The document summarizes key points about sanitation from a workshop on school-level sanitation and health education.
1. Sanitation refers to maintaining hygienic conditions through safe collection, storage, treatment and disposal of human waste as well as solid waste management. Poor sanitation spreads diseases.
2. Sanitation is important for individual, community and public health. Diseases like cholera and typhoid spread through contact with human feces. Improving sanitation reduces environmental burdens.
3. Progress on sanitation has been slow due to other priorities, lack of awareness of health benefits, and high costs. Concerted efforts are needed from all stakeholders to achieve sanitation targets.
The Final Seminar of the Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal was held on 14 February 2018.
The public seminar was held three times during the project.
The Final Seminar, “ Understanding Disaster Risks and Moving Towards DRR and Resilience”, presented on the activities and accomplishment of the project, construction of robust and resilient society against natural disaster risk.
Thank you all for your support and enthusiastic participation in this seminar.
Presentation: Disastrer Risk Reduction and Management Act 2017
The Final Seminar of the Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal was held on 14 February 2018.
The public seminar was held three times during the project.
The Final Seminar, “ Understanding Disaster Risks and Moving Towards DRR and Resilience”, presented on the activities and accomplishment of the project, construction of robust and resilient society against natural disaster risk.
Thank you all for your support and enthusiastic participation in this seminar.
Presentation: Disastrer Risk Reduction and Management Act 2017
Economic Freedom. Political economic digest series - 4Akash Shrestha
In this series, we’ll be discussing about economic freedom and its role in the
economic progress of a society. Among the three kinds of freedom-political, civil and economic, economic freedom is considered the most important freedom required for prosperity and it is one of the most ignored one in our context.
I usually organize health education classes to women and mother of children from underprivileged category. Since we cannot find all the things we need to explain in Nepali language, it is pretty complicated to translate everything every time, So I made this slide for myself and the beneficiaries and whenever I take a new class, I add some updates to this slide. Hope it will be easier to disseminate and share the knowledge for Nepali health educators while providing education regarding menstrual hygiene especially to adolescent girls :)
School safety-self-assessment-checklist-bookletNdrc Nepal
This booklet help school children to understand DRR in their community and school with respect to CBDRR and School Safety.
The booklet is a product of BURDAN Project convened by ADRA Nepal and implemented by partner NGOs Nangshal Nepal, RMD Nepal and Ndrc Nepal
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Economic Freedom. Political economic digest series - 4Akash Shrestha
In this series, we’ll be discussing about economic freedom and its role in the
economic progress of a society. Among the three kinds of freedom-political, civil and economic, economic freedom is considered the most important freedom required for prosperity and it is one of the most ignored one in our context.
I usually organize health education classes to women and mother of children from underprivileged category. Since we cannot find all the things we need to explain in Nepali language, it is pretty complicated to translate everything every time, So I made this slide for myself and the beneficiaries and whenever I take a new class, I add some updates to this slide. Hope it will be easier to disseminate and share the knowledge for Nepali health educators while providing education regarding menstrual hygiene especially to adolescent girls :)
School safety-self-assessment-checklist-bookletNdrc Nepal
This booklet help school children to understand DRR in their community and school with respect to CBDRR and School Safety.
The booklet is a product of BURDAN Project convened by ADRA Nepal and implemented by partner NGOs Nangshal Nepal, RMD Nepal and Ndrc Nepal
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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7. 10 Things You Need to Know
About Sanitation
1. What do we mean by "sanitation"?
The first challenge for countries
seeking to solve the problem of access
to sanitation is to define what
“sanitation” really means.
The second challenge is to decide what
aspects are the most important. In
other words, what aspect of the
problem is going to be dealt with as a
8. Sanitation means:……….
safe collection, storage, treatment and
disposal/re-use/recycling of human
excreta (faeces and urine);
management/re-use/recycling of solid
wastes (trash or rubbish);
drainage and disposal/re-use/recycling
of household wastewater (often
referred to as sullage or grey water);
9. Contd………………..
drainage of storm water ; treatment
and disposal/re-use/recycling of
sewage effluents;
collection and management of
industrial waste products; and
management of hazardous wastes
(including hospital wastes, and
chemical/ radioactive and other
dangerous substances).
10. Definition:
The World Health Organization defines the
term "sanitation" as follows:
"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of
facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human urine and feces. The word 'sanitation'
also refers to the maintenance of hygienic
conditions, through services such as garbage
collection and wastewater disposal."
11. 2. Why focus on sanitation?
Wherever humans gather,
their waste also
accumulates. Progress in
sanitation and improved
hygiene has greatly improved
health, but many people still
have no adequate means of
disposing of their waste.
12. 3. What is the size of the problem?
In 2004, only 59% of the
world population had access
to any type of improved
sanitation facility.
In other words, 4 out of 10
people around the world
have no access to improved
sanitation.
13. 4. What diseases are associated
with poor sanitation?
Human excreta have been implicated in
the transmission of many infectious
diseases including cholera, typhoid,
infectious hepatitis, polio,
cryptosporidiosis, and ascariasis. WHO
(2004) estimates that about 1.8 million
people die annually from diarrhoeal
diseases where 90% are children under
five, mostly in developing countries.
14. 5. How does sanitation prevent
disease?
For a sanitation system to provide the
greatest health protection to the individual, the
community, and society at large it must:
• Isolate the user from their own excreta;
• Prevent nuisance organisms (e.g. flies) from
contacting the excreta and subsequently
transmitting disease to humans; and
• Inactivate the pathogens before they enter the
environment or prevent the excreta from
entering the environment.
15. 6. What are the options for
controlling excreta?
For practical purposes sanitation can be
divided into on-site and off-site
technologies.
1. On-site systems (e.g. latrines), store
and/or treat excreta at the point of
generation.
2. In off-site systems (e.g. sewerage) excreta
is transported to another location for
treatment, disposal or use.
16. 7. What is the economic costs of
sanitation?
The health impact of inadequate
sanitation leads to a number of financial
and economic costs including direct
medical costs associated with treating
sanitation-related illnesses and lost
income through reduced or lost
productivity and the government costs of
providing health services.
17. 8. How does sanitation affect the
environment?
The results of poor waste management
also contribute to a loss of valuable
biodiversity.
Improved sanitation reduces
environmental burdens, increases
sustainability of environmental
resources and allows for a healthier,
more secure future for the population.
18. 9. What are the reasons for slow
progress on sanitation?
Many people do not realize the health and
economic benefits to the individual, the
community and to society from improving
sanitation.
The high cost of improving sanitation is often
cited as a barrier to implementing sanitation
projects. Improving sanitation is often low on the
list of priorities.
There are so many other pressing needs for the
attention of governments: food supply, education,
medical treatment and dealing with war and
conflict. Most people are aware that poor
sanitation has a health impact, but there is a lack
19. 10. How can we achieve sanitation
targets?
To achieve the targets, action must
start NOW. Now is the time to act.
Households, communities, local and
national governments, civil society,
and private companies all need to
work together.
Media and public opinion around the
world can influence political leaders
20. Key areas of actions for
Sanitation
making political commitments;
creating legislation and regulations to support
improvement in access and quality of sanitation and
hygiene services;
bringing together more resources, having stronger
institutions and better trained people;
culturally sensitive and appropriate hygiene
education;
right choice of technology that are cost-effective and
environment-friendly;
giving attention to gender and equity;
supporting small-scale entrepreneurs;
monitoring progress; and making information flow.