This document provides summaries of four papers related to literary works and concepts. It discusses Doctor Faustus as a tragic hero, focusing on Christopher Marlowe, the plot of the play, and how Doctor Faustus can be seen as a tragic hero. It also summarizes political satire in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, defining political satire and how humor is used. It briefly outlines papers on Aristotle's six parts of tragedy and the religious and political background of the novel The Kanthapura.

1. Assignment
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2020
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Contents
Doctor Faustus as a Tragic Hero ....................................................................................................................................... 5
About Author ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Brief life-story of Doctor Faustus ......................................................................................................................... 6
The Tragic Premise in Doctor Faustus .................................................................................................................. 7
Doctor Faustus: Tragic Hero ................................................................................................................................ 7
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Political satire in Gulliver’s Travels ................................................................................................................................... 9
About Author ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
What is meaning of Political Satire?....................................................................................................................10
Satire and Humor...............................................................................................................................................10
Political satire in Gulliver’s Travels......................................................................................................................10
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................................13
Paper no 03-Theory & Criticism-Aristotle's six Parts of Tragedy .......................................................................................13
Six Parts of Tragedy.........................................................................................................................................................14
About Aristotle..................................................................................................................................................14
Concept of Tragedy ...........................................................................................................................................15
Definition of Tragedy.........................................................................................................................................16
The Six Parts of Tragedy ....................................................................................................................................16
Discuss all elements of Tragedy:-.......................................................................................................................17
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................19
Paper no 04-IWE-Religious and Political background in The Kanthapura............................................................................19
Religious and Political background in The Kanthapura.....................................................................................................20
About Author .....................................................................................................................................................20
Short Summary of Kanthapura ...........................................................................................................................20
Religious Background in The Kanthapura............................................................................................................21
Political background of Kanthapura....................................................................................................................22
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................................24
Paper no 05 Nagative Capablities in John Keat's Poem Assignment ....................................................................................25
John Keats As a Romantic Poet and negative capability in his Poetry...............................................................................25
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................25

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Early life ..................................................................................................................................................................26
Passionate and Nature Poet: ...................................................................................................................................27
The Concept of Negative Capability and John Keats:................................................................................................28
Escapist views of John Keats:...................................................................................................................................28
Keats’ Poetic Style ...................................................................................................................................................29
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................................30
Paper no 06 About Tennyson Assignment ......................................................................................................................30
Tennyson’s Poetry........................................................................................................................................................31
Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Life .........................................................................................................................................31
The Virtues of Perseverance and Optimism ..............................................................................................................32
The Glory of England ................................................................................................................................................32
Tragic Death.............................................................................................................................................................33
Paper no 07 I.A.Richards Practical Criticism Assignment .................................................................................................35
Practical Criticism............................................................................................................................................................35
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................35
Practical Criticism.....................................................................................................................................................36
Doctrine in Poetry ....................................................................................................................................................37
Two Uses of Language..............................................................................................................................................38
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................................39
Paper 08 Four Goals of Cultural Studies Assignment........................................................................................................40
Four Goals of Cultural Studies ........................................................................................................................................40
ORIGIN :......................................................................................................................................................................41
Function :....................................................................................................................................................................42
Cultural Studies approaches share four goals : ............................................................................................................42
The General Characteristic of The Modern Age ...............................................................................................................46
General Characteristics of The Modern Age.................................................................................................................47
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................50
Works Cited .....................................................................................................................................................................50
The Old Man and The Sea as Tragedy..............................................................................................................................50
About Santiago ...........................................................................................................................................................51
Tragedy.......................................................................................................................................................................51
2Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................53
Black Skin White Mask, Postcolonial ...............................................................................................................................53
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................54

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Observations on Three postcolonial Nation-States ......................................................................................................55
The challenges Ahead .................................................................................................................................................56
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................57
Works Cited .....................................................................................................................................................................58
ELT:Intercultural Communication....................................................................................................................................58
Intercultural communication.......................................................................................................................................59
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................59
Background.................................................................................................................................................................59
Research.....................................................................................................................................................................61
Current and future trends and directions ....................................................................................................................61
Works Cited .....................................................................................................................................................................63
Memory Revisited in The Sense of an Ending ..................................................................................................................64
Memory and narrative ................................................................................................................................................64
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................67
Works Cited....................................................................................................................................................................68
Name:-BHAVNESHKUMAR SOMABHAI MAHYAVANSHI
Pg.Reg.No:-2069108420190025
Roll No:-04
Paper No:-01
Topic:-Doctor Faustus as Tragic Hero
Sem:-01
Year:-2018-2020
Email:-bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Submitted to Smt.S.B.Gardi Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

5. Assignment
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Words:-1613
Doctor Faustus as a Tragic Hero
About Author
o Christopher Marlowe is known as Kit Marlowe [26Feb 1564-30May 1593].
o He was an English Playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era.
o He greatly influenced by William Shakespeare.
o Marlowe Plays are known for the use of blank verse and their overreaching Protagonist.
Introduction
o Full Title-The Tragically History of Doctor Faustus then as The Tragical History of the life and death of Doctor
Faustus.

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Type of work: Play
Genre: Tragedy
Protagonist: Doctor Faustus
Tragic Hero
o What is meaning of Tragic Hero
A tragic hero is a type of character in tragedy and usually the Protagonist. Tragic Heroes typically have heroic
traits that earn them the sympathy of the audience but also have faults or make mistake that ultimately lead to their
own down fall.
o Additional key details about tragic Heroes
Tragic Hero was first defined by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.
The Term “Tragic Hero”, it is sometimes the case that tragic hero as not really heroes at all in the typical sense
and in a few cases, antagonist may even described as Tragic Heroes.
Brief life-story of Doctor Faustus
o Doctor Faustus could be considered one of Marlowe’s masterpieces of drama. In he asked the reader to analyze
what the limits were for human power and knowledge and ponder what would happen if one man tried to exceed
those limit. The play opens up with Faustus, who was supposedly the most learned man in the world, talked about
how he had master every field of knowledge knew to man. He bored with theology finding that man was doomed no
matter what happens and he had become master in all field. He called upon two other magician valdes and Cornelius
to teach him how to conjure. He learned to do his first private experiment into black art, Mephistophilis appeared to
him in form of an ugly devil. The devil did do but then explained that it was not his conjuring that brought forth
that devil, but the fact that he conjured, cursed the trinity that made him appear. Faustus realized that amount of
power that he would sell his soul to him for twenty-four years of absolute power. He spent his time going to several
different important places to display his power in the form of petty tricks. In Rome, Faustus turned himself invisible
and along with Mephistophilis poked fun at the pope and some friars. His horses turned into a bundle of hay in the
middle of the lake
o Finally, later on in the play Faustus conjures up Helen of Troy for some fellow scholars for their viewing pleasure.
As the play drawn to its climax, Faustus begins to realize what he had done and that death ,which he once thought
did not exist, was indeed his ultimate destiny. Several times he was given the hint that he should repented to God.

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For example, an old man entered towards the end of the play and informs Faustus that it was not too late to repent
because he himself was once a sinner but repented. Faustus still did not listen. Finally as the strikes twelve upon his
hour of destiny many ugly devils ugly devil appeared and dread him finally screamed for mercy.
The Tragic Premise in Doctor Faustus
o Marlowe attempts in Doctor Faustus were a tragic vision of heroic human possibilities. In the very tragic premise,
Faustus was just the antithesis of the protagonist of the morality plays. Where his predecessors were passionless,
Doctor Faustus like Icarus, attempted as the chorus puts it, “to mount above his reach”. If morality heroes were self-
effacing human beings Faustus was superhuman in his ambition. Though the condition was human man could be as
omniscient as God by virtue of his learning and reasonably, should be as omnipotent as God .Where humanness did
not limit Faustus’ achievements, why should be limited in power by the human condition ? “yet art thou still but
Faustus and a man” whereas his power should reach out “ as far as doth the mind of man” . Faustus aim simply
“All things that move between the quiet poles
Shall be at my command. Emperors and kings are but obeyed their several provinces.
Nor can they raise the wind or rend the clouds”
The gap between the power Faustus could reach out to by virtue of his learning and the
power of God could be filled by the “heavenly” necromancy, the black art opposed to God and Forbidden to man.
There was a specific way to human learning even in the much cherished new learning of times. Necromancy was no
tribute to human excellence and if there were limited to human learning. It was no reflection on the cherished
humanist goals of times. In his infinite ambition, Faustus degrades the human condition and his religious sacrilege
was an accentuation of his human degradation.
Doctor Faustus: Tragic Hero
o In Christopher Marlowe play Doctor Faustus could be described as a Tragic Hero similar to other tragic characters
such as Hamlet, Othello and Oedipus.
o Renaissance view of Marlow be a martyr much lesss realistic when considering Faustus to be a medieval tragic
hero. In Fact for the reasons thaat one can give strong evidence that he felt from grace and became a tragic hero.
o Doctor Faustus was master in all fields of study power of necromancy, Alexander-Helen, mesmerizes the world
with his power. These displays of his necromantic powers Faustus shown the true tragedy of his character and
probably his most tragic flaw was that he tried to gained a knowledge that was completely might and truly great the
view said that there were certain limit for man and he never try to break these limits.

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o Faustus thinking that he could be became like God by gained those great powers. He knew that he was damning
himself to eternal torment when his final seconds were approaching he not given the power to halt time and he was
meet his destiny. Doctor Faustus wanted to take destiny in his own hands to demonstrate the power of free would
against fate. The main character of the story of play. Faustus had a certain sense of realism to him the main
character Faustus make which was part of the human condition and something that every human being that add to
sense of realism in the tragic hero may introduce pity. That was a crucial aspect the tragedy Genre. The audience
and readers pity or sympathizes with Protagonist. This aspect of the tragic hero of Doctor Faustus relation to the
audience and readers might very and may be some who did pity Doctor Faustus while other felt no pity for Doctor
Faustus. This aspect and feature was part of the human condition and add to the realism of the characters and of the
play. It was not possible to sympathize with everyone in this play Doctor Faustus was given all the power of universe
and that time midnight never came ,fair nature eye ,rise again and made perpetual day that Faustus said “O lente,
lente currite noctis euai” Faustus desperation tragic nature very thoroughly . One was not a hero thoroughly great
qualities but were revealed through his bad desire for honour and authority his devotion and faith to God. He
confused whether he should follow ways of God or take the path of Lucifer his only goal was to become the greatest
super-authority.He was a man who wished to gave up his past certain and reconcile his attachments with God
instead of Lucifer. His mind could not get the fact that his should had sold to Lucifer and that Faustus would be in
hell for eternity sins that he had committed in the first play.
Conclusion
o Faustus was indeed a tragic Hero .Many scholar and literary experts may debate that because this play was
written in Renaissance, Christopher Marlowe intended that Doctor Faustus seen as martyr trying to attain that which
was forbidden to man in a time when doing so was the noble thing to do. This was not a true, however Doctor
Faustus was tragic Hero through and through, and the way that he presents himself in the play was solid evidence for
this. To begin with, he felt that he could justify his turning to witchcraft and necromancy by his gaining of all other
knowledge. The irony here was that he never did, or he would have realized that even after he had committed
blasphemy by conjuring spirits he could have turned back to God. He was tragic hero because of his methods of using
his new power. Instead of using it to attain the secrets of the universe, he plays petty tricks and tomfoolery on various
important people around the world, including the pope and the German emperor. He proved his tragic nature by
trying to move above and beyond the limitations set by God himself. Faustus knew his limitations and thus by trying
to break those, he damned himself to eternal torment .Ironically, Faustus could have became an example for all of
mankind and proven that if he could be forgiven then all could be forgiven. However, because he was stubborn,
ignorant and blind, he refused to see that he was never truly damned until he was drug by the devils into the heart of
hell itself.
Sources
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play))
(https://www.litcharts.com/lit/doctor-faustus)
(http://www.academia.edu/21779081/Doctor_Faustus_As_a_Tragic_Hero)

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To Evaluate my Assignment click here
Paper no 02-The-Neo-Classical-Political Satire in Gulliver's Travels
Political satire in Gulliver’s Travels
About Author
o Jonathan swift [30 November 1667-19 October 1745] was an Anglo-Irish satirist ,essayist and political
pamphleteer poet and cleric who become dean of St Patrick cathedral, Dublin
o Swift was famous for work such as A tale of tab, An argument against abolishing Christianity, Gulliver’s travels
and a modest proposal.
o He was regarded by encyclopedia Britannia as the foremost prose satirist in English language.

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What is meaning of Political Satire?
o According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, satire means "humor thaat shows the weaknesses or bad qualities of
a person, government, society, etc."
o Satire is a genre that "holds up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn." Armed with irony, sarcasm, and a
little bit of mockery, it is main intent is to shame a person or a whole society into improvement. It serves as a sugar-
coated pill. It is entertaining, but at the same time, it pinches you where it hurts the most.
Political satire is a part of the genre that entertains us at the expense of current political issues. Using humor, it does
a political analysis as an attempt to expose the absurdity, vanity, and hypocrisy of the political field. It goes beyond
a mere mockery and exposes the underlying truth. The definition of political satire suggests that it works on bringing
the issues forward, rather than providing solutions for them. It can be used through prose, cartoons, fake news, etc.,
having a humorous and satirical take on politics.
Satire and Humor
o Satirists use humor not only to ridicule their subjects, but also to gain the attention and trust of their readers.
While readers might not always respond to a highly-conceptual, nuanced argument for change laid out in a dense
manifesto or academic essay, they can easily and enjoyably recognize societal problems targeted by satirical writing.
Some scholars have argued thaat the popular appeal of satire helps in bringing about actual social reform, since the
use of humor makes it easier to disseminate political and societal critiques more widely.
o However, humor is not a required element of satire. George Orwell's Animal Farm is one of the more famous
satires ever written, but few people find humor in it—and in fact, many people find it to be a deeply unsettling and
not-at-all funny book
Political satire in Gulliver’s Travels
o Gulliver’s Travels was great satire in the History of English Literature

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o "Gulliver's Travels" was a pure satire where he satirizes party politics, religious differences, and western Culture
as a whole in ways still relevant to today's world. But we found mostly after reading novel was thaat it was an
allegorical representation of English politics. In where Swift depicts the total political corruption beginning from
16th century and ending with 18th century.
o The forms of political satire was embodied in the first culture thaat was met by Gulliver. In Gulliver's first
adventure, he begins on a ship that runs aground on a submerged rock. He was swimming to land, and when he
awakens, he finds himself tied down to the ground, and surrounded by tiny people, the Lilliputians. "Irony is present
from the start in the simultaneous recreation of Gulliver as giant and prisoner" . Gulliver was surprised "at the
intrepidity of these diminutive mortals, who dare venture to mount and walk upon my body" The Lilliputians were
the embodiment of England of the time period. The Lilliputians were small people who control Gulliver through
means of threats. "...when in an instant I felt above a hundred arrows discharged into my left hand, which pricked
my like so many needles; and besides they shot another flight into the air, as we did bombs in Europe" England was a
small country that had Europe and many other parts of the world under their control.
o Gulliver encounters the ridiculous nature of war. His first encounter of war was in the form of a disputed over the
way to eat an egg. A former king took the rights of personal preference away from his people by telling them to eat
the egg from the small end instead of the large end. Swift relates this trait to the situations where a dominant ruler
oppresses nations. It shows how a simple, ridiculous act can bring forth war. The fight continues through
generations, soon the people continued to fight without really understanding why. Some of the people resisted, and
they found refuge in Blefuscu, and "for six and thirty moons past" the two sides had been at war (I.iv.48). For Swift,
Lilliput was analogous to England and Blefuscu to France. With that event of the story Swift satirizes the needless
bickering and fighting between the two nations.
o Swift's satire was the particular customs of the nation of Lilliput. The methods of selecting people for public
office in Lilliput are very different from thaat of any other nation or rather would appear to be so at first. In order
to be choose a man must "rope dance" to the best of his abilities; the best rope dancer received the higher office. “
this diversion was only practiced by those persons who were candidates for great employments and high favor at
court”. While no nation of Europe in Swift's time followed such an absurd practice, they did not choose public officers
on skill, but rather on how well the candidate could line the right pockets with money. Gulliver tell of their custom

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of burying "their dead with their heads directly downwards. The learned among them confess the absurdity of this
doctrine, but the practice still continues" . At thaat point in the story, Gulliver had not yet realized thaat by seeing
the absurdity of the Lilliputians' traditions, thaat he might seen the absurdity in European ones. With this Swift
satirizes the conditions of Europe.
o According to Swift: “Flimnap, the treasure was allowed to cut a caper on the strait rope at least an inch higher
than any other lord in the whole Empire" Here Swift's model for Flimnap , the most dexterous of the rope dancers,
was Robert Walpole, the leader of the Whig and an extremely witty politician. His official position was like that of
treasurers."The capering on a tight rope symbolizes Walpole's dexterity in parliamentary tactics and political
intrigues”
o Again in the chapter three the kings cushions represents the Duchess of Kendal, One of George was mistresses,
whom Walpole was believed to have bribed in order to return in power in 1721. Thus Swift was particularly
antipathetic towards the Duchess and enjoyed satirizing Walpole because during his time political corruption reached
the highest peak-point."Walpole's was full of more political corruption."
Again in chapter four , book one, swift also narrates the folly of the religious war between Lilliput and Blefuscu to
immediate European politics-“ there ( Lilliput) had been two struggling parties in this Empire, under the name of
Tramecksan and Slamecksan from the high and low heels on their shoes by which they distinguished themselves."
o In Gulliver’s Travels’ here two Lilliputians parties stand for English political parties. The high heels represent
Tories, the low heels Whigs. Those two massacre the English soil both politically and by religion. In Swift’s voice-
"we computed the Tramecksan or High heels to exceed us in number; but the power wholly on our side" refers to the
succession of Whigs in 1714 though the Tories were large in number. Here, it should be mentioned thaat at first
Swift was Whig and later joined the Tory. The king was sympathetic to the Whigs. He was used them to support

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Hanover against France and appointed them to official positions to strengthen his position against the House of
Lords. Thus the Lilliputians Empire who was George i wear low heels which was censured by Swift.
o In Gulliver’s Travels on time he was reached on the island of balnibarbi there he was visited room of language
room of politics, room of politics room of politics. Protagonist wanted to knew his way to home but nobody answered
him. All were busy in useless things. Satire was thaat who were in authority did not do their work. They had no
concern with people and they did not care for anybody .They were busy in making money. Politicians were busy to
fulfilled their bloody ideas .It was duty of rulers to listen problems of their people and solve it but as Protagonist
could not got answers ,we also got answer. Those were some examples of satire on politics found in “Gulliver’s
Travels” in the first three journeys we could find satire on politics fourth journey was about on human nature.
Conclusion
In this book Author suggests some political themes from thaat time. It reflects political background of Classical Age.
It shows political conspires. It was not only the book of thaat time it was the book of all time. It was swift’s foresight
so we could apply all the satires today also. Same issues could be finding in modern time. It was book which would
remain classic because of it had portrayed some universal issues.
Paper no 03-Theory & Criticism-Aristotle's six Parts of Tragedy
Name:-BHAVNESHKUMAR SOMABHAI MAHYAVANSHI
Pg.Reg.No:-2069108420190025
Roll No:-04
Paper No:-03
Topic:-Six Parts of Tragedy
Sem :-01

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Year:-2018-2020
Email:-bhavneshkumar@gmail.com
Submitted to Smt.S.B.Gardi Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Words:-1825
Six Parts of Tragedy
About Aristotle
o Aristotle was born in 384 B.C. in a small town called Stagira. His parents died when he was still young and he
was raised as an orphan though little is known about Aristotle's early years the occupation of his father,
Nicomachus did had a significant influence on his development. Nicomachus was a physician, and this probably
accounted for Aristotle's especially strong interest in biology a science that had been considered inferior to other
disciplines. At the age of eighteen, Aristotle entered Plato's Academy and soon became the undisputed top student. He
spent about twenty years there. Though Aristotle criticized many of Plato's theories, he was always careful to
acknowledge his debt to his former master and stress the common ground that they shared. As much as he did depart
from Plato's thought, the teacher's presence always bore some mark on the student's work.
o When Plato died in 347 B.C., Aristotle left Athens and spent some years traveling, taking part in various
intellectual circles at Assos and Lesbos. At Lesbos he began conducting his biological research, while his prior work
had been concerned primarily with metaphysics and politics, in the form of responses to or even expositions of Plato's
ideas. In 343 B.C. he was asked to tutor Philip's son, the future Alexander the Great. He spent three years with
Alexander teaching primarily the standard subjects, such as rhetoric and poetry. He also encouraged Alexander's
ambitions to conquer Persia, reinforcing the belief that non-Greeks were barbarians. Aristotle's xenophobic beliefs
would never soften, and as Alexander's attitude toward the Persians changed, tension increased between the two men.
o Philip's death in 336 B.C., Aristotle returned to Athens, where he founded the Lyceum. It was here that he
undertook his most important work, and many of his surviving writings were based on lectures prepared for the school
of his work had not been dated precisely, and he was constantly revising much of it. Moreover, we know little about
his life apart from this work, and hence this biography is organized around the works themselves. His greatest
achievement was generally considered to be the syllogism, which helped to launch the field of logic a field that

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Aristotle essentially created single-handedly. Logic was the fundamental tool that made all understanding and
learning possible, for it helped one to recognize when proof was necessary and how to evaluate such proof.
o After logic, Aristotle's contributions to biology were his most significant. He identified 495 different animal
species and classified them shrewdly. The care he showed in his collection of data, along with the insight he provided
into his research, afforded his work great longevity. In contrast to his work in the natural sciences, his biological
achievements would remain unsurpassed for centuries He wrote major works on Ethics, Politics, Poetics, and
Rhetoric. With the exception of Aristotle's Rhetoric, all of these works continue to be studied in colleges today, not
only for historical reasons but as the groundwork of its field. The definition of tragedy provided in the Poetics
remains fundamentally relevant to literary criticism, while the Ethics and Politics provide appropriate starting points
for moral and political philosophy.
o Aristotle died in 322 B.C have contributed more to Western knowledge than any other individual ever had
since.
Concept of Tragedy
o Aristotle metre/verse alone was not the distinguishing feature of poetry or imaginative literature in general. Even
scientific and medical treatises may be written in verses. Verse would not make them poetry. “Even if a theory of
medicine or physical philosophy be put forth in a metrical form, it is usual to describe the writer in this way; Homer
and Empedocles, however, have really nothing in common apart from their metre, so that, if one is to be called a
poet, the other should be termed a physicist rather than a poet.” Then the question was , if metre/verse did not
distinguish poetry from other forms of art, how can we classify the form of poetry along with other formofart?
Aristotle classifies various forms of art with the help of object, medium and manner.
.Object
Which object of life was imitated determines the form of literature. If the Life of great people was imitative
it would make that work a Tragedy and if the life of mean people was imitated it will make the work a Comedy.
David Daiches writes explaining the classification of poetry which is imitative: “We can classify poetry according to
the kinds of people it represents – they were either better than they are in real life, or worse, or the same. One could
present characters, that is, on the grand or heroic scale; or could treat ironically or humorously the petty follies of
men, or one could aim at naturalism presenting men neither heightened nor trivialized … Tragedy deals with men
on a heroic scale, men better than they were in everyday life whereas comedy deals with the more trivial aspects of
human nature, with characters ‘worse’ than they were in real life.”
Medium

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What sort of medium was used to imitate life again determines the forms of different arts. The painter used
the colours, and a musician would use the sound, but a poet uses the words to represent the life. When words are
used, how they were used and in what manner or metre they are used further classifies a piece of literature in
different categories as a tragedy or a comedy or an epic.
The types of literature, said Aristotle, could be distinguished according to the medium of representation as well as the
manner of representation in a particular medium. The difference of medium between a poet and a painter was clear,
one uses words with their denotative, connotative, rhythmic and musical aspects; the other uses forms and
colors Likewise, the tragedy writer may made use of one kind of meter and the comedy writer of another
Manner
In what manner the imitation of life was presented distinguishes the one form of literature from another.
How was the serious aspect of life imitated? For example, dramas were always presented in action while epics were in
narration. In that way the kinds of literature can be distinguished and determined according to the techniques they
employ. David Daiches says: “The poet can tell a story in narrative form and partly through the speeches of the
characters or it can all be done in third-person narrative, or the story can be presented dramatically, with no use
of third person narrative at all.”
Definition of Tragedy
o “A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also as having magnitude complete in itself in
appropriate and pleasurable language in dramatic rather than the narrative form with incident arousing pity and
fear wherewith to accomplish a catharsis of this emotion”
The Six Parts of Tragedy
o The six elements of Tragedy are to be seen as separated only for the sake of analysis. The stage they form a unity
Again for sake of convenience they have been defined by Aristotle as internal. They are not as obvious as the visual
and auditory content of theatre such as diction music and spectacle nor is it to be imagined that any one of them is
more important than the other when Aristotle called myth “The soul of Tragedy” he does not mean that other
elements are dispensable or less essential.

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o The myth only holds the other elements of the play structurally. In terms of the performance, a play has very
complicated structure which consists of all the speaking gesturing, dancing singing and moving that goes on in the
performing.
o The series of episodes or the story has been regarded as the basic structure of a play even though it is merely the
upon which many complex patterns are instead.
Discuss all elements of Tragedy:-
o Plot
Plot is soul of Tragedy
It is the most important of six elements.
The plot must be complete having unity of action.
Aristotle says that plot must structurally self contained with the incident bound together by internal necessity
each action lead inevitably to next with no outside intervention.
There must be good chain of unity of action.
Unity
Place
Action
o Character
Character is important element of Tragedy.
Character is mouthpiece of author.
Aristotle has mentioned the qualities of the Protagonist of a Tragedy.
The first requirement is his goodness which his speeches reflect in the shape of a moral purpose.

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Character should have following this qualities
Good or Fine
True to life
True to type
True to himself
o Thought
Thought is considered as theme of the play.
Aristotle says “Third in order is the faculty of saying what is possible and pertinent in given circumstances. In the
case of oratory this is the function of political art and of rhetoric.
The older poets make their character speak the language of civic life.
The poets of our time, the language of the rhetoricians.
Character is that which reveal moral purpose, showing what kind of things a man choose or avoid. Speeches,
therefore which do not make this manifest or in which the speaker does not choose or avoid something are not
excessive of Ethos/Character. Thought on the other hand is found where something is proved “to be or not to be” or
a General Maxim is enunciated.
o Melody
Melody is taken to chief among the embellishment used in Tragedy.
It is particularly refers to the song sung by a group of people known as chorus.
It refers to what is generally known as choric commentary in Tragedy.
o Spectacles
It is last element of Tragedy
It means the scenes used in drama for the sake of emotional attraction of the audience.

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It heightens the emotional significant of an event in the play. This is the sole work of a stage machinist to set the
scene as described by the dramatist.
Conclusion
o Aristotle has explained his view on tragedy and its six important elements.
o It is language which gives us the thought and feeling of various Dramatic persons i.e. Characters
o It is through speech that their character is revealed song or the Lyrical element is to be found in the choric parts of
Tragedy. It is one of the sources of pleasure of Tragedy
o The spectacles have more to do with stagecraft Aristotle is the one of the view that the dramatist must depend for
his effects on his own powers rather than on spectacles.
Sources
(http://www.english.hawaii.edu/criticalink/aristotle/gloss/gloss6.html)
(https://sites.google.com/site/nmeictproject/home/six-formative-elements-of-tragedy)
(https://www.bachelorandmaster.com/criticaltheories/components-of-tragedy-in-poetics.html)
Paper no 04-IWE-Religious and Political background in The Kanthapura
Name:-BHAVNESHKUMAR SOMABHAI MAHYAVANSHI
Pg.Reg.No:-2069108420190025
Roll No:-04
Paper No:-04
Topic:-Religious and Political background in The Kanthapura
Sem:-01
Year:-2018-2020
Email:-bhavneshkumar@gmail.com
Submitted to Smt.S.B.Gardi Department of English

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Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Words:-1638
Religious and Political background in The Kanthapura
About Author
o Sri K. Raja Rao [8 November 1908 – 8 July 2006] was an Indian writer of English language novels
and short stories, whose works are deeply rooted in Metaphysics.
o The Serpent and the Rope (1960), a semi-autobiographical novel recounting a search for spiritual
truth in Europe and India, established him as one of the finest Indian prose stylists and won him
the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1964 For the entire body of his work, Rao was awarded the Neustadt
International Prize for Literature in 1988.
o Rao's wide-ranging body of work spanning a number of genres seen as a varied and significant
contribution for Indian English literature as well as World literature as a whole.
Short Summary of Kanthapura
o Rao's first and best-known novel, Kanthapura (1938), the story of a south Indian village named
Kanthapura. The novel was narrated in the form of a Sthalaa Puranaa by an old woman of the village,
Achakkaa. Dominant castes like Brahmans were privileged to get the best region of the village, while
lower casts such as Pariahs were marginalized. Despite that “Varna” system the village retains it was long
cherished traditions of festivals in which all castes interact and the villagers were united. The village was
believed to be protected by a local deity named Kenchamma.
o The Protagonist of the novel Moorthy, a young Brahmin who leaves for the city to study, where he
became familiar with Gandhian philosophy. He begins living a Gandhi lifestyle, wearing home-
spun khaddar and discarded foreign clothes and speaking out against the Varna system. Thaat causes the
village priest to turn against Moorthy and excommunicate him. Heartbroken to hear this, Moorthy's
mother Narasamma died and after thaat Moorthy starts living with an educated widow, Rangamma,
who was active in India’s independence movement.
o Moorthy was invited by Brahmin clerks at the Skeffington coffee estate to create an awareness of
Gandhian teachings among the pariah coolies. When Moorthy arrives, he was beaten by the policeman

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Bade Khan but the coolies stand up for Moorthy and beat Bade Khan an action for which they were
thrown out of the estate. Moorthy continues his fight against injustice and social inequality and became a
staunch ally of Gandhi. He was depressed over the violence at the estate, he taken responsibility and
went on a three-day fast and emerges morally elated. A unit of the independence committee was then
formed in Kanthapura, with the office bearers vowing to follow Gandhi’s teachings under Moorthy's
leadership.
o The British government accuses Moorthy of provoking the townspeople to inflict violence and
arrests him. Though the committee was willing to pay his bail Moorthy refused their money. That time
Moorthy spent the next three months in prison the women of Kanthapura taken charge forming a
volunteer corps under Ran gamma’s leadership. Rangamma instills a sense of patriotism among the
women by telling those stories of notable women from Indian history They had faced police brutality,
including assault and rape, when the village was attacked and burned that time Moorthy's release from
prison he was greeted by the loyal townspeople who were united regardless of Varna system. The
kanthapura end with Moorthy and the town looking to the future and planning to continue their fight
for independence.
Religious Background in The Kanthapura
o Indian people are deeply spiritual or religious people and religion was freely exploited by Indian
patriots all through the freedom struggle.
o The religious sentiments of the rural people folk were fully exploited by B.G. Tilak by introducing
the Ganpati festival in Maharashtra in them courage, patriotism and unity.
o Students were persuaded to take part in these celebrations.
o The festival was used as suitable instrument for educating the masses and making them politically
conscious.
o Tilak was started the shivaji festival in 1895 to encouraged the Maratha people to emulate their loved
leader.
o A new longing for liberty and a patriotic and religious songs, kathaas and ballads were recited on a
large scale, resulting in a sense of pride in the glorious and worthy past of India.
o It may be mentioned thaat religious used in the guise of procession of Ganesh thaat the People of
Village try to make good their escaped. Religion played an important role in Indian struggle for

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Independent and it did in the Kanthapura. “Great goddess, Benign one” There was a folk song which
evoked in United state images and attitudes to what Kenchammaa means to the people of Kanthapura.
Kenchammaa, Kenchammaa
Goddess benign and bounteous
Mother of earth, blood of life
Harvest queen, rain crowned
Kenchammaa, Kenchammaa
Goddess benign and bounteous
o Kenchammaa was in the centre of the Kanthapura, forms the still centre of their lives and makes
everything meaningful.
o Marriage, funeral, death, ploughing, harvesting, arrest, release- all were watched over by
Kenchammaa. “There may be small pox or influenza around but you make a vow to the goddess, the
next morning you wake up and found the fever has left you. Did not she kill the demon thaat who killed
their children and molested their wives? And so she would continue to protect them ,come wind ,come
rain, come any distress”
Political background of Kanthapura
o Kanthapura was not only fine work of art but it was aim at arousing the conscience of the India and
even of the world at large at the ills and injustice which plagued Indian life in 1930.
o The Kanthapura depicted the freedom movement did not aim at “Swaraj” movement itself could be
attained after certain social reforms boycotting foreign goods and spinning yarn and wearing “Khadi”
made from it and also eradication of Untouchability and rigidities of Varna System and removal of
illiteracy and ignorance and superstition. At as the last word and thaat he believed that the basic ill in
Hindustan was something more fundamental than conceived by Gandhi. Example. Inequality.
o In the Kanthapura Many Ideas or movement found were…
Freedom movement
Religious Movement
Social movement

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Untouchability
Against Varna System
Lift the flag high,
O. lift the flag high,
Brothers, sister, Friends and Mother,
This is the flag of the revolution -Gandhi
o In “Kanthapura”- novel political ideas also were found, Earlier, British ruled over India and then
slowly and steadily education got reformation and Gandhi ideas started to applied by Moorthy.
First they ignore you,
Then they ridicule you,
Then they fight you, and
Then you “ WIN”
In Kanthapura we had more than a glimpse of the Freedom movement in HINDUSTAN under
the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
o We seen that Gandhi acted like charm in every part of India and how the people in remote and far
away Kanthapura waited with baited breath and observe a fast in order to show their solidarity with
Mahatma Gandhi as he sets out on his historic Dandi March.
o In cities as well as villages there were volunteers group which organized the people, distributed
charkhas and yarn, and even an ambulance corps to take care of those who were wounded in the firing
and lathi charges on satygrahis.
o His programmed, left schools, colleges, Universities or resigned from their jobs and made a bonfire
of their costly imported clothes.

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o Kanthapura was one the earliest example of Gandhian Novel. Raja rao’s novel was the most
powerful of Indo-Anglian novel, portraying the impact of the Gandhian movement on the Indian
people. Kanthapura was long narrative novel telling of heroic acts, the birth and death of Protagonist.
So it was an Epic.
o Kanthapura was told about impact of Gandhi on Freedom movement of India.
o The freedom struggle of India was an epic struggle thousands of people sacrifies their lives.
o It was remained in the background through the novel. Gandhi was no doubt the Hero of movement
on a small village Kanthapura.
o In the Kanthapura moorthy was the Gandhi and Protagonist of the Village
o The Main character of the novel was Moorthy. He was Brahman boy who discovered a half buried
“Linga” from the village and installed it. It was Moorthy who organized Gandhi in the village. He was
indeed life and spirit behind the movement in Kanthapura just as a Gandhi was the life and spirit of
freedom struggle in India, but very soon the people of Kanthapura just as a whole were actively
involved and novel became an account of their suffering and their sacrifice. The people of Kanthapura
had been enthused with spirit of Gandhi and they march ahead heroically all the suffering and the
hardship they had undergo
o In Freedom Movement many young men all over country like Moorthy gave up his studies and
joined freedom movement .He dedicated his life for India and after he followed the principal of Gandhi.
He brunet his foreign clothes and started using Khadi. He did not marry and devoted his life totally to
the struggle for Independence. He sacrifices his personal life and happiness for the sake of freedom
fighters in the Kanthapura.
Conclusion
Literature is a medium of political, social and religious awaking in a Country and it is natural thaat
during Hindustan’s own part. The creative writing is influenced India’s national movement has taken
into account the personality and achievements of Mahatma Gandhi who dominated the Indian political
scene from 1916 till his death 1948. Thousands of India’s illiterate peasants Gandhi came to stand for a
religious avatar or incarnation of God and even many of the more sophisticated city-dwellers looked
upon him as a Prophet as well as Savior.

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Paper no 05 Nagative Capablities in John Keat's Poem Assignment
Name:-Bhavneshkumar S Mahyavanshi
Sem:-2
Year:-(2018-2020)
Roll No:-04
Enrolment no:-2069108420190025
E_Mail:-bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Paper no:-05
Subject:-The Romantic Age
Topic:-John Keats as Romantic poet and his negative capability in his poetry
Words:-2062
John Keats As a Romantic Poet and negative capability in his Poetry
Introduction
John Keats (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) is an English Romantic poet and John Keats is one of the main
figures of the second generation of Romantic poets along with Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, despite his works
have been in publication for only four years before his death from tuberculosis at the age of 25
Although his poems are not generally well received by critics during his lifetime, his reputation grew after his death
and by the end of the 19th century, he has become one of the most beloved of all English poets. John keats has a
significant influence on a diverse range of poets and writers. Jorge Luis Borges stated thaat his first encounter with
Keats' work was the most significant literary experience of his life..

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The poetry of Keats is characterised by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. This is typical of romantic
poets, as they aimed to accentuate extreme emotion through an emphasis on natural imagery. Today his poems and
letters are some of the most popular and most analysed in English literature. The most acclaimed works of Keats are
"Ode to a Nightingale", "Sleep and Poetry", and the famous sonnet "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer".
Early life
John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, Frances Jennings.
There is little evidence of his exact birthplace . Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on
29 October, baptism records give the date as the 31st. He is the eldest of four surviving children and his younger
siblings are George (1797–1841), Thomas (1799–1818), and Frances Mary "Fanny" (1803–1889) who
eventually married Spanish author Valentín Llanos Gutiérrez. Another son was lost in infancy. His father first
worked as a hostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop Inn, an establishment he later managed, and where
the growing family lived for some years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins,
but there is no evidence to support his belief and The Globe pub now occupies the site (2012), a few yards from the
modern-day Moorgate station.. john is baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a local dame
school as a child.
His parents are unable to afford Eton or Harrow, so in the summer of 1803, he is sent to board at John Clarke's
school in Enfield, close to his grandparents' house. The small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive
curriculum more modern than the larger, more prestigious schools. In the family atmosphere at Clarke's, Keats
developed an interest in classics and history, which would stay with him throughout his short life The headmaster's
son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing Keats
to Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapman's translations. The young Keats is described by his
friend Edward Holmes as a volatile character, "always in extremes", given to indolence and fighting. However, at
13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, winning his first academic prize in midsummer 1809.
In April 1804, when Keats is eight, his father died from a skull fracture, suffered when he fell from his horse while
returning from a visit to Keats and his brother George at school. Thomas Keats died intestate. Frances remarried two
months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and the four children went to live with their grandmother,
Alice Jennings, in the village of Edmonton.
In March 1810, when Keats is 14, his mother died of tuberculosis, leaving the children in the custody of their
grandmother. She appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of them. Thaat autumn,
Keats left Clarke's school to apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who was a neighbour and

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the doctor of the Jennings family. Keats lodged in the attic above the surgery at 7 Church Street until 1813. Cowden
Clarke, who remained a close friend of Keats, described this period as "the most placid time in Keats' life.
Tracing its roots to the philosophic endeavors of Jean Jacques Rousseau that "Man is born free and everywhere he is
in chains".. Romanticism is an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement. With the publication of "Lyrical
Ballads" in 1798, it sprang in English literature and reached its climax by 1850. It was a revolt against the
industrial revolution and excessive mechanization.. It stressed upon strong emotions and influenced visual arts, music
and literature. German painter Caspar David Friedrich stated "the artist's feeling is his law" while Coleridge
pronounced "Poetry is the lava of imagination". In short "creation from nothingness" . is the voice of Romanticism.
Among great romantic poets are Coleridge, Shelley, John Keats, Byron and Wordsworth. Romantic poetry is famous
for the interest of the poet in Nature and pastoral life while it involves imagination, excessive emotions, spontaneity,
symbolism, antiquity and escape from reality. John Keats, a passionate romantic, once wrote "if poetry comes not as
naturally as the leaves to a tree it had better not come at all". Like all romantics poets, the poetry of Keats is
enriched with keen interest in beauty and Nature with impeccable sensual imagery. He is Hellenistic and escapist. In
addition to his obsession with beauty, he speculates over death while love, valor, adventure and pathos have been his
major topics with a "Negative Capability". Keats is overwhelmingly influenced by ancient mythology. Though
romantic in essence, Keats had deep interests in the writings of Homer, Dante, Virgil, and Shakespeare etc. Nature,
with all its beauty and enrapturing charms, is always there as a perfect setting for the poems of Keats whether he is
speculative and depressed over imminent death or he be lost in the beauty of ancient art or enchanting like a bird at
night.
Passionate and Nature Poet:
John Keats is a passionate romantic who presents all his themes on the canvas of nature. All his poems are a sheer
depiction of the colors and beauty of Nature. The style of Keats has nothing but passion to capture the beauty of
Nature. If he is anxious to capture ‘"Night's starred face’’’ in "when I Have Fears", then In "Ode To Autumn", the
description of nature is quite realistic and alluring. Though the overall mood of the poem is filled with the gloom of
the lurking danger of the imminent winter, yet the sparkling rays of the colors of autumn brighten the horizon for the
readers:
"Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness! Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun’; In September, 1819, Keats wrote
a letter to Reynolds from Winchester describing the beauty of the fields and his intention of writing a poem on the
beautiful landscape. He says "how beautiful the season is now...".

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The Concept of Negative Capability and John Keats:
As a true romantic, keats insists upon the neutrality of the poet. keats believes thaat a poet must write without any
prejudice and the ability to experience a phenomena free from the bounds of "theory of knowledge" or presupposed
conceptions and beliefs. He captures the beauty of Nature without being influenced by his prior knowledge. For
example, autumn is considered the season of approaching gloom in the shape of winter but the poet is fascinated with
the beauty of the rich and striking scenery about him and is forced to compose a poem on the beauty of autumn
against prior and established knowledge.
Escapist views of John Keats:
All romantic poets are escapists in essence. They tend to shun reality in the favor of the ideal. They lose themselves
into the realm of poetic fancy and imagination. For example in "Ode to Nightingale", Keats overpowers the doubts
of his mind and says to the nightingale: "Away! away! for I will fly to thee" The escapist idealism forces the poet to
leave the painful realism and enter into ideal life of nightingale. The poet wants to disappear with the joyous
nightingale. He wishes to "fade far away, dissolve and quite forget" the human miseries and pains; the nightingale
has never tasted of such "weariness" and sings.
Addition of Strangeness to Beauty
The romantic quality in literature has been defined by Pater as “the addition of strangeness to beauty”. All poetry, if
it is genuine poetry, reflects, represents and deals with beauty, but romantic poetry goes a step ahead and imparts
strangeness to beauty. When Wordsworth reads the message of eternity in the simplest flower, he reveals something
strange and wonderful; this revelation of the strange and the mysterious, imparts the essential romantic quality to the
poetry of Wordsworth. Keats sees beauty in the ordinary things of nature. The earth to him is a place where beauty
renews itself everyday; the sky is full of huge cloudy symbols of a high romance. Keats loved beauty in the flower, in
the stream and in the cloud, but he loved it in each thing as a part of the Universal beauty which is one, an
infinite—”the mighty abstract idea of Beauty”.
The song of the nightingale is sweet and he is enraptured by the song and there comes the touch of romance. Keats,
while hearing the sweet song, passes from the world of time to the world of eternity.
Thou was not born for death, immortal bird.

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The romantic imagination of the poet reveals in a flash a world beyond this world—the world of eternity where the
nightingale sings forever and ever. The song of the nightingale becomes a symbol of the universal spirit of Beauty.
Pursuit of the unknown, the invisible and the infinite inspires the creation of alt the romantic poetry of the world. It
is born out of the craving for the unknown; it is born out of the desire, not for a limited happiness, but for the
boundless joy and loveliness. The nightingale isfor Keats, the symbol of unlimited joy and infinite happiness.
Keats’ Poetic Style
Last but not least, both in terms of diction and meters, Keats’ poetic style is romantic. Though it has classical finish,
it possesses that romantic touch of suggestiveness by which “more is meant than meets the ear.” His poetry is full of
such unique suggestive expressions:
Then green-robed senators of mighty woods.
How tip-top Night holds back her dark-grey hood.
My sleep had been embroidered with dreams.
Joy, whose hand is ever at his lips
bidding adieu,
The silver snarling trumpet ‘gan to chide.
Thou foster-child of Silence and Slow Time.
Keats has employed various kinds of meters and stanza-forms in his poetic works. He is one of the great sonneteers in
the English language and his Odes, with their musical flow in long stanzas, stand as unique specimens of romantic
poetry.
Keats as a True Romantic
But true romanticism, though it sometime flings our imagination far into the remote and the unseen, is essentially
based on truth—the truth of emotion and the truth of imagination. Keats is a true romantic—not a romantic in the

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hackneyed sense of dealing with the unrealities of life. He loves not merely beauty but truth as well, and not merely
the world of imagination but that of reality; and he sees thaat beauty in truth and truth in beauty. He never escape
from the realities of life in pursuit of the beautiful visions of his imagination, in fact, the visions of his imagination
are based on reality. john keats persistently endeavored to reconcile the world of imagination with the world of
reality. Therefore Middleton Murry calls Keats “a true romantic.”
Conclusion
The brief span of Keats’ life fell within, what is know as the age of Romantic Revival in English Literature and Keats
fully imbibed the spirit of his age. His poetry is a fine example of highly romantic poetry in fact, it touched almost
all the aspects of romantic poetry—love for beauty, love for nature, love for the past, supernaturalism, glow for
emotions and last but not the least in importance, the revealing power of imagination.
Sources
(https://www.risenotes.com/poems/John-Keats-as-a-Romantic-Poet.php)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats)
Paper no 06 About Tennyson Assignment
Name:-Bhavneshkumar S Mahyavanshi
Sem:-2
Year:-(2018-2020)
Roll No:-04
Enrolment no:-2069108420190025
E_Mail:-bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Paper no:-06

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Subject:-The Victorian Age
Topic:-Tennyson’s Poetry (Reconsiliation of Religion and Science)
Words:-1977
Tennyson’s Poetry
Themes
The Reconciliation of Religion and Science
Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Life
Regarded as a major Victorian poet, Alfred Lord Tennyson was born on August 6, 1809 in Somersby, Lincolnshire in
England. One of eleven siblings of a rector, Tennyson was the fourth child. Along with his two brothers Charles and
Frederick, Tennyson went to Louth Grammar School in 1816, which did not satisfy him. He disliked it so much so
that he never even passed by it after he left.
During his school years, Tennyson was influenced by some of the most popular poets of the era, such as Lord Byron
and John Keats. However, he .started composing poems in the style of John Milton, Sir Walter Scott, and Alexander
Pope instead. His amazing understanding of the Elizabethan verse is clear from his unpublished collection of “The
Devil and the Lady.”
Tennyson’s father’s health started deteriorating while Tennyson was at school. Depressed, he sought refuge in
drinking. Despite this, Tennyson continued with his writing fervor. In collaboration with his older brother Charles,
heproduced another collection, “Poems by Two Brothers,” in 1826. In 1827, Charles and Alfred joined their brother
Frederick at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he met Arthur Henry Hallam and befriended him. Both Tennyson
and Hallam gained membership to the secret society called the Cambridge Apostles.
Tennyson’s reputation as a poet skyrocketed at Cambridge where Tennuson received the Chancellor’s Gold Medal for
his work “Timbuctoo,” published in 1829. Sadly, in 1931, his father passed away, and the family’s miseries
increased on discovering that their father had left behind large debts. When Tennyson discovered this, he left
Cambridge without obtaining a degree.
Tennyson carried on with his writing, and published his third collection of poetry in 1842. When his brother Charles
married Louisa Sellwood in 1836, Tennyson fall in love with the sister of his brother’s wife, Emily. Unfortunately,
her father did not like this match. In the meantime, Tennyson became friends with famous figures of thaat time like
Thomas Carlyle, Walter Savage Landor, and William Ewart Gladstone His friendships with this elite circle led to his
success of winning over Emily’s father. The pair got engaged and Tennyson subsequently married Emily in 1850.

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Tennyson received many awards and became Poet Laureate in the same year and He continued writing poems until
his death in 1892 and was buried in Westminster Abbey and he left two sons behind.
Tennyson lived during a period of great scientific advancement and he used his poetry to work out the conflict
between religious ..faith and scientific discoveries and Notable scientific findings and theories of the Victorian period
include stratigraphy, the geological study of rock layers used to date thee earth, in 1811; the first sighting of an
asteroid in 1801 and galaxies in the 1840s; and Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection in 1859. In the
second half of the century, scientists, such as Fülöp Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, and Louis Pasteur began the
experiments and work that would eventually lead to germ theory and our modern understanding of microorganisms
and diseases. These discoveries were challenged traditional religious understandings of nature and natural history.
For most of his career, Tennyson was deeply interested in and troubled by these discoveries. His poem “Locksley Hall”
(1842) expresses his ambivalence about technology and scientific progress. There was the speaker feels tempted to
abandon modern civilization and return to a savage life in the jungle. In the end, he chooses to live a civilized,
modern life and enthusiastically endorses technology. In Memoriam connects the despair Tennyson felt over the loss of
his friend Arthur Hallam and the despair he felt when contemplating a godless world. In the end, the poem affirms
both religious faith and faith in human progress..Tennyson continued to struggle with the reconciliation of science
and religion, as illustrated by some of his later work. For example, “Locksley Hall Sixty Years After”’ (1886) takes as
its protagonist the speaker from the original “Locksley Hall,” but now he was an old man, who looks back on his
youthful optimism and faith in progress with scorn and skepticism.
The Virtues of Perseverance and Optimism
After the death of his friend Arthur Hallam, Tennyson struggled through a period of deep despair, which he
eventually overcame to begin writing again. During his time of mourning, Tennyson rarely wrote and, for many
years, battled alcoholism. Many of his poems are about the temptation to give up and fall prey to pessimism, but they
also extol the virtues of optimism and discuss the importance of struggling on with life. The need to persevere and
continue is the central theme of In Memoriam and “Ulysses” (1833), both written after Hallam’s death. Perhaps
because of Tennyson’s gloomy and tragic childhood, perseverance and optimism also appear in poetry written before
Hallam’s death, such as “The Lotos-Eaters” (1832, 1842). Poems such as “The Lady of Shalott” (1832, 1842) and
“The Charge of the Light Brigade” (1854) also vary this theme: both poems glorify characters who embrace their
destinies in life, even though those destinies end in tragic death. The Lady of Shalott leaves her seclusion to meet the
outer world, determined to seek the love that is missing in her life. The cavalrymen in “The Charge of the Light
Brigade” keep charging through the valley toward the Russian cannons; they persevere even as they realize that they
will likely die.
The Glory of England
Tennyson used his poetry to express his love for England. Although he expressed worry and concern about the
corruption that so dominated the nineteenth century, he also wrote many poems that glorify nineteenth-century

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England. “The Charge of the Light Brigade” praises the fortitude and courage of English soldiers during a battle of
the Crimean War in which roughly 200 men were killed. As poet laureate, Tennyson was required to write poems for
specific state occasions and to dedicate verse to Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert. Nevertheless,
Tennyson praised England even when not specifically required to do so. In the Idylls of the King, Tennyson glorified
England by encouraging a collective English cultural identity: all of England could take pride in Camelot,
particularly the chivalrous and capable knights who lived there. Indeed, the modern conception of Camelot as the
source of loyalty, chivalry, and romance comes, in part, from Tennyson’s descriptions of it in the Idylls of the King
and “The Lady of Shalott.”
Motifs
Tragic Death
Early, tragic death and suicide appear throughout Tennyson’s poetry .. Perhaps the most significant event of his life
was the untimely death of his best friend Arthur Hallam at age twenty-two, which prompted Tennyson to write his
greatest literary work, In Memoriam. This long poem uses the so-called In Memoriam stanza, or a quatrain that uses
iambic tetrameter and has an abba rhyme scheme. The formal consistency expresses Tennyson’s grief and links the
disparate stanzas together into an elegiac whole. The speaker of “Break, Break, Break” (1834) sees death even in
sunsets, while the early “Mariana” (1830) features aa woman who longs for death after her lover abandons her. Each
of thaat poem’s seven stanzas ends with the line “I would that I were dead.” The lady in “The Lady of Shalott”
brought about her own death by going out into an autumn storm dressed only in a thin white dress. Similarly, the
cavalrymen in “The Charge of the Light Brigade” ride to their deaths by charging headlong into the Russian cannons.
These poems were lyrically mourn those who died tragically, often finding nobility in their characters or their deaths.
Scientific Language
Tennyson took a great interest in the scientific discoveries of the nineteenth century, and his poetry manifests this
interest in its reliance on scientific language. “The Kraken” (1830), which describes as an ancient, slumbering sea
beast, mentions a “cell” (8) and “polypi” (9). Section 21 of In Memoriam alludes to the 1846 discovery of Neptune.
There, a traveler tells the speaker not to grieve for his friend. Rather than grieve, the traveler says, the speaker
should rejoice in the marvelous possibilities of science. Section 120, in contrast, features the speaker wondering what
good science might do in a world full of religious doubt and despair. Other poems praise technological discoveries and
inventions, including the steamships and railways discussed in “Locksley Hall,” or mention specific plants and
flowers, as does “The Lotos-Eaters” (1832, 1842). Taking metaphors and poetic diction from science allowed
Tennyson to connect to his age and to modernize his sometimes antiquarian language and archaic verse forms.
The Ancient World

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Like the romantic poets who preceded him, Tennyson found much inspiration in the ancient worlds of Greece and
Rome. In poems such as “The Lotos-Eaters” and “Ulysses,” Tennyson retells the stories of Dante and Homer, which
described the characters of Ulysses, Telemachus, and Penelope and their adventures in the ancient world. However,
Tennyson slightly alters these mythic stories, shifting the time frame of some of the action and often adding more
descriptive imagery to the plot. For instance, “Ulysses,” a dramatic monologue spoken by Homer’s hero, urgesreaders
to carry on and persevere rather than to give up and retire. Elsewhere Tennyson channels the voice of Tithonus, a
legendary prince from Troy, in the eponymous poem “Tithonus” (1833, 1859). He praises the ancient poet Virgil in
his ode “To Virgil” (1882), commenting on Virgil’s choice of subject matter and lauding his ability to chronicle
human history in meter. Tennyson mined the ancient world to find stories thaat would simultaneously enthrall and
inspire his readers.
Symbols
King Arthur and Camelot
To Tennyson, King Arthur symbolizes the ideal man, and Arthurian England was England in its best and purest
form. Some of Tennyson’s earliest poems, such as “The Lady of Shalott,” were set in King Arthur’s time. Indeed,
Tennyson rhymes Camelot, the name of King Arthur’s estate, with Shalott in eighteen of the poem’s twenty stanzas,
thereby emphasizing the importance of the mythical place. Furthermore, our contemporary conception of Camelot as
harmonious and magnificent comes from Tennyson’s poem. Idylls of the King, about King Arthur’s rise and fall, was
one of the major projects of Tennyson’s late career.The Queen Victoria and Prince Albert envisioned themselves as
latter-day descendents of Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, and their praise helped popularize the long
poem. But King Arthur also had a more personal representation to Tennyson: the mythic king represents a version of
his friend Arthur Henry Hallam, whose death at twenty-two profoundly affected Tennyson. Hallam’s death destroyed
his potential and promise, which allowed Tennyson to idealize Hallam. This idealization allows Tennyson to
imagine what might had been in the best possible light, much as he does when describing King Arthur and his court.
The Imprisoned Woman
The imprisoned woman appears throughout Tennyson’s work. In “Mariana,” a woman abandoned by her lover lives
alone in her house in the middle of desolate country; her isolation imprisons her, as does the way she waits for her
lover to return. Her waiting limits her ability and desire to do anything else. “The Lady of Shalott” is likewise about
a woman imprisoned, this time in a tower. Should she leave her prison, a curse would fall upon her. Tennyson, like
many other Victorian poets, used female characters to symbolize the artistic and sensitive aspects of the human
condition. Imprisoned women, such as these Tennyson characters, act as symbols for the isolation experienced by the
artist and other sensitive, deep-feeling people. Although society might force creative, sensitive types to become
outcasts, in Tennyson’s poems, the women themselves create their own isolation and imprisonment. These women
seems unable or unwilling to deal with the outside world.

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Sources
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred)
(https://literarydevices.net/alfred-lord-tennyson/)
(https://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/tennyson/plot-analysis/)
Paper no 07 I.A.Richards Practical Criticism Assignment
Name:-Bhavneshkumar S Mahyavanshi
Sem:-2
Year:-(2018-2020)
Roll No:-04
Enrolment no:-2069108420190025
E_Mail:-bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Paper no:-05
Subject:-Litarary Theory & Criticism:The 20th
Western & Indian Poetics-2
Topic:-Practical Criticism
Words:-1846
Practical Criticism
Introduction
I.A. Richards, born in 1893, is one of the great critics of the modern age. Richards has influenced a
number of critics on both sides of the Atlantic. I.A. Richards and T.S. Eliot are pioneers in the field of
New Criticism, though they differ from each other in certain important respects.
A study of his ‘Practical Criticism’ written in 1929 reveals thaat I.A. Richards has a great interest in

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textual and verbal analysis. A poet writes to communicate, and language is the means of that
communication. Language is made of words and hence a study of words is all important if we are to
understand the meaning of a work of art. According to I.A. Richards words carry four kinds of meaning
or to be more precise, the total meaning of a word depends upon four factors, i.e.
Richard shows an interest in the effect of poems on the reader. Richard tends to locate poem in readers
response. The being of the poem seems to exist only in the readers. Poetry is a form of words that
organizes our attitudes.. Poetry is composed of pseudo statements, therefore it is effective. He talks
about the close analysis of a text.
Like a new critics, he values irony. He praises the irony and says thaat it is characteristics of poetry of
higher order. In “The Forth Kinds of Meaning”, he talks about functions of language. Basically he points
out four types of functions or meaning that the language has to perform.
Practical Criticism
Richard’s influence rests primarily on his Practical Criticism (1929) which is based on his experiments
conducted in Cambridge in which he distributed poems, stripped of all evidence of authorship and
period, to his pupils and asked them to comment on them. He analyses factors responsible for
misreading of poems. Even a “reputable scholar” is vulnerable to these problems.
1) First is the difficulty of making out the plain sense of poetry. A large proportion of average-to-good
readers of poetry simply fail to understand it. They fail to make out its prose sense, it is plain, overt
meaning. They misapprehend its feeling, its tone, and its intention.
2) Parallel to the difficulties of interpreting the meaning are the difficulties of sensuous apprehension.
Words have a movement and may have a rhythm even when read silently. Many a reader of poetry
cannot naturally perceive this.
3) There are difficulties presented by imagery, principally visual imagery, in poetic reading. Images
aroused in one mind may not be similar to the ones stirred by the same line of poetry in another, and
both may have nothing to do with the images that existed in the poet’s mind.
4) Then comes the persuasive influence of mnemonic irrelevancies ie, the intrusion of private and
personal associations.
5) Another is the critical trap called stock responses, based on privately established judgments. These
happen when a poem seems to involve views and emotions already fully prepared in the reader’s mind.
6) Sentimentality, ie, excessive emotions
7) inhibition , ie hardness of heart are also perils to understanding poetry.

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8) Doctrinal adhesions present another troublesome problem. The views and beliefs about the world
contained in poetry could become a fertile source of confusion and erratic judgment.
9) Technical presuppositions too can pose a difficulty. When something has once been done in a certain
fashion we tend to expect similar things to be done in the future in the same fashion, and are
disappointed or do not recognise them if they are done differently. This is to judge poetry from outside
by technical details. We put means before ends.
10 ) Finally, general critical preconceptions resulting from theories about its nature and value come
between the reader and the poem.
The objective of Practical Criticism was to encourage students to concentrate on ‘the words on the
page’, rather than rely on preconceived or received beliefs about a text. Richards concludes that the
critical reading of poetry is an arduous discipline. “The lesson of all criticism is that we have nothing to
rely upon in making our choices but ourselves.” The lesson of good poetry, when we have understood
it, lies in the degree to which we can order ourselves. Through close analysis of poems and by
responding to the emotion and meaning in them the students were to achieve what Richards called an
‘organized response.’ From this stems Richard’s ‘psychologism’ which is concerned not with the poem
per se but with the responses to it.
Doctrine in Poetry
Here Richards talks about the proper way of analyzing the text and what critics and readers should be
like. He tends to locate the poem in readers response to it. It means that readers analyze the text and
respond any poetry from similar judgmental aspects. It shows thaat every reader produces same
meaning from same text as the text is organic whole obstacles and barriers the variation of meaning
occurs.
His ideas are oriented toward distinguishing the belief of readers from that of the poets. If there occurs
contradiction between the belief of readers and the belief of poets, the readers do not get sole meaning
from the text. Because of readers’ temperament and personal experience, they don't get same meaning
from the text The obstacle that brings variation in meaning is doctrinal belief of readers.
Richards finds two kinds of belief and disbelief..
i) Intellectual belief
ii) Emotional belief
In an intellectual belief we weigh an idea based on doctrinal preoccupation, where as an emotional
belief is related to the state of mind. He thinks thaat the good kind of being comes from the blending of

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the both. Until and unless we are free from beliefs and disbeliefs there comes variation in meaning. But
to free our mind from all impurities is not possible. Therefore the reader should be sincere to get single
meaning escaping from such obstacles. This sincerity is the way to success. The sincere reader has
perfect and genuine mind. To be genuine mind, one should be free from impurities. In this sense the
reader should be free from obstruction. These obstacles is not possible.
Two Uses of Language
Richards views the poem as a response to a stimulus, which is located in the reader. But this
subjectivism leads him to the conclusion that all poetic language is ambiguous, plurisignant, open to
different meanings and so on. In this context, as David Daiches says, Richards investigates what
imaginative literature is,, how it employs language, how its use of language differs from the scientific
use of language and what is its special function and value. Richards in his “Principles of Literary
Criticism” expounded a theory of language, and distinguished between the two uses of language – the
referential or scientific, and the emotive. A statement may be used for the sake of reference, which may
be verified as true or false. This is the scientific use of language. But it may also be used for the sake of
the effects in emotions and attitudes produced by the reference. This is the emotive or poetic use of
language. The poet uses words emotively for the purpose of evoking emotions and attitudes considered
valuable by him. For instance, the word ‘fire’ has only one definite scientific reference to a fact in the
real world. But when poetry uses it in a phrase such as ‘heart on fire’ the word evokes an emotion –
that of excitement. While science makes statements, poetry makes pseudo-statements thaat cannot be
empirically tested and proved true or false. A statement is justified by its truth or its correspondence
with the fact it points to. On the other hand, the pseudo statement of poetry is justified in its effect of
releasing or organizing our impulses or attitudes. Richards says, “The statements in poetry are there as a
means to manipulation and expression of feelings and attitudes.” Poetry communicates feelings and
emotions. Hence, poetic truth is different from scientific truth. It is a matter of emotional belief rather
than intellectual belief. Poetry cannot be expected to provide us with knowledge, nor is there any
intellectual doctrine in poetry. Poetry speaks not to the mind but to the impulses. Its speech, literal or
figurative, logical or illogical is faithful to its experience as long as it evokes a similar experience in the
reader. Thus, a poem, as Richards defines it, is a class of experiences ‘composed of all experiences,
occasioned by the words’ which are similar to ‘the original experience of the poet.’
The Four Kinds of Meaning
Sense
What speaker or author speaks is sense. The thing that the writer literally conveys is sense. Here, the
speaker speaks to arouse the readers thought. The language is very straightforward which is descriptive.

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This language is not poetic. Words are used to direct the hearer's attraction up on some state of affairs
or to excite them. Sense is whatness of language use.
Feeling
Feeling is writer’s emotional attitude towards the subject. It means that writer’s attachment or
detachment to the subject is feeling. It is an expression. The speaker or writer uses language to express
his views. This very language is emotive, poetic and literary also. Here only, rhyme and meter cannot
make poetry to be a good, emotion is equally important. Especially in lyric poem, emotion plays vital
role.
Tone
Tone refers to attitude of speaker towards his listener. There is a kind of relation between speaker and
listener. Since speaker is aware of his relationship with language and with the listener, he changes the
level of words as the level of audience changes. It means tone varies from listener to listener
Intention
Intention is the purpose of speaker. Speaker has certain aim to speak either it is consciously or
unctuously. Listener has to understand the speaker's purpose to understand his meaning. If the audience
can't understand his purpose the speaker becomes unsuccessful. The intention of author can be found in
dramatic and semi- dramatic literature.
There four types of meaning in totality constitute the total meaning of any text. Therefore all utterances
can be looked at from four points of view, revealing four kinds of meaning are not easily separated. But
they are in dispensable terms for explaining. Basically, the four meaning are interconnected in poetry.
Conclusion
in the words of George Watson, “Richards is simply the most influential theorist of the century, as
Eliot is the most influential of descriptive critics.” Richards’ claim to have pioneered Anglo- American
New Criticism of the thirties and forties is unassailable. He provided the theoretical foundations on
which the technique of verbal analysis was built. He turned criticism into a science, and considered
knowledge of psychology necessary for literary criticism. He inspired a host of followers, the most
notable of whom is William Empson. With him, textual analysis came to dominate academic criticism.
This anti-historical criticism became New Criticism. Undoubtedly, Richards is one of its primary
founding fathers.
Sources

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(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._A._Richards)
(https://drdevika.wordpress.com/2016/11/12/i-a-richards-practical-criticism/)
Paper 08 Four Goals of Cultural Studies Assignment
Name:-Bhavneshkumar S Mahyavanshi
Sem:-2
Year:-(2018-2020)
Roll No:-04
Enrolment no:-2069108420190025
E_Mail:-bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Paper no:-08
Subject:- Cultural Studies
Topic:-Four Goals of Cultural Studies
Words:-2026
Four Goals of Cultural Studies
‘Culture’ is a term which has may connotations cultural is refinement or development of mind tastes, etc. by
education, training and experience. It is a form of civilization. It can be called an advance development of the
human power. Also culture is an evidence of intellectual development in a particular nation. The meaning and
context of culture differs from country to country and person to person.

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A college class on the American novel is reading a famousbook of Allice Walker called. The Colour purple
(1982). In the classroom the professor identifies African American literacy and cultural sources and then he describe
the book’s multilayered narrative structure. Also the professor gave a brief review of its feminist critique of American
gender and racial attitudes. Films and novels of different countries show their varied culture even gestures differ from
culture.
ORIGIN :
‘Culture’, derives from ‘Cultura’ and ‘colere’ meaning ‘tocultivate’. It is also meant ‘to honour’ and ‘project’
by the 19th century in Europe it tastes of the upper class (elite).
‘culture’ is the mode of producing meaning and ideas and This ‘mode’ is a negotiation over which meanings
are valid. Elite culture controls meanings because it controls the terms of the debate.
Culture studies looks at marker popular culture and everyday life. Popular culture is the culture of masses. A
culture study argues that culture is about the meanings a community or society generates. A cultural study believes
thaat the ‘culture’ of a community includevarious aspects: economic, spatial, ideological,, erotic and political.
Culture is not a natural thing it is produced, culturalstudies is interested in production and consumption of culture.
Emphasion discourse and totality are at centre to cultural studies. It believes thaat we cannot ‘read’ cultural artifacts
only within the esthetic realm.
Stuart Hall’s work has been a trendsetter in cultural studies and inaugurated the field in Britain. Hall’s essay
of ‘encoding’ and Decoding ‘set the scene’ for culturalstudies of the media. The essay argued about meaning within
the texts – songs, painting,,TV soaps takes helps of codes to organize. ‘Culture’ which makes a society “a
culturedsociety”.
Margaret Mead: “Culture is the learned behavior of society or a subgroup.”
Clifford Geertz : “Culture is simply ensemble of stories we tell ourselves about ourselves.”
The tone of this early version of cultural studies is set by students if the British New left, especially Richard Hoggart
and Raymond Williams.

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Function :
What cultural studies does is to interpret sings of culture such as the ones listed above as part of a
powerstruggle to acquire, maintain or contest meanings. The ‘Critique’ component of cultural studies explores the
political significance of the signs of signs as what they mask or gloss, what they refinance, culturalstudies, studies the
language in and through which meanings are made in a particular culture. Cultural studies questions how such
meaning reflect the power struggle within that culture studies explores how certain meanings are privileged in that
culture at the cost of others.
“A cultural study is the analysis of cultures systems of meaning – production and consumption.”
Steven spielber’s movies and opera Winfred show point out, examine inter-relationship among – race, gender,
popular culture, the media, and literature. The director and anchor, both of them question cultural conventions.
Historical and contemporary aspects are on the oprah Winfred show, in Hollywood films. The TV Programmers in
our country also presents various cultures. Gujarati, Bengali and Rajasthan TV soaps on channels are famous now a
days. Such movies also run well in theatres for long time.
Elaine Showalter in her essay on feminism talks about the different cultures and contexts. She talks about American
culture as well as French culture. Ronald Barlher, Claude Levi-Straurs, Jacuque Derride and Michel Foucault all
had to say one or the other thing about culture in their critical essay. A culture study has connection with maxims,
the new historicism, multiculturalism, postmodernism, popular culture and postcolonial studies.
Cultural Studies approaches share four goals :
(1) Cultural Studies transcends the confiner of a particular discipline such as literacy criticism or history.
(2) Cultural studies are politically engaged.
(3) Cultural studies deny the separation of ‘high’ and ‘low’ are elite and popular culture.
(4) Cultural studies analyze not only the cultural work, but also the means of production.
(1) Cultural Studies transcends the confiner of a particular discipline such as literacy criticism or history.
A cultural study is practiced in such journals as critical Inquiry, Representation and boundary. Italian
Opera, a Latino ‘telenovela’ the architectural styles of prisons, body piercing – and drawing conclusion about the
changes in textual phenomena over time-such things are found in these kinds of newspapers cultural studies not

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simply or essentially about literature in the traditional sense or even about “Art”. Lawrence Grosberg, cary Nelson,
and Paula. Trencher stress that the intellectual promise of cultural studies lies in its attempts to “cut across diverse
social and political interests and address many of the struggles within the current scene.” Intellectual works are not
limited by their “borders” as single text, historical problems or disciplines, and the critical own personal connections
to what is analyzed and described. Henry Giroux and others write in their “Dalhousie Revise” manifesto that cultural
studies practitioners are ‘resisting intellectuals’ who see what they do as “an emancipator project” as it erodes the
traditional disciplinary divisions in most institutions of higher educational. For students, this sometimes means that
a professor might make his or his own political view part of the instruction, which of course, can lead to problems.
But this kind of criticism, like feminism, is an engaged rather than a detached activity.
(2) Cultural Studies is politically engaged:
The cultural critics see themselves as “Oppositional” not only within their own discipliner but to many of the
power structures of society at large. The cultural critics question inequalities within power structures and try to find
out the models for restructuring relationships among the dominant and “minority” of “Subaltern” discourses. The
meaning and individual subjectivity are culturallyconstructed, they can thus be reconstructed. This type of idea,
taken to a Philosophical extreme, demise the autonomy of the individual whether an actual person or a character in
literature, a rebuttal of the traditional humanistic “Great man” or “Great Book” theory and a relocation of esthetics
and culture from the ideal realsm of taste and sensibility into the arena of a whole society’s everyday life as it is
constructed.
(3) Cultural studies demise the separation of ‘high’ and ‘low’ or elite and popular culture.
In these days cultural critics work to transfer the term culture to include mass culture, whether popular,
folk, or urban. Jean Belldrillard, Andreas Huyssen and some other critics of cultural studies argue that after World
War II the distinction among high low and mass culture collapsed. They look forward on other theorists like pierre
Bourdieu and Dick Hebdige on how “good taste often only reflects prevailing social, economic and political power
bases.”
For example, the images of India that were circulated during the colonial rule of British ray by writes
like Rudyard Kipling seem innocent, but reveal and entrenched imperialist argument for white superiority and
worldwide domination of white superiority and world wide domination of other races, especially Asians wherever
British or French or any other whoever ruled the colonist tried to show their culture superior. But race along was not

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the issue for the British raj: money was also another determining factor. Thus, drawing also upon the ideas of French
Gistorian Michel de Certeam, cultural critics examine.
“The practice of everyday life”, studying literature as an anthropologist would, as a phenomenon of culture,
including a culture’s economy. Cultural critics describe ‘what’ is produced and how various productions relate to one
another. They do not determine to find out which one is the best work. Their aim is to reveal the political economic
reasons ‘why’ a certain cultural product is more valued at certain times than others.
Changing of boundaries among disciplines high and low can make cultural studies just plain fun. Some of these
examples are the given titles.
The birth of captain Jach Sparrow :
An Analysis
Disney’s pirates of the Caribbean: The curse o the Blach Pearl (2003)
R.L. Stevenson’s long John Silver in ‘Treasure Island’ (1881)
Keith Richard’s eye makeup.
(4) Cultural studies analyses not only the cultural work, but also the means of production.
Marxist critics have recognized the importance of such par literary questions such as –
‘Who supports a given artist?’
‘Who publishes his or her books, and how are these books distributed’?
Who buys books?
For that matter, who is literate and who is not?
A well-known analysis of literary production is Janice Radway’s study of the America romance (novel) and its
readers, “Reading the Romance: women, patriarchy and popular literature, which demonstrates the textual effects of
the publishing industry’s decisions effects of the publishing industry’s decisions about books that will reduce its
financial risks.”
Another contribution is the collection ‘Reading in America which is edited by Cathy N. Davidson, which includes
essays on literacy and gender in colonial New England, urban magazine audiences in eighteenth – century New

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York city, the impact upon reading of such technical immolation as cheaper eyeglasses, electric lights, and trains,
the book – of the month club and how written and texts go through fluctuations of popularity and canonicity. Thus
we can say that literature is not separate from our past, present and future.’
Cultural studies joins subjectivity means culture in relation to individual lives with ‘engagement’ a direct approach
to attacking social malpractices. The practitioners of cultural studies deny ‘humanism’ or ‘the humanities’ as
universal categories. The practioners strive for what they might call ‘social - reason’, which often resemble the goals
and values of humanistic and democratic ideals.
Now, let us see what difference does a cultural studies approach make for the student? First of all, it is increasingly
clear that by the year 2050 the United States would be what demographers call a majority minority population; by
this one has to understand that the present numerical majority of ‘white’, ‘Caucasian’ and Anglo will be the
minorityAmericans, particularly with the dramatically increasing numbers of Latina residents, mostly Mexican
ameucans.
Gerald Graff and James Phelan absolve, “It is a common prediction that the culture of the next century will put a
premium on people’s ability to deal productively with conflict and cultural difference, learning by controversy is
sound training for citizenship in that future.”
To the enquiry “why teach the controversy?” they noted that today a student can go from one class in which the
values of western culture are never questioned to the next class where western culture is portrayed as hope lessee
compromised by racism, sexism and homophobia; professors can acknowledge these difference and encourage students
to contract a conversation for themselves as “the most exciting part of their education.”
Above discussed are the four goals of cultural studies. Also a cultural study is divided into five parts. The first part
deals with British cultural materialism where British culture and the writes and theorize are discussed. The second
one in New Historicism. It discusses various historical novels with a new approach. In the discusses ‘’Laputa’’ is
given more space and with it feminism is appropriately discussed. The third one is American multiculturalism. Here,
various cultures and their works on widely discussed. American condiment has mar countries and of course they were
European colonies in the past. The culture of Mexicans red Indians and ‘white’ are presented with their mode of
writers. This writer write about the way they were treated in past, the way they fought for the rights and the way
they live theirs life or is Asian American writers. These, writers are migrates from Asian – sub – continent. The
fourth one is postmodernism and popular culture. This part wildly discuss the term postmodernism, how the writers
apply this terms – ‘the fifth is postcolonial studies’.

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Through the study of various one becomes a better person with his whole heart.
Sources
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studies)
(http://chintavan201517.blogspot.com/2016/04/paper-no8-cultural-studies-four-goals.html)
(http://bhumivajani062013.blogspot.com/2013/03/four-goals-of-cultural-studies.html)
The General Characteristic of The Modern Age
To Evaluate My Assignment Here
Name:-Bhavneshkumar S Mahyavanshi
Sem:-3
Year:-(2018-2020)
Roll No:-04
Enrolment no:-2069108420190025
E_Mail:-bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Paper no:-09
Subject:-The Modernist Literature
Topic:-Ganeral Characteristics of The Modern Age

47. Assignment
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Words:-1266
Submitted to Department of English
General Characteristics of The Modern Age.
The modern age has fairy distinctive or unique character. It transformed the whole fabric of private and
social wrought a revolutionary change in the thought and Outlook of the English Nation. it was a one of
the most turbulent eras in the history of English literature. It marks shop in clear departure from the self
complacency compromise and stability of the Victorian period the change from the old to the new from
blind faith to rational thinking was a very interesting the following trace distinguished the modern era.
1. Anxiety and interrogation:
It was called the new age of anxiety and interrogation. The scientific revolution and rational thinking
had shekep men's health in the authority of religion and Church and established the order. the old
resistance and heroes rejected and the generation plane and factor freedom of thought and action.
thinkers like shop Samuel Butler and Wells assume the role of social heretics and iconoclasts. men and
women should an extra ordinary enthusiasm for speculation experiment and reform the modern man
did not accept anything unless it was a test on the touchstone of reason. The mood of persistence
scepticism and interrogation had increase the proportionalnately for want of a new set of values.
Modern industrial and technical progress had given birth to the spirit of competition everybody wants to
come out successful in the rate race but only if you are crowned with laurels this failure couple with the
complexities of modern life had resulted in frustration a of anxiety and interrogation occurred in the
literature of the modern upin the literature of the modern age.
2. Art for life's sake
Enter turn of the new century came a number of writers who wear skeptical in Outlook and where not
touch by reverence for custom and the established order. They rejected the doctrine of "art for art's

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sake." they called the grid of art for life's or at least for the sake of the community. The writers
concentrated their attention on the problem of modern life and literature is full of realism and had an
inherent purpose. The realism of modern age has been further enhanced by scientific discoveries.
Hudson wrote: Hindi circumstances many writers become convince that literature was useless if it did
not serve a definite social and political purpose and those who failed to share this conviction were
sulking and the ivory tower of the mere literary art."
the poetry and the process of this period don't to a serious mood and add a definite propose the rapid
growth of science and materialism disgusted many poets and writers Butler and huxley are prominent
writers of the modern age who had attacked in their works the modern craze for materialism and the
machinery of modern life at found expression in the novels of James Joyce and Graham Greene. John
masefield given expression to dirtiness of modern trade and commerce in some of his poem The rise of
the problem was a significant development in the realistic literature of the modern age. In the present
age claim to be modern was made by show with his socialism at the wheels with his science fiction and
Rudra Kipling with his empire building and steam engines.
3. Growing interest in the poor and working classes
the yaar nighties marks the beginning of the end of the supremacy of the middle classes and middle class
standard of thought and writing. sorry condition of the poor living along with affluent section of society
aroused the desire to take collective action to improve the living condition of the poor working classes.
The poor where no more helpless creators they had grown conscious of their said predicament. depots
great challenge to the social science they become the raw material of realistic novel and drama with or
without purpose. The mid Victorian writers Dickens, kingsly read ,Mrs gaskell etc.
4. Impact of social economic condition on literature.
The literature of the 20th century had been greatly influenced by economic and social changes. The
disintegration of the village community which was a necessitated by rapid industrialization and it's a
profound human implications had been Mournfully expressed in the writings of Hardy Jefferies Edward
Thomas and others. The new economic theories of Marshall and Keynes, Who raise their voice against
poverty change the pattern of economic thinking. Literature became urban. Marxism was the most
powerful influence on literature various manifestation of socialism came into existence and influences
the authors.
5. Psychology and literature

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49
New psychological research influence literature. surput great emphasizes on the power of the
unconscious to affect conduct intellectual conviction appear to be rationalisation of emotional needs.
The growing interest in The psychology exercise considerable influence on literature. The order
emphasize on sex behavior was a completely change and rational view of sex relationship was a evolved
and the modern age might be termed as a age of rationalization in sexual behavior. Rightness of sexual
Union outside the pain of marriage was accepted sex worker consider to be e moral conventional
assessment of the relative rules of sex. The new psychology of psychology and "sex gives us the stream
of .consciousness novel". DH Lawrence, Virginia Woolf and many others were influenced by new
research in psychology and sex.
6. The impact of the two world wars
The first half of the present century was a completely destroyed by the two wars the people post war
period was an era of "depression" and off want in an employment. The two world wars special II
headed devastating influence on man and human life. A large number of anti war books were written
during and after the two wars.
7. International character of literature
the literature of the Victorian era was mainly preoccupied with the condition of England and was a
spread by spirit of nonviolent humanitarianism. But the literature of the early decades of the 20th
century adds an international character. W h Hudson writes. "the writing of 1930 however where is a
much preoccupied with the condition of the whole world for air travel had made the world appear as a
small a place as a Britain a century before and you material humanitarianism hopefulness had been
displaced by partition propaganda which by implication if not eximpicity only offers some particular
political doctor in as a means to world salvation.
.8.The influence of radio, cinema and television
The development of radio cinema television had tremendous impact on literature . Words of Edward
Albert:"insofar as the radio brings literature into the home in the form of broadcast stories place in
literary discussions and open up and entirely a new field for authors its influence was for the good at the
same time it must be remembered that film techniques where the basis of number of experiments in the
novel".

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50
Conclusion
The literature of the new age is the literature of challenge and of the reconstruction of new values and
new ideas. Scott James writes:"The writings, expressive of many temperaments reveal the intellectual
atmosphere in which GB show, HG Wells Arnold Bennett, John Galsworthy, Graham Greene where to
find their essential and necessary milieu. In one sense men wear being made by their time and in another
they were making it against this background we must set quite and more reflective spirits like Henry
James, Joseph karnad, WH version normal dog and number of poets.
Works Cited
enotes. n.d. <https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/write-some-major-characteristics-modern-
age-361414>.
Wikipedia. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_history>
The Old Man and The Sea as Tragedy
Name:-Bhavneshkumar S Mahyavanshi
Sem:-3
Year:-(2018-2020)
Roll No:-04
Enrolment no:-2069108420190025
E_Mail:-bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Paper no:-09

51. Assignment
51
Subject:- The American Literature
Topic:-The Old Man and The Sea as a Tragedy
Words:-1193
Submitted to Department of English
The old man and the sea as a tragedy
The old man and the sea by Hemingway is a true classic in its essence it was a complete tragedy in itself
no less than "Hamlet"
About Santiago
Santiago was an old fisherman of undermine age. as a young man it travel widely by ship and fondly
remembers Singh lions on the beaches of East Africa. His wife died, and he had taken her picture down
because it makes him sad to see it now he lives alone in shaikh on the beach everyday he sets forth alone
in his boat to make a living. when the story open Santiago had gone 84 days without catching a single
fish as a result is a peptide and regarded by the author fisherman as an unlucky Santiago was respected
by some however because of his age and his perseverance. he was a very experienced fisherman you
knows well the tricks of his trade including which is to use as a bait
Hemingway first wrote about the true incident upon which is story was based on an article and title "On
the blue water: A Gulf Stream letter" for the April 1936 issue of Esquire magazine. The actual incident
book only 2 days the fisherman half crazy and crying was picked up by others.
Tragedy

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Treasury is a tale of exceptional suffering leading generally but not always to the death of the chief
protagonist of the hero is a generally possessed of certain admirable qualities but he was not a perfect in
fact he suffered from a flaw or a fault which precipitates is downfall although this downfall was brought
about by some certain other causes to the villain of human beings accident or the working of an arbitrary
fate. The admirable qualities or The hero should include an exceptional capacity to suffer are the power
of endurance much about that of ordinary people. The tragic hero main Paris but his spirit is not broken
or crushed. The suffering and the fate of the hero mostly arouse our admiration and respect for him and
finally treasury must give rise to a sense of moral order in the universe and not of moral lawlessness or a
dominant of the forces of disorder or darkness.
"The Old Man and the Sea" fulfill most of this criteria of tragedy. Throughout the novel we could see
that Santiago was showing heroine deeds and the boy Mandolin called him as the best fisherman, added
"
There are many good fisherman and some great ones but there is only you" . Protagonist called himself
as a strange old man with good strength enough for truly big fish. Protagonist knew many tricks and
head resolution and he actually give evidence of all these qualities afterwards. He was not an ordinary
fisherman but a superb craftsmen who who knew his business truly and always practices it with great
skills. He kept his fishing lines state where others allowed them to drifted with the current. On the
eightieth fifth day rose for beyond the customary fishing area and he hooks a huge Marlin. The account
of santiago's struggle with the Marlin had a tragic quality because of the supreme that Santiago
undergoes because of the suffering of the Marlin and because of the endurance of both the fish and
fisherman our admiration and our pity are aroused both for Santiago and Marlin.. the very first Santiago
shown determination. "Fish" , he said 'I will stay with you until I am dead' next he said, "fish, I love you
and respect you very much but I I shall kill you dead before this day ends'. His left hand becomes
crapped and the Marlin prove to be bigger than he had thought it to be. He wishes to show to the Marlin
what sort of a man he is "but I will show him what a man can do and what man and endurance" the fish
on the other hand in spite of the agony it is undergoing, had proved obstinate and tough.
When Atlas Santiago skills the big Marlin there come the shark to eat Santiago had hardly enjoyed the
feeling of victory when this series of problems we feel him. But proving a true tragic hero he did not
lose heart. He fought heroically. There he spoke memorable and historical words “but man is not made
for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeated". He knew he had performed another heroic act.
So we could see that santiago's heroic quality did not forcing him till the end.
Most tragic heroes Santiago experiences what is called an inner conflict. Had killed the Marlin, ask
himself whether he had committed as a sin. Yes,it was seen even though he killed the Marlin to keep
himself alive and feed many people but everything is sin" do not think about scene he told himself and
yet kept thinking about sin. We could find out that Santiago is a perfectly process of transgression

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53
upwhich had a brought a disaster for him. He realises that he went too far out that he went " beyond all
people in the world". Hemingway seems to be saying that man in his individualism his pride and his
need inevitable goes beyond his true place in the world and their by brought violence and destruction on
himself and on others. "I am very sorry that I went too far out I ruined us both"
Sad saint young go to the mutilated Marlin. You are violated you love when you went to for outside he
said to himself final when he asked himself. "What beat you? The answer io fars "nothing I went out to
far". Going too far for fishing was his mis calculation what led him to was his pride to catch the big fish
his pride in his strength, aspiration to catch big fish and going too far proved to be his "hubris" the tragic
flaw. He had sung several qualities of tragic heroes like Hamlet things a lot and try to keep his mind
clear ,like a Macbeth he has ambition, like a King Lear is a calculation goes wrong like Bruce steps his
friend and brother the old man is a perfect embodiment of tragic hero.
It has a unity of time ,place in action also.
2Conclusion
So "The Old Man and the Sea" is a remarkable tale of courage, endurance, pride, humility and death. It
was a classical not only technically but in narrow confines; the purity of its design evens the fatal flaw.
It is also classic in Spirit in its nature acceptance of things as they are. it is much in the spirit of the
Greek tragedy is in which man fight against great odds and win moral victories. it is specially like a
Greek tragedy in that as the hero fails and fails, we got an unforgettable glimpse what stature a man may
achieve.
Black Skin White Mask, Postcolonial
To Evaluate my Assignment Here
Name:-Bhavneshkumar S Mahyavanshi

54. Assignment
54
Sem:-3
Year:-(2018-2020)
Roll No:-04
Enrolment no:-2069108420190025
E_Mail:-bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Paper no:-11
Subject:-Postcolonial Studies
Topic:-Black Skin White Mask,
Contemporary postcolonial dilemmas in Netherlands, France and Belgium
Words:-1525
Submitted to Department of English
Black skin white mask
Contemporary postcolonial dilemmas in Netherlands, France and Belgium
Introduction
Civilized modern first and third world: capitalism and Asiatic mode of production there are just a few
examples of binary that had permated social science over the last century the conceptualization of
influential Western scholars of their own countries as a modern ad often been interwoven with
homogenous depiction of others who wear fundamentally different and pre-modern. Social division of
labour and outline of theory of practice. northern African where used as a counterpoint for the former
northern America was an example of mechanical solid 838 France abandoned in wake up the industrial
revolution for the letter they wear different NTT perhaps only sharing some similarities with traditional
present in bearn.
when friends and on road is now famous black skin white marks in the early 1950 because it was written
by an intellectual outside the prevailing wind power structure of deliberately from what we would now
call the oxide of subaltern rejecting the notion that colonized blacks on on rights in general for that

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matter and somehow evolved to an almost state of witness if they only tried hard enough. In that book 1
may recall how can enter chapter two language to illustrate how proper French was used and
subsequently internalized by subject to measure one successful modernization after had been exposed to
civilization or its corollary. Whiteness is subsequently associated with different degrees of sexual
attraction. marrying into whiteness is considered to be a subconscious strategy of upward mobility both
which in the colony as in the metropole. this upward mobility is characterized by transforming the cell
in an age when the white man's burden and the nation ceiling secretaries where in the transformation
and living within it.
Given the American experience one should question the extent to which more than half century after
the publication of black skin white mask preoccupation with civilizing non-western people outside of
the waste had shifted for country like France, Netherland and Belgium to a preoccupation with
controlling. Monica Darling and performing non-whites on western soil address the divergent ways in
which colonial and New Korean images and discourses about the other transform the migrate from
former colony on your colony and periphery into specific ideal-type 'ethnic minority' and the degree
with various immigrants react to hegemonic discourse? I would argue that it depends on the way they
are incorporated into each country how they are perceived by the majority and how they attempt to coc
with existing hierarchy.
Observations on Three postcolonial Nation-States
in France as in the French speaking part of Belgium the assimilations models still prevails. Ethnic
minorities simply to do not 'exist'. the French tenses does not give anyone the opportunity to declare
their racial ethnic heritage and as of 2004 the public display of religious symbols of Wales skull caps and
largest process had been out in Public School. Interestingly official has prevented any kind of affirmative
action for any debate on the defective existence of racial hierarchy from emerging.
As one may recall modernization theory argues that every migration process comes with problems that
had to be deal with and barriers that had to be overcome like those experience by 19th century present
when they moved from countryside to urban centre. It is the claim that the adoption of immigrants into
their new community is never a smooth process but rather takes time and excessive pessimism is not
warranted in the housing and labour market and education is already underwear and is necessary. not
surprisingly most studies on migration and immigrant present themselves as a theoretical
recommendation to third world countries but the complexity of the euro kids to transform themselves

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into academics subsequently the public policies of them should not be there in the field. not
coincidentally the critical voices at emanate from ethnic minorities when they do not confirm to
prevailing orthodoxy and frequently related to minor and cure alternative races effectively the laxity
missing those dissenting voices.
modernization theory for many decades embarrassed by politicians, social scientist and media alike,
price to sing a soothing June by pointing out how second generation immigrants are more at tune to
Western consumer oriented society and their parents. given that they tend to appreciate western
culture and music their cultural identity is said to be more than that of their parents. For example
second generation name means special marriage is considered themselves 'Dutch'. it does not
automatically implies that the native touch for this second generation immigrants as a death while some
minorities want to be seen as that among the Dutch it remains to be seen whether this is even possible.
Meanwhile the rolling right wing conservative party vvd had incorporated some of the rate rhetoric of
the right and the intellectual hires of Fortune had been promoting a more restrictive policy regarding
political refugees and asylum seekers as well as taking a more assimilations position. in Belgium due to
its particular linguistic divisions another hybrid had emerged.
this everyday racism incident li result in something different for every linguistic and municipal
community in the country. Paraphrase and on when these minorities are higher it is in spite of the color
of their religion. It is they who are studying classify problem and believed to be in origin need of Rio
station. When will the first season of Moro condition right and answer political study about the white
native population? The Belgian Congo scholar Bambi opens made a major effort in that direction but as a
religion becomes the new signifier something with unknown did not possible we need to analyse
Christian fundamentalism as much as author of secularism and not just erase question about what went
wrong with Islam.
The challenges Ahead
What all three of these countries share but more so in France than in Belgium and the Netherlands is a
genuine separation between 'lay pays legal' and 'le pays reel'. in theory everyone is equal under the law
but in practice Muslim are more often than not racial eyes and discriminated against because they are
perceived as others this ships translate itself symbolically consequences in the real world in the fact that
these others are significantly underrepresented in the political field in North America largest city a large
portion the inhabitants are foreign born. Similar process manifests themselves in Western Europe major
cities Ramstad. Consisting of the cities of rotting Amsterdam. Utrecht and The Hague compromise

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more non-whites than whites. What should be noted however that is in Europe more than in North
America in particularly in all three of countries discussed above the collective v the image in community
of what constitutes France or Belgium Netherland does not include its segregated minorities. Devi is no
longer the we used to be or perhaps ever imagine to be but that every fact floor the school books or TV
Network that impact the conceptionalization of one society as well as reading of one's own history the
presence of Muslim is not a new to Europe does not attitude a military set for potential invention
Charles Martel and his underline and Europe sculpture technological and economical exchanges with
Muslim from a wide variety of countries had been significant from the middle ages throughout world
war II as the movie indigenous recently pointed out to end incredulous audience.
It is the only when we become aware of these facts and no longer conventionalize other on the basis of
their religious features as a security threat or a potential if the column. That ghettoization guddi
genuinely problematize and that intern collective is used as a property precariousness unemployment
and given the challenges of globalization of social mobility could be adequately address by public policy
away from scrutinizing the other and defining social problems incomes of various interrogation models
might be just we all need to avoid and Islam in isolation of social issues. Which only rain forces and US
versus them without addressing urgent social problems that contribute to an increase in fundamentalism
and rejection of the other by both negative and immigrants alike
Conclusion
Methods of judicial or political action resistance to effectively counter discrimination and overly
resistance electoral campaigns after 1945 are more in need than ever especially in light of the greater in
tolerance towers immigrants and ethnic minorities ever increasing close of migration and a potential
resurrection of guest workers programs in Europe. One could argue that the social sciences and exciting
paradigm in Belgium France and the Netherlands would urgently need to be decolonizing in tandem
with such activism. Grass roots development on the ground to alter the existing political landscape. one
of the ways to further this goal is to link the intellectual and political heritage of insane with postcolonial
studies broadly conserve with an appreciation of critical political economy and historical comparative
social science this is a task that academic should embraced in full cooperation with and with respect for
civil society at large.

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Works Cited
researchgate. 01 2007.
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254693951_Black_Skin_White_Masks_Revisited_Cont
emporary_Post-Colonial_Dilemmas_in_the_Netherlands_France_and_Belgium>.
Wikipedia. 09 2019. 09 2019. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Skin,_White_Masks>.
ELT:Intercultural Communication
To Evaluate my Assignment Here
Name:-Bhavneshkumar S Mahyavanshi
Sem:-3
Year:-(2018-2020)
Roll No:-04
Enrolment no:-2069108420190025
E_Mail:-bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Paper no:-12
Subject:-ELT-1
Topic:-Intercultural Communication
Words:-1577
Submitted to Department of English

59. Assignment
59
Intercultural communication
Claire Kramsch
Introduction
Intercultural cross cultural communication is an interdisciplinary field of research studies how people
understand each other across group boundaries of various sorts: national geographical ethnic,
occupationa,l class or gender. In the US it had a traditionally been related to the behavioural sciences
psychology and professional business training; in Europe it is a mostly associated with Anthropology and
language sciences.. researchers generally view intercultural communication is a problem created by
differences in behaviours and worldview among people who speak different languages and who belong
to different cultures. this problems may not be very different from those and encountered in
communication among people share national language and culture.
Background
TESOL had always it's goal the facilitation of communication among people who do not share the same
language national culture. But before the second world war the term culture mean knowledge about
great works of literature social institutions and historical events translation of the rise of linguistics and
of the social sciences acquired through the translation of Britain exit the rise of linguistics and of the
social sciences after the second world war and the demands of market economics give prominence to
spoken language and communication across culture in situation of everyday life.
The term intercultural communication become a prominent in only in the 1980 communicative
language teaching in the early 1970 the work in the 1950 Georgetown University linguist Robert lado
and of the anthropologist and US foreign service institute officer adverb those linguistics across culture
was the first attempt to link language and culture in an educational relevant way lado an enormous
influence on the teaching of English around the world in the silent language all so the complex ways in
which culture is a communication and communication is budget the principle of intercultural

60. Assignment
60
communication developed by hall and his colleagues in the foreign service wire used by the piece of
founded in the early 1960. ECU race 2 simulation games studies of ' critical incidents' where is
communication of chord and comparative studies of Asian and American culture especially Japan. In the
1970s these studies were employed by the international business community and applied to the training
of salespeople and corporate executive. Internet in 1980s online the civil rights movement and the
demands for cultural recognition by ethnic groups and minority intercultural communication become
irrelevant also true ethnically diverse groups within one and the same country and were used by social
workers and educators.
The field of intercultural communication group out of the practical competitive needs of post second
world war American international diplomacy and business and was only letter applied to interethnic
conflict within the United States. Influence by research in aerial news pics during the second world war
and in business organisation and management after the second world war its foundational disciplines
where besides linguistics the behaviour sciences special psychology and social psychology.
The field of intercultural communication in Europe was a direct outcome of the social and political
upheavals created by the large scale immigration into the industrialisation sociolinguistics pragmatics
and discourse analysis even though behavioural training is also part of the field in Europe. It is a work
noting that intercultural communication studies had not round to any not able extend on humanistic
disciplines like a semiotics, hermeneutics for cultural studies.
Some of the major assets of human interaction that in communication help to define are:
● The situation of communication itself: the social conventionalized roles adopted by participants
expected norms of introduction and interpretation the way they construct a shared sense of reality;
● Videos types entertain of each other as individuals and as a member of social group
● Nonverbal send para verbal behaviour
● The way they save their own each other' face
● the way structure their post to meet their communicative goals.
● the attitudes, values and beliefs this share with social group they belong to;
● Dwivedi language reflects this Deeper discourses
● Member of different groups realise various speech acts.

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Intercultural communication training and research takes place in the United States it centre such as the
east west centre in Honolulu Hawaii which was founded in the early 1962 it auditing East and West
relation other centres include the intercultural communication institute in Scotland organ and three
national foreign language centres with specialisation in some aspect of intercultural communication at
the University of Hawaii at manoa State University and University of Minnesota. the need to co-
ordinate the business government or private consulting and training religious and academic organisation
involved in intercultural education laid in 1974 to the creation of the society for intercultural education
training and research which now had its in France Germany the Netherlands and Japan among others in
Europe by the end of the 1970 on cultural education initiative by the council of Europe lead to founding
of the international association of intercultural education within the larger international communication
association major generals in the field are: International journal of intercultural relations journal of
cross cultural psychology, multilingual, journal of cross cultural and interlanguage communication,
journal of multilingual and multicultural development; Language, culture and curriculum, cross cultural
research.
Teachers of English are encouraged to look beyond professional organisations and research general
dedicated to intercultural communication and to themselves with academic research conducted in a
cross-cultural framework in the jungle fields of applied linguistics pragmatics discourse analysis
linguistic Anthropology grafi and cultural studies.
Research
One of the major concerns in the beginning of the field was a how to help FSI officer interact with
people in the foreign countries to which they were dispatched . in the silent language study particularly
out of awareness aspects of communication language language and the use of hidden dimension, he
studied the use of space and found e.g that Americans establish a great distance between face to face
interview interlocutors then say Japanese or Arabs. In Beyond Culture, discuss the concepts of eye
contact communication where most of the information is implicit because it is located in the physical
contact or part of this shared worldview and low context communication where the bulk of the
information is to be found in the words uttered. the later we claim is more typical of northern European
style communication various high context communication is particularly characteristics of Chinese
speakers.
Current and future trends and directions

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The field of intercultural communication in the United State head traditionally been a relatively of
political field of research grounded Primarily in psychology and the behavioral sciences with increased
importance it had gang in recent years because of world scale geopolitical, economic and demographic
changes,European and American research efforts in the intercultural communication of covering to
include other disciplines that pay more attention to the sociological anthropological dispersive and
symbolic dimensions of language and culture. In addition, the rise of cultural studies and critical
pedagogy had brought issues of conflict power and control within the scope of intercultural
communication as a field of research. The spread of English as the words Rinku Francis the is often seen
as a displacing other national or regional languages and cultures the notion of linguistic rights officially
proclaimed in the universal declaration of linguistic rights at an international conference in Barcelona in
1996 has recently been joined by that of the intercultural rights in intercultural linguistics is a way of
integrating human Rights into the research and practice of language teaching.
At the beginning of the 21st century essentialization of national trades and cultural characteristics. The
comparison of differences between 18 and one foreign culture seen as a stable spaces on the map and
permanent in time seems to reductionist. Such a view of intercultural communication research doesn't
reflect the complexities of postcolonial, global age in which people live in multiple shifting spaces and
partake of multiple identities of in conflict with one another and where the possibility for the one
individual to better is johar chances of success are not as clear as was once believe. In a few years
traditional binary tradition of us versus them intercultural communication will be replaced by the
notion that in a networked, interdependent world the other is in US and we are in the other.
Intercultural communication would have to deal with shifting identities and cross-cultural networks
rather than with autonomous in the deuce located in table and national cultures for the English teacher
new direction include looking at the social and historical conditions of teaching intercultural
communication through English. New question would be ask not only "how can I teach English more
effectively so that the people of the world can be "empowered" by knowing English?", But also:
● How does the teaching of English change the balance of the the have nots in local cultures around
the world?
● what kind of identities does the teaching of English create and promote in an international playing
fields that will never be level?
● how does our enabling introduce to speak English and pass TOEFL and hence world peace and
harmony and finally.
● how can we train those who moved back and forth across cultural borders. Diplomats, lawyers
and English teachers-to Foster intercultural rights and responsibilities?

63. Assignment
63
There are moment questions which the field of intercultural communication is a only starting to
address.
Works Cited
n.d. <https://benjamins.com/catalog/aila.27.02kra>.
n.d. <http://unt.unice.fr/uoh/learn_teach_FL/affiche_theorie.php?id_theoricien=55>.
n.d. <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9481.00188>.
Name:-Bhavneshkumar S Mahyavanshi
Sem:-4
Year:-(2018-2020)
Roll No:-04
Enrolment no:-2069108420190025
E_Mail:- bhavneshkumar5@gmail.com
Paper no:-13
Subject:-The New Literature
Topic:- Memory Revisited in The Sense of an Ending
Words:-1273
Submitted to Department of English

64. Assignment
64
Memory Revisited in The Sense of an Ending
Memory and narrative
Maierhofer state within the introduction to their edited volume Narrative of Life:
Mediating of Age, "he concerned with the analysis of narrative structures had become
and therefore the in both the humanities and therefore the life sciences after the
narrative turn had drawn attention to the ways Which narrative shapes knowledge across
disciplinary boundaries?" In fact, researchers from different fields of study denote to the
very fact that the study of individual requires the mix of traditional disciplines like
gerontology and Sociology with disciplines closer to the humanities. therein sense,
gerontologists Jan-Erik Ruth and Gary Kenyon in their article "Biography in Adult
Development and Aging Acknowledge the requirement to deepen the understanding of
the ageing process moving forward From more traditional disciplines. For Ruth and
Kenyon, many studies in gerontology View aging from the "outside," analyzing, for
instance, changes in health in aging Organisms or appropriate roles for the retired in

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65
society. The "inside" of aging has largely Been forgotten" Thus, they analyze
biographical and autobiographical narratives As rich sources to get insight into the
manifold aspects that occur within the ageing process, the physical and biological aspects
but also the sociocultural and experiential oncs. Ruth and Kenyon acknowledge that
academic furthermore as professional communities have an interest in understanding the
ageing process since "The way people perceive their lives is of important importance,
not only as a way of exploring the aging process, but also as a guideline for policy and
also the delivery of care in an aging society Moreover, by getting closer to the lived
experience of old citizens through biographical and autobiographical narratives,
Ruth and Kenyon are ready to approach ageing but both as a personal and as a human
process and from a more comprehensive perspective and to look at to what extent
"cultures, subcultures, or family patterns" influence individual lives either because those
patterns are challenged and expanded or, contrarily, they are seen as immovable and
kept so. In their study Aging and Identity. A Humanities Perspective, Lagretta Talent
Lenker and Sarah Munson Deats go one step further when considering the importance of
resourcing to narrative and also the humanities so as to know the human ageing process
and to challenge limiting cultural pre-conceptions attached to adulthood. in step with
Lenker and Deats, "cultural forms construct furthermore as encode the traditional
perceptions on individuals during a given society; they intervene in history as they reflect
history" Thus, for Lenker and Deats, "literature, the arts, and also the media not only
mirror societies conventions, but also create them”. it's in this sense that Lenker and
Deats consider that by analyzing the photographs created through fictional narratives and
by challenging them, negative stereotypes in relevance the ageing process is modeled and
reconstructed. In 2000, gerontologist Mike Hepworth resources to literary was working
so as to investigate contemporary conceptions in respect to the ageing process in his

66. Assignment
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study Stories o Ageing. For Hepworth, contemporary fiction may be a valuable resource
to know conceptions and dynamics associated with contemporary ageing because "it
allows the author through the exercise of imagination, access to the private variations
and ambiguities underlying the common condition of growing older" Hannah Selig
establishes a difference between narrative gerontology and literary gerontology by
observing the whereas in narrative gerontology real-life informants retell their life
stories as they perceive them, the stories in literary gerontology are works for art that
directly or indirectly seek to “appeal to our minds". Literary narratives during which the
method of ageing and adulthood are addressed are supported the writers' individual
experience furthermore as on their social and cultural backgrounds. the actual fact that
literary works usually part from everyday experience, they have a tendency to reflect on
the multiple and diverse aspects that make somebody's life. The novel starts during the
university years of the protagonist and narrator when he meets a woman named
Veronica and that they start a relationship which lasts around two years. Tony Webster
visits Veronica's family in Kent and Veronica also visits the protagonist's friends in
London. However, at one point over their second year together, Veronica tells the
protagonist she feels their relationship is at a stagnant point and that they conceive to go
different ways and follow different paths. Veronica tries to recover their relationship by
seducing Webster but he neither understands Veronica's complaints regarding their
relationship nor shows any sign of aiming to amend them. They finally conceive to
follow their own ways and also the protagonist never feels guilt or remorse for not
having taken more care of the link. Over this era, Webster remembers himself as a
carefree young man fascinated by discovering the intricacies of sex over in understanding
relationships or in analyzing the behavior of his peers: "The more you liked a woman,
and also the better matched you were, the less your chance of sex, it seemed” it slow

67. Assignment
67
later, Webster receives a letter from one among his best friends, Adrian, during which
he asks for his permission to travel out with Veronica. within the protagonist's memory,
his reaction at the time was to write down a brief letter to Adrian during which, half-
jokingly, he expressed his lack of interest in Veronica and in their relationship. After this
episode, the narrator goes on together with his life without news from either Veronica
or Adrian until they finish their degrees and primary a part of the novel finishes when
the narrator is informed about Adrian's death. After having graduated, Adrian commits
suicide for no apparent reason, aside from the actual fact that he was of above average
intelligence. Tony Webster in first a part of the story, he keeps pertaining to the
deceitfulness of memory as a replacement discovery in his life: "Again, I had to stress
that this is often my reading now of what happened then or my memory now of my
reading then of what had been happening at the time".
Tony imagined the begging of his old age as a good period in which he has suffers the
pains of biological ageing and he deserved emotional feeling of lived and past life. Tony
gone for Deep revision of young age and realization that memory is remorse feeling that
could emerge at any time over human life. The fact date man entering into old age one is
not automatically freed from the same feelings and emotion that had invited him or her
in their past life. The fact of having memory more free time to review once memory
together with decide full quality of memory might have forced those in old age to come
to terms with negative memories and to absorb remorse and fact.
Conclusion
Tony himself acknowledges the fact that it was actually easier for him to manage
memories when he was a young man as he explains " when you are in your twenties

68. Assignment
68
even if you are confused and uncertain about your aims and purpose you have a strong
sense of what life itself is and what you in life are and might become letter there is more
uncertainty more overlapping mover backtracking more false memory back then you can
remember your short life in its entirety letter memory becomes a thing of shared and
patches"
Works Cited
Oro Piqueras, Maricel. "Memory Revisited in Julian Banes's The Sense of an Ending." 13 (2014): 87-95.
pdf. 23 February 2020.
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307851151_Memory_Revisited_in_Julian_Barnes's_The_Sen
se_of_an_Ending/link/598968c50f7e9b6c8542954c/download>.