information about LaTeX commands, environments, document structure, fonts, layout, sectioning, cross-references and more. Permission is granted to distribute copies of the manual provided the copyright information is preserved.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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2. Anglia Ruskin University
`
Guide to the
Harvard Style of Referencing
Third Edition
Revised September 2011
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 1
3. Anglia Ruskin University
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 4
1.1 What is referencing ..............................................................................4
1.2 The Harvard System ............................................................................5
1.3 Reference list or Bibliography ..............................................................5
2. CITING REFERENCES IN-TEXT USING THE HARVARD SYSTEM..................... 6
2.1 Author’s name cited in the text.............................................................6
2.2 Author’s name not cited directly in the text...........................................6
2.3 More than one author cited in the text..................................................6
2.4 More than one author not cited directly in the text ...............................6
2.5 Two, three, or four authors for the same work .....................................7
2.6 More than four authors for a work ........................................................7
2.7 Several works by one author in different years ....................................7
2.8 Several works by one author in the same year ....................................8
2.9 Chapter authors in edited works ..........................................................8
2.10 Corporate authors .............................................................................8
2.11 No author ..........................................................................................9
2.12 No date .............................................................................................9
2.13 Page numbers...................................................................................9
2.14 Quoting portions of published text...................................................10
2.15 Secondary sources (second-hand references) ...............................11
2.16 Tables and diagrams.......................................................................11
2.17 Websites .........................................................................................13
3. COMPILING THE REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: FROM BOOKS,
JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS ................................................................................. 14
3.1 General guidelines, layout and punctuation .......................................14
3.2 Books .................................................................................................14
3.2.1 Books with one author.......................................................................14
3.2.2 Books with two, three or four authors..............................................15
3.2.3 Books with more than four authors..................................................15
3.2.4 Books which are edited ...................................................................16
3.2.5 Chapters of edited books ................................................................16
3.2.6 Multiple works by the same author..................................................17
3.2.7 Books which have been translated..................................................17
3.2.8 E-books and pdfs ............................................................................18
3.3 Journal articles and newspapers........................................................19
3.3.1 Print Journal articles........................................................................19
3.3.2 Journal articles available from a database ......................................19
3.3.3 Magazine or journal articles available on the internet .....................19
3.3.4 Journal abstract from a database.....................................................20
3.3.5 Newspaper articles ..........................................................................20
3.3.6 Online newspaper articles................................................................20
4. USING OTHER DOCUMENT TYPES ................................................................... 21
4.1 Acts of Parliament ..............................................................................21
4.2 Statutory Instruments .........................................................................21
4.3 Official publications such as Command Papers .................................22
4.4 Law reports ........................................................................................22
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4.5 Annual report .....................................................................................22
4.6 Archive material .................................................................................23
4.7 British Standard and International Standards.....................................23
4.7 Patent.................................................................................................24
4.9 Conference report and papers ...........................................................24
4.10 Reports by organisations ................................................................25
4.11 Dissertation .....................................................................................25
4.12 DVD, video or film ...........................................................................25
4.13 Broadcasts ......................................................................................26
4.14 EU documents.................................................................................26
4.15 Course material and Lecture notes .................................................27
4.16 Maps -Print Maps, Digimap and Google Earth................................28
4.17 Quotations from written plays..........................................................28
4.18 Pictures, images and photographs..................................................29
4.19 Interviews........................................................................................30
4.20 Press release ..................................................................................30
4.21 Religious texts.................................................................................31
4.22 Reference from a Dictionary ...........................................................31
5. USING ELECTRONIC SOURCES ........................................................................ 33
5.1 Websites ............................................................................................33
5.2 Publications available from websites..................................................33
5.3 Electronic images...............................................................................34
5.4 Email correspondence/discussion lists...............................................35
5.5 Blogs ..................................................................................................35
5.6 Mailing list ..........................................................................................36
5.7 Podcast or archived tv programme ....................................................36
5.8 YouTube video...................................................................................36
6. UNPUBLISHED WORKS...................................................................................... 36
6.1 Unpublished works.............................................................................37
6.2 Informal or in-house publications .......................................................37
6.3 Personal communication....................................................................37
7. REFERENCES WITH MISSING DETAILS ........................................................... 37
8. NOTES FROM COMPILERS AND CHANGES INTRODUCED TO THIRD
EDITION.......................................................................................................................... 39
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 3
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1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is referencing
Why do I need to provide references in my work?
To show anyone who reads your work that you understand the topic and can
demonstrate your own thoughts on this.
To demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
To enable the reader to locate where you obtained each quote or idea.
By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read
the work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
Referencing styles do differ and at Anglia Ruskin University we endorse the
Harvard style of referencing. This is supported by the academic university
policy relating to academic honesty. For more information see the University
Library website at:
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/referencing.htm
How do I provide references in my work?
The rest of this guide will provide detailed information on how to provide
references in a variety of different circumstances. The most important thing to
remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references.
Academic Honesty
If you understand the reasons for referencing it is evident why you should not
pass off work of others as your own. Failing to reference appropriately could
result in your assessors thinking you are guilty of plagiarism – the act of using
somebody else’s work or ideas as your own. You will find information relating
to academic honesty in various student documentation including module
guides and student handbooks.
The university has recently introduced Turnitin to assist you in identifying
where you have used original material so that you can ensure it is correctly
referenced in your submission.
For more information, go to:
http://web.anglia.ac.uk/anet/students/turnitin/
During the course of writing an essay, report or other assignment it is usual to
support arguments by referring to, or citing, information produced by other
authors. This information could be presented in journal or newspaper articles,
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 4
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government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research
dissertations or theses, material over the internet etc.
When you cite someone’s work in the text of your essay (an in-text citation),
you also need to create a full reference for it at the end of your work. This
gives the full details for the information source so that it can be traced by
anyone who reads your work.
1.2 The Harvard System
Most Faculties at Anglia Ruskin University expect students to use the Harvard
style of referencing which is an author-date system
In this system, the author's surname and year of publication are cited in the
text of your work. The full details of the book are included in a reference list
at the end of the assignment.
In-text citation
“An effective structure is important” (Redman, 2006, p.22)
Reference list
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed.
London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.
1.3 Reference list or Bibliography
The reference list should include details for everything that you cite in your
assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different
types of material in one sequence( See Section 3.1 for further details).
Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of
relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but
which are not necessarily cited in your text e.g. general background reading
to familiarise yourself with the topic.
A reference list is always required when you cite other people’s work within
your assignment.
The terms reference list and bibliography are sometimes used
interchangeably. Make sure that you know what is required from you before
you complete your assignment.
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 5
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2. CITING REFERENCES IN-TEXT using the Harvard
System
Any intext reference should include the authorship and the year of the work.
Depending on the nature of the sentence/paragraph that is being written,
references to sources may be cited in the text in the following manner:
2.1 Author’s name cited in the text
When making reference to an author’s work in your text, their name is
followed by the year of publication of their work:
In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good
practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view
has been supported in the work of Cormack (1994).
Where you are mentioning a particular part of the work, and making direct
reference to this, a page reference should be included:
Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional
readership, writers invariably make reference to already published
works'.
2.2 Author’s name not cited directly in the text
If you make reference to a work or piece of research without mentioning the
author in the text then both the author’s name and publication year are placed
at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence in brackets:
Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of
writing for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994).
2.3 More than one author cited in the text
Where reference is made to more than one author in a sentence, and they are
referred to directly, they are both cited:
Smith (1946) and Jones (1948) have both shown …
2.4 More than one author not cited directly in the text
List these at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence,
putting the author’s name, followed by the date of publication and separated
by a semi-colon and within brackets.
Where several publications from a number of authors are referred to, then the
references should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first):
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 6
8. Anglia Ruskin University
Further research in the late forties (Smith, 1946; Jones, 1948) led to
major developments …
Recent research (Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008) shows that
2.5 Two, three, or four authors for the same work
When there are two, three or four authors for a work, they should be noted in
the text
Directly using an and
White and Brown (2004) in their recent research paper found …
Or indirectly
Recent research (White and Brown, 2004) suggests that…..
Other examples using two, three or four authors…………
During the mid nineties research undertaken in Luton (Slater and
Jones, 1996) showed that …
Further research (Green, Harris and Dunne, 1969) showed
Later research demonstrated that this theory was incorrect (Smith,
Davis, Singh and Green, 2000)
When there are two, three or four authors for a work they should all be listed
[in the order in which their names appear in the original publication], with the
name listed last preceded by an and
2.6 More than four authors for a work
Where there are several authors (more than four), only the first author should
be used, followed by et al. meaning and others:
Green, et al. (1995) found that the majority …
or indirectly:
Recent research (Green, et al., 1995) has found that the majority of …
2.7 Several works by one author in different years
If more than one publication from an author illustrates the same point and the
works are published in different years, then the references should be cited in
chronological order (i.e. earliest first):
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as suggested by Patel (1992; 1994) who found that …
or indirectly:
research in the nineties (Patel, 1992; 1994) found that …
2.8 Several works by one author in the same year
If you are quoting several works published by the same author in the same
year, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter directly, with
no space, after the year for each item:
Earlier research by Dunn (1993a) found that…but later
research suggested again by Dunn (1993b) that …
If several works published in the same year are referred to on a single
occasion, or an author has made the same point in several publications, they
can all be referred to by using lower case letters (as above):
Bloggs (1993a; b) has stated on more than one occasion that …
2.9 Chapter authors in edited works
References to the work of an author that appears as a chapter, or part of a
larger work, that is edited by someone else, should be cited within your text
using the name of the contributory author not the editor of the whole work.
In his work on health information, Smith (1975) states …
In the reference at the end of your document, you should include details
of both the chapter author and the editor of the whole work
Smith, J., 1975. A source of information. In: W. Jones, ed. 2000. One
hundred and one ways to find information about health. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Ch.2.
2.10 Corporate authors
If the work is by a recognised organisation and has no personal author then it
is usually cited under the body that commissioned the work. This applies to
publications by associations, companies, government departments etc. such
as Department of the Environment or Royal College of Nursing.
It is acceptable to use standard abbreviations for these bodies, e.g. RCN, in
your text, providing that the full name is given at the first citing with the
abbreviation in brackets:
st
1 citation:
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 8
10. Anglia Ruskin University
… research in 2006 undertaken by the Royal College of Nursing
(RCN) has shown that …
2nd citation:
More recently the RCN (2007) has issued guidelines …
Note that the full name is the preferred format in the reference list. Some
reports are written by specially convened groups or committees and can be
cited by the name of the committee:
Committee on Nursing (1972)
Select Committee on Stem Cell Research (2002)
Note there are some exceptions to this such as:
BBC Philharmonic Orchestra
BBC News
where the abbreviations or initials form part of the official name.
2.11 No author
If the author cannot be identified use Anonymous or Anon. and the title of
the work and date of publication. The title should be written in italics. Every
effort should be made to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work
as supporting evidence in an academic submission:
Marketing strategy (Anon., 1999)
2.12 No date
The abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this:
Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated …
or indirectly:
Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that …
Every effort should be made to establish the year of publication if you intend
to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.
For further advice see Section 7 References with missing details
2.13 Page numbers
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 9
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Including the page numbers of a reference will help readers trace your
sources. This is particularly important for quotations and for paraphrasing
specific paragraphs in the texts:
Lawrence (1966, p.124) states “we should expect …”
or indirectly:
This is to be expected (Lawrence, 1966, p.124) …
Please note page numbers: preceded with p. for a single page and pp. for a
range of pages.
2.14 Quoting portions of published text
If you want to include text from a published work in your essay then the
sentence(s) must be included within quotation marks, and may be introduced
by such phrases as:
the author states that “……..”
Or
the author writes that “……..”
In order for a reader to trace the quoted section it is good practice to give the
number of the page where the quotation was found. The quotation should
also be emphasized (where it is 50 words or more) by indenting it and
enclosed in quotation marks. This clearly identifies the quotation as the work
of someone else:
On the topic of professional writing and referencing
Cormack and Brown (1994, p.32) have stated…
“When writing for a professional readership, writers
invariably make reference to already published works…”
Or
“Outside the UK, the BBC World Service has provided
services by direct broadcasting and re-transmission
contracts by sound radio since the inauguration of the
BBC Empire Service in December 1932, and more
recently by television and online. Though sharing some
of the facilities of the domestic services, particularly for
news and current affairs output, the World Service has a
separate Managing Director, and its operating costs
have historically been funded mainly by direct grants
from the UK government. These grants were determined
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 10
12. Anglia Ruskin University
independently of the domestic licence fee. A recent
spending review has announced plans for the funding for
the world service to be drawn from the domestic licence
fee”. (Jones, 1967, p.27)
2.15 Secondary sources (second-hand references)
You may come across a summary of another author’s work in the source you
are reading, which you would like to make reference to in your own document;
this is called secondary referencing.
A direct reference:
Research recently carried out in the Greater Manchester area by
Brown (1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142) found that …
In this example, Brown is the work which you wish to refer to, but have not
read directly for yourself. Bassett is the secondary source, where you found
the summary of Brown’s work.
Or indirectly:
(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142)
In the example below Bellamy is the primary or original source and Sheppard
is the secondary source. It is important to realise that Sheppard may have
taken Bellamy's ideas forward, and altered their original meaning. If you need
to cite a secondary reference it is recommended that, where possible, you
read the original source for yourself rather than rely on someone else’s
interpretation of a work.
Bellamy (1990) as cited in Sheppard (1994) suggests that …
The reference list at the end of your document should only contain
works that you have read.
2.16 Tables and diagrams
When reproducing selected data, or copying an entire table or diagram, a
reference must be made to the source. A reference within the text to a table
taken from someone else’s work, should include the author and page (Smith,
2005, p.33) to enable the reader to identify the data. If the source of the data
is not the author’s own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a
secondary reference and needs to be cited as such:
(United Nations, 1975 cited in Smith, 2005, p.33)
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 11
13. Anglia Ruskin University
If the table is reproduced in its entirety, place the citation below the table. Be
particularly careful to note the original source of data, as well as the
authorship of the document you are using. Full details should be included in
the reference list.
In the following example, a table is reproduced from page 267, of a book
written by Robert Brown which is the 4th edition and published by FT Prentice
Hall of Harlow, England in 2005. The title of the book is Management in the
media: decision makers.
If you wish to reproduce the table in your own work,
• replicate the whole table
• add a citation below the table acknowledging wher the table was found
eg.
Television ownership in England (Percentage of
households) Source : National Statistics Office,
1985
Date 1970 1980
Percentage 60 70
National Statistics Office 1985 cited in Brown, 2005, p.267
If you wish to quote from a table in your essay( treat as secondary
referencing):
… historical figures demonstrate that only sixty percent of households
had televisions in Britain by the 1970s (National Statistics Office 1985
cited in Brown, 2005, p. 267).
Ensure you include details of the book in your reference list:
Brown, R., 2005. Management in the media: decision makers. 4th ed.
Harlow: FT Prentice Hall.
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 12
14. Anglia Ruskin University
2.17 Websites
When citing material found on a website, you should identify the authorship of
the website. This may be a corporate author, an organisation or a company; a
guide to this can be found by looking at the URL or web address. To find the
date of publication, reference to this might be found at the bottom of a web
page relating to copyright, or from a date headline.
This is NOT the
article date but
today’s date – check
the bottom of the
page
This is the
published or
amended date
In this example the authorship would be BBC and the date 2009.
Recent research on meningitis (BBC, 2009) has shown …
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm 13
15. Anglia Ruskin University
3. COMPILING THE REFERENCE LIST AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY: from books, journals and newspapers
3.1 General guidelines, layout and punctuation
The purpose of a reference list is to enable sources to be easily traced by
another reader. Different types of publication require different amounts of
information but there are certain common elements such as authorship, year
of publication and title.
Section 7 deals with references where some of the details are unknown.
The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of
information in the reference. Some variations of presentation are acceptable
provided that they are used consistently.
All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of
the format, ie. whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there
are several works from one author or source they should by listed together but
in date order, with the earliest work listed first.
3.2 Books
3.2.1 Books with one author
Use the title page, not the book cover, for the reference details. Only include
the edition where it is not the first. A book with no edition statement is most
commonly a first edition.
The required elements for a book reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first
edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country):
Publisher.
Reference
where 1st edition
Baron, D. P., 2008. Business and the organisation. Chester: Pearson.
where 3rd edition
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed.
London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
Organisations have been found to differ (Baron, 2008) when there is …
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16. Anglia Ruskin University
Leading social scientists such as Redman (2006) have noted …
Please note where there is likely to be confusion with UK place names; for
USA towns include the State in abbreviated form e.g. birming, Alabama would
be… Birmingham, AL.
3.2.2 Books with two, three or four authors
For books with two, three or four authors the names should all be included in
the order they appear in the document. Use an and to link the last two
multiple authors.
The required elements for a reference are:
Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first
edition) Place: Publisher.
Reference
Weiss, T.D. and Coatie, J.J., 2010. The World Health Organisation, its
history and impact. London: Perseus.
Barker, R., Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
.
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
Leading organisations concerned with health ( Weiss and Coatie, 2010
) have proved that…………
A new theory (Barker, Kirk and Munday, 1988) has challenged
traditional thinking …
3.2.3 Books with more than four authors
For books where there are more than four authors, use the first author only
followed by et al.
The required elements for this type of reference are:
First author, Initials.followed by et al., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only
include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.
Reference
Grace, B. et al., 1988. A history of the world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
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NB. Research students however may wish to include all the authors of a
document in a reference list, and should check with their Faculty for local
procedures.
3.2.4 Books which are edited
For books which are edited give the editor(s) surname(s) and initials, followed
by ed. or eds.
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials. ed., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher.
Keene, E. ed., 1988. Natural language. Cambridge: University of
Cambridge Press.
Silverman, D.F. and Propp, K.K. eds., 1990. The active interview.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Allouche, J. ed., 2006. Corporate social responsibility, Volume 1:
concepts, accountability and reporting. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
3.2.5 Chapters of edited books
For chapters of edited books the required elements for a reference are:
Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials. Year of chapter. Title of chapter
followed by In: Book editor(s) initials first followed by surnames with ed. or
eds. after the last name. Year of book. Title of book. Place of publication:
Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by full-
stop.
References
Samson, C., 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In: S.
Stone, ed. 1980. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS,
pp.44-68.
Smith, J., 1975. A source of information. In: W. Jones, ed. 2000. One
hundred and one ways to find information about health. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Ch.2.
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
(Samson, 1970)
(Smith, 1975)
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18. Anglia Ruskin University
3.2.6 Multiple works by the same author
Where there are several works by one author and published in the same year
they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date.
Remember that this must also be consistent with the citations in the text
For multiple works the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year followed by letter. Title of book. Place: Publisher.
Soros, G., 1966a. The road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Soros, G., 1966b. Beyond the road to serfdom. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Works by the same author should be displayed in the order referenced in your
assignment, earliest first (as above).
An intext reference for the above example would read:
(Soros, 1966a)
(Soros, 1966b)
This also applies if there are several authors with the same surname. As an
alternative their initials can be included in the citation.
So for example, if you have sources written by George Soros and also by
Manuel Soros, you would list them in alphabetic order:
(Soros, G. 1966a)
(Soros, G. 1966b)
(Soros, M. 1966)
Where ther are several works by one author, published in different years,
these should be arranged in chronological order, with the earliest date first.
3.2.7 Books which have been translated
For works which have been translated the reference should include details of
the translator, the suggested elements for such references being:
Author, Year. Title of book. Translated from (language) by (name of translator,
included initials first, then surname) Place of publication: Publisher.
Canetti, E., 2001. The voices of Marrakesh: a record of a visit.
Translated from German by J.A.Underwood. San Francisco: Arion.
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19. Anglia Ruskin University
For major works of historic significance, the date of the original work may be
included along with the date of the translation:
Kant, I., 1785. Fundamental principles of the metaphysic of morals.
Translated by T.K. Abbott., 1988. New York: Prometheus Books.
3.2.8 E-books and pdfs
For e-books accessed through a password protected database from the
University Library the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Year. Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher.
Followed by Available through: include e-book source/database, web
address or URL [Accessed date].
Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester:
Castle Press. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library
website <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 5 June 2005].
Carlsen, J. and Charters, S., eds. 2007. Global wine tourism. [e-book]
Wallingford: CABI Pub. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University
Library website <www.libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
For an e-book freely available over the internet:
The required elements for a reference are:
Authorship, Year. Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication (if
known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: web address or URL for the e-
book [Accessed date].
For a pdf version of, for example, a Government publication or similar
which is freely available:
The required elements for a reference are:
Authorship, Year. Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication (if
known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: include web address or URL for
the actual pdf, where available [Accessed date].
Bank of England, 2008. Inflation Report [pdf] Available at:
<http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/inflationreport/ir08nov.pd
f>
[Accessed 20 April 2009].
Department of Health, 2008. Health inequalities: progress and next
steps. [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available at:
<http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/Publica
tionsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_085307> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
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3.3 Journal articles and newspapers
3.3.1 Print Journal articles
For journal articles the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number
(Issue / Part number), Page numbers.
Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: a brief look.
Political Science Quarterly, 42 (6), p.564.
Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands.
Nursing today, Spring Issue, pp.647-85.
Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands.
Nursing Times, 25 May, 97(22), pp.63-64.
3.3.2 Journal articles available from a database
For journal articles from an electronic source accessed through a password
protected database from the University Library the required elements for a
reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium]
Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available
through:name of database [Accessed date].
In this example, the article is found on the Blackwell Science Synergy
database:
Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look.
Political Science Quarterly, [e-journal] 42 (6), Available through:
Blackwell Science Synergy database [Accessed 12 June 2005].
3.3.3 Magazine or journal articles available on the internet
For an article from a web based magazine or journal, which is freely available
over the web, the required elements for a reference are:
Authors, Initials., Year . Title of article, Full Title of Magazine, [online]
Available at: web address (quote the exact URL for the article) [Accessed
date].
Kipper, D. , 2008. Japan’s new dawn, Popular Science and
Technology, [online] Available
at:<http://www.popsci.com/popsci37b144110vgn/html> [Accessed 22
June 2009].
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21. Anglia Ruskin University
An intext reference for the above example would read:
(Kipper, 2008) ...
3.3.4 Journal abstract from a database
For a journal abstract from a database where you have been unable to access
the full article, the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium]
Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available, Abstract
only.
Available through: name of database [Accessed date].
Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: a brief look.
Political Science Quarterly, [e-journal] 42(6), Abstract only. Available
through: BlackwellScienceSynergy database [Accessed 12 June 2005].
Every effort should be made to read the article in full if you intend to use this
work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.
3.3.5 Newspaper articles
For newspaper articles the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article or column header. Full Title of
Newspaper,
Day and month before page number and column line.
Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers.
The Times, 3 Sep. p.4b.
(NB. 4b, this indicates that the article is on the fourth page of the newspaper,
and “b” indicates this is the second column of newsprint across the page.)
3.3.6 Online newspaper articles
For newspaper articles found in online newspapers, the required elements for
a reference are:
Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page. Name of
newspaper, [type of medium] Additional date information. Available at: url
[Accessed date].
Chittenden, M., Rogers, L. and Smith, D., 2003. Focus: ‘Targetitis ails
NHS. Times Online, [online]1 June. Available at:
<http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article1138006.ece
>
[Accessed 17 March 2005].
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22. Anglia Ruskin University
Coney, J., 2009. Is this the start of a new home loan war? HSBC vows
to lend £1billion to homebuyers with 10% deposits. Daily Mail, [online]
(Last updated 9.47 AM on 09th April 2009) Available at:
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1168461/Is-start-new-home-
loan-war-HSBC-vows-lend-1billion-homebuyers-10-deposits.html>
[Accessed on 20 April 2009].
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
(Chittenden, et al. 2003)
(Coney, 2009)
It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any
web pages you use
4. USING OTHER DOCUMENT TYPES
There are other types of documents which you may wish to include in your
reference list or bibliography, which do not have an obvious author and date
pattern.
4.1 Acts of Parliament
The required elements are:
Short title with key words capitalized, which includes the year followed by the
chapter number in brackets. Place of publication: Publisher.
Higher Education Act 2004. (c.8), London: HMSO.
For Acts prior to 1963, the regal year and parliamentary session are included:
Road Transport Lighting Act 1957. (5&6 Eliz. 2, c.51), London: HMSO.
If you need to refer to a specific section and paragraph, include the section,
paragraph number and subsection.
Finance Act 2007. s.45(9)(b).
4.2 Statutory Instruments
The required elements for a reference are:
Short title (with key words capitalized). Year. the abbreviation 'SI' followed by the
year of publication and the SI number. Place of publication: Publisher.
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23. Anglia Ruskin University
Public Offers of Securities Regulations 1995. SI 1995/1537. London:
HMSO.
4.3 Official publications such as Command Papers
The required elements for a reference are:
Authorship, which may be part of the title. Year. Title, in italics if a separate
element, Offically assigned number such as a Command number as it is on
the document, within brackets, Place of publication: Publisher.
Royal Commission on civil liability and compensation for personal
injury, 1978. (Pearson Report) (Cmnd. 7054) London: HMSO.
Select Committee on nationalised industries (1978-9). Consumers and
the nationalised industries: prelegislative hearings (HC 334, 1978-9)
London: HMSO.
4.4 Law reports
It is recommended that you follow accepted legal citation, which is not part
of the Harvard system. For this the required elements for a reference are:
Name of the parties involved in the law case, Year of reporting (in brackets as
indicated by the reference you are using) abbreviation for the law reporting
series, part number/case number/page reference if available.
Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832.
Saidi v France (1994) 17 EHRR 251, p.245.
R v White (John Henry) [2005] EWCA Crim 689, 2005 WL 104528.
In the last example you should only quote the two law reports if you
have used them.
An intext reference for the above example would read:
In the recent case of R v White (John Henry) (2005), the defence noted
…
4.5 Annual report
The required elements for a reference are:
Corporate author, Year. Full title of annual report. Place of publication:
Publisher.
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24. Anglia Ruskin University
Marks & Spencer, 2004. The way forward, Annual report 2003-2004.
London: Marks & Spencer.
For an e-version of an annual report the required elements for a reference
are:
Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page. [type of medium]
Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator)
[Accessed date].
Marks & Spencer, 2004. Annual report 2003-2004. [online]
Available at: <http://www-marks-and-
spencer.co.uk/corporate/annual2003/> [Accessed 4 June 2005]
It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any
web pages you use
4.6 Archive material
If you have used material from archives or special collections, the required
elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year.Title of document. [type of medium] Collection,
Document number. Geographical Town/Place: Name of
Library/Archive/Repository.
Brown, P.S., 1915. An address to the Farmer. [manuscript] Holdbury
Collection. 600. London. Holdbury Library.
An intext reference for the above example would read:
(Brown, 1915)
4.7 British Standard and International Standards
The required elements for a reference are:
Corporate author, Year. Identifying letters and numbers and full title of BS.
Place of publication: Publisher.
British Standards Institution, 1990. BS 5555:1990 Recommendations
for wiring identification. Milton Keynes: BSI.
International Standards Office, 1998. ISO 690 – 2 Information and
documentation: Bibliographical references: Electronic documents.
Geneva: ISO.
The required elements for an e-version are:
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25. Anglia Ruskin University
Corporate author, Year. Identifying letters and numbers and full title of BS.
Place of publication: Publisher [online] Available through Anglia Ruskin
University Library <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed date]
British Standards Institution, 2011. BS EN 594:2011 Timber structures. Test
methods. Racking strength and stiffness of timber frame wall panels. British
Standards Online [online] Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library
<http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 31 August 2011].
4.7 Patent
The required elements for a reference are:
Inventor name, Initial(s)., Assignee.,Year.Title. Place. Patent number (status,
if an application).
Example:
Graham, C.P., Fonti, L. and Martinez, A.M., 1972. American Sugar Co.
Tableting sugar and compositions containing it. U.S. Pat. 3,642,535.
Leonard, Y., Super Sports Limited., 2008. Tin can manufacture and
method of sealing. Canada. Pat. 12,789,675.
4.9 Conference report and papers
The required elements for a conference report are:
Authorship/author, editor or organisation, Year. Full title of conference report.
Location, Date, Place of publication: Publisher.
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs),
2005. 6th Global forum on reinventing government: towards
participatory and transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea
24-27 May 2005. New York: United Nations.
The required elements for a conference paper are:
Authorship, Year. Full title of conference paper. In: followed by editor or name
of organisation, Full title of conference. Location, Date, Place of publication:
Publisher.
Brown, J., 2005. Evaluating surveys of transparent governance. In:
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs),
th
6 Global forum on reinventing government: towards participatory and
transparent governance. Seoul, Republic of Korea 24-27 May 2005.
New York: United Nations.
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26. Anglia Ruskin University
4.10 Reports by organisations
The required elements for a reference are:
Authorship/Organisation, Year. Full title of report. Place: Publisher:
Department of Health, 2001. National service framework for older
people. London: Department of Health.
Coulter, A. and Collins, A., 2011. Making shared decision-making a
reality: no decision about me, without me. London: The King's Fund.
Authorship/Organisation, Year. Full title of report. [type of medium] Place:
Publisher: Available at: include web address/URL [Accessed on date].
Department of Health, 2001. National service framework for older
people. [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available at:
<http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/
@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4071283.pdf> [Accessed 12
September 2011].
Coulter, A. and Collins, A., 2011. Making shared decision-making a
reality: no decision about me, without me. [pdf] London: The King's
Fund. Available at:
<http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/nhs_decisionmaking.html>
[Accessed 12 September 2011].
4.11 Dissertation
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Year of publication. Title of dissertation. Level. Official name of
University.
Richmond, J., 2005. Customer expectations in the world of electronic
banking: a case study of the Bank of Britain. Ph. D. Anglia Ruskin
University.
4.12 DVD, video or film
The required elements for a reference are:
Full title of DVD or video. Year of release. [type of medium] Director. (if
relevant) Country of origin: Film studio or maker. (Other relevant details).
Great films from the 80s: a selection of clips from Warner Brothers top
films from the 1980s. 2005. [DVD] New York: Warner Brothers.
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27. Anglia Ruskin University
Health for all children 3: the video., 2004. [video] London: Child Growth
Foundation. (Narrated by D.B.M. Hall).
For a film the suggested elements should include:
Title. Year of release. [medium] Director. Country of origin: Film studio.
Macbeth, 1948. [film] Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic
Pictures.
4.13 Broadcasts
For a broadcast the suggested elements should include:
Series title and episode name and number if relevant, Year of broadcast. [type
of medium] Broadcasting organisation and Channel, date and time of
transmission.
Little Britain, 2006. [TV programme] BBC, BBC2, 30 January 2006
20.00.
For a broadcast obtained through BoB (Box of Broadcasts)
Little Britain, 2006. [TV programme recording] BBC, BBC2, 30 January
2006 20.00. Available through: Box of Broadcasts database [Accessed
12 August 2011]
4.14 EU documents
Following EU conventions, examples of various EU documents are given
below:
The required elements for a reference are:
The name of the Institution where the document originates (e.g. Commission)
Form (eg Directive or Decision) Year/Legislation number/
Initials of Institution followed by the date it was passed if known, followed by
the title, all in italics.
Council Directive 2001/29 /EC of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of
certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information
society.
Commission Decision 93/42/EEC of 21 December 1992 concerning
additional guarantees relating to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis for
bovines destined for Denmark.
EU Regulation 1408/71 REGULATION (EEC) No 1408/71 OF THE
COUNCIL of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security
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28. Anglia Ruskin University
schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the
Community.
Council Regulation (EEC) 1612/68[5] of 15 October 1968 on freedom
of movement for workers within the Community.
4.15 Course material and Lecture notes
It is important to check with the lecturer who has given the lecture that they
are in agreement with course material being included in any Reference List. If
they are in agreement, and if it is not a publicly available document, it is
important to provide a copy in the Appendix of your work. The citation to the
course material in your Reference List should then also refer to the Appendix.
It would also be advisable to follow up any sources mentioned in your lecture
and read these for yourself.
Course material / lecture notes – print version
The required elements for a reference are:
Lecturer/Author, initial. Year. Title of item, Module Code Module title. HE
Institution, unpublished.
Williams, B., 2008. Guide to project management, BD45001S
Management. Anglia Ruskin University, unpublished.
An intext reference for the above example would read:
(Williams, 2008)
Course material – electronic
The required elements for a reference are:
Lecturer/Author name, initial. Year. Title of item’
Module Code Module Title [online via internal VLE], HE Institution.
Available at: web address if available over the internet, otherwise indicate if
available through WebCT, SharePoint or other virtual learning environment
address.
[Accessed date].
Williams, B., 2008. Guide to project management, BD45001S
Management. [online via internal VLE] Anglia Ruskin University
Available at:< J:AIBSAIBS AdminASSESSMENT
MATERIALASSESSMENT MATERIAL 2009-10IBS & MARKETING &
MA ARTSIBS Sem 2 2009-10 Approved MaterialSem 2> [Accessed
Date 13 June 2008].
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
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(Williams, 2008) ...
4.16 Maps -Print Maps, Digimap and Google Earth
The required elements for a reference are:
Map publisher (origin), Year of issue. Title of map. Map series, Sheet number,
scale, Place of publication: Publisher.
Ordnance Survey, 2006. Chester and North Wales. Landranger series,
Sheet 106, 1:50000, Southampton: Ordnance Survey.
The required elements for Digimap are:
Map publisher (origin). Year of publication. Created map title, Scale. Source
[online] Available through Library login (as subscription service) [Accessed
date].
Ordinance Survey. 2011. Anglia Ruskin University: Chelmsford
Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap [online] Available through:
Anglia Ruskin University Library <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk>
[Accessed 31 August 2011].
The suggested elements for Google Earth are:
Google Earth version (if applicable). Year data released. Image details -
location, co-ordinates, elevation. Data set (if applicable) [online]
Available through: URL. [Date accessed].
Google Earth 6.0. 2008. Hylands House and Estates
51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D Buildings data
layer.
Available through:<http://www.google.com/earth/index.html>
[Accessed 31 August 2011].
4.17 Quotations from written plays
When reviewing a number of different plays it is essential to cite the title of the
plays. If reviewing one play (for example Twelfth Night) it is not necessary to
repeat the title in your citations.
Published plays may contain line numbers, particularly in classic texts such as
Shakespeare. If they exist it is good practice to include the line number, but
Act and Scene numbers must always be included.
Classic plays are available in edited editions and the editor’s name should be
included with your reference.
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30. Anglia Ruskin University
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year (of the edition). Title of play. Editors, Edition. (only
include this if not the first edition) Place of publication: (this must be a town or
city, not a country) Publisher.
Shakespeare, W. 1995. Twelfth Night, (World’s Classics series)
Warren, R. and Wells, T. eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
Much speculation has occurred when Malvolio imagines he might
marry Olivia, “there is example for’t; the Lady of the Strachy married
the yeoman of the wardrobe” (Shakeapeare, Twelfth Night Act 2 Scene
5 Line no 36-7).
4.18 Pictures, images and photographs
See also section 5.3 Electronic Images
The suggested elements for a reference are:
Artist/Photographer’s name (if known), Year of production. Title of image.
[type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document
number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).
Beaton, C., 1956. Marilyn Monroe. [photograph] (Marilyn Monroe’s own
private collection).
Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick
child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph]
(Imperial War Museum Collection).
For an electronic reference the suggested elements are:
Artist/Photographer’s name, Year of production. Title of image. [type of
medium]
Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and
additional details of access, such as the routing from the homepage of the
source.[Accessed date].
Dean, R. 2008. Tales from Topographic Oceans. [electronic print]
Available at:
<http://rogerdean.com/store/product_info.php?cPath=4&products_id=8
8> [Accessed 18 June 2008].
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4.19 Interviews
Where you have conducted an interview - using a primary source. You are
recommended to check with your Faculty Office for detailed guidance on what
you may include.
Where you are conducting the interview, it is important to check with the
person being interviewed that they will be in agreement with a transcript of the
interview being made available. Since this will not be a publicly available
document, it may be included as a transcript within an Appendix in your piece
of work.
The citation for this interview should refer to the Appendix.
In an interview (Appendix A) the findings of the report were reviewed
and White agreed with …
In the Appendix you should include details such as:
Interviewee’s name. Year of interview. Title of interview.. Interviewed by
…name. [type of medium/format] Location and exact date of interview .
Together with the transcript.
Where you are using an interview from a source such as a television
programme
The suggested elements for a reference are:
Interviewee name, and initial(s)., Year of Interview. Title of Interview (or
Interview on ..name of programme)
Interviewed by …name. [type of medium/format] Name of Channel, Date of
transmission, time of
transmission.
Ahern, B., 1999. Interview on Morning Ireland Interviewed by… John
Boyd [radio] RTE Radio 1, 15 February 1999, 08:30.
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
(Ahern, 1999) ...
4.20 Press release
These may be paper or electronic.
For a paper resource:
Corporate author of press release, Year. Title. Press release and date.
RCN, 2009. RCN praises health care staff as infections continue
to fall. Press release, 18 June 2009.
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Electronic:
Corporate author of press release, Year. Title. [press release] date,
Available at: web address [Accessed date].
RCN, 2009. RCN praises health care staff as infections continue to fall.
[press release] 18 June 2009, Available at:
<http://www.rcn.org.uk/newsevents/news/article/uk/rcn_praises_health
_care_staff_as_infections_continue_to_fall> [Accessed 23 June 2009].
4.21 Religious texts
When you are quoting from a sacred text e.g. the Bible or the Quran, the
suggested elements for a citation are:
Name of religious text, Book. Sura or Chapter: Verse
An in-text reference for the Bible could look like this…
“In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth" (The Bible,
Genesis. 1:1)
Convention dictates that you do not use page numbers with religious texts
The required elements for a full reference are:
Full title, Year. Place of publication: Publisher.
The Bible: Contemporary English Version, 2000. London:
Harpercollins.
For other sacred texts, it is important that you clearly identify the location of
the text that you cite using the appropriate numbering system.
4.22 Reference from a Dictionary
When you are quoting a definition from a dictionary the required elements for
a citation are:
(Publishership , Year)
(Chambers, 2010)
For the reference
The suggested elements for a reference are:
Dictionary publisher, Year of publication. Full title of dictionary. Place of
Pulication: Publisher.
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Chambers, 2010. Chambers paperback dictionary thesaurus. London:
Champers Harpers Publishers Ltd.
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5. USING ELECTRONIC SOURCES
5.1 Websites
For websites found on the worldwide web the required elements for a
reference are:
Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [type of
medium]
(date of update if available) Available at: include web site address/URL
(Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
If the URL appears to be exceedingly long, provide routing details which
enable the reader to access the particular page via the site’s homepage. You
may be taken to a particular page as a result of a search you performed, or be
directed from a link to another place on a website. The resultant URLs may
include specific data about your method of accessing that page that is not
available to your reader. If this is the case use the homepage (from which the
reference can be found).
NHS Evidence, 2003. National Library of Guidelines. [online] Available
at: <http://www.library.nhs.uk/guidelinesFinder>
[Accessed 10 October 2009 ].
It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any
web pages you use
5.2 Publications available from websites
For publications found on the internet the required elements for a reference
are:
Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document. [type of medium] Place:
Producer/Publisher. Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform
Resource Locator).[Accessed date].
Boots Group Plc., 2003. Corporate social responsibility. [online] Boots
Group Plc. Available at: <http://www.Boots-
Plc.Com/Information/Info.Asp?Level1id=447&Level 2id=0>
[Accessed 23 July 2005].
Defoe, D., 1999. The fortunes and the misfortunes of the famous Moll
Flanders. [online] Champaign, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Available at:
<http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/370> [Accessed 18 November 2005].
Independent Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for People with Learning
Disabilities. n.d. Healthcare for all. [online] Available at:
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35. Anglia Ruskin University
<http://www.iahpld.org.uk/Healthcare_easy_final.pdf> [Accessed 10
April 2009].
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, 2001. Hypertension in the elderly.
(SIGN publication 20) [online] Edinburgh : SIGN (Published 2001)
Available at: <http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign49.pdf>
[Accessed 17 March 2005].
It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any
web pages you use
5.3 Electronic images
See also section 4.18 Pictures, images and photographs
For images found on the internet the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Year (image created). Title of work. [type of medium] Available at:
include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
Where the author is not known, begin the reference with the title of the work.
Where none of the usual details are known, (such as author, date, or image
title) try to find the filename of the image (for example by right clicking and
looking at the properties of the file). If none of the above is available begin the
reference with the subject and title of the work.
[Child placing gauze over knee wound] n.d. [image online] Available at:
< http://www.dadpal.com/2009/12/wounds-care-help-and-wound-vac-
therapy.html> [Accessed 01 June 2010].
[Nimbus 1 returned sharp cloud cover photos, plus night time infra red
pictures] n.d. [image online] Available at:
<http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/Nimbus-1_image.jpg>
[Accessed 13 November 2008].
Pepsi, 2009. Pepsi can designs. [image online] Available at:
<http://www.pepsi.co.uk/MaxYourPepsi.aspx> [Accessed 19 June
2009].
Van Vechten, C. 1934. Man Ray. [photograph] Available at:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Man_Ray_1934.jpg> [Accessed 04
October 2009].
An in text reference for the above examples would read:
(Child placing gauze, n.d.)
(Nimbus 1, n.d.)
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(Pepsi, 2009)
(Van Vechten, 1934)
5.4 Email correspondence/discussion lists
Particular care needs to be taken if you are quoting from these as they
may include personal email addresses and be from a restricted source.
Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted.
For email correspondence or discussion lists the suggested elements for a
reference are:
Name of sender and email address, Year. Message or subject title from
posting line. [type of medium] Recipient's name and email address. Date sent:
Including time. Available at: URL (e.g. details of where message is archived).
[Accessed date].
Jones, P., jones@jones.com, 2005. Mobile phone developments.
[email] Message to R G. Schmit (r.g.schmit@syy.ac.uk). Sent Monday
7 June 2005, 08:13. Available at:
<http://gog.defer.com/2004_07_01_defer_archive.html> [Accessed 7
July 2005].
Copies of such correspondence should be kept, as these may need to
be submitted as an appendix in an academic submission
5.5 Blogs
The required elements for a reference are:
Author/User name, Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title, [medium]
Blog posting date. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform
Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
Whitton, Felix., 2009. Conservationists are not making themselves
heard. Guardian.co.uk Science blog, [blog] 18 June. Available at:
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2009/jun/18/conservation-
extinction-open-ground> [Accessed 23 June 2009].
Blog comments
The required elements for a reference are:
Comment Author, Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title, [medium]
Comment posting date. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform
Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
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DGeezer, 2009. Conservationists are not making themselves heard.
Guardian.co.uk Science blog, [blog] 18 June, Available at:
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2009/jun/18/conservation-
extinction-open-ground> [Accessed 23 June 2009].
An in text reference for the above examples would read:
(Whitton, 2009)
(DGeezer, 2009)
5.6 Mailing list
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initial., Year. Subject Line, Title of Mailing List. [online] date of
message. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource
Locator) [Accessed date].
Murrey, T., 2009. Sharing good practice, Forum for International
Students. [online] 23 June 2009. Available at :
<http://www.internationalstudentforum.com> [Accessed 23 June 2009].
5.7 Podcast or archived tv programme
The required elements for a reference are:
Broadcaster/Author, Year. Programme title, Series Title. (if relevant) [type of
medium] date of transmission. Available at: include web site address/URL
(Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
National Gallery, 2008. Episode Seventeen (March 2008), The National
Gallery Monthly Podcast. [podcast] March 2008.
Available at: < http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/podcasts> [Accessed
23 June 2009].
5.8 YouTube video
The required elements for a reference are:
Screen name of contributor,Year. Video Title, Series Title. (if relevant) [type of
medium] Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource
Locator) [Accessed date].
Mrgeorged, 2009. Top Gear The Stig revealed Full. [video online]
Available at:<http://www.youtube.com/watch#!v=eTapK5dRaw4>
[Accessed 23 June 2009].
6. UNPUBLISHED WORKS
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6.1 Unpublished works
You may occasionally have access to a document before it is published and
may therefore not be able to provide full details:
Pattison, J., (in press) A new book that I have written. London: Vanity
Press
Woolley, E. and Muncey, T., (in press) Demons or diamonds: a study to
ascertain the range of attitudes present in health professionals to
children with conduct disorder. Journal of Adolescent Psychiatric
Nursing. (Accepted for publication December 2002).
6.2 Informal or in-house publications
For informal publications, such as class handouts and leaflets, provide what
details you can:
Anglia Ruskin University, 2007. Using the Cochrane Library. [leaflet]
August 2007 ed. Cambridge: Anglia Ruskin University.
6.3 Personal communication
Where you refer to a more informal personal communication, e.g. letter, email,
phone call or conversation, provide as much detail as possible and note the
nature of the communication:
Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted, and a copy
retained for reference.
Hindle, E., 2000. Introducing Cow & Gate Omneo Comfort: an infant
milk for digestive comfort. [letter] (Personal communication, 2 June
2000).
O’Sullivan, S., 2003. Discussion on citation and referencing. [letter]
(Personal communication, 5 June 2003).
7. REFERENCES WITH MISSING DETAILS
Where there is no obvious publication date, check the content and references
to work out the earliest likely date, for example:
1995? probable year
ca. 1995 approximately 1995
199- decade certain but not year
199? probable decade
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Occasionally it may not be possible to identify an author, place or publisher.
This applies particularly to what is known as ‘grey literature’, such as some
government documents, leaflets and other less official material.
Anon author anonymous or not identifiable
s.l. no place of publication (Latin: sine loco)
s.n. no named publisher (Latin: sine nomine)
n.d. no date
Information such as place and publisher not found on the document, but
traced from other sources, should be placed in square brackets.
You should, however be very cautious about using as supporting
evidence material where you cannot identify the author, date or source
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8. NOTES FROM COMPILERS AND CHANGES
INTRODUCED TO THIRD EDITION
If you require further assistance with citing and referencing please contact the
University Library for guidance.
The sources quoted in this guide have been compiled and shown in red for
the purposes of illustration only. Any similarity with published work is
coincidental.
This guide has been compiled with reference to the BS 5605:1990 and BS
1629:1998 for referencing published material, using the Harvard style
examples. The BS ISO 6902:1997 and BS ISO 690:2010 standard has been
consulted for guidance on details of referencing electronic sources since there
is no British Standard for electronic resources in the Harvard style. The layout
has been informed by (Harvard style) conventions currently being followed in
UK Universities.
Following the compiling of this guide the International Standards Organisation
has issued new guidelines BS ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation
– guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information
resources.
Changes introduced to the Third Edition of this guide:
• The use of the ampersand has been discontinued when linking authors
• Web addresses are displayed between chevrons, and no longer
underlined making it easier to read underscored parts of the address.
• Additional examples have been added to certain document types,
including maps, and two new categories added Religious texts and
Reports from organisations.
Anglia Ruskin University Library
1 October 2010, Revised September 2011
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