The document discusses the history and basic concepts of cell stress and chaperones. Originally, heat shock genes and proteins were found to increase after heat shock. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are encoded by genes containing heat shock elements regulated by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). There are now known to be many stress situations that can activate HSF1. HSPs belong to several protein families and are a type of molecular chaperone that assists other proteins in folding or preventing aggregation.
Breakout 3.4 How to support the psychological needs of patients with COPD - K...NHS Improvement
Breakout 3.4 How to support the psychological needs of patients with COPD - Karen Heslop
Respiratory Nurse Consultant/NIHR Clinical Academic Research Fellow
RVI Newcastle upon Tyne
Part of a set of presentations from NHS Improvement event: Better value, better outcomes held on Thursday 21 February 2013,
Guoman Tower Hotel, London
How to deliver quality and value in chronic care:sharing the learning from the respiratory programme
Farm animals have well known zones of thermal comfort (ZTC). The range of ZTC is primarily dependent on the species, the physiological status of the animals, the relative humidity and velocity of ambient air, and the degree of solar radiation. Economic losses are incurred by the U.S. livestock industries because farm animals are raised in locations and/or seasons where temperature conditions venture outside the ZTC. The objective of this presentation is to provide current estimates of the economic losses sustained by major U.S. livestock industries from thermal stress and to outline future challenges as animal productivity is improved. Species (production) considered are: chicken (meat), chicken (eggs), turkey (meat), cattle (meat), cattle (milk), and pig (meat).
http://www.extension.org/pages/67799/current-and-future-economic-impact-of-heat-stress-in-the-us-livestock-and-poultry-sectors
Proteins fold into complex 3D structures essential for their function. There are four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Chaperone proteins help other proteins fold correctly to prevent aggregation. Misfolded proteins can result from changes in temperature, pH, or lack of chaperones and may lead to disease if not degraded. Normally, misfolded proteins are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, but accumulation of misfolded proteins can cause conditions like Alzheimer's disease.
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) help proteins maintain proper conformation under stress. The major HSP families include HSP100, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, and small HSPs. HSPs function as molecular chaperones to aid protein folding and prevent aggregation. Under stress, HSP expression increases via heat shock transcription factor 1 to help proteins refold properly. Dysregulation of HSPs is associated with cancer and other diseases due to their roles in processes like apoptosis, autophagy, and protein homeostasis.
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in biology and medicine. It defines key terms and explores the origins and effects of different ROS like superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. It also examines the mechanisms of tissue damage caused by ROS and the roles of antioxidant defense systems in preventing damage. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid, DNA, and protein damage are reviewed. Evidence suggests ROS contribute to periodontal tissue destruction in periodontitis through lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage.
The document discusses proteins and molecular chaperones. It summarizes recent research showing that a human protein called Brichos can inhibit the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptides associated with Alzheimer's disease in mice. While promising for inhibiting the onset of Alzheimer's, Brichos would be difficult to convert into an effective drug. The document also discusses concerns about the consumption of protein powders, noting they can negatively impact kidney function if consumed in large amounts long-term. Molecular chaperones are involved in many diseases and represent potential pharmacological targets, while proteins are also useful for medical diagnosis and technological advancements like organ preservation.
Breakout 3.4 How to support the psychological needs of patients with COPD - K...NHS Improvement
Breakout 3.4 How to support the psychological needs of patients with COPD - Karen Heslop
Respiratory Nurse Consultant/NIHR Clinical Academic Research Fellow
RVI Newcastle upon Tyne
Part of a set of presentations from NHS Improvement event: Better value, better outcomes held on Thursday 21 February 2013,
Guoman Tower Hotel, London
How to deliver quality and value in chronic care:sharing the learning from the respiratory programme
Farm animals have well known zones of thermal comfort (ZTC). The range of ZTC is primarily dependent on the species, the physiological status of the animals, the relative humidity and velocity of ambient air, and the degree of solar radiation. Economic losses are incurred by the U.S. livestock industries because farm animals are raised in locations and/or seasons where temperature conditions venture outside the ZTC. The objective of this presentation is to provide current estimates of the economic losses sustained by major U.S. livestock industries from thermal stress and to outline future challenges as animal productivity is improved. Species (production) considered are: chicken (meat), chicken (eggs), turkey (meat), cattle (meat), cattle (milk), and pig (meat).
http://www.extension.org/pages/67799/current-and-future-economic-impact-of-heat-stress-in-the-us-livestock-and-poultry-sectors
Proteins fold into complex 3D structures essential for their function. There are four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Chaperone proteins help other proteins fold correctly to prevent aggregation. Misfolded proteins can result from changes in temperature, pH, or lack of chaperones and may lead to disease if not degraded. Normally, misfolded proteins are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, but accumulation of misfolded proteins can cause conditions like Alzheimer's disease.
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) help proteins maintain proper conformation under stress. The major HSP families include HSP100, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, and small HSPs. HSPs function as molecular chaperones to aid protein folding and prevent aggregation. Under stress, HSP expression increases via heat shock transcription factor 1 to help proteins refold properly. Dysregulation of HSPs is associated with cancer and other diseases due to their roles in processes like apoptosis, autophagy, and protein homeostasis.
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants in biology and medicine. It defines key terms and explores the origins and effects of different ROS like superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. It also examines the mechanisms of tissue damage caused by ROS and the roles of antioxidant defense systems in preventing damage. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid, DNA, and protein damage are reviewed. Evidence suggests ROS contribute to periodontal tissue destruction in periodontitis through lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage.
The document discusses proteins and molecular chaperones. It summarizes recent research showing that a human protein called Brichos can inhibit the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptides associated with Alzheimer's disease in mice. While promising for inhibiting the onset of Alzheimer's, Brichos would be difficult to convert into an effective drug. The document also discusses concerns about the consumption of protein powders, noting they can negatively impact kidney function if consumed in large amounts long-term. Molecular chaperones are involved in many diseases and represent potential pharmacological targets, while proteins are also useful for medical diagnosis and technological advancements like organ preservation.
The document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that can cause oxidative damage. Free radicals are produced through normal cellular processes but can also be generated by external factors like radiation. They can cause lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein oxidation leading to cell damage associated with aging and diseases. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.
Peroxiredoxins are ubiquitous group of cysteine dependent antioxidant enzymes found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes help in regulating oxidative stress and modulates peroxide signaliing transduction.
A SMALL MITOCHONDRIAL HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN CAUSES GENE SUPER-INDUCTION DURING H...kubu4
1) Arabidopsis lines with constitutive expression of a maize mitochondrial small heat shock protein (mt sHSP) showed super-induction of endogenous sHSP and HSP70 genes during heat shock.
2) An Arabidopsis line with constitutive expression of an endogenous mt sHSP gene also showed super-induction of the HSP17.4(CI) gene.
3) An antibody was developed that recognizes the AtHSP23.6 protein, showing high levels localized to mitochondria in transgenic lines. Knockout of the AtHSP23.6 gene reduced expression of endogenous sHSP genes during heat shock.
MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF HYPOXIAL STRESS IN LIVESTOCK ANIMALSWani Ahad
Despite recent rapid advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the HIF pathways in response to hypoxia, many important questions remain to be answered? Unraveling such questions should provide new insights into cellular adaptation to hypoxia and aid to discover new therapeutic approaches to reduce animal diseases. Genetic selection for breeds of animals resistant to the extreme climatic conditions. Optimisation of gradual shift of animals from one altitude to another.
Blame the Mitochondria or Mitochondrial (dys)function and Regulation of Ma...Michael M
This document discusses the role of mitochondria in cholesterol efflux and atherosclerosis. Specifically, it hypothesizes that mitochondrial cholesterol transport may be a key step controlling cholesterol efflux in macrophages. The transport of cholesterol into mitochondria requires specialized protein complexes and an energized, polarized mitochondrial membrane. Overexpression of the mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein StAR decreases intracellular lipids and inflammatory factors in macrophages and promotes the expression of cholesterol efflux genes.
The document summarizes the results of a master's thesis that characterized rice genotypes using molecular markers and evaluated their responses to heat stress. Key findings include:
1) Molecular characterization of 18 rice varieties found high polymorphism among SSR markers, clustering varieties into distinct groups. Pusa Basmati 1121 and Pusa Sugandha 15 showed most heat tolerant traits.
2) At anthesis, increased heat levels of 34C and 38C reduced plant height, tillers, panicle length, and spikelet fertility compared to ambient conditions. Pusa Basmati 1121 maintained highest yield under heat.
3) At seedling stage, heat stress increased membrane damage and proline levels in varieties,
Mitochondria are organelles found in cells that act as the powerhouse by converting sugar to ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They have an outer and inner membrane, with the inner membrane folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondrial diseases occur when the mitochondria do not produce enough energy from birth due to defects, leading to early death. Mitochondria also naturally decline in function over time, explaining why older individuals have less energy than younger ones.
The document summarizes two studies: 1) A study found that the plasma protein clusterin is associated with hippocampal atrophy and rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. This could lead to treatments that stop disease progression. 2) A separate study found that increasing levels of heat shock protein Hsp70 through inhibition of Hsp90 reversed nerve damage in diabetic mice. This treatment approach could lead to new medicines for diabetic patients. Overall, the studies provide insight into disease mechanisms and potential new treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease and diabetes.
This document summarizes abiotic stress in animals and its management. It discusses how abiotic stressors like extreme temperatures, drought, and flooding negatively impact animal growth, productivity, and biodiversity. Climate change is increasing global temperatures and causing more extreme weather. This raises heat stress levels in animals and alters disease transmission patterns by affecting pathogens, vectors, and host populations. The document outlines physiological, molecular, and management adaptations animals use to cope with abiotic stressors, but climate change poses ongoing challenges to livestock production and health.
The document discusses mechanisms for regulating body temperature in organisms. It explains that most cells function best between 30-40°C and that organisms have evolved various mechanisms to maintain an optimal internal temperature. These include insulation, vasoregulation of blood flow, sweating, shivering and behavioral adaptations. The hypothalamus plays a key role in sensing temperature changes and initiating responses. Mitochondria couple ATP production with heat generation. Brown fat contains uncoupling proteins that allow heat production without ATP generation.
The document discusses stress and its effects on the body. It defines stress as a state of tension that can disrupt homeostasis. It describes the body's stress responses, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, which increases catecholamines and glucocorticoids respectively. These hormones produce various effects on organ systems and metabolism to help the body adapt to stressors. The document also discusses cellular responses like increased heat shock proteins and acute phase proteins that help protect cells under stress.
Wanna Know about the mitochondria? Check this presentation. it sure will help you.
Don't Forget to vote me!!!!
I'll keep uploading these files every once in a while
Thermal stress from extreme hot or cold temperatures can negatively impact livestock. This document discusses the biological effects of thermal stress and some nutritional strategies to help ameliorate it. Thermal stress can reduce feed intake, nutrient absorption, growth rate and alter hormone levels. It also increases maintenance energy requirements. Some nutritional strategies recommended include providing balanced diets with increased nutrient density; managing feeding times and intervals; ensuring access to clean water; optimizing protein and fat levels; and supplementing key minerals like sodium and potassium above standard recommendations.
Este documento presenta las normas de bioseguridad para prevenir la transmisión de infecciones durante el ejercicio de la profesión de enfermería. Explica la cadena de transmisión de agentes patógenos, las medidas de protección como el lavado de manos, el uso de equipos de protección personal y la eliminación segura de desechos. El objetivo es que los estudiantes adquieran conocimientos sobre bioseguridad para detectar riesgos de infección y prevenirlos.
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell that generate ATP through cellular respiration. They likely originated as bacteria that were endocytosed by ancient cells and developed a symbiotic relationship. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, and use enzymes and electron transport chains along the inner membrane to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. This involves the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain which generate NADH and FADH2, powering ATP synthase to produce approximately 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Defects in mitochondrial DNA or proteins can cause various diseases affecting neurological and myopathy functions.
This document discusses heat stress and heat illness, including various conditions like prickly heat, heat cramps, heat tetany, heat syncope, heat edema, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. It describes risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies for these conditions. The most severe form is heat stroke, which can be life-threatening and cause complications like hepatic or renal failure if not promptly treated by reducing core body temperature and providing supportive care. Prevention emphasizes adequate hydration, avoiding strenuous activity in high temperatures, and seeking medical help immediately if symptoms appear.
The document discusses heat stress and its effects on bovine reproduction, specifically in buffaloes. Heat stress can cause ovarian inactivity, decreased hormone production, impaired follicular development, and suppression of the estrous cycle in buffaloes. This leads to reduced fertility and economic losses for farmers. Various hormonal and management strategies are used to try to overcome summer anestrus induced by heat stress in buffaloes, such as progesterone-based treatments, but results have been limited.
Thermoregulation is important in humans because enzymatic reactions in the body are temperature sensitive and function optimally between 35-41°C. Under general anesthesia, the body's ability to regulate temperature is impaired as the interthreshold range widens and mechanisms like shivering are inhibited. This leads to increased heat loss and a drop in core temperature, which can cause complications if core temperature falls below 36°C and is considered hypothermia. The document discusses the mechanisms, effects, and strategies to prevent unintentional hypothermia during anesthesia.
Psychedlics & applications in PTSD treatment Hayley Peerless
This document summarizes research on the potential applications of psychedelic drugs like MDMA and psilocybin in treating anxiety disorders such as PTSD. It discusses studies that found psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy using these drugs showed promise in reducing symptoms of PTSD and depression in participants. For example, a study on MDMA-assisted therapy found one participant, Nicholas Blackston, had a realization about self-healing during a session. The document also reviews research on the mechanisms of action, risks, and legal status of psychedelics. It calls for further research with larger and more diverse cohorts and different treatment timelines.
Stress was traditionally conceptualized as a response to external demands beyond an individual's control. However, more recent research argues that external circumstances only produce stress when an individual perceives demands as exceeding their ability to cope. Several theories aim to explain the mechanisms of stress. Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome model describes the body's non-specific response to stressors. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard's emergency theory proposes that emotional responses occur simultaneously with physiological arousal in response to stressors. Research also examines stress management techniques to help individuals control chronic stress levels and promote well-being.
The document discusses free radicals and antioxidants. It defines free radicals as unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons that can cause oxidative damage. Free radicals are produced through normal cellular processes but can also be generated by external factors like radiation. They can cause lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein oxidation leading to cell damage associated with aging and diseases. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress.
Peroxiredoxins are ubiquitous group of cysteine dependent antioxidant enzymes found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes help in regulating oxidative stress and modulates peroxide signaliing transduction.
A SMALL MITOCHONDRIAL HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN CAUSES GENE SUPER-INDUCTION DURING H...kubu4
1) Arabidopsis lines with constitutive expression of a maize mitochondrial small heat shock protein (mt sHSP) showed super-induction of endogenous sHSP and HSP70 genes during heat shock.
2) An Arabidopsis line with constitutive expression of an endogenous mt sHSP gene also showed super-induction of the HSP17.4(CI) gene.
3) An antibody was developed that recognizes the AtHSP23.6 protein, showing high levels localized to mitochondria in transgenic lines. Knockout of the AtHSP23.6 gene reduced expression of endogenous sHSP genes during heat shock.
MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF HYPOXIAL STRESS IN LIVESTOCK ANIMALSWani Ahad
Despite recent rapid advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the HIF pathways in response to hypoxia, many important questions remain to be answered? Unraveling such questions should provide new insights into cellular adaptation to hypoxia and aid to discover new therapeutic approaches to reduce animal diseases. Genetic selection for breeds of animals resistant to the extreme climatic conditions. Optimisation of gradual shift of animals from one altitude to another.
Blame the Mitochondria or Mitochondrial (dys)function and Regulation of Ma...Michael M
This document discusses the role of mitochondria in cholesterol efflux and atherosclerosis. Specifically, it hypothesizes that mitochondrial cholesterol transport may be a key step controlling cholesterol efflux in macrophages. The transport of cholesterol into mitochondria requires specialized protein complexes and an energized, polarized mitochondrial membrane. Overexpression of the mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein StAR decreases intracellular lipids and inflammatory factors in macrophages and promotes the expression of cholesterol efflux genes.
The document summarizes the results of a master's thesis that characterized rice genotypes using molecular markers and evaluated their responses to heat stress. Key findings include:
1) Molecular characterization of 18 rice varieties found high polymorphism among SSR markers, clustering varieties into distinct groups. Pusa Basmati 1121 and Pusa Sugandha 15 showed most heat tolerant traits.
2) At anthesis, increased heat levels of 34C and 38C reduced plant height, tillers, panicle length, and spikelet fertility compared to ambient conditions. Pusa Basmati 1121 maintained highest yield under heat.
3) At seedling stage, heat stress increased membrane damage and proline levels in varieties,
Mitochondria are organelles found in cells that act as the powerhouse by converting sugar to ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They have an outer and inner membrane, with the inner membrane folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondrial diseases occur when the mitochondria do not produce enough energy from birth due to defects, leading to early death. Mitochondria also naturally decline in function over time, explaining why older individuals have less energy than younger ones.
The document summarizes two studies: 1) A study found that the plasma protein clusterin is associated with hippocampal atrophy and rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. This could lead to treatments that stop disease progression. 2) A separate study found that increasing levels of heat shock protein Hsp70 through inhibition of Hsp90 reversed nerve damage in diabetic mice. This treatment approach could lead to new medicines for diabetic patients. Overall, the studies provide insight into disease mechanisms and potential new treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease and diabetes.
This document summarizes abiotic stress in animals and its management. It discusses how abiotic stressors like extreme temperatures, drought, and flooding negatively impact animal growth, productivity, and biodiversity. Climate change is increasing global temperatures and causing more extreme weather. This raises heat stress levels in animals and alters disease transmission patterns by affecting pathogens, vectors, and host populations. The document outlines physiological, molecular, and management adaptations animals use to cope with abiotic stressors, but climate change poses ongoing challenges to livestock production and health.
The document discusses mechanisms for regulating body temperature in organisms. It explains that most cells function best between 30-40°C and that organisms have evolved various mechanisms to maintain an optimal internal temperature. These include insulation, vasoregulation of blood flow, sweating, shivering and behavioral adaptations. The hypothalamus plays a key role in sensing temperature changes and initiating responses. Mitochondria couple ATP production with heat generation. Brown fat contains uncoupling proteins that allow heat production without ATP generation.
The document discusses stress and its effects on the body. It defines stress as a state of tension that can disrupt homeostasis. It describes the body's stress responses, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, which increases catecholamines and glucocorticoids respectively. These hormones produce various effects on organ systems and metabolism to help the body adapt to stressors. The document also discusses cellular responses like increased heat shock proteins and acute phase proteins that help protect cells under stress.
Wanna Know about the mitochondria? Check this presentation. it sure will help you.
Don't Forget to vote me!!!!
I'll keep uploading these files every once in a while
Thermal stress from extreme hot or cold temperatures can negatively impact livestock. This document discusses the biological effects of thermal stress and some nutritional strategies to help ameliorate it. Thermal stress can reduce feed intake, nutrient absorption, growth rate and alter hormone levels. It also increases maintenance energy requirements. Some nutritional strategies recommended include providing balanced diets with increased nutrient density; managing feeding times and intervals; ensuring access to clean water; optimizing protein and fat levels; and supplementing key minerals like sodium and potassium above standard recommendations.
Este documento presenta las normas de bioseguridad para prevenir la transmisión de infecciones durante el ejercicio de la profesión de enfermería. Explica la cadena de transmisión de agentes patógenos, las medidas de protección como el lavado de manos, el uso de equipos de protección personal y la eliminación segura de desechos. El objetivo es que los estudiantes adquieran conocimientos sobre bioseguridad para detectar riesgos de infección y prevenirlos.
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell that generate ATP through cellular respiration. They likely originated as bacteria that were endocytosed by ancient cells and developed a symbiotic relationship. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, and use enzymes and electron transport chains along the inner membrane to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. This involves the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain which generate NADH and FADH2, powering ATP synthase to produce approximately 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Defects in mitochondrial DNA or proteins can cause various diseases affecting neurological and myopathy functions.
This document discusses heat stress and heat illness, including various conditions like prickly heat, heat cramps, heat tetany, heat syncope, heat edema, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. It describes risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies for these conditions. The most severe form is heat stroke, which can be life-threatening and cause complications like hepatic or renal failure if not promptly treated by reducing core body temperature and providing supportive care. Prevention emphasizes adequate hydration, avoiding strenuous activity in high temperatures, and seeking medical help immediately if symptoms appear.
The document discusses heat stress and its effects on bovine reproduction, specifically in buffaloes. Heat stress can cause ovarian inactivity, decreased hormone production, impaired follicular development, and suppression of the estrous cycle in buffaloes. This leads to reduced fertility and economic losses for farmers. Various hormonal and management strategies are used to try to overcome summer anestrus induced by heat stress in buffaloes, such as progesterone-based treatments, but results have been limited.
Thermoregulation is important in humans because enzymatic reactions in the body are temperature sensitive and function optimally between 35-41°C. Under general anesthesia, the body's ability to regulate temperature is impaired as the interthreshold range widens and mechanisms like shivering are inhibited. This leads to increased heat loss and a drop in core temperature, which can cause complications if core temperature falls below 36°C and is considered hypothermia. The document discusses the mechanisms, effects, and strategies to prevent unintentional hypothermia during anesthesia.
Psychedlics & applications in PTSD treatment Hayley Peerless
This document summarizes research on the potential applications of psychedelic drugs like MDMA and psilocybin in treating anxiety disorders such as PTSD. It discusses studies that found psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy using these drugs showed promise in reducing symptoms of PTSD and depression in participants. For example, a study on MDMA-assisted therapy found one participant, Nicholas Blackston, had a realization about self-healing during a session. The document also reviews research on the mechanisms of action, risks, and legal status of psychedelics. It calls for further research with larger and more diverse cohorts and different treatment timelines.
Stress was traditionally conceptualized as a response to external demands beyond an individual's control. However, more recent research argues that external circumstances only produce stress when an individual perceives demands as exceeding their ability to cope. Several theories aim to explain the mechanisms of stress. Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome model describes the body's non-specific response to stressors. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard's emergency theory proposes that emotional responses occur simultaneously with physiological arousal in response to stressors. Research also examines stress management techniques to help individuals control chronic stress levels and promote well-being.
1. Stress during early life development can impact growth and long-term health through effects on stress response systems like the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system.
2. Exposure to stress hormones like cortisol and catecholamines during critical periods of development can have organizational effects and lead to later health issues like metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and behavioral and psychosomatic disorders.
3. The developing brain is especially vulnerable to stress, which can influence cognitive and emotional functions through effects on brain regions like the hippocampus and amygdala.
The document provides an overview of the history and key concepts in psychology. It discusses early pioneers like Wundt who established the first psychology lab, and Freud who developed psychoanalysis. Major theories are covered such as behaviorism, humanism, and sociocultural psychology. Key aspects of the mind and behavior like consciousness, learning, development, and culture are examined from different psychological perspectives.
The document provides an overview of the history and key concepts in psychology. It discusses early pioneers like Wundt who established the first psychology lab, and Freud who developed psychoanalysis. Major theories are covered such as behaviorism, humanism, and sociocultural psychology. Key aspects of the mind and behavior like consciousness, learning, development, and culture are examined from different psychological perspectives.
Define acute and chronic health and medicine homework help.docx4934bk
Acute stress is a short-term response to perceived threats like accidents or presentations, while chronic stress is long-term response to ongoing issues like financial problems. The amygdala detects stress and sends danger signals to the hypothalamus via the brainstem, activating the HPA axis and releasing stress hormones. Hormones like cortisol prepare the body for prolonged stress responses. Strategies to counter stress include relaxation, exercise, sleep, and maintaining social support systems.
The document provides information about cannabis/marijuana, including:
- Definitions of cannabis and its two main species
- A brief history of cannabis use from ancient times to modern drug development
- Methods of administration, extraction, and common forms
- Composition, mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, diagnosis, and regulation
- Stories of potential drug overdose or poisoning cases involving forensic analysis are also presented.
Similar to Harm Kampinga - cssi-educational porto alegre - chaperone concepts (8)
O documento lista 8 minicursos opcionais que serão oferecidos durante o XXII Simpósio de Plantas Medicinais do Brasil entre os dias 19 e 21 de setembro de 2012 em Bento Gonçalves, RS. Os cursos abordarão tópicos como ilustração botânica, metabolômica de plantas medicinais, etnobotânica, determinação de resíduos em plantas, avaliação farmacológica pré-clínica, nanotecnologia aplicada a fitoprodutos, planejamento experimental e propriedade inte
1. The UPR is activated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER and involves increased expression of molecular chaperones, inhibition of protein synthesis, and increased protein degradation through three ER transducers - Ire1, PERK and ATF6.
2. The UPR plays an important role in normal development and differentiation processes. Prolonged UPR activation can induce apoptosis.
3. Many disease states are associated with UPR activation, where the prosurvival aspects can promote diseases like cancer, while the proapoptotic effects are involved in neurodegenerative diseases.
This document summarizes research on cellular stress responses, cytoprotection, and aging. It discusses how increased longevity is leading to an aging world population. Recent aging research has focused on lifespan and identifying genes/proteins that influence longevity using model organisms. Aging is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The free radical theory of aging proposes that longevity is determined by an organism's ability to cope with damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS). The document discusses various pathways and proteins involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress, including Nrf2, mTOR, HSPs, and others. It presents evidence that overexpressing protective proteins like Hsp22 can increase lifespan, healthspan,
This document summarizes research on the interrelations between Caveolin-1 and heat shock proteins in cancer. It discusses previous studies that have linked Caveolin-1 with the heat shock protein response. Specifically, it mentions interactions found between beta-catenin, Hsp27, and Caveolin-1 in breast cancer tissues. The document also reports that loss of Caveolin-1 results in oxidative stress and activation of the heat shock protein response in cells. Finally, it summarizes that loss of Caveolin-1 decreases apoptosis in mammary tumors but also decreases the incidence of lung metastases, potentially due to lower levels of heat shock protein Hsp27.
HBOT may help reduce cognitive decline after CABG surgery and protect cells against stress. HBOT stimulates vascular tube formation, protects cells against heat shock, and regulates gene expression related to oxidative stress response. It increases expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, and wound healing while decreasing expression of genes related to ER and Golgi pathways. HBOT promotes rapid recovery from injury through multiple protective and regenerative mechanisms.
1) O documento apresenta o programa preliminar do XXII Simpósio de Plantas Medicinais do Brasil, ocorrendo de 18 a 21 de setembro de 2012 em Bento Gonçalves (RS), incluindo minicursos, conferências, mesas-redondas e sessões de comunicações sobre plantas medicinais.
2) Serão oferecidos 7 minicursos durante o evento sobre tópicos como ilustração botânica, metabolômica, etnobotânica, métodos analíticos e nanotecnologia aplicada a
The document contains details of presentations for an event, including titles, presenters, dates, times, and locations. It lists 27 poster presentations to take place on May 27th in an annex room from 9am-8:30pm, and 6 oral presentations with PowerPoint to occur on May 29th in the building auditorium between 10:40am-4:50pm, each lasting 10 minutes. Posters for presentations on May 29th will be in the annex room from 6pm-7:30pm. Topics include the effects of proteins, drugs, and diseases on cells and organisms.
Modelo para enviar o resumo do XXII Simpósio de Plantas Medicinais do Brasil.
Salve em seu computador, atualize com as informações do seu resumo, salve em pdf e envie para submissão no link indicado no blog do evento.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Harm Kampinga - cssi-educational porto alegre - chaperone concepts
1. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
Harm H. Kampinga
Dept. of Cell Biology, UMC Groningen, The Netherlands
1
2. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
Originally,
heat
shock
genes
(Ritossa,
1962)
and
later
heat
shock
proteins
(Tissieres
et
al
1974),
were
described
to
be
genes/proteins
of
which
the
expression
increased
aBer
an
heat
shock.
Ritossa,
1962
Tissieres
et
al
.,
1974
2
3. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
Originally,
heat
shock
genes
(Ritossa,
1962)
and
later
heat
shock
proteins
(Tissieres
et
al
1974),
were
described
to
be
genes/proteins
of
which
the
expression
increased
aBer
an
heat
shock.
Heat
shock
proteins
(HSP)
were
defined
as
proteins
encoded
by
genes
that
contain
so-‐called
“heat
shock
elements
(HSE)
in
their
genes
that
are
regulated
by
the
“heat
shock
transcripNon
factor-‐1
(HSF-‐1)”
3
4. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
Originally,
heat
shock
genes
(Ritossa,
1962)
and
later
heat
shock
proteins
(Tissieres
et
al
1974),
were
described
to
be
genes/proteins
of
which
the
expression
increased
aBer
an
heat
shock.
Heat
shock
proteins
(HSP)
were
defined
as
proteins
encoded
by
genes
that
contain
so-‐called
“heat
shock
elements
(HSE)
in
their
genes
that
are
regulated
by
the
“heat
shock
transcripNon
factor-‐1
(HSF-‐1)”
Akerfelt
et
al.,
2011
3
5. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
Originally,
heat
shock
genes
(Ritossa,
1962)
and
later
heat
shock
proteins
(Tissieres
et
al
1974),
were
described
to
be
genes/proteins
of
which
the
expression
increased
aBer
an
heat
shock.
Heat
shock
proteins
(HSP)
were
defined
as
proteins
encoded
by
genes
that
contain
so-‐called
“heat
shock
elements
(HSE)
in
their
genes
that
are
regulated
by
the
“heat
shock
transcripNon
factor-‐1
(HSF-‐1)”
Nowadays,
we
know
that
many
situaNons,
both
physiologically
and
stressful
condiNons
can
acNvate
HSF-‐1
Morimoto
1998
4
6. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
Originally,
heat
shock
genes
(Ritossa,
1962)
and
later
heat
shock
proteins
(Tissieres
et
al
1974),
were
described
to
be
genes/proteins
of
which
the
expression
increased
aBer
an
heat
shock.
Heat
shock
proteins
(HSP)
were
defined
as
proteins
encoded
by
genes
that
contain
so-‐called
“heat
shock
elements
(HSE)
in
their
genes
that
are
regulated
by
the
“heat
shock
transcripNon
factor-‐1
(HSF-‐1)”
Nowadays,
we
know
that
many
situaNons,
both
physiologically
and
stressful
condiNons
can
acNvate
HSF-‐1
There
are
many
members
in
at
least
5
different
heat
shock
proteins
families
(HSP90,
HSP70,
HSP40,
chaperonins,
and
small
HSP).
sHsp Hsp40 Hsp90
Chaperonins
(HspB: 10 members) (DnaJ: 50 members) (HspC: 5 members)
(HspD/E+ CCT: 2+12 members)
Hsp70
(HspA+H: 13+4 members)
Kampinga
et
al.,
Cell
Stress
Chaperones.
(2009)
5
7. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
6
8. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
A
chaperone
is
an
adult
or
typically
older
person
who
accompanies
or
supervises
one
or
more
young,
unmarried
men
or
women
during
social
occasions
usually
with
the
specific
intent
of
prevenNng
inappropriate
social
or
sexual
interacNons
or
illegal
behavior
(e.g.,
underage
drinking,
drug
use).
6
9. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
A
chaperone
is
an
adult
or
typically
older
person
who
accompanies
or
supervises
one
or
more
young,
unmarried
men
or
women
during
social
occasions
usually
with
the
specific
intent
of
prevenNng
inappropriate
social
or
sexual
interacNons
or
illegal
behavior
(e.g.,
underage
drinking,
drug
use).
6
10. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
A
chaperone
is
an
adult
or
typically
older
person
who
accompanies
or
supervises
one
or
more
young,
unmarried
men
or
women
during
social
occasions
usually
with
the
specific
intent
of
prevenNng
inappropriate
social
or
sexual
interacNons
or
illegal
behavior
(e.g.,
underage
drinking,
drug
use).
6
11. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
A
chaperone
is
an
adult
or
typically
older
person
who
accompanies
or
supervises
one
or
more
young,
unmarried
men
or
women
during
social
occasions
usually
with
the
specific
intent
of
prevenNng
inappropriate
social
or
sexual
interacNons
or
illegal
behavior
(e.g.,
underage
drinking,
drug
use).
6
12. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
7
13. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
7
14. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
7
15. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
7
16. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
8
17. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
8
18. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
The
basic
chaperone
acNon
comprise
an
iteraNve
cycles
of
client
binding
to
and
release
from
HSPs
in
which
clients
may
fold
or
may
be
degraded
if
folding
is
not
successful
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
9
19. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
The
basic
chaperone
acNon
comprise
an
iteraNve
cycles
of
client
binding
to
and
release
from
HSPs
in
which
clients
may
fold
or
may
be
degraded
if
folding
is
not
successful
Such
acNon
is
required
for
assisted
folding
of
nascent
proteins
and
for
protein
translocaNon
(consNtuNvely
expressed
HSP)
and
for
refolding
of
stress-‐unfolded
proteins
(consNtuNve
and
heat-‐inducible
HSP).
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
9
20. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
The
basic
chaperone
acNon
comprise
an
iteraNve
cycles
of
client
binding
to
and
release
from
HSPs
in
which
clients
may
fold
or
may
be
degraded
if
folding
is
not
successful
Such
acNon
is
required
for
assisted
folding
of
nascent
proteins
and
for
protein
translocaNon
(consNtuNvely
expressed
HSP)
and
for
refolding
of
stress-‐unfolded
proteins
(consNtuNve
and
heat-‐inducible
HSP).
nascent
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
9
21. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
The
basic
chaperone
acNon
comprise
an
iteraNve
cycles
of
client
binding
to
and
release
from
HSPs
in
which
clients
may
fold
or
may
be
degraded
if
folding
is
not
successful
Such
acNon
is
required
for
assisted
folding
of
nascent
proteins
and
for
protein
translocaNon
(consNtuNvely
expressed
HSP)
and
for
refolding
of
stress-‐unfolded
proteins
(consNtuNve
and
heat-‐inducible
HSP).
Native stress
nascent
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
9
22. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
The
basic
chaperone
acNon
comprise
an
iteraNve
cycles
of
client
binding
to
and
release
from
HSPs
in
which
clients
may
fold
or
may
be
degraded
if
folding
is
not
successful
Such
acNon
is
required
for
assisted
folding
of
nascent
proteins
and
for
protein
translocaNon
(consNtuNvely
expressed
HSP)
and
for
refolding
of
stress-‐unfolded
proteins
(consNtuNve
and
heat-‐inducible
HSP).
Heat-‐induced
HSP
up-‐regulaNon
(e.g.
Hsp70)
thus
protects
cells
against
the
toxicity
of
subsequent
heaNng
(thermotolerance).
10
23. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
The
basic
chaperone
acNon
comprise
an
iteraNve
cycles
of
client
binding
to
and
release
from
HSPs
in
which
clients
may
fold
or
may
be
degraded
if
folding
is
not
successful
Such
acNon
is
required
for
assisted
folding
of
nascent
proteins
and
for
protein
translocaNon
(consNtuNvely
expressed
HSP)
and
for
refolding
of
stress-‐unfolded
proteins
(consNtuNve
and
heat-‐inducible
HSP).
Heat-‐induced
HSP
up-‐regulaNon
(e.g.
Hsp70)
thus
protects
cells
against
the
toxicity
of
subsequent
heaNng
(thermotolerance)
and
this
correlates
with
increased
refolding
capacity.
Luciferase
100
% luciferase activity + HSP
90
60
40 - HSP
20
0
HS 0 1 2
hrs after HS
11
24. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
HSP
belong
to
the
group
of
Molecular
Chaperones
DefiniNon:
any
protein
(HSP
being
the
largest
group),
which
interacts,
stabilizes
or
helps
a
non-‐naNve
protein
to
acquire
its
na?ve
conforma?on
but
is
not
present
in
the
final
funcNonal
structure
The
basic
chaperone
acNon
comprise
an
iteraNve
cycles
of
client
binding
to
and
release
from
HSPs
in
which
clients
may
fold
or
may
be
degraded
if
folding
is
not
successful
Such
acNon
is
required
for
assisted
folding
of
nascent
proteins
and
for
protein
translocaNon
(consNtuNvely
expressed
HSP)
and
for
refolding
of
stress-‐unfolded
proteins
(consNtuNve
and
heat-‐inducible
HSP).
Heat-‐induced
HSP
up-‐regulaNon
(e.g.
Hsp70)
thus
protects
cells
against
the
toxicity
of
subsequent
heaNng
(thermotolerance)
and
this
correlates
with
increased
refolding
capacity.
toxicity
protec*on chaperone
ac*vity
HSP70 HSP70
Nollen et al | Mol Cell Biol 1999
12
25. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
CHAPERONE
ACTIVITY
in
vitro
assays
13
26. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
CHAPERONE
ACTIVITY
in
vitro
assays
1.
heat
substrate
+/-‐
HSP
2.
measure
substrate
aggrega*on
13
28. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
CHAPERONE
ACTIVITY
in
vitro
assays
1.
heat
substrate
+/-‐
HSP 1.
heat
substrate
+/-‐
HSP
2.
measure
substrate
aggrega*on 2.
reincubate
at
37oC
+/-‐
HSP
and
+/-‐
ATP
3.
measure
ac*vity
light
sca<ering client:
HSP
1:0
1:1
1:2
1:5
13
29. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
CHAPERONE
ACTIVITY
in
vitro
assays
1.
heat
substrate
+/-‐
HSP 1.
heat
substrate
+/-‐
HSP
2.
measure
substrate
aggrega*on 2.
reincubate
at
37oC
+/-‐
HSP
and
+/-‐
ATP
3.
measure
ac*vity
light
sca<ering ac=vity
assays client:
HSP
/
ATP
client:
HSP
1:0 1:5
/
with
ATP
1:2
/
with
ATP
1:1
1:1
/
with
ATP
1:2
1:5
/
no
ATP
1:5
1:0
/
no
ATP
13
30. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
CHAPERONE
ACTIVITY
in
vitro
assays
1.
heat
substrate
+/-‐
HSP 1.
heat
substrate
+/-‐
HSP
2.
measure
substrate
aggrega*on 2.
reincubate
at
37oC
+/-‐
HSP
and
+/-‐
ATP
3.
measure
ac*vity
light
sca<ering ac=vity
assays client:
HSP
/
ATP
client:
HSP
1:0 1:5
/
with
ATP
1:2
/
with
ATP
1:1
1:1
/
with
ATP
1:2
1:5
/
no
ATP
1:5
1:0
/
no
ATP
aggrega?on
preven?on
(“holdase”)
13
31. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
CHAPERONE
ACTIVITY
in
vitro
assays
1.
heat
substrate
+/-‐
HSP 1.
heat
substrate
+/-‐
HSP
2.
measure
substrate
aggrega*on 2.
reincubate
at
37oC
+/-‐
HSP
and
+/-‐
ATP
3.
measure
ac*vity
light
sca<ering ac=vity
assays client:
HSP
/
ATP
client:
HSP
1:0 1:5
/
with
ATP
1:2
/
with
ATP
1:1
1:1
/
with
ATP
1:2
1:5
/
no
ATP
1:5
1:0
/
no
ATP
aggrega?on
preven?on suppor?ng
refolding
(“holdase”) (“foldase”)
13
47. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
Originally,
heat
shock
genes
(Ritossa,
1962)
and
later
heat
shock
proteins
(Tissieres
et
al
1974),
were
described
to
be
genes/proteins
of
which
the
expression
increased
aBer
an
heat
shock.
Heat
shock
proteins
(HSP)
were
defined
as
proteins
encoded
by
genes
that
contain
so-‐called
“heat
shock
elements
(HSE)
in
their
genes
that
are
regulated
by
the
“heat
shock
transcripNon
factor-‐1
(HSF-‐1)”
Nowadays,
we
know
that
many
situaNon,
both
physiologically
and
stressful
condiNons
can
acNvate
HSF-‐1
There
are
many
members
in
at
least
5
different
heat
shock
proteins
families
(HSP90,
HSP70,
HSP40,
chaperonins,
and
small
HSP)
that
work
in
a
cellular
network.
sHsp Hsp40 Hsp90
Chaperonins
(HspB: 10 members) (DnaJ: 50 members) (HspC: 5 members)
(HspD/E+ CCT: 2+12 members)
Hsp70
(HspA+H: 13+4 members)
Kampinga
et
al.,
Cell
Stress
Chaperones.
(2009)
26
48. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
ButOriginally,
heat
shock
genes
(Ritossa,
have so many proteins
why do humans 1962)
and
later
heat
shock
HSPs?
(Tissieres
et
al
1974),
were
described
to
be
genes/proteins
of
which
the
expression
increased
aBer
an
heat
shock.
Heat
shock
proteins
(HSP)
were
defined
as
proteins
encoded
by
genes
that
contain
so-‐called
“heat
shock
elements
(HSE)
in
their
genes
that
are
regulated
by
the
“heat
shock
transcripNon
factor-‐1
(HSF-‐1)”
Nowadays,
we
know
that
many
situaNon,
both
physiologically
and
stressful
condiNons
can
acNvate
HSF-‐1
There
are
many
members
in
at
least
5
different
heat
shock
proteins
families
(HSP90,
HSP70,
HSP40,
chaperonins,
and
small
HSP)
that
work
in
a
cellular
network.
sHsp Hsp40 Hsp90
Chaperonins
(HspB: 10 members) (DnaJ: 50 members) (HspC: 5 members)
(HspD/E+ CCT: 2+12 members)
Hsp70
(HspA+H: 13+4 members)
Kampinga
et
al.,
Cell
Stress
Chaperones.
(2009)
26
49. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
ButOriginally,
heat
shock
genes
(Ritossa,
have so many proteins
why do humans 1962)
and
later
heat
shock
HSPs?
1. compartmentalization escribed
to
be
genes/proteins
of
which
Per-UPR?)
(Tissieres
et
al
1974),
were
d (cyt/nuc-HSR; ER-UPR; mit-UPR; the
expression
increased
aBer
an
heat
shock.
Heat
shock
proteins
(HSP)
were
defined
as
proteins
encoded
by
genes
that
contain
so-‐called
“heat
shock
elements
(HSE)
in
their
genes
that
are
regulated
by
the
“heat
shock
transcripNon
factor-‐1
(HSF-‐1)”
Nowadays,
we
know
that
many
situaNon,
both
physiologically
and
stressful
condiNons
can
acNvate
HSF-‐1
There
are
many
members
in
at
least
5
different
heat
shock
proteins
families
(HSP90,
HSP70,
HSP40,
chaperonins,
and
small
HSP)
that
work
in
a
cellular
network.
sHsp Hsp40 Hsp90
Chaperonins
(HspB: 10 members) (DnaJ: 50 members) (HspC: 5 members)
(HspD/E+ CCT: 2+12 members)
Hsp70
(HspA+H: 13+4 members)
Kampinga
et
al.,
Cell
Stress
Chaperones.
(2009)
26
50. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
ButOriginally,
heat
shock
genes
(Ritossa,
have so many proteins
why do humans 1962)
and
later
heat
shock
HSPs?
1. compartmentalization escribed
to
be
genes/proteins
of
which
Per-UPR?)
(Tissieres
et
al
1974),
were
d (cyt/nuc-HSR; ER-UPR; mit-UPR; the
expression
increased
aBer
an
heat
shock.
2. Heat
shock
proteins
(HSP)
were
defined
as
proteins
encoded
by
genes
that
contain
differential regulation (e.g., many HSPs are NOT heat-/HSF-1 regulated)
so-‐called
“heat
shock
elements
(HSE)
in
their
genes
that
are
regulated
by
the
“heat
shock
transcripNon
factor-‐1
(HSF-‐1)”
Nowadays,
we
know
that
many
situaNon,
both
physiologically
and
stressful
condiNons
can
acNvate
HSF-‐1
There
are
many
members
in
at
least
5
different
heat
shock
proteins
families
(HSP90,
HSP70,
HSP40,
chaperonins,
and
small
HSP)
that
work
in
a
cellular
network.
sHsp Hsp40 Hsp90
Chaperonins
(HspB: 10 members) (DnaJ: 50 members) (HspC: 5 members)
(HspD/E+ CCT: 2+12 members)
Hsp70
(HspA+H: 13+4 members)
Kampinga
et
al.,
Cell
Stress
Chaperones.
(2009)
26
52. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
But why do humans have so many HSPs?
1. compartmentalization (cyt/nuc-HSR; ER-UPR; mit-UPR; Per-UPR?)
2. differential regulation (e.g., many HSPs are NOT heat-/HSF-1 regulated)
3. functional specificity (structural differences)
sHsp Hsp40 Hsp90
Chaperonins
(HspB: 10 members) (DnaJ: 50 members) (HspC: 5 members)
(HspD/E+ CCT: 2+12 members)
Hsp70
(HspA+H: 13+4 members)
Kampinga
et
al.,
Cell
Stress
Chaperones.
(2009)
28
53. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
But why do humans have so many HSPs?
1. compartmentalization (cyt/nuc-HSR; ER-UPR; mit-UPR; Per-UPR?)
2. differential regulation (e.g., many HSPs are NOT heat-/HSF-1 regulated)
3. functional specificity (structural differences)
sHsp Hsp40 Hsp90
Chaperonins
(HspB: 10 members) (DnaJ: 50 members) (HspC: 5 members)
(HspD/E+ CCT: 2+12 members)
Hsp70
(HspA+H: 13+4 members)
Kampinga
et
al.,
Cell
Stress
Chaperones.
(2009)
28
54. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
29
55. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
The
Hsp70
machine
is
involved
in
many
different
biochemical
and
biological
funcNons
ranging
from
co-‐translaNonal
folding,
to
protein
translocaNon
across
membranes,
from
protein
remodeling
to
protein
degradaNon.
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
29
56. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
The
Hsp70
machine
is
involved
in
many
different
biochemical
and
biological
funcNons
ranging
from
co-‐translaNonal
folding,
to
protein
translocaNon
across
membranes,
from
protein
remodeling
to
protein
degradaNon.
1.
Role
expansion
HSP70
family
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
29
57. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
The
Hsp70
machine
is
involved
in
many
different
biochemical
and
biological
funcNons
ranging
from
co-‐translaNonal
folding,
to
protein
translocaNon
across
membranes,
from
protein
remodeling
to
protein
degradaNon.
1.
Role
expansion
HSP70
family
Hsp70
Yeast Human 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Ssa1-4; Ssb1,2 HSPA1,2,6,7,8 Cytosol
Kar2 HSPA5 ER
Ssc1;SSq1;Emc10 HSPA9 Mitochondria
HSPA12A,B Cytosol
Ssz1 HSPA14 Cytosol
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
29
58. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
The
Hsp70
machine
is
involved
in
many
different
biochemical
and
biological
funcNons
ranging
from
co-‐translaNonal
folding,
to
protein
translocaNon
across
membranes,
from
protein
remodeling
to
protein
degradaNon.
1.
Role
expansion
HSP70
family
Hsp70
Yeast Human 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Ssa1-4; Ssb1,2 HSPA1,2,6,7,8 Cytosol
Kar2 HSPA5 ER
Ssc1;SSq1;Emc10 HSPA9 Mitochondria
HSPA12A,B Cytosol
Ssz1 HSPA14 Cytosol
Hsp70
are
structural
almost
idenNcal
(same
domain
structure)
Hsp70
show
all
similar
biochemical
acNvity
(an
ATP-‐dependent
client
protein
binding/release
cycle).
Except
HSPA14
that
lacks
substrate
binding
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
29
59. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
The
Hsp70
machine
is
involved
in
many
different
biochemical
and
biological
funcNons
ranging
from
co-‐translaNonal
folding,
to
protein
translocaNon
across
membranes,
from
protein
remodeling
to
protein
degradaNon.
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
30
60. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
The
Hsp70
machine
is
involved
in
many
different
biochemical
and
biological
funcNons
ranging
from
co-‐translaNonal
folding,
to
protein
translocaNon
across
membranes,
from
protein
remodeling
to
protein
degradaNon.
2.
Role
expansion
DNAJ
protein
family
Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
30
61. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
The
Hsp70
machine
is
involved
in
many
different
biochemical
and
biological
funcNons
ranging
from
co-‐translaNonal
folding,
to
protein
translocaNon
across
membranes,
from
protein
remodeling
to
protein
degradaNon.
2.
Role
expansion
DNAJ
protein
family
Yeast Human 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Yeast Human 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Promiscous client binding Promiscous client binding
Ydj1 DNAJA1 Ydj1 DNAJA1
Xdj1 DNAJA2;A4 Xdj1 DNAJA2;A4
Apj1 Apj1
Scj1 Scj1
Mdj1 DNAJA3 Mdj1 DNAJA3
Sis1 DNAJB1 Sis1 DNAJB1
DNAJB4;B5 DNAJB4;B5
DNAJB11 DNAJB11
DNAJB9 DNAJB9
DNAJB2a,2b DNAJB2a,2b
Djp1 Djp1
Caj1 Caj1
DNAJB6a,6b DNAJB6a,6b
DNAJB8 DNAJB8
DNAJB7 DNAJB7
Erj5 Erj5
DNAJB12a,12b DNAJB12a,12b
DNAJB14a,14b DNAJB14a,14b
DNAJC18 DNAJC18
Selective client binding Selective client binding
Jjj1 DNAJC21 590/531 Jjj1 DNAJC21 590/531
Jjj3 DNAJC24 Jjj3 DNAJC24
DNAJC5,5b,5g
FuncNonal
classificaNon
DNAJ
proteins
DNAJC5,5b,5g
Jac1 DNAJC20 Jac1 DNAJC20
Cwc23 DNAJC17 Cwc23 DNAJC17
DNAJC10
DNAJC16
793
782
1:
Client
binding
and
client
delivery
to
Hsp70
DNAJC10
DNAJC16
793
782
Swa2
DNAJC6
668
913
Swa2
a)
promiscuous
client
binding
DNAJC6
668
913
b)
selecNve
client
binding
DNAJC26 1311
DNAJC26 1311
DNAJC27 DNAJC27
DNAJC3
DNAJC3
DNAJC7 2:
No
client
binding,
just
ATPase
sNmulaNon
Jem1
DNAJC7
Jem1
DNAJC29
4306
4579 a)
tethering
Hsp70
to
a
locaNon/
a
posiNon
DNAJC29
DNAJC14
4306
702
4579
DNAJC14 702
DNAJC22
Client binding unclear
b)
no
tethering
DNAJC22
Client binding unclear Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
DNAJB13 DNAJB13
31
62. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
The
Hsp70
machine
is
involved
in
many
different
biochemical
and
biological
funcNons
ranging
from
co-‐translaNonal
folding,
to
protein
translocaNon
across
membranes,
from
protein
remodeling
to
protein
degradaNon.
2.
Role
expansion
DNAJ
protein
family
Yeast Human 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Yeast Human 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Promiscous client binding Promiscous client binding
Ydj1 DNAJA1 Ydj1 DNAJA1
Xdj1 DNAJA2;A4 Xdj1 DNAJA2;A4
Apj1 Apj1
Scj1 Scj1
Mdj1 DNAJA3 Mdj1 DNAJA3
Sis1 DNAJB1 Sis1 DNAJB1
DNAJB4;B5 DNAJB4;B5
DNAJB11 DNAJB11
DNAJB9 DNAJB9
DNAJB2a,2b DNAJB2a,2b
Djp1 Djp1
Caj1 Caj1
DNAJB6a,6b DNAJB6a,6b
DNAJB8 DNAJB8
DNAJB7 DNAJB7
Erj5 Erj5
DNAJB12a,12b DNAJB12a,12b
DNAJB14a,14b DNAJB14a,14b
DNAJC18 DNAJC18
Selective client binding Selective client binding
Jjj1 DNAJC21 590/531 Jjj1 DNAJC21 590/531
Jjj3 DNAJC24 Jjj3 DNAJC24
DNAJC5,5b,5g
FuncNonal
classificaNon
DNAJ
proteins
DNAJC5,5b,5g
Jac1 DNAJC20 Jac1 DNAJC20
Cwc23 DNAJC17 Cwc23 DNAJC17
DNAJC10
DNAJC16
793
782
1:
Client
binding
and
client
delivery
to
Hsp70
DNAJC10
DNAJC16
793
782
Swa2
DNAJC6
668
913
Swa2
a)
promiscuous
client
binding
DNAJC6
668
913
b)
selecNve
client
binding
DNAJC26 1311
DNAJC26 1311
DNAJC27 DNAJC27
DNAJC3
DNAJC3
DNAJC7 2:
No
client
binding,
just
ATPase
sNmulaNon
Jem1
DNAJC7
Jem1
DNAJC29
4306
4579 a)
tethering
Hsp70
to
a
locaNon/
a
posiNon
DNAJC29
DNAJC14
4306
702
4579
DNAJC14 702
DNAJC22
Client binding unclear
b)
no
tethering
DNAJC22
Client binding unclear Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
DNAJB13 DNAJB13
31
63. Cell
Stress
and
Chaperones:
basic
concepts
-‐
Harm
H.
Kampinga
FUNCTIONAL
SPECIFICITY
OF
THE
HSP70
MACHINE
The
Hsp70
machine
is
involved
in
many
different
biochemical
and
biological
funcNons
ranging
from
co-‐translaNonal
folding,
to
protein
translocaNon
across
membranes,
from
protein
remodeling
to
protein
degradaNon.
2.
Role
expansion
DNAJ
protein
family
Yeast Human 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Yeast Human 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Promiscous client binding Promiscous client binding
Ydj1 DNAJA1 Ydj1 DNAJA1
Xdj1 DNAJA2;A4 Xdj1 DNAJA2;A4
Apj1 Apj1
Scj1 Scj1
Mdj1 DNAJA3 Mdj1 DNAJA3
Sis1 DNAJB1 Sis1 DNAJB1
DNAJB4;B5 DNAJB4;B5
DNAJB11 DNAJB11
DNAJB9 DNAJB9
DNAJB2a,2b DNAJB2a,2b
Djp1 Djp1
Caj1 Caj1
DNAJB6a,6b DNAJB6a,6b
DNAJB8 DNAJB8
DNAJB7 DNAJB7
Erj5 Erj5
DNAJB12a,12b DNAJB12a,12b
DNAJB14a,14b DNAJB14a,14b
DNAJC18 DNAJC18
Selective client binding Selective client binding
Jjj1 DNAJC21 590/531 Jjj1 DNAJC21 590/531
Jjj3 DNAJC24 Jjj3 DNAJC24
DNAJC5,5b,5g
FuncNonal
classificaNon
DNAJ
proteins
DNAJC5,5b,5g
Jac1 DNAJC20 Jac1 DNAJC20
Cwc23 DNAJC17 Cwc23 DNAJC17
DNAJC10
DNAJC16
793
782
1:
Client
binding
and
client
delivery
to
Hsp70
DNAJC10
DNAJC16
793
782
Swa2
DNAJC6
668
913
Swa2
a)
promiscuous
client
binding
DNAJC6
668
913
b)
selecNve
client
binding
DNAJC26 1311
DNAJC26 1311
DNAJC27 DNAJC27
DNAJC3
DNAJC3
DNAJC7 2:
No
client
binding,
just
ATPase
sNmulaNon
Jem1
DNAJC7
Jem1
DNAJC29
4306
4579 a)
tethering
Hsp70
to
a
locaNon/
a
posiNon
DNAJC29
DNAJC14
4306
702
4579
DNAJC14 702
DNAJC22
Client binding unclear
b)
no
tethering
DNAJC22
Client binding unclear Kampinga & Craig - Nature Reviews | Molecular Cell Biology
DNAJB13 DNAJB13
31