Ever wonder what it's like to go up a mountain and use a really big telescope? Join astronomer Kelly Fast in Hawaii, as she learns about native culture, gets chased off the summit by an ice storm, and finally observes Mars.
Galaxy Forum USA 2016 - Prof Imke de Pater, UC BerkeleyILOAHawaii
Background:
Galaxy Forum is the primary education and outreach initiative of ILOA, it is an architecture designed to advance 21st Century science, education, enterprise and development around the world.
Galaxy Forums are public events specifically geared towards high school teachers, educators, astronomers of all kinds, students and the general public. Presentations are provided by experts in the fields of astrophysics / galaxy research, space exploration and STEM education, as well as related aspects of culture and traditional knowledge. Interactive panel discussions allow for community participation and integration of local perspectives.
Stats:
Almost 70 Galaxy Forums, with a total of about 300 presentations to date.
Held in 26 locations worldwide including Hawaii, Silicon Valley, Canada, China, India, Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe, Africa, Chile, Brazil, Kansas and New York.
Started with Galaxy Forum USA, July 4, 2008 in Silicon Valley, California.
International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA) is an interglobal enterprise incorporated in Hawaii as a 501(c)(3) non-profit to expand human knowledge of the Cosmos through observation from our Moon and to participate in internationally cooperative lunar base build-out, with Aloha – the spirit of Hawai`i.
The operational environment and rotational acceleration of asteroid (101955) ...Sérgio Sacani
During its approach to asteroid (101955) Bennu, NASA’s Origins, Spectral Interpretation,
Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft surveyed
Bennu’s immediate environment, photometric properties, and rotation state. Discovery of
a dusty environment, a natural satellite, or unexpected asteroid characteristics would have
had consequences for the mission’s safety and observation strategy. Here we show that
spacecraft observations during this period were highly sensitive to satellites (sub-meter
scale) but reveal none, although later navigational images indicate that further investigation is
needed. We constrain average dust production in September 2018 from Bennu’s surface
to an upper limit of 150 g s–1 averaged over 34 min. Bennu’s disk-integrated photometric
phase function validates measurements from the pre-encounter astronomical campaign.
We demonstrate that Bennu’s rotation rate is accelerating continuously at 3.63 ± 0.52 × 10–6
degrees day–2, likely due to the Yarkovsky–O’Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack (YORP) effect, with
evolutionary implications.
A uranian trojan_and_the_frequency_of_temporary_giant_planet_co_orbitalsSérgio Sacani
1) Researchers detected a 60 km diameter object called 2011 QF99 that orbits the Sun in a 1:1 resonance with Uranus, never straying far from Uranus' Lagrangian point 60 degrees ahead of it (L4).
2) Numerical simulations show 2011 QF99 oscillating around the L4 point for over 70,000 years before transitioning to other co-orbital behavior and eventually becoming unstable within 1 million years.
3) Based on these simulations and estimates of supply from the trans-Neptunian region, the researchers calculate that temporarily around 0.4% of Centaurs should be Uranian co-orbitals and 2.8% should be Neptun
ILOA Galaxy Forum SEA Thailand -- NEO and Space Debris, KirdkaoILOAHawaii
The 4th Regional Galaxy Forum Southeast Asia is taking place at the Science Centre for Education at the Bangkok Planetarium in collaboration between ILOA, National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT) and Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA).
Thailand is a leader in the region for Astronomy and Satellite Technology.
NARIT is a national research organization for astronomy in Thailand enabling the development of a collaborative research network both regionally and globally, and aiming at developing and strengthening knowledge in astronomy at an international level. They also ally with public and private observatories and other institutions around the World to pursue excellence in scientific research, education and public outreach.
This document discusses upcoming experiments that will push tests of Einstein's theory of general relativity to new limits. Researchers plan to use pulsars, black holes, and gravitational wave detectors to search for deviations from relativity's predictions in extreme gravitational environments. Upcoming experiments include using pulsars to test the strong equivalence principle, directly imaging the black hole at the center of the Milky Way for the first time to test predictions about black hole shadows, and detecting gravitational waves from merging black holes and neutron stars. The results of these ambitious experiments could confirm Einstein's theory or reveal where it may break down and require modification.
This document discusses the potential for radio astronomy on the far side of the Moon. It notes that the lunar environment provides shielding from radio interference and a stable surface for simple antenna arrays. The document proposes that very low frequency radio astronomy to study the "Dark Ages" and "Cosmic Dawn" of the early universe could best be performed from the radio-protected zone of the lunar far side using a phased array of dipole antennas. It describes the Netherlands-Chinese Low-Frequency Explorer (NCLE) lunar satellite experiment onboard the Chinese Chang'E 4 relay satellite as a first step towards pathfinding radio astronomy capabilities on the far side of the Moon.
The document is a collection of images from NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft, along with brief captions describing each image. The images show various phenomena on the sun's surface and atmosphere such as solar prominences, the corona, coronal mass ejections, sunspots, and oscillations within the sun's interior. They demonstrate what the sun looks like in different wavelengths of light beyond the visible spectrum.
This document discusses the history and potential future of astronomy from the Moon. It outlines how the Moon provides opportunities for astronomy due to its lack of atmosphere and long lunar days. Telescopes on the Apollo missions and Chang'e 3 lander took some early ultraviolet images from the Moon. The document argues that an observatory on the far side of the Moon could benefit from radio quiet skies and that the low gravity would allow for lighter telescope structures. It compares this to how satellites revolutionized astronomy and suggests space-based interferometry and gravitational wave detection as potential future areas for lunar astronomy.
Galaxy Forum USA 2016 - Prof Imke de Pater, UC BerkeleyILOAHawaii
Background:
Galaxy Forum is the primary education and outreach initiative of ILOA, it is an architecture designed to advance 21st Century science, education, enterprise and development around the world.
Galaxy Forums are public events specifically geared towards high school teachers, educators, astronomers of all kinds, students and the general public. Presentations are provided by experts in the fields of astrophysics / galaxy research, space exploration and STEM education, as well as related aspects of culture and traditional knowledge. Interactive panel discussions allow for community participation and integration of local perspectives.
Stats:
Almost 70 Galaxy Forums, with a total of about 300 presentations to date.
Held in 26 locations worldwide including Hawaii, Silicon Valley, Canada, China, India, Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe, Africa, Chile, Brazil, Kansas and New York.
Started with Galaxy Forum USA, July 4, 2008 in Silicon Valley, California.
International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA) is an interglobal enterprise incorporated in Hawaii as a 501(c)(3) non-profit to expand human knowledge of the Cosmos through observation from our Moon and to participate in internationally cooperative lunar base build-out, with Aloha – the spirit of Hawai`i.
The operational environment and rotational acceleration of asteroid (101955) ...Sérgio Sacani
During its approach to asteroid (101955) Bennu, NASA’s Origins, Spectral Interpretation,
Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft surveyed
Bennu’s immediate environment, photometric properties, and rotation state. Discovery of
a dusty environment, a natural satellite, or unexpected asteroid characteristics would have
had consequences for the mission’s safety and observation strategy. Here we show that
spacecraft observations during this period were highly sensitive to satellites (sub-meter
scale) but reveal none, although later navigational images indicate that further investigation is
needed. We constrain average dust production in September 2018 from Bennu’s surface
to an upper limit of 150 g s–1 averaged over 34 min. Bennu’s disk-integrated photometric
phase function validates measurements from the pre-encounter astronomical campaign.
We demonstrate that Bennu’s rotation rate is accelerating continuously at 3.63 ± 0.52 × 10–6
degrees day–2, likely due to the Yarkovsky–O’Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack (YORP) effect, with
evolutionary implications.
A uranian trojan_and_the_frequency_of_temporary_giant_planet_co_orbitalsSérgio Sacani
1) Researchers detected a 60 km diameter object called 2011 QF99 that orbits the Sun in a 1:1 resonance with Uranus, never straying far from Uranus' Lagrangian point 60 degrees ahead of it (L4).
2) Numerical simulations show 2011 QF99 oscillating around the L4 point for over 70,000 years before transitioning to other co-orbital behavior and eventually becoming unstable within 1 million years.
3) Based on these simulations and estimates of supply from the trans-Neptunian region, the researchers calculate that temporarily around 0.4% of Centaurs should be Uranian co-orbitals and 2.8% should be Neptun
ILOA Galaxy Forum SEA Thailand -- NEO and Space Debris, KirdkaoILOAHawaii
The 4th Regional Galaxy Forum Southeast Asia is taking place at the Science Centre for Education at the Bangkok Planetarium in collaboration between ILOA, National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (NARIT) and Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA).
Thailand is a leader in the region for Astronomy and Satellite Technology.
NARIT is a national research organization for astronomy in Thailand enabling the development of a collaborative research network both regionally and globally, and aiming at developing and strengthening knowledge in astronomy at an international level. They also ally with public and private observatories and other institutions around the World to pursue excellence in scientific research, education and public outreach.
This document discusses upcoming experiments that will push tests of Einstein's theory of general relativity to new limits. Researchers plan to use pulsars, black holes, and gravitational wave detectors to search for deviations from relativity's predictions in extreme gravitational environments. Upcoming experiments include using pulsars to test the strong equivalence principle, directly imaging the black hole at the center of the Milky Way for the first time to test predictions about black hole shadows, and detecting gravitational waves from merging black holes and neutron stars. The results of these ambitious experiments could confirm Einstein's theory or reveal where it may break down and require modification.
This document discusses the potential for radio astronomy on the far side of the Moon. It notes that the lunar environment provides shielding from radio interference and a stable surface for simple antenna arrays. The document proposes that very low frequency radio astronomy to study the "Dark Ages" and "Cosmic Dawn" of the early universe could best be performed from the radio-protected zone of the lunar far side using a phased array of dipole antennas. It describes the Netherlands-Chinese Low-Frequency Explorer (NCLE) lunar satellite experiment onboard the Chinese Chang'E 4 relay satellite as a first step towards pathfinding radio astronomy capabilities on the far side of the Moon.
The document is a collection of images from NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft, along with brief captions describing each image. The images show various phenomena on the sun's surface and atmosphere such as solar prominences, the corona, coronal mass ejections, sunspots, and oscillations within the sun's interior. They demonstrate what the sun looks like in different wavelengths of light beyond the visible spectrum.
This document discusses the history and potential future of astronomy from the Moon. It outlines how the Moon provides opportunities for astronomy due to its lack of atmosphere and long lunar days. Telescopes on the Apollo missions and Chang'e 3 lander took some early ultraviolet images from the Moon. The document argues that an observatory on the far side of the Moon could benefit from radio quiet skies and that the low gravity would allow for lighter telescope structures. It compares this to how satellites revolutionized astronomy and suggests space-based interferometry and gravitational wave detection as potential future areas for lunar astronomy.
The document summarizes the International Lunar Observatory Association's (ILOA) plans for astronomy observations from the Moon. The ILOA plans to establish a multi-function lunar observatory and help build a lunar base. Key missions discussed include collaborating with Chang'e-3 in China to image galaxies, a precursor mission in 2018, and the ILO-1 South Pole mission in 2020-2022 to conduct astronomy and communications from the lunar south pole. The ILOA works with partners around the world and hopes to advance 21st century education in astronomy and exploration.
Off to Mars! Programming Ideas for the Insight LaunchNCIL - STAR_Net
On May 5, InSight will begin its six-month journey from the coast of California to the plains of Mars. Once it lands, it will use seismic instruments to explore the interior of Mars in ways that we’ve never “seen” before! Join the STAR Net team and guest presenter Steve Lee (Denver Museum of Nature and Science and Space Science Institute) to learn all about this exciting, innovative mission and fun ways to celebrate its launch and landing at your library!
The document summarizes Edwin Hubble's early 20th century findings that helped establish the Big Bang theory of the universe's origin. Hubble observed that galaxies were moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance, indicating an expanding universe. This led astronomers to propose that the universe began as a single point that expanded over billions of years, explaining the observed red shifts and increasing distances between galaxies. Subsequent evidence like the cosmic microwave background radiation further supported the Big Bang model of the origin and evolution of the universe.
The document provides a summary of notable space and astronomy pictures from 2013, including:
1) Hubble telescope photos of the Horsehead Nebula and a map of relic radiation from the Big Bang composed from Planck satellite data.
2) Photos from Mars including the Curiosity rover drilling into a rock and findings suggesting Mars could have once supported life.
3) Photos of Saturn from Cassini including its rings, hexagonal polar vortex, and storms; and photos of the Milky Way from space and Earth.
So what launch speed does a satellite need in order to orbit the earth? ... The motion of satellites, like any projectile, is governed by Newton's laws of motion.
Apartes de la Charla: ASTROFÍSICA RELATIVISTA – FOCUS: ASTROFÍSICA DE ONDAS G...SOCIEDAD JULIO GARAVITO
Astrofísica relativista – Focus: Astrofísica de ondas gravitacionales y agujeros negros – El caso LIGO GW150914
Por: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (Ph. D. en Astrofísica)
Resumen: Astrofísica relativista define el campo de investigación respecto de la estructura y evolución del Universo (y su taxonómico contenido astronómico) que incorpora la teoría de la gravedad desarrollada por Albert Einstein en 1915. La Teoría General de la Relatividad describe la interacción gravitacional entre cualquier forma de materia-energía y el espacio-tiempo mismo. En este seminario presentaré un resumen panorámico de mis contribuciones en esta área. En virtud de las más recientes observaciones realizadas por los observatorios de ondas gravitacionales LIGO en USA (The Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914), abordaré particularmente la Astrofísica de Agujeros Negros, y de Ondas de Curvatura (Radiación Gravitacional).
On my research on relativistic astrophysics – Overview: Astrophysics of black holes and gravitational waves – The case of LIGO GW150914
By: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (Ph. D. in Astrophysics)
Summary: Relativistic astrophysics is a major field of research on the structure and evolution of the Universe (including its astronomy taxonomical contents) which calls for the theory of gravity introduced by Albert Einstein in 1915. The General Theory of Relativity depicts the inextricable gravitational interaction between any sort of matter-energy and the space-time itself. In this seminar, I will deliver a panoramic overview around my contributions to this field of research. As a timely issue, I will focus mainly on the astrophysics of black holes and gravitational waves, as regards the most recent observations (The Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914) performed by the USA LIGO (laser interferometric gravitational-wave observatories).
Speed of light [3 of 4] measured by RomerStephen Kwong
Ole Römer observed discrepancies in the timing of eclipses of Jupiter's moon Io that varied depending on Earth's position in its orbit around the Sun. He realized this was because light takes a finite amount of time to travel between Earth and Jupiter. By calculating how the discrepancies changed over Earth's orbit, Römer was able to determine light travels at about 186,000 miles per second. This was the first direct measurement of the finite speed of light and helped overturn the prevailing view that light traveled instantaneously.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of human species in the universe. It covers topics like the Ptolemaic and heliocentric models of the universe, the formation of the solar system, discoveries of exoplanets, the Milky Way galaxy, expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law, and the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. The document provides information on these topics through questions, descriptions, images, and discussions of the scientific evidence supporting modern cosmological theories.
Bright features have been recently discovered by Dawn on Ceres, which extend
previous photometric and Space Telescope observations. These features should produce
distortions of the line profiles of the reflected solar spectrum and therefore an apparent
radial velocity variation modulated by the rotation of the dwarf planet. Here we report
on two sequences of observations of Ceres performed in the nights of 31 July, 26-
27 August 2015 by means of the high-precision HARPS spectrograph at the 3.6-m
La Silla ESO telescope. The observations revealed a quite complex behaviour which
likely combines a radial velocity modulation due to the rotation with an amplitude of
⇡ ±6 m s
The document discusses plans for a new astronomical observatory called the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) to be located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. It describes some of the exciting discoveries made by existing observatories on Mauna Kea like Keck and CFHT. It outlines key aspects of the planned TMT, including its large 30-meter mirror, advanced adaptive optics to correct for atmospheric distortions, and its potential to enable new studies in the formation of stars and planets and the nature of the early universe.
Four new planets_around_giant_stars_and_the_mass_metallicity_correlation_of_p...Sérgio Sacani
Exoplanet searches have revealed interesting correlations between the stellar properties and the occurrence rate of planets.
In particular, different independent surveys have demonstrated that giant planets are preferentially found around metal-rich stars and
that their fraction increases with the stellar mass.
Aims. During the past six years, we have conducted a radial velocity follow-up program of 166 giant stars, to detect substellar
companions, and characterizing their orbital properties. Using this information, we aim to study the role of the stellar evolution in
the orbital parameters of the companions, and to unveil possible correlations between the stellar properties and the occurrence rate of
giant planets.
Methods. We have taken multi-epoch spectra using FEROS and CHIRON for all of our targets, from which we have computed
precision radial velocities and we have derived atmospheric and physical parameters. Additionally, velocities computed from UCLES
spectra are presented here. By studying the periodic radial velocity signals, we have detected the presence of several substellar
companions.
Results. We present four new planetary systems around the giant stars HIP8541, HIP74890, HIP84056 and HIP95124. Additionally,
we study the correlation between the occurrence rate of giant planets with the stellar mass and metallicity of our targets. We find that
giant planets are more frequent around metal-rich stars, reaching a peak in the detection of f = 16.7+15.5
−5.9 % around stars with [Fe/H] ∼
0.35 dex. Similarly, we observe a positive correlation of the planet occurrence rate with the stellar mass, between M⋆∼ 1.0 - 2.1 M⊙ ,
with a maximum of f = 13.0+10.1
−4.2 %, at M⋆= 2.1 M⊙ .
Conclusions. We conclude that giant planets are preferentially formed around metal-rich stars. Also, we conclude that they are more
efficiently formed around more massive stars, in the stellar mass range of ∼ 1.0 - 2.1 M⊙ . These observational results confirm previous
findings for solar-type and post-MS hosting stars, and provide further support to the core-accretion formation model.
This document summarizes observations of the exoplanet HD 189733b taken with Chandra and XMM-Newton telescopes. The observations detected X-ray emissions from both the planet-hosting star HD 189733A and its companion star HD 189733B. A transit of HD 189733b in front of its star was detected in soft X-rays, with a transit depth of 6-8% compared to 2.41% in the optical. This is interpreted as evidence for an extended atmosphere around the planet that is opaque to X-rays but transparent at optical wavelengths. The magnetic activity of the companion star HD 189733B was also found to be inconsistent with the activity of the planet-hosting star, possibly due to
Satellites orbit Earth and other celestial bodies. They come in many types but generally have an antenna and power source. Satellites are launched into precise orbits using rocket boosters and follow orbital mechanics principles. Once in orbit, they perform tasks like Earth observation, communications, navigation, and scientific research. As technology advanced, satellite uses grew from early models like Sputnik to large constellations serving various purposes today.
The James Webb Space Telescope will launch in 2018 to be the foremost space telescope of the next decade. With infrared imaging capabilities, it will see further back in time than previous telescopes to observe the formation of the first stars and galaxies as well as the evolution of planetary systems. The JWST's goals are to search for the earliest galaxies and stars, determine how galaxies evolve over time, observe star and planet formation, and examine exoplanets for potential habitability. It will accomplish these goals using a large primary mirror, instruments sensitive to infrared wavelengths, and the ability to detect highly redshifted light from the earliest objects in the universe.
ILOA Galaxy Forum Hawaii 2015 -- R. Pierre Martin and Steve DurstILOAHawaii
This document discusses the potential for conducting extragalactic astronomy from the lunar surface. It notes that over 100 billion galaxies exist in the universe and outlines some key questions about how galaxies form and evolve. Observational requirements for studying galaxies include low background noise, access to multiple wavelengths, and the ability to conduct long-term monitoring. The lunar surface provides these advantages with its darkness and stability. The document describes how the Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT) aboard the Chinese Chang'e 3 mission successfully imaged the nearby galaxy M101, demonstrating the feasibility of astronomy from the Moon. It concludes that while still in early stages, lunar astronomy could enable studies difficult to conduct elsewhere and warrants further exploration.
Olaf Roemer, a Danish astronomer, made the first estimate of the speed of light in 1676 by measuring the time it took an eclipse to occur in one of Jupiter's moons. In the 19th century, French physicists Fizeau and Foucault improved methods for measuring the speed of light using rotating mirrors and wheels. From 1880 to 1930, precise measurements were made by American physicist Albert Michelson using Foucault's method. The document also discusses that sunlight separates into the colors of the visible spectrum when passing through a prism, with red, green and blue being the primary colors in light and the most prominent colors the human eye can see.
~~ Hubble discovers ~~ ^^ a new moon ^^ around neptune from nasa at www.googl...Deepak Somaji Sawant
Mark Showalter of the SETI Institute discovered a new moon orbiting Neptune while studying faint arcs in images from the Hubble Space Telescope. The moon, designated S/2004 N 1, is estimated to be no more than 12 miles across, making it the smallest known moon of Neptune. Showalter tracked the movement of the moon over more than 150 archival Hubble images taken between 2004 and 2009. He determined it orbits about 65,400 miles from Neptune and completes one revolution every 23 hours.
The document describes the gravitational assist technique used by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft during its 1973 encounter with Jupiter. It begins by introducing the paradox that gravitational assist seems to contradict the expectation that a spacecraft's kinetic energy would remain the same after passing through a planet's gravitational field. It then provides details of Pioneer 10's encounter with Jupiter, showing how the spacecraft gained speed and switched to an escape trajectory from the solar system. Finally, it explains the physics behind gravitational assist, noting that the planet Jupiter experienced an equal and opposite change in velocity and kinetic energy compared to the spacecraft, resolving the paradox.
1) The document discusses concepts related to achieving and maintaining orbit around Earth such as escape velocity, elliptical orbits with apogee and perigee, and how speed and timing can adjust orbits.
2) It also describes different types of unmanned satellites that orbit Earth including communication, weather, and navigational satellites as well as their purposes and orbit types like geostationary and polar orbits.
3) Satellites have provided many benefits for exploring space and applications on Earth such as television, phone calls, storm tracking, mapping, and rescue beacon detection.
The document discusses science exploration and the NASA budget for fiscal year 2011. It supports building blocks for exploration through science missions like Hubble and Solar Dynamics Observatory to advance scientific discoveries. The budget also commits substantially to studying Earth and climate science. The document discusses exploring locations like low Earth orbit, the lunar surface, deep space, and Mars with robotic and human missions. It emphasizes that exploring places like near-Earth objects extends human experience and could help understand hazards. The James Webb Space Telescope is discussed as well as the potential for discovering life on other planets and enabling science through space servicing.
The document summarizes the International Lunar Observatory Association's (ILOA) plans for astronomy observations from the Moon. The ILOA plans to establish a multi-function lunar observatory and help build a lunar base. Key missions discussed include collaborating with Chang'e-3 in China to image galaxies, a precursor mission in 2018, and the ILO-1 South Pole mission in 2020-2022 to conduct astronomy and communications from the lunar south pole. The ILOA works with partners around the world and hopes to advance 21st century education in astronomy and exploration.
Off to Mars! Programming Ideas for the Insight LaunchNCIL - STAR_Net
On May 5, InSight will begin its six-month journey from the coast of California to the plains of Mars. Once it lands, it will use seismic instruments to explore the interior of Mars in ways that we’ve never “seen” before! Join the STAR Net team and guest presenter Steve Lee (Denver Museum of Nature and Science and Space Science Institute) to learn all about this exciting, innovative mission and fun ways to celebrate its launch and landing at your library!
The document summarizes Edwin Hubble's early 20th century findings that helped establish the Big Bang theory of the universe's origin. Hubble observed that galaxies were moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance, indicating an expanding universe. This led astronomers to propose that the universe began as a single point that expanded over billions of years, explaining the observed red shifts and increasing distances between galaxies. Subsequent evidence like the cosmic microwave background radiation further supported the Big Bang model of the origin and evolution of the universe.
The document provides a summary of notable space and astronomy pictures from 2013, including:
1) Hubble telescope photos of the Horsehead Nebula and a map of relic radiation from the Big Bang composed from Planck satellite data.
2) Photos from Mars including the Curiosity rover drilling into a rock and findings suggesting Mars could have once supported life.
3) Photos of Saturn from Cassini including its rings, hexagonal polar vortex, and storms; and photos of the Milky Way from space and Earth.
So what launch speed does a satellite need in order to orbit the earth? ... The motion of satellites, like any projectile, is governed by Newton's laws of motion.
Apartes de la Charla: ASTROFÍSICA RELATIVISTA – FOCUS: ASTROFÍSICA DE ONDAS G...SOCIEDAD JULIO GARAVITO
Astrofísica relativista – Focus: Astrofísica de ondas gravitacionales y agujeros negros – El caso LIGO GW150914
Por: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (Ph. D. en Astrofísica)
Resumen: Astrofísica relativista define el campo de investigación respecto de la estructura y evolución del Universo (y su taxonómico contenido astronómico) que incorpora la teoría de la gravedad desarrollada por Albert Einstein en 1915. La Teoría General de la Relatividad describe la interacción gravitacional entre cualquier forma de materia-energía y el espacio-tiempo mismo. En este seminario presentaré un resumen panorámico de mis contribuciones en esta área. En virtud de las más recientes observaciones realizadas por los observatorios de ondas gravitacionales LIGO en USA (The Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914), abordaré particularmente la Astrofísica de Agujeros Negros, y de Ondas de Curvatura (Radiación Gravitacional).
On my research on relativistic astrophysics – Overview: Astrophysics of black holes and gravitational waves – The case of LIGO GW150914
By: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (Ph. D. in Astrophysics)
Summary: Relativistic astrophysics is a major field of research on the structure and evolution of the Universe (including its astronomy taxonomical contents) which calls for the theory of gravity introduced by Albert Einstein in 1915. The General Theory of Relativity depicts the inextricable gravitational interaction between any sort of matter-energy and the space-time itself. In this seminar, I will deliver a panoramic overview around my contributions to this field of research. As a timely issue, I will focus mainly on the astrophysics of black holes and gravitational waves, as regards the most recent observations (The Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914) performed by the USA LIGO (laser interferometric gravitational-wave observatories).
Speed of light [3 of 4] measured by RomerStephen Kwong
Ole Römer observed discrepancies in the timing of eclipses of Jupiter's moon Io that varied depending on Earth's position in its orbit around the Sun. He realized this was because light takes a finite amount of time to travel between Earth and Jupiter. By calculating how the discrepancies changed over Earth's orbit, Römer was able to determine light travels at about 186,000 miles per second. This was the first direct measurement of the finite speed of light and helped overturn the prevailing view that light traveled instantaneously.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of human species in the universe. It covers topics like the Ptolemaic and heliocentric models of the universe, the formation of the solar system, discoveries of exoplanets, the Milky Way galaxy, expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law, and the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe approximately 13.7 billion years ago. The document provides information on these topics through questions, descriptions, images, and discussions of the scientific evidence supporting modern cosmological theories.
Bright features have been recently discovered by Dawn on Ceres, which extend
previous photometric and Space Telescope observations. These features should produce
distortions of the line profiles of the reflected solar spectrum and therefore an apparent
radial velocity variation modulated by the rotation of the dwarf planet. Here we report
on two sequences of observations of Ceres performed in the nights of 31 July, 26-
27 August 2015 by means of the high-precision HARPS spectrograph at the 3.6-m
La Silla ESO telescope. The observations revealed a quite complex behaviour which
likely combines a radial velocity modulation due to the rotation with an amplitude of
⇡ ±6 m s
The document discusses plans for a new astronomical observatory called the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) to be located on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. It describes some of the exciting discoveries made by existing observatories on Mauna Kea like Keck and CFHT. It outlines key aspects of the planned TMT, including its large 30-meter mirror, advanced adaptive optics to correct for atmospheric distortions, and its potential to enable new studies in the formation of stars and planets and the nature of the early universe.
Four new planets_around_giant_stars_and_the_mass_metallicity_correlation_of_p...Sérgio Sacani
Exoplanet searches have revealed interesting correlations between the stellar properties and the occurrence rate of planets.
In particular, different independent surveys have demonstrated that giant planets are preferentially found around metal-rich stars and
that their fraction increases with the stellar mass.
Aims. During the past six years, we have conducted a radial velocity follow-up program of 166 giant stars, to detect substellar
companions, and characterizing their orbital properties. Using this information, we aim to study the role of the stellar evolution in
the orbital parameters of the companions, and to unveil possible correlations between the stellar properties and the occurrence rate of
giant planets.
Methods. We have taken multi-epoch spectra using FEROS and CHIRON for all of our targets, from which we have computed
precision radial velocities and we have derived atmospheric and physical parameters. Additionally, velocities computed from UCLES
spectra are presented here. By studying the periodic radial velocity signals, we have detected the presence of several substellar
companions.
Results. We present four new planetary systems around the giant stars HIP8541, HIP74890, HIP84056 and HIP95124. Additionally,
we study the correlation between the occurrence rate of giant planets with the stellar mass and metallicity of our targets. We find that
giant planets are more frequent around metal-rich stars, reaching a peak in the detection of f = 16.7+15.5
−5.9 % around stars with [Fe/H] ∼
0.35 dex. Similarly, we observe a positive correlation of the planet occurrence rate with the stellar mass, between M⋆∼ 1.0 - 2.1 M⊙ ,
with a maximum of f = 13.0+10.1
−4.2 %, at M⋆= 2.1 M⊙ .
Conclusions. We conclude that giant planets are preferentially formed around metal-rich stars. Also, we conclude that they are more
efficiently formed around more massive stars, in the stellar mass range of ∼ 1.0 - 2.1 M⊙ . These observational results confirm previous
findings for solar-type and post-MS hosting stars, and provide further support to the core-accretion formation model.
This document summarizes observations of the exoplanet HD 189733b taken with Chandra and XMM-Newton telescopes. The observations detected X-ray emissions from both the planet-hosting star HD 189733A and its companion star HD 189733B. A transit of HD 189733b in front of its star was detected in soft X-rays, with a transit depth of 6-8% compared to 2.41% in the optical. This is interpreted as evidence for an extended atmosphere around the planet that is opaque to X-rays but transparent at optical wavelengths. The magnetic activity of the companion star HD 189733B was also found to be inconsistent with the activity of the planet-hosting star, possibly due to
Satellites orbit Earth and other celestial bodies. They come in many types but generally have an antenna and power source. Satellites are launched into precise orbits using rocket boosters and follow orbital mechanics principles. Once in orbit, they perform tasks like Earth observation, communications, navigation, and scientific research. As technology advanced, satellite uses grew from early models like Sputnik to large constellations serving various purposes today.
The James Webb Space Telescope will launch in 2018 to be the foremost space telescope of the next decade. With infrared imaging capabilities, it will see further back in time than previous telescopes to observe the formation of the first stars and galaxies as well as the evolution of planetary systems. The JWST's goals are to search for the earliest galaxies and stars, determine how galaxies evolve over time, observe star and planet formation, and examine exoplanets for potential habitability. It will accomplish these goals using a large primary mirror, instruments sensitive to infrared wavelengths, and the ability to detect highly redshifted light from the earliest objects in the universe.
ILOA Galaxy Forum Hawaii 2015 -- R. Pierre Martin and Steve DurstILOAHawaii
This document discusses the potential for conducting extragalactic astronomy from the lunar surface. It notes that over 100 billion galaxies exist in the universe and outlines some key questions about how galaxies form and evolve. Observational requirements for studying galaxies include low background noise, access to multiple wavelengths, and the ability to conduct long-term monitoring. The lunar surface provides these advantages with its darkness and stability. The document describes how the Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT) aboard the Chinese Chang'e 3 mission successfully imaged the nearby galaxy M101, demonstrating the feasibility of astronomy from the Moon. It concludes that while still in early stages, lunar astronomy could enable studies difficult to conduct elsewhere and warrants further exploration.
Olaf Roemer, a Danish astronomer, made the first estimate of the speed of light in 1676 by measuring the time it took an eclipse to occur in one of Jupiter's moons. In the 19th century, French physicists Fizeau and Foucault improved methods for measuring the speed of light using rotating mirrors and wheels. From 1880 to 1930, precise measurements were made by American physicist Albert Michelson using Foucault's method. The document also discusses that sunlight separates into the colors of the visible spectrum when passing through a prism, with red, green and blue being the primary colors in light and the most prominent colors the human eye can see.
~~ Hubble discovers ~~ ^^ a new moon ^^ around neptune from nasa at www.googl...Deepak Somaji Sawant
Mark Showalter of the SETI Institute discovered a new moon orbiting Neptune while studying faint arcs in images from the Hubble Space Telescope. The moon, designated S/2004 N 1, is estimated to be no more than 12 miles across, making it the smallest known moon of Neptune. Showalter tracked the movement of the moon over more than 150 archival Hubble images taken between 2004 and 2009. He determined it orbits about 65,400 miles from Neptune and completes one revolution every 23 hours.
The document describes the gravitational assist technique used by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft during its 1973 encounter with Jupiter. It begins by introducing the paradox that gravitational assist seems to contradict the expectation that a spacecraft's kinetic energy would remain the same after passing through a planet's gravitational field. It then provides details of Pioneer 10's encounter with Jupiter, showing how the spacecraft gained speed and switched to an escape trajectory from the solar system. Finally, it explains the physics behind gravitational assist, noting that the planet Jupiter experienced an equal and opposite change in velocity and kinetic energy compared to the spacecraft, resolving the paradox.
1) The document discusses concepts related to achieving and maintaining orbit around Earth such as escape velocity, elliptical orbits with apogee and perigee, and how speed and timing can adjust orbits.
2) It also describes different types of unmanned satellites that orbit Earth including communication, weather, and navigational satellites as well as their purposes and orbit types like geostationary and polar orbits.
3) Satellites have provided many benefits for exploring space and applications on Earth such as television, phone calls, storm tracking, mapping, and rescue beacon detection.
The document discusses science exploration and the NASA budget for fiscal year 2011. It supports building blocks for exploration through science missions like Hubble and Solar Dynamics Observatory to advance scientific discoveries. The budget also commits substantially to studying Earth and climate science. The document discusses exploring locations like low Earth orbit, the lunar surface, deep space, and Mars with robotic and human missions. It emphasizes that exploring places like near-Earth objects extends human experience and could help understand hazards. The James Webb Space Telescope is discussed as well as the potential for discovering life on other planets and enabling science through space servicing.
The document discusses the history and development of the Hubble Space Telescope from its conception in the mid-20th century to its launch and operation over time. It was conceived to overcome the limitations of Earth-based telescopes and allow observation of objects beyond our atmosphere. After delays, it was launched in 1990 but had issues with its lens and required repairs. Hubble has since provided images that have transformed our understanding of the universe.
Edwin Hubble was a pioneering American astronomer who revolutionized our understanding of the universe. Through his work at the Mount Wilson Observatory with the 100-inch Hooker telescope, he discovered that galaxies exist outside the Milky Way and that the universe is expanding. He created a classification system for galaxies that is still used today. Hubble's discoveries established the foundations of modern cosmology and earned him worldwide scientific honors for his astronomical achievements.
New Horizon: The First Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper BeltSOCIEDAD JULIO GARAVITO
The New Horizons mission aims to explore Pluto and the Kuiper Belt, sending a spacecraft on a long journey to answer questions about these distant bodies. The spacecraft launched in 2006 and will conduct the first reconnaissance of Pluto with a closest approach in July 2015. It will then head deeper into the Kuiper Belt to examine ancient icy mini-worlds over a billion miles past Neptune's orbit. Studying Pluto and Kuiper Belt objects will help scientists understand where they fit in the solar system and how icy dwarf planets have evolved over time.
We are in the middle of one of the most exciting moments in history of Astronomy and maybe of mankind. Any minute we will discover our next home. Learn more about the Exoplanet Revolution in this presentation that includes spectacular pictures.
The Hubble Space Telescope_ A Window into the Universe.pdfAnandSingh720604
If you're fascinated by the wonders of the universe, the Hubble Space Telescope is an iconic and groundbreaking tool that has revolutionized our understanding of space. This comprehensive guide, "The Ultimate Guide to the Hubble Space Telescope," provides a deep dive into the technology, discoveries, and impact of this remarkable instrument.
In this guide, you'll learn about the Hubble's design and features, including its powerful scientific instruments and capabilities, and how it orbits and is maintained. You'll also explore the stunning and groundbreaking discoveries made by the Hubble, including its role in uncovering the age and expansion of the universe, dark matter and dark energy, the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets, and planetary science and exoplanet discoveries. Additionally, this guide examines the Hubble's contributions to popular culture and education, as well as its artistic and cultural impact.
This guide also looks to the future, discussing the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope and the Hubble's legacy and impact on space exploration and astronomy. It answers common questions and misconceptions about the Hubble, and provides recommendations for further reading.
If you're interested in the Hubble Space Telescope and its impact on our understanding of the universe, "The Ultimate Guide to the Hubble Space Telescope" is a must-read. Whether you're an astronomy enthusiast or just curious about space exploration, this guide offers a fascinating and in-depth look at one of the most important scientific instruments of our time.
This guide is perfect for students, educators, science enthusiasts, and anyone who wants to understand more about the universe we live in. The guide is written in an accessible and engaging style, with stunning images and illustrations to enhance the reading experience. It's also SEO keyword rich, ensuring that it's easily discoverable online for anyone searching for information about the Hubble Space Telescope.
With this guide, you'll gain a deeper appreciation for the Hubble's impact on space exploration and the scientific discoveries it has made possible. So don't wait any longer to discover the secrets of the universe with "The Ultimate Guide to the Hubble Space Telescope."
The weather satellite was invented by a group of scientists and engineers working for NASA, not a single person. On April 1, 2000, NOAA launched the first weather satellite, which was composed of GOES and POES satellites that provided full Earth coverage and processed collected data. Weather satellites use radiometers to scan the Earth and detect radiation to monitor weather, transmitting data to ground stations within a minute for meteorologists to track patterns and make forecasts. They can operate for 3 to 7 years in either geostationary or polar orbits.
ILOA Galaxy Forum Hawaii 2016 - Steve DurstILOAHawaii
Background:
Galaxy Forum is the primary education and outreach initiative of ILOA, it is an architecture designed to advance 21st Century science, education, enterprise and development around the world.
Galaxy Forums are public events specifically geared towards high school teachers, educators, astronomers of all kinds, students and the general public. Presentations are provided by experts in the fields of astrophysics / galaxy research, space exploration and STEM education, as well as related aspects of culture and traditional knowledge. Interactive panel discussions allow for community participation and integration of local perspectives.
Stats:
More than 70 Galaxy Forums, with over 300 presentations to date.
Held in 26 locations worldwide including Hawaii, Silicon Valley, Canada, China, India, Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe, Africa, Chile, Brazil, Kansas and New York.
Started with Galaxy Forum USA, July 4, 2008 in Silicon Valley, California.
International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA) is an interglobal enterprise incorporated in Hawaii as a 501(c)(3) non-profit to expand human knowledge of the Cosmos through observation from our Moon and to participate in internationally cooperative lunar base build-out, with Aloha – the spirit of Hawaii.
Ocean voyages of a coastal research vesselDonald Mccann
This document summarizes the voyages and research conducted aboard the RV Cape Henlopen, a 120-foot research vessel owned by the University of Delaware. The RV Cape Henlopen conducted geological, biological, chemical, physical, atmospheric, and other types of oceanographic research between Maine and Florida, Bermuda, and the Bahamas from 1976 to 2010. Some of the research highlighted included collecting water and sediment samples, deploying and retrieving moorings, studying blue sharks and swordfish, surveying hazards for drill rigs, and monitoring a site for industrial dumping. In 2010, the RV Cape Henlopen was retired and replaced by the RV Hugh R Sharp.
Here are the 5 Most Powerful Telescopes; 1 -Keck Observatory, began science operations in 1993 2 -Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990 3 -Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003 4 -Large Binocular Telescope, first light in October 2005 5 -Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, launched in 2008
Background
We can search for evidence of past, or even present, life forms within our own solar system, find
evidence of simple life on planets around other stars –- a planet where water could be present has
recently be found –- or even detect an intelligent signal from an alien civilization. The speaker was
a project scientist in the most sensitive search, Project Phoenix, ever undertaken. Sadly, no signals
were detected but a new 10 year search using two of the world’s largest radio telescopes is about
to begin and, during the next decade, a giant radio telescope, the Square Kilometer Array, will have
the sensitivity to detect alien signals from across the galaxy.
Galaxy Forum Hawaii 2017 Kona - Steve DurstILOAHawaii
Featuring Hawaii Mayor Harry Kim, who has generously accepted our invitation to make a presentation at Galaxy Forum Hawaii 2017 Kona about his vision for a “Maunakea World Park” referencing a quest for knowledge to make us a better people...Maunakea as a monument for the World from Cosmopolitan People of Hawaii.
Background:
Galaxy Forum is the primary education and outreach initiative of ILOA, it is an architecture designed to advance 21st Century science, education, enterprise and development around the world.
Galaxy Forums are public events specifically geared towards high school teachers, educators, astronomers of all kinds, students and the general public. Presentations are provided by experts in the fields of astrophysics / galaxy research, space exploration and STEM education, as well as related aspects of culture and traditional knowledge. Interactive panel discussions allow for community participation and integration of local perspectives.
Stats:
75 Galaxy Forums, with over 300 presentations to date.
Held in 26 locations worldwide including Hawaii, Silicon Valley, Canada, China, India, Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe, Africa, Chile, Brazil, Kansas and New York.
Started with Galaxy Forum USA, July 4, 2008 in Silicon Valley, California.
International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA) is an interglobal enterprise incorporated in Hawaii as a 501(c)(3) non-profit to expand human knowledge of the Cosmos through observation from our Moon and to participate in internationally cooperative lunar base build-out, with Aloha – the spirit of Hawaii.
Blake Bullock
James Webb Space Telescope Campaign Lead
Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems
For more information, please visit: https://give.fit.edu/james-webb-space-telescope
This document provides an overview of exoplanets and their discovery. It discusses how the first exoplanet was discovered in 1995 using the radial velocity method by detecting wobbles in a star's movement. The Kepler Space Telescope, launched in 2009, significantly advanced exoplanet discovery through the transit method of detecting dips in starlight as planets pass in front. To date over 3,000 exoplanets have been confirmed across the galaxy, with an estimated trillion planets in the Milky Way alone, showing that small, Earth-sized planets are very common. Current telescopes continue working to find and characterize more exoplanets and their atmospheres.
The Europa mission aims to discover if life exists beneath the icy crust of Europa by exploring its surface and oceans. A spacecraft carrying a melting probe, rover, and hydrobot will launch towards Europa, where the probe will melt through the ice and release the hydrobot to explore the waters, and the rover will analyze the surface. The mission is estimated to cost $850 million and take 6 years.
"""Space Science and Exploration Activities of ISAS/JAXA"" The UK-Japan 150 y...ISAS_Director_Tsuneta
"""Space Science and Exploration Activities of ISAS/JAXA""
The UK-Japan 150 year anniversary Science, Technology and Innovation Symposium - Astronomy & Space Science, The Embassy of Japan in the UK, 6 December 2013"
The document discusses what is needed for a planet to be habitable and explores the possibility of life existing beyond the habitable zone. It notes that habitable planets require being a certain distance from their star, having a size that is not too big or small, and an atmosphere to regulate temperature. While most focus is on planets in the habitable zone, Europa's subsurface ocean heated by internal sources suggests life could exist beyond the zone through chemosynthesis. The document also outlines methods like the Kepler and Darwin space telescopes that search for potentially habitable exoplanets around other stars based on their effects on starlight.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Hands-On Astronomy At Mauna Kea
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2. On Location: Mauna Kea Mauna Kea, the 13,800-foot volcano on the Big Island of Hawai’i, is one of the best sites in the world for astronomy and has 13 working telescopes near the summit. In December 2009, our group from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center came to the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) at Mauna Kea to observe Mars with Goddard’s special instrument HIPWAC. We measured ozone in the atmosphere of Mars to help us understand the chemistry of that planet’s atmosphere.
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4. Mauna Kea ↑ and Mars -> Looks Like Mars Red, powdery dirt. Dry atmosphere. Lava rock. The volcanic landscape of Mauna Kea is similar in some ways to the landscape of Mars. It seems appropriate to go to a place that looks like Mars so that we can observe Mars. NASA/JPL/Cornell
5. Ozone on Mars The amount of ozone we measure tells us about the chemistry taking place in Mars’s atmosphere. To learn as much as we can about ozone on Mars, we move the telescope around to different locations. Solid colors: Where we took measurements with HIPWAC from the IRTF telescope Dotted tracks: Measurements by the Mars Express spacecraft At the same time we are looking through the telescope, the European Space Agency’s Mars Express spacecraft, which orbits Mars, also observes ozone. When our measurements agree with theirs, both teams are more confident about the results, and we can combine all the measurements to study chemistry in the Martian atmosphere.
6. Here’s HIPWAC Ozone absorbs certain colors, or frequencies, of light that our eyes don’t see (infrared). HIPWAC can measure ozone absorption in the infrared. One challenge for us is that Earth’s atmosphere also contains ozone. We need to be sure that we are seeing ozone from Mars, not Earth. HIPWAC stands for Heterodyne Instrument for Planetary Wind And Composition—a complicated name for an instrument that simply lets us study molecules such as ozone in the atmospheres of planets. Because of the motion of Mars relative to Earth, the ozone features on Mars appear at slightly different frequencies from those on Earth. This effect is called Doppler shift. A familiar example of Doppler shift is when the pitch of a siren seems to get lower as an ambulance moves away from us.
7. Visit to Nawahiokalani’opu’u School We came to share about planetary astronomy and our upcoming observing run. The students had many astronomy questions. After our presentations, the sixth-grade students gave us a tour of the school grounds. It was quite an honor to visit this unique school! Tim and I came to Hawai’i a day early to visit the Ke Kula ’o Nawahiokalani’opu’u school on the Big Island. We were greeted by students and staff with Hawai’ian chant, exchanges and song that welcomed us, related stars to life and honored Joseph Nawahiokalani’opu’u, the school’s namesake. Nawahiokalni’opu’u is a Hawai’ian language immersion school, for grades K–12. There, Hawai’ian tradition, culture and agricultural methods are taught and practiced in addition to the academic curriculum.
8. Setting Up Our Instrument We ship HIPWAC to Hawai’i and reassemble it on-site. This takes a few days because the instrument has mirrors, lenses, and lasers that have to be lined up very carefully. Then we test the instrument to make sure it is working properly. In this photo, John and Ted assemble the lasers. HIPWAC is sensitive enough to distinguish ozone features on Mars and provides the only direct access to ozone on Mars from the surface of the Earth.
9. Remote Control While we assemble HIPWAC, other astronomers use the IRTF telescope for their own studies. Many astronomers are able to make their observations from anywhere in the world, thanks to videoconferencing, internet connections and the staff at the facility. In this photo, telescope operator Paul Sears talks via computer to astronomer Adam Burgasser while he conducts remote observations.
10. Iced off the Summit Even though Mauna Kea is in Hawai’i, it’s at an elevation of almost 14,000 feet, so it is subject to weather that you might not associate with tropical islands. One night, as we were still assembling HIPWAC, we were forced to leave the summit early because of ice. This evacuation was ordered by the telescope operator for everyone’s safety. We walked out of the IRTF into high winds and blowing water droplets. Ice was beginning to form on the road. We drove carefully down to the dormitory, located about 5,000 feet below the summit. We stay there, rather than at the foot of the mountain, so that we have an easier time adjusting to the high-altitude conditions at the top.
11. Finishing Touches The threat of ice was short-lived and soon gave way to a beautiful weather pattern that would last throughout the observing run. The work resumed, HIPWAC was assembled and its components tested, and the day came to attach it to the telescope with the help of the IRTF day crew. (Left) Observatory Foreman Lars Bergknut tightens the bolts that hold HIPWAC to the telescope, and (right) Electronics Technician Imai Namahoe prepares the connections between the control room and HIPWAC in the dome.
12. Ready and Standing By HIPWAC is installed on the back of the orange IRTF telescope. The instrument sits in the middle of the large blue multiple instrument mount, just beyond HIPWAC’s blue electronics rack. In this photo, HIPWAC is flanked by IRTF facility instruments in stowed positions.
13. Our Turn on the Telescope Tim and me in action! I hold a control paddle to move the telescope by small amounts. This way, we can point to various locations on Mars and make our measurements. Before we looked at Mars, an IRTF operator (Bill Golisch, inset) pointed the telescope at some particular stars, such as Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion. The infrared light from the stars provided a final check of the alignment of HIPWAC’s many components. Next, we observed Mars for four nights and got some very nice data.
14. Pictures and text by Kelly Fast/NASA Design and editing by Elizabeth Zubritsky We are always grateful for the support we receive from the staff at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, and we look forward to the next opportunity to observe from above the clouds on Mauna Kea. Aloha! We took HIPWAC off the telescope and packed it up. Then came the long trip home. Data analysis takes some time, but we look forward to what we will learn about the chemistry of the atmosphere on Mars. Our observing run was very successful, thanks to excellent weather and the excellent performance of HIPWAC. Over the four nights, we measured ozone at many locations on Mars and in coordination with the Mars Express spacecraft.