Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Harman toor
1. On
SESSION : 2015-2016
Submitted By : Harman Toor
Class – XII - F
CBSE ROLL NO. 2615346
Submitted To:
Mrs. Meenu Bahl and Mrs
Deepti
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to my teachers Mrs. Meenu Bahl and Mrs. Deepti who have given
me enrichment in preparing the project on “Rheumatoid Arthritis”. I also take
this opportunity to thank our principal Mr. Anil Kumar, Vice Principal Mrs.
Vibha Singh and the rest of school and lab staff.
3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that my student HARMAN TOOR of Class XII – F
has successfully completed this project on "Rheumatoid Arthritis"
under my guidance. She 'has shown keen interest to execute this project
& gained substantial amount of knowledge on this topic.
Signature
5. INTRODUCTION
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long lasting autoimmune disorder that primarily
affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and
stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly the wrist and hands are
involved with typically the same joints involved on both sides of the body. The
disease may also affect other parts of the body. This may result in a low red
blood cell count, inflammation around the lungs, and inflammation around the
heart. Fever and low energy may also be present.[1] Often symptoms come on
gradually over weeks to months.
6. CAUSES
RA is a chronic autoimmune disorder the causes of which are not completely
understood. It is a systemic (whole body) disorder principally affecting synovial
tissues. There is no evidence that physical and emotional effects or stress could
be a trigger for the disease. The many negative findings suggest that either the
trigger varies, or that it might in fact be a chance event inherent with the
immune response. Half of the risk for RA is believed to be genetic.[3] It is
strongly associated with the inherited tissue type major his to compatibility
complex. Smoking is the most significant non-genetic risk [3] with RA being up
to three times more common in smokers than non-smokers, particularly in men,
heavy smokers, and those who are rheumatoid factor positive. Vitamin D
deficiency is more common in people with rheumatoid arthritis than in the
general population.[36][37] However, whether vitamin D deficiency is a cause
or a consequence of the disease remains unclear.
7. EFFECTS
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease affecting various parts of the body
and shows non joint features including fibrosis of lungs, increased risk of
myocardial infection, anemia and peripheral neuropathy.
Arthritis of joints involves inflammation of the synovial membrane. Joints
become swollen, tender and warm, and stiffness limits their movement. With
time, multiple joints are affected (it is a polyarthritis).
8. DIAGNOSIS
X-rays: X-rays of the hands and feet are generally performed in people with a
many joints affected. Blood test: When RA is clinically suspected, testing for
the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF, a non-specific antibody) is done. Several
other blood tests like the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive
protein, full blood count, kidney function, liver enzymes and other
immunological tests are also done.
9. TREATMENT
There is no cure for RA, but treatments can improve symptoms and slow the
progress of the disease. The goals of treatment are to minimize symptoms such
as pain and swelling, to prevent bone deformity (for example, bone erosions
visible in X-rays), and to maintain day-to-day functioning.[64] This can often be
achieved using two main classes of medications: analgesics such as NSAIDs.
Regular exercise is recommended as both safe and useful to maintain muscles
strength and overall physical function.
