This presentation about Conjestion control will enrich your knowledge about this topic.and use this presentation for your reference this presentation with the Leaky bucket algorithm.
Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion ControlAdeel Rasheed
On these slides i describe all the detail about Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion Control. For more detail visit: https://chauhantricks.blogspot.com/
This presentation about Conjestion control will enrich your knowledge about this topic.and use this presentation for your reference this presentation with the Leaky bucket algorithm.
Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion ControlAdeel Rasheed
On these slides i describe all the detail about Connection Establishment & Flow and Congestion Control. For more detail visit: https://chauhantricks.blogspot.com/
In the world of technology is already integrated into the network must have a data transmission process. Sending and receiving data communications systems do not avoid mistakes. Packets of data sent from the server to the client computer always have an error in transmission. These shipments have leaks that occur due to changes in voltage, frequency or impact. One of the methods used to detect and correct errors in data transmission is the Hamming method. This method will check bit errors in delivery. Hamming is to do the process at fault detection, and then the error will be corrected so that the arrangement of the bits will go back to the bit sequence before the data is sent. With the application of this method, the data transmission process will avoid mistakes. Data will be saved to the destination.
In sending data, a transmission will experience a damage or an error in the delivery process. Corrupted data will not be used for their intended purpose. Stop-and-Wait methods of Automatic Repeat Request is a method that is applied to correct errors in the process of sending the frame at the time of transmission. Data transmission is always done between the sending computer and the receiving computer. This method ensures that information is not lost due to packet drops and that the received packets in the correct order. This is the simplest type of method Automatic Repeat Request. Stop-and-Wait method will automatically fix corrupted data occurs in the transmission process. This method works by calculating the waiting time and timeout on both computers. If the data packets successfully sent and the recipient receives the data properly, then it will send an acknowledgment to the sender. It states that the transmission was not a failure or none of the bits sent change from 0 to 1 or vice verse. Timeout function is to record how long the computer wait if there is incongruity at the time of delivery. After a specified time limit runs out, either framed or acknowledgment will be sent again to correct the mistake.
To Download this click on the link below:-
http://www29.zippyshare.com/v/42478054/file.html
Number System
Decimal Number System
Binary Number System
Why Binary?
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Relationship between Hexadecimal, Octal, Decimal, and Binary
Number Conversions
Reliable data transfer CN - prashant odhavani- 160920107003Prashant odhavani
transport layer services
multiplexing/demultiplexing
connectionless transport: UDP
principles of reliable data transfer
connection-oriented transport: TCP
reliable transfer
flow control
connection management
principles of congestion control
TCP congestion control
In the world of technology is already integrated into the network must have a data transmission process. Sending and receiving data communications systems do not avoid mistakes. Packets of data sent from the server to the client computer always have an error in transmission. These shipments have leaks that occur due to changes in voltage, frequency or impact. One of the methods used to detect and correct errors in data transmission is the Hamming method. This method will check bit errors in delivery. Hamming is to do the process at fault detection, and then the error will be corrected so that the arrangement of the bits will go back to the bit sequence before the data is sent. With the application of this method, the data transmission process will avoid mistakes. Data will be saved to the destination.
In sending data, a transmission will experience a damage or an error in the delivery process. Corrupted data will not be used for their intended purpose. Stop-and-Wait methods of Automatic Repeat Request is a method that is applied to correct errors in the process of sending the frame at the time of transmission. Data transmission is always done between the sending computer and the receiving computer. This method ensures that information is not lost due to packet drops and that the received packets in the correct order. This is the simplest type of method Automatic Repeat Request. Stop-and-Wait method will automatically fix corrupted data occurs in the transmission process. This method works by calculating the waiting time and timeout on both computers. If the data packets successfully sent and the recipient receives the data properly, then it will send an acknowledgment to the sender. It states that the transmission was not a failure or none of the bits sent change from 0 to 1 or vice verse. Timeout function is to record how long the computer wait if there is incongruity at the time of delivery. After a specified time limit runs out, either framed or acknowledgment will be sent again to correct the mistake.
To Download this click on the link below:-
http://www29.zippyshare.com/v/42478054/file.html
Number System
Decimal Number System
Binary Number System
Why Binary?
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Relationship between Hexadecimal, Octal, Decimal, and Binary
Number Conversions
Reliable data transfer CN - prashant odhavani- 160920107003Prashant odhavani
transport layer services
multiplexing/demultiplexing
connectionless transport: UDP
principles of reliable data transfer
connection-oriented transport: TCP
reliable transfer
flow control
connection management
principles of congestion control
TCP congestion control
- Áp dụng biểu thức Shannon-Hartley để tính toán kênh
truyền (BT: 1.1- 1.6).
- Biểu diễn các dạng hàm xung tín hiệu cơ bản (BT: 1.7-
1.11).
- Phân biệt truyền thông số nhị phân và truyền thông số đa
mức
Comparison of TCP congestion control mechanisms Tahoe, Newreno and VegasIOSR Journals
The widely used reliable transport protocol TCP, is an end to end protocol designed for the wireline
networks characterized by negligible random packet losses. This paper represents exploratory study of TCP
congestion control principles and mechanisms. Modern implementations of TCP contain four intertwined
algorithms: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recovery. In addition to the standard
algorithms used in common implementations of TCP, this paper also describes some of the more common
proposals developed by researchers over the years. We also study, through extensive simulations, the
performance characteristics of four representative TCP schemes, namely TCP Tahoe, New Reno and Vegas
under the network conditions of bottleneck link capacities for wired network
Comparison of TCP congestion control mechanisms Tahoe, Newreno and VegasIOSR Journals
Abstract: The widely used reliable transport protocol TCP, is an end to end protocol designed for the wireline networks characterized by negligible random packet losses. This paper represents exploratory study of TCP congestion control principles and mechanisms. Modern implementations of TCP contain four intertwined algorithms: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recovery. In addition to the standard algorithms used in common implementations of TCP, this paper also describes some of the more common proposals developed by researchers over the years. We also study, through extensive simulations, the performance characteristics of four representative TCP schemes, namely TCP Tahoe, New Reno and Vegas under the network conditions of bottleneck link capacities for wired network. Keywords - Congestion avoidance, Congestion control mechanisms, Newreno, Tahoe, TCP, Vegas.
To achieve unnecessary control over data communication link
A logic is added above the physical interface which is referred as Data Link Control/ Protocol
To see the need of data link control, some of the requirements and objectives for data communication are listed as follows
Frame synchronization- start and end should be recognizable
Flow control- the sender and receiver data rate
Error control- check the error and correct it
Addressing- identify the address
Control and Data on same link- should have control information
Link Management- the initiation, maintenance and termination
We will study the three mechanisms that are a part of data link control
Flow control, error detection and error control
A presentation prepared by my friend's friend. I have done no editing at all, I'm just uploading the presentation as it is.
Analytical Research of TCP Variants in Terms of Maximum ThroughputIJLT EMAS
This paper is comparative, throughput analysis, for
the TCP variants as for New Reno, Westwood & High Speed,
and it analyzes the outcomes in simulated environment for NS -3
(version 3.25) simulator with reference to multiple varying
network parameters that includes network simulation time,
router bandwidth, varying traffic source counts to observe which
is one of the best TCP variant in different scenarios. Analysis
was done using dumbbell topology to figure out the comparative
maximum throughput of TCP variants. The analysis gives result
as TCP Variant “NewReno” is good when low bandwidth is used,
while TCP Variant “HighS peed” is good in terms of using large
bandwidths in comparison to Westwood. Network traffic flow
was observed in NetAnim tool.
Consider the TCP multiple acknowledgement scheme. A base station (BS.pdfkalerottnerheissst52
Consider the TCP multiple acknowledgement scheme. A base station (BS) may receive an out of
sequence packet that was buffered at an earlier point in time. How can such a situation arise in
the network? (3 marks) Actions taken by the BS will depend upon the sequence number of the
received packet from the sender (in the wired segment) and sequence number of the last
unacknowledged packet (at the BS). Based on these sequence number values, explain the
different responses the BS can generate to bring the system to a consistent state. (6 marks)
Solution
Here TCP may be defined as the transmission control protocol where each nodes has to depend
on acknowledgment and sequence number from sender to receiver. Basically as we look at the
OSI model this TCP protocol lies in transport layer of OSI model, which is connection oriented
protocol. In this type of connection every data is divided into segments and each segment is
given a sequence number and on that basis data is being completely sent one by one in segments.
Since this type of protocol waits for the acknowledgment from the receiver so it is considered a
slow connection. But has got capability of fast data recovery and error control as well flow
control and congestion control.
In multiple acknowledgments we can denote that RTT would be for end to end round trip time
and similarly RTT (w) would be denoted as the round trip for base station and wireless node.
Here sender tries to re send the segments after waiting some time from end to end
acknowledgement until it receives an acknowledgment from the receiver thus establishes a
proper connection when a sender holds a ACK from the base station, then apparently sender gets
to know that base station has received the packets until S-1 but has got a difficulty to send it to
the wireless nodes/hosts, since it has not received the ACK from the wireless host even waiting
for some time.
When a base station receives a packet from the node sender, it keeps a timer and then again
sends to the sender. If suppose the timer get over from the base station it then sends ACKp
towards the sender and then next sequence number is being attached and sends back to the sender
which further sends to the wireless hosts.
Similarly if base station receives a packet which is out of sequence then it will send this packet to
the wireless node and if it doesn’t get received within time given then, then it will send early
packet to the sender by the base station upon which it sends ACKp to the sender..
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and Sales
LTE: HARQ
1. the CRC lets you know if a package arrived 'OK' or 'NOT OK'. Every packet that is sent
has a CRC, or a 'Signature'. As an analogy, it's like when we send a letter to someone,
and in the end we sign: 'My Full Name'. When the other person receives this letter
(information), he checks the signature: 'My Wrong'. In this case, he tells the Messenger:
'I don't know 'My Wrong', this information has some problems. Please ask sender to send
it again!'.
I.e. I do CRC checks. If the CRC is 'wrong', the information is 'wrong'. If the CRC is
'correct', probably the information is 'correct'.
Retransmissions
Retransmissions are then: send information again (repeat) to the receiver, after it make
such a request. The receiver requests that the information be retransmitted whenever it
cannot decode the packet, or the result of decoding has been an error. That is, after
checking that the information reached the receiver is not 'OK', we should request it to be
retransmitted.
Of course, when we have a good link (SNR), without interference or problems that may
affect data integrity, we have virtually no need for retransmissions.
In practice, in real World, this is very difficult to happen, because the links can face the
most different adversities. Thus, an efficient mechanism to enable and manage the
retransmission is essential.
We consider such a mechanism as efficient when it allow data communication in a link
meet quality requirements that the service demands (QoS).
Voice for example, is a service where retransmission does not apply. If a piece of
information is lost, and is retransmitted, the conversation becomes intelligible.
On the other hand, data services practically rely on retransmission, since most have - or
allows - a certain tolerance to delays – some more, some less. With the exception only
for 'Real Time' services.
2. But it is also important to take into account that the greater the number of needed
retransmissions, lower the data transmission rate that is effectively reached: If the
information have to be retransmitted several times, it will take long for the receiver to
obtain the complete - final - information.
ARQ
Till now we talked in a generic way about data retransmissions, error checking and
correction. Let's now see some real and practical schemes.
The simplest way (or more common) control using what we described above is known as
ARQ, or 'Automatic Repeat Request'.
In ARQ, when we have a 'bad' package, the system simply discards it, and asks for a
retransmission (of the same package). And for this, it sends a feedback message to the
transmitter.
These feedback messages are messages that the receiver uses to inform whether the
transmission was successful or not: 'ACKnowledgement' (ACK) and 'Non-
ACKnowledgement' (NACK). These messages are transmitted from the receiver to the
transmitter, and respectively informs a good (ACK) or bad (NACK) reception of the
previous packages.
If in the new retransmission the packet keep arriving with errors, the system requests a
new retransmission (still for this same package). That is, sends another 'NACK' message.
3. The data packets that are not properly decoded are discarded. The data packets or
retransmissions are separately decoded. That is, every time a packet that arrives is bad,
it is discarded, and it is requested that this same package be retransmitted.
But see that if there were no retransmissions, the performance of the data flow would be
much better. In the example below, compared with the previous, we transmit more
information - 3 times in the same time interval.
Unfortunately we don't have much to do about the link conditions. Or better, we are able
to improve the links performance, for example with configuration parameters
optimization, but we'll always be subject to face adverse conditions. In this case, our
only way out is to try to minimize retransmissions.
And that's where arise other techniques or more 'enhanced' schemes for retransmission.
The main one is HARQ.
Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
The HARQ is the use of conventional ARQ along with an Error Correction technique called
'Soft Combining', which no longer discards the received bad data (with error).
4. With the 'Soft Combining' data packets that are not properly decoded are not discarded
anymore. The received signal is stored in a 'buffer', and will be c ombined with next
retransmission.
That is, two or more packets received, each one with insufficient SNR to allow individual
decoding can be combined in such a way that the total signal can be decoded!
The following image explains this procedure. The transmitter sends a package [1]. The
package [1] arrives, and is 'OK'. If the package [1] is 'OK' then the receiver sends an
'ACK'.
The transmission continues, and is sent a package [2]. The package [2] arrives, but let's
consider now that it arrives with errors. If the package [2] arrives with errors, the
receiver sends a 'NACK'.
Only now this package [2] (bad) is not thrown away, as it is done in conventional ARQ.
Now it is stored in a 'buffer'.
Continuing, the transmitter send another package [2.1] that also (let's consider) arrives
with errors.
5. We have then in a buffer: bad package [2], and another package [2.1] which is also bad.
Does by adding (combining) these two packages ([2] + [2.1]) we have the complete
information?
Yes. So we send an 'ACK'.
But if the combination of these two packages still does not give us the complete
information, the process must continue - and another 'NACK' is sent.
6. And there we have another retransmission. Now the transmitter sends a third package
[2.2].
Let's consider that now it is 'OK', and the receiver sends an 'ACK'.
Here we can see the following: along with the received package [2.2], the receiver also
has packages [2] and [2.1], that have not been dropped and are stored in the buffer.
In our example, we see that the package arrived 2 times 'wrong'. And what is the limit
of these retransmissions? Up to 4. IE, we can have up to 4 retransmission in each
process. This is the maximum number supported by 'buffer'.