Information on the harappan and mesopotamian civillizations

1. Introduction – Origin of the Civilizations
The Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations were among the earliest urban cultures in human history, flourishing around 2500 BCE and 3500 BCE
respectively. Both civilizations developed advanced systems of urban planning, trade, and social organization.
Location and Extent
The Harappan civilization spread across modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, while Mesopotamia flourished in the fertile plains between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers (modern-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Turkey).
Art and Architecture
Harappan architecture includes the Great Bath, granaries, and uniform city grids. Mesopotamian architecture is famous for ziggurats, temples, and palace
complexes.
Language and Script
The Harappans used the undeciphered Indus script on seals and pottery. Mesopotamians used cuneiform script for record-keeping, literature, and
administration.
Social Life (music, games, handicrafts, ornaments)
Music, toys, ornaments, and terracotta figurines show that both civilizations had rich cultural and social lives.
Economy and Trade
Harappans traded beads, metals, and cotton across regions. Mesopotamians traded grain, textiles, and pottery along river and overland routes.
Important Cities/Sites
Major Harappan sites include Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. Mesopotamian cities include Ur, Babylon, and Nineveh.

2. Decline
Harappan civilization declined possibly due to climate change, river shifts, and trade disruptions. Mesopotamia saw repeated invasions and environmental
challenges.
Experience – My Learning from the Project
Studying these civilizations taught me about the importance of urban planning, trade, and cultural development.
Reflection – Sustainability and Resilience
The rise and fall of these civilizations highlight the need for sustainable resource management and resilience to environmental changes.
Action – Lessons for Modern Cities from Harappan Urban Planning
Modern cities can learn from Harappan grid planning, drainage systems, and communal water management.
Evaluation
I was surprised by the advanced engineering and trade networks. If I could visit one site, it would be Mohenjo-daro to see the Great Bath and city layout.
Acknowledgement
I thank my teacher and online resources that helped me gather information for this project.

3. Bibliography/Webliography
1. Wikipedia - Harappan Civilization 2. Wikipedia - Mesopotamian Civilization 3. Wikimedia Commons images 4. Ancient History Encyclopedia