2. The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop
structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works
utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same
with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under
specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics
of operation or safety to life and property
Methodology
Engineers apply mathematics and sciences such as physics to find suitable
solutions to problems or to make improvements to the status quo. More than
ever, engineers are now required to have knowledge of relevant sciences for
their design projects. As a result, they may keep on learning new material
throughout their career.
If multiple options exist, engineers weigh different design choices on their
merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The
crucial and unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret
the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result. It is
usually not enough to build a technically successful product; it must also meet
further requirements.
3. Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or
technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other
factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability, productibility,
and serviceability. By understanding the constraints, engineers
derive specifications for the limits within which a viable object or system may
be produced and operated.
Problem solving
Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics,
and appropriate experience or tacit knowledge to find suitable solutions to a
problem. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem allows
them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions.
Engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-
disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with differing areas of
engineering work.
Chemical engineering -The application of physics, chemistry, biology, and
engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a
commercial scale, such as The application of physics, chemistry, biology, and
engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a
commercial scale, such as petroleum refining, microfabrication, fermentation,
and biomolecule production.
4. Civil engineering – The design and construction of public and private works,
such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply and treatment
etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings.
Electrical engineering – The design and study of various electrical and
electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators , motors,
electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic
circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices , computer systems,
telecommunications, instrumentation, controls, and electronics.
Mechanical engineering – The design of physical or mechanical
systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft
products, weapon systems, transportation products, engines,
compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and
vibration isolation equipment.
Beside of four these branches there are several other branches of
engineering on which these three categories are mainly uses in
industries:
Quality engineer-
5. Quality engineer mainly works in project to maintain quality of product and
assure quality of product. The Quality Engineering process comprises all tasks
carried out manually and in a (semi-)automated way to identify, fulfil and
measure any quality features in a chosen context
Quality engineers monitor and audit the quality of all manufactured goods in a
variety of industries, including the automobile, textile, clothing, food and
electronics industries. They work to not only find defects, but also to find the
cause of the defect and develop a solution.
Quality engineers are at work monitoring, testing and inspecting products to
make certain they meet specified standards. Quality engineers test products to
determine how long they will last, what part may break down first and how to
improve product durability. They inspect product materials, mechanics and
electrical systems.
6. There will be certification for quality engineer by ASQ (American society for
quality) called CQE (certified quality engineer).
Certified Quality Engineer, often abbreviated CQE, is a certification given by
the American Society for Quality. These engineers are professionally
educated in quality engineering and quality control.
Validation engineer-
Validation engineer generally perform the duty of validating or validate the
manufactured equipment or manufacturing process.
Validation engineers are responsible for testing the systems used to develop
or manufacture products, such as pharmaceuticals or automobiles. They
measure, analyze and calibrate the equipment and processes to ensure the
highest quality products are created.
They establish validation standards, develop testing protocols, prepare
equipment, document test results and maintain records for later analysis.
Validation engineers compose reports and make adjustments to equipment or
processes that require improvement. They could also decide if equipment
needs to be repaired or entirely replaced. Other duties include preventative
maintenance, maintenance of testing equipment and overseeing the
inventory of validation supplies.
7. There are some type of protocol for validation mentioned:
IQ-Installation qualification
OQ-Operational qualification.
PQ- Process qualification.
EQ- Equipment qualification.
Process Validation
Process Validation is defined as the collection and evaluation of data,
from the process design stage throughout production, which establishes
scientific evidence that a process is capable of consistently delivering
quality products.
8. Validation engineer( technologies)
CFR 820.75
(a) Where the results of a process cannot be fully verified by subsequent
inspection and test, the process shall be validated with a high degree of
assurance and approved according to established procedures. The
validation activities and results, including the date and signature of the
individual(s) approving the validation and where appropriate the major
equipment validated, shall be documented.
(b) Each manufacturer shall establish and maintain procedures for monitoring
and control of process parameters for validated processes to ensure that
the specified requirements continue to be met.
(1) Each manufacturer shall ensure that validated processes are performed by
qualified individual(s).
Manufacturing engineer
Manufacturing engineer mainly responsible for manufacturing of product or
equipment.
Manufacturing engineers are responsible for the development of many types of
integrated products and systems.
9. Manufacturing engineers design, direct and coordinate the manufacturing
process of products at every level. From the beginning planning process of a
product to finalizing and packing the completed goods, a manufacturing
engineer is involved in the process. Ultimately, manufacturing engineers create
and implement processes to manufacture products in a low-cost, but efficient,
way. Manufacturing engineering professionals are known to apply scientific,
mathematics and engineering principles during production to meet several
demands. Some of the demands that manufacturing engineers must meet
include increasing production turnaround times and improving the flow of
production.Cmfge is a certification which certified manufacturing
engineer
Manufacturing is a huge process during this process various skill set were
used to analyses this process or completion of this process which were listed
below:
Failure mode and effects analysis
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was one of the first systematic
techniques for failure analysis. It was developed by reliability engineers in the
1950s to study problems that might arise from malfunctions of military systems.
An FMEA is often the first step of a system reliability study. For each
component, the failure modes and their resulting effects on the rest of the
system are recorded in a specific FMEA worksheet. There are numerous
variations of such worksheets. An FMEA is mainly a qualitative analysis.[1]
10. A few different types of FMEA analyses exist, such as
Functional,
Design, and
Process FMEA
Good manufacturing practice
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are the practices required in order to
conform to guidelines recommended by agencies that control authorization
and licensing for manufacture and sale of food, drug products, and active
pharmaceutical products. These guidelines provide minimum requirements
that a pharmaceutical or a food product manufacturer must meet to assure
that the products are of high quality and do not pose any risk to the consumer
or public.
Good manufacturing practices, along with good laboratory practices and good
clinical practices, are overseen by regulatory agencies in the United States,
Canada, Europe, China, in addition to other countries.
11. Process engineer-
Process Engineering focuses on the design, operation, control, and
optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes. Process
engineering encompasses a vast range of industries, such as chemical,
petrochemical, agriculture, mineral processing, advanced material, food,
pharmaceutical, software development and biotechnological industries.
The work of Process Engineering involves translating the needs of the
customer into (typically) production facilities that convert "raw materials" into
value-added components that are transported to the next stage of the supply
chain, typically "Packaging Engineering", Prior to construction, the design
work of Process Engineering begins with a "Block Diagram" showing raw
materials and the transformations/ Unit Operations desired. The design work
then progresses to a "Process Flow Diagram" where material flow paths,
storage equipment (such as tanks and silos), transformations/Unit Operations
(such as distillation columns, receiver/head tanks, mixing, separations,
pumping, etc.) and flowrates are specified, as well as a list of all pipes and
conveyors and their contents, material properties such as density, viscosity,
particle size distribution, flow rates, pressures, temperatures, and materials of
construction for the piping and unit operations. All previous work is directed
toward defining the Scope of the project, then developing a Cost Estimate to
get the design installed, and a Schedule to communicate the timing needs for
Engineering,
12. Procurement, Fabrication, Installation, Commissioning, Startup, and Ongoing
Production of the Process. Depending on the needed accuracy of the Cost
Estimate and Schedule that is required, several iterations of designs are
generally provided to customers or stakeholders who feedback their
requirements and the Process Engineer incorporates these additional
instructions and wants (Scope Revisions) into the overall design and additional
Cost Estimates and Schedules are developed for Funding Approval. Following
Funding Approval, the Project is executed via "Project Management". Significant
accomplishments
Statistical process control
Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a method of quality control which uses
statistical methods. SPC is applied in order to monitor and control a process.
Monitoring and controlling the process ensures that it operates at its full
potential. At its full potential, the process can make as much conforming
product as possible with a minimum (if not an elimination) of waste (rework or
scrap).
Mechanical engineer:
13. Mechanical engineering is the discipline that applies the principles of
engineering, physics, and materials science for the design, analysis,
manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of
engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of
machinery.[1][2] It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering
disciplines.
The engineering field requires an understanding of core concepts including
mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural
analysis, and electricity. Mechanical engineers use these core principles
along with tools like computer-aided design, and product lifecycle
management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial
equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport
systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and
others.
14. Skill set used in Mechanical engineering:
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and
communicating engineering tolerances. It uses a symbolic language
onengineering drawings and computer-generated three-dimensional solid
models that explicitly describes nominal geometry and its allowable variation.
It tells the manufacturing staff and machines what degree of accuracy and
precision is needed on each controlled feature of the part. GD&T is used to
define the nominal (theoretically perfect) geometry of parts and assemblies, to
define the allowable variation in form and possible size of individual features,
and to define the allowable variation between features.
Optical comparator
An optical comparator (often called just a comparator in context) is a device
that applies the principles of optics to the inspection of manufactured parts.
In a comparator, the magnified silhouette of a part is projected upon the
screen, and the dimensions and geometry of the part are measured against
prescribed limits.
The measuring happens in any of several ways. The simplest way is
thatgraduations on the screen, being superimposed over the silhouette,
allow the viewer to measure, as if a clear ruler were laid over the image
15. Computerized maintenance management
system
A CMMS software package maintains a computer database of information
about an organization’s maintenance operations, i.e. CMMIS –
computerized maintenance management information system. This
information is intended to help maintenance workers do their jobs more
effectively (for example, determining which machines require maintenance
and which storerooms contain the spare parts they need) and to help
management make informed decisions (for example, calculating the cost of
machine breakdown repair versus preventive maintenance for each
machine, possibly leading to better allocation of resources). CMMS data
may also be used to verify regulatory compliance.
Unigraphics
Nx, formerly known as nx unigraphics or usually just u-g, is an advanced
high-end cad/cam/cae software package originally developed unigraphics,
but since 2007[1] by siemens plm software.[2]
many of the largest companies in the world use unigraphics to design and
manufacture products that vary everywhere from printing presses to
locomotives, from lego bricks to the international space station, from cars
and trucks to fighter planes, from cameras and razors to steam turbines and
everything in between.
It is used, among other tasks, for:
16. Design (parametric and direct solid/surface modelling)
Engineering analysis (static, dynamic, electro-magnetic, thermal, using the
Finite Element Method, and fluid using the finite volume method).
Manufacturing finished design by using included machining modules.
Computer-aided design(cad)
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to assist in
the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.[1] CAD
software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the
quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to
create a database for manufacturing
Computer-aided design is used in many fields. Its use in designing
electronic systems is known as electronic design automation, or EDA. In
mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA) or
computer-aided drafting (CAD)
CATIA
CATIA (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) (in
English usually pronounced /kəˈtiə/) is a multi-platform
CAD/CAM/CAEcommercial software suite developed by the French
company Dassault Systèmes directed by Bernard Charlès
17. CATIA offers a solution to shape design, styling, surfacing workflow and
visualization to create, modify, and validate complex innovative shapes from
industrial design to Class-A surfacing with the ICEM surfacing technologies.
CATIA supports multiple stages of product design whether started from scratch
or from 2D sketches. CATIA is able to read and produce STEP formatfiles for
reverse engineering and surface reuse.[9]
CNC router
A CNC router is a computer controlled cutting machine. These are related to the
hand held router. Instead of hand held routing, the tool paths can be controlled
via computer numerical control. It is a computer-controlled machine for cutting
various hard materials, such as wood, composites, aluminium, steel, plastics,
and foams. It is one of many kinds of tools that have CNC variants. A CNC router
is very similar in concept to a CNC milling machine.
Computer-aided manufacturing
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer software to
controlmachine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of workpieces
CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a
manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and
storage.
