This document provides an overview of analyzing drugs from hair samples for forensic analysis. It discusses how drugs become incorporated into hair, specimen collection procedures, stability of drugs in hair, effects of cosmetic treatments, hair digestion procedures, drug analysis methods including immunoassays, chromatography, and sectional analysis. Applications of hair analysis include drug facilitated crimes, verifying drug history, determining gestational drug exposure, and post-mortem toxicology. Two case studies are presented where hair analysis aided investigations.
This document discusses the detection of narcotic substances in hair through forensic analysis. It provides an introduction to hair drug testing and its significance. It describes the mechanisms by which drugs are incorporated into hair and discusses sample collection, preparation, and analysis techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS. The advantages of hair analysis include its non-invasive collection and ability to detect drug use over a long period of time. Disadvantages include limited detection of recent use and higher costs compared to blood and urine testing. Case studies are presented to demonstrate real-world applications of hair analysis.
This document describes an analytical toxicology report on the analysis of chemicals that may have adverse health effects. It discusses:
1. Analytical toxicology involves applying analytical chemistry tools to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze chemicals that could harm living organisms. This can help diagnose and prevent poisoning.
2. Several factors must be considered before analysis, like the amount of sample available and which poison is suspected. Samples like GI contents, urine, liver and concentrated tissues are analyzed depending on the poison.
3. Modern techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS are commonly used to simultaneously separate and quantify analytes. This report presents a real case study where these methods were used to detect anticoagulant rodent
Forensic toxicology uses analytical chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical chemistry to aid in investigations of death, poisoning, and drug use. A toxicological analysis can be performed on various sample types to determine what toxic substances are present, in what concentrations, and their probable effects. Forensic toxicology can be separated into postmortem toxicology, human performance toxicology, and forensic drug testing. Different analytical techniques like immunoassays, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are used to detect drugs and metals in samples.
External contamination of hair with heroin was evaluated in six volunteers over 3 months. All contaminated subjects tested positive for opiates like heroin, 6-MAM, morphine and acetylcodeine for at least 3 months after the contamination period. Significant levels of 6-MAM (>0.5 ng/mg) were detected until 6 weeks in all subjects. The 6-MAM/morphine ratio was always above 1.3, even 3 months after contamination. Decontamination procedures were not sufficient to remove drugs that had penetrated into hair from external contamination. This suggests a risk of false positives from external contamination when interpreting hair drug tests.
Detecting Parental Substance Use Gns 2011GrahamSievers
- The document discusses hair drug testing and its use in child protection and custody cases. Hair can provide a drug history for up to a year since drugs are incorporated into the hair shaft as it grows.
- Hair drug testing is useful for these types of cases since it provides a long window of detection and segmental analysis can show drug use trends over time. However, it cannot determine the dose, purity or route of administration of drugs.
Course project hair analysis for assessing toxins and metabolic d...waynerossi61
Hair analysis can be used to detect nutritional deficiencies, toxins, drugs, and other substances by analyzing the minerals and compounds stored in hair. However, there is debate around the accuracy and usefulness of hair analysis results due to lack of standardization. Different labs may produce varying results for the same sample. While hair analysis shows promise for drug testing and forensics, medical practitioners are hesitant to use it as a diagnostic tool on its own due to the many variables that can influence results. In some cases, hair analysis has provided useful clues when combined with a full medical history and physical exam.
EVALUATION SEMINAR ON FORENSIC TOXICOLOGYSupriyaCS12
The document summarizes an evaluation seminar on forensic toxicology presented by Supriya C S. It discusses the history and four main disciplines of forensic toxicology including postmortem toxicology. It also outlines the various specimens used in analysis, common analytical methods like immunoassays and chromatography, applications in areas like workplace drug testing and doping control, classes of poisons, possible symptoms, and some famous cases that involved forensic toxicology.
This document discusses the detection of narcotic substances in hair through forensic analysis. It provides an introduction to hair drug testing and its significance. It describes the mechanisms by which drugs are incorporated into hair and discusses sample collection, preparation, and analysis techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS. The advantages of hair analysis include its non-invasive collection and ability to detect drug use over a long period of time. Disadvantages include limited detection of recent use and higher costs compared to blood and urine testing. Case studies are presented to demonstrate real-world applications of hair analysis.
This document describes an analytical toxicology report on the analysis of chemicals that may have adverse health effects. It discusses:
1. Analytical toxicology involves applying analytical chemistry tools to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze chemicals that could harm living organisms. This can help diagnose and prevent poisoning.
2. Several factors must be considered before analysis, like the amount of sample available and which poison is suspected. Samples like GI contents, urine, liver and concentrated tissues are analyzed depending on the poison.
3. Modern techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS are commonly used to simultaneously separate and quantify analytes. This report presents a real case study where these methods were used to detect anticoagulant rodent
Forensic toxicology uses analytical chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical chemistry to aid in investigations of death, poisoning, and drug use. A toxicological analysis can be performed on various sample types to determine what toxic substances are present, in what concentrations, and their probable effects. Forensic toxicology can be separated into postmortem toxicology, human performance toxicology, and forensic drug testing. Different analytical techniques like immunoassays, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are used to detect drugs and metals in samples.
External contamination of hair with heroin was evaluated in six volunteers over 3 months. All contaminated subjects tested positive for opiates like heroin, 6-MAM, morphine and acetylcodeine for at least 3 months after the contamination period. Significant levels of 6-MAM (>0.5 ng/mg) were detected until 6 weeks in all subjects. The 6-MAM/morphine ratio was always above 1.3, even 3 months after contamination. Decontamination procedures were not sufficient to remove drugs that had penetrated into hair from external contamination. This suggests a risk of false positives from external contamination when interpreting hair drug tests.
Detecting Parental Substance Use Gns 2011GrahamSievers
- The document discusses hair drug testing and its use in child protection and custody cases. Hair can provide a drug history for up to a year since drugs are incorporated into the hair shaft as it grows.
- Hair drug testing is useful for these types of cases since it provides a long window of detection and segmental analysis can show drug use trends over time. However, it cannot determine the dose, purity or route of administration of drugs.
Course project hair analysis for assessing toxins and metabolic d...waynerossi61
Hair analysis can be used to detect nutritional deficiencies, toxins, drugs, and other substances by analyzing the minerals and compounds stored in hair. However, there is debate around the accuracy and usefulness of hair analysis results due to lack of standardization. Different labs may produce varying results for the same sample. While hair analysis shows promise for drug testing and forensics, medical practitioners are hesitant to use it as a diagnostic tool on its own due to the many variables that can influence results. In some cases, hair analysis has provided useful clues when combined with a full medical history and physical exam.
EVALUATION SEMINAR ON FORENSIC TOXICOLOGYSupriyaCS12
The document summarizes an evaluation seminar on forensic toxicology presented by Supriya C S. It discusses the history and four main disciplines of forensic toxicology including postmortem toxicology. It also outlines the various specimens used in analysis, common analytical methods like immunoassays and chromatography, applications in areas like workplace drug testing and doping control, classes of poisons, possible symptoms, and some famous cases that involved forensic toxicology.
This document contains notes on principles of animal toxicology from Ramdas Bhat of Srinivas College of Pharmacy. It discusses the types of preclinical toxicity studies done on pharmaceutical products, including acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity studies. It provides details on acute toxicity studies, how LD50 is determined, and guidelines from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for standardized toxicology testing.
These independent clinical studies conducted at top research centers found that MONAT ingredient users experienced significant hair growth, decreased thinning and hair fallout, increased density and fullness, and improved hair shine and condition, with no serious adverse side effects reported. The document then provides details on individual clinical studies conducted on ingredients including Capixyl, Procataline, and Crodasorb, finding benefits such as increased hair growth rates and decreased hair loss.
Radioimmunoassay allows for the measurement of wide range of materials of clinical and biological importance. This technique has a significant impact on medical diagnosis due to the ease with which the tests can be carried out, while assuring precision, specificity and sensitivity.
The radioimmunoassay technique, as the name implies, achieves sensitivity through the use of radionuclides and specificity that is uniquely associated with immunochemical reactions. It can detect substance from a range of Nano gram(ng) to Pico gram(pg).
Trace evidence such as hair and fibers found at a crime scene can provide important clues about what happened. Hair analysis can determine characteristics like the race of the source and whether drugs were ingested. Microscopic analysis of hair cuticle scale patterns, cortex pigment distribution, and medulla shape and index can indicate if a hair sample matches a suspect or victim. Fiber evidence can also connect a suspect to a crime scene based on the type of polymer and weave of the fiber. Together, hair and fiber evidence through microscopic analysis can help place a suspect at the scene of a crime.
Forensic toxicology focuses on the medical-legal aspects of chemical exposure and toxic injury. It involves analyzing samples like urine, blood, hair, oral fluid, and other bodily tissues or fluids to detect and quantify the presence of toxins and drugs. The concentration and type of substance present can provide information about factors like dosage and timing of exposure. A variety of analytical techniques are used, including chromatography methods and mass spectrometry, to screen for and confirm the identity of substances in biological samples as part of a forensic investigation.
Toxicokinetic evaluation in preclinical studies.pptxashharnomani
Toxicokinetic studies aim to understand what the body does with a drug at high doses. Such studies measure parameters like maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and area under the plasma concentration curve. Toxicokinetic data from preclinical studies can be used to select appropriate doses and dosing routes for clinical trials and to interpret toxicity findings. Factors like protein binding, metabolism, and species differences must be considered when evaluating toxicokinetic data.
These independent clinical studies were conducted at top research centers and found that MONAT ingredient users experienced significant hair growth, decreased thinning and hair fallout, increased hair density and rate of growth, and improved hair shine and condition, with no serious adverse side effects reported. The studies evaluated individual ingredients including Capixyl, Procataline, Crodasorb, and Rejuveniqe through protocols involving hair counts, microscopy, and physical property tests. Results demonstrated hair growth promotion, protection from UV damage and oxidative stress, reduced hair breakage, and shine enhancement.
This document discusses the different types of toxicology. It begins with an introduction to toxicology, defining terms like toxin, toxicant, and toxicity. It then describes the major types of toxicology as mechanistic toxicology, regulatory toxicology, and descriptive toxicology. Mechanistic toxicology examines toxicity at the molecular level. Regulatory toxicology supports rulemaking and product approval. Descriptive toxicology focuses on toxicity testing in animals to evaluate hazards. The document provides examples and explanations of each type.
Drug Discovery subject (clinical research)Jannat985397
The document discusses various topics related to drug discovery including methods of target validation, combinatorial chemistry, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, and computer-aided drug design. It describes the multi-step process of drug discovery from identifying potential drug targets to optimizing lead compounds and outlines the steps of pre-clinical and clinical drug testing required for regulatory approval. Key aspects covered include high-throughput screening techniques used to identify hits from compound libraries as well as tools for drug design like solid phase synthesis and parallel synthesis.
Toxicokinetics is the study of how the body affects a toxic substance over time through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Toxicokinetic studies help explain toxicity results by quantifying exposure levels in animals and relating them to dose levels and time. Such studies are important for interpreting toxicity findings, designing further studies, and assessing the relevance of results to human safety. Key objectives include describing systemic exposure levels in toxicity studies and relating them to toxic effects.
- Hair drug testing can detect drug use over a period of 90 days by analyzing a 1.5 inch hair sample close to the scalp. Each 0.5 inch represents approximately 30 days.
- Hair drug testing has been shown to uncover 4-8 times as many drug users compared to urine drug testing in side-by-side studies.
- The minimum time period that can be accurately evaluated by a hair drug test is approximately one month (0.5 inch of hair growth).
PHYTOCHEMISTRY.ppt studie exames and preprRabiKhan51
High throughput screening (HTS) is a drug discovery process used in the pharmaceutical industry to rapidly test large numbers of compounds for activity against biological targets. It involves creating a library of compounds, developing miniaturized assays, and automating the screening process using microplates and robotics. The goal is to identify "hits" or compounds that show activity and can be further characterized. HTS of tannins follows a similar systematic approach, sourcing tannin-rich materials, extracting and modifying tannin structures, developing cell-based or enzyme assays, screening the library, and identifying hits that can then be confirmed, characterized, and optimized.
Different Laboratory Equipment used in Toxicology and Molecular BiologyMuhammad Kamran (Sial)
This document describes various types of laboratory equipment used in toxicology and molecular biology. It discusses personal protective equipment, volume measuring tools like beakers and volumetric flasks, microscopes for identification, analyzers like microplate readers and electrophoresis apparatus, chromatography equipment, and other tools like refrigerators, sterilizers, and centrifuges. The functions, components, principles, and applications of these different pieces of equipment are explained.
Drug discovery begins with identifying a biological target associated with a disease. Targets are validated through techniques like gene silencing to confirm their role in the disease process. Potential drug candidates, or leads, are identified through screening libraries of compounds or rational drug design. Leads undergo optimization to improve their safety, efficacy, and other properties. The entire drug discovery and development process takes an average of 15 years and over $800 million, with high failure rates contributing to the rising costs of drug development.
Toxicokinetic evaluation in preclinical studies by Shivam Diwaker Shivam Diwaker
Toxicokinetics evaluation in preclinical studies was presented. The presentation covered absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of chemicals. Key points included how toxicokinetics quantifies exposure through measures like volume of distribution and clearance. The importance of evaluating metabolites and the factors influencing distribution and metabolism were discussed. Toxicokinetic studies are conducted at various stages of preclinical and clinical development to interpret toxicity results and support human trials. Alternative approaches to decrease animal usage in toxicokinetics were also presented.
Forensic toxicology involves using toxicology for legal purposes, most commonly to identify chemicals that cause death or injury. A toxicological investigation of a poisoning death involves obtaining case history, collecting specimens, analyzing specimens, and interpreting findings. Forensic toxicologists also analyze specimens from living victims of crimes like assault. Urine is commonly tested using methods like chromatography and mass spectroscopy to detect drugs of abuse or medications. Forensic toxicologists often provide expert testimony in legal cases by describing their analytic methods and results.
This document summarizes different types of antianginal drugs used to treat angina pectoris. The main types discussed are nitrates, calcium channel blockers, beta adrenergic antagonists, and potassium channel openers. Nitrates work by dilating veins and relaxing coronary arteries to redistribute blood flow. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium entry into cardiac and smooth muscle cells to reduce peripheral resistance. Beta blockers block adrenergic receptors in the heart and kidney to decrease cardiac output and release of renin. Potassium channel openers open potassium channels in smooth muscles to cause relaxation.
The document discusses adrenergic drugs, which act on the adrenergic nervous system to produce effects similar to the sympathetic nervous system. It defines the different types of adrenergic receptors and classifies adrenergic drugs according to their mode of action, receptor selectivity, and chemical nature. Specific adrenergic drugs discussed include adrenaline, noradrenaline, clonidine, and their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, and adverse effects.
This document contains notes on principles of animal toxicology from Ramdas Bhat of Srinivas College of Pharmacy. It discusses the types of preclinical toxicity studies done on pharmaceutical products, including acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity studies. It provides details on acute toxicity studies, how LD50 is determined, and guidelines from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for standardized toxicology testing.
These independent clinical studies conducted at top research centers found that MONAT ingredient users experienced significant hair growth, decreased thinning and hair fallout, increased density and fullness, and improved hair shine and condition, with no serious adverse side effects reported. The document then provides details on individual clinical studies conducted on ingredients including Capixyl, Procataline, and Crodasorb, finding benefits such as increased hair growth rates and decreased hair loss.
Radioimmunoassay allows for the measurement of wide range of materials of clinical and biological importance. This technique has a significant impact on medical diagnosis due to the ease with which the tests can be carried out, while assuring precision, specificity and sensitivity.
The radioimmunoassay technique, as the name implies, achieves sensitivity through the use of radionuclides and specificity that is uniquely associated with immunochemical reactions. It can detect substance from a range of Nano gram(ng) to Pico gram(pg).
Trace evidence such as hair and fibers found at a crime scene can provide important clues about what happened. Hair analysis can determine characteristics like the race of the source and whether drugs were ingested. Microscopic analysis of hair cuticle scale patterns, cortex pigment distribution, and medulla shape and index can indicate if a hair sample matches a suspect or victim. Fiber evidence can also connect a suspect to a crime scene based on the type of polymer and weave of the fiber. Together, hair and fiber evidence through microscopic analysis can help place a suspect at the scene of a crime.
Forensic toxicology focuses on the medical-legal aspects of chemical exposure and toxic injury. It involves analyzing samples like urine, blood, hair, oral fluid, and other bodily tissues or fluids to detect and quantify the presence of toxins and drugs. The concentration and type of substance present can provide information about factors like dosage and timing of exposure. A variety of analytical techniques are used, including chromatography methods and mass spectrometry, to screen for and confirm the identity of substances in biological samples as part of a forensic investigation.
Toxicokinetic evaluation in preclinical studies.pptxashharnomani
Toxicokinetic studies aim to understand what the body does with a drug at high doses. Such studies measure parameters like maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and area under the plasma concentration curve. Toxicokinetic data from preclinical studies can be used to select appropriate doses and dosing routes for clinical trials and to interpret toxicity findings. Factors like protein binding, metabolism, and species differences must be considered when evaluating toxicokinetic data.
These independent clinical studies were conducted at top research centers and found that MONAT ingredient users experienced significant hair growth, decreased thinning and hair fallout, increased hair density and rate of growth, and improved hair shine and condition, with no serious adverse side effects reported. The studies evaluated individual ingredients including Capixyl, Procataline, Crodasorb, and Rejuveniqe through protocols involving hair counts, microscopy, and physical property tests. Results demonstrated hair growth promotion, protection from UV damage and oxidative stress, reduced hair breakage, and shine enhancement.
This document discusses the different types of toxicology. It begins with an introduction to toxicology, defining terms like toxin, toxicant, and toxicity. It then describes the major types of toxicology as mechanistic toxicology, regulatory toxicology, and descriptive toxicology. Mechanistic toxicology examines toxicity at the molecular level. Regulatory toxicology supports rulemaking and product approval. Descriptive toxicology focuses on toxicity testing in animals to evaluate hazards. The document provides examples and explanations of each type.
Drug Discovery subject (clinical research)Jannat985397
The document discusses various topics related to drug discovery including methods of target validation, combinatorial chemistry, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, and computer-aided drug design. It describes the multi-step process of drug discovery from identifying potential drug targets to optimizing lead compounds and outlines the steps of pre-clinical and clinical drug testing required for regulatory approval. Key aspects covered include high-throughput screening techniques used to identify hits from compound libraries as well as tools for drug design like solid phase synthesis and parallel synthesis.
Toxicokinetics is the study of how the body affects a toxic substance over time through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Toxicokinetic studies help explain toxicity results by quantifying exposure levels in animals and relating them to dose levels and time. Such studies are important for interpreting toxicity findings, designing further studies, and assessing the relevance of results to human safety. Key objectives include describing systemic exposure levels in toxicity studies and relating them to toxic effects.
- Hair drug testing can detect drug use over a period of 90 days by analyzing a 1.5 inch hair sample close to the scalp. Each 0.5 inch represents approximately 30 days.
- Hair drug testing has been shown to uncover 4-8 times as many drug users compared to urine drug testing in side-by-side studies.
- The minimum time period that can be accurately evaluated by a hair drug test is approximately one month (0.5 inch of hair growth).
PHYTOCHEMISTRY.ppt studie exames and preprRabiKhan51
High throughput screening (HTS) is a drug discovery process used in the pharmaceutical industry to rapidly test large numbers of compounds for activity against biological targets. It involves creating a library of compounds, developing miniaturized assays, and automating the screening process using microplates and robotics. The goal is to identify "hits" or compounds that show activity and can be further characterized. HTS of tannins follows a similar systematic approach, sourcing tannin-rich materials, extracting and modifying tannin structures, developing cell-based or enzyme assays, screening the library, and identifying hits that can then be confirmed, characterized, and optimized.
Different Laboratory Equipment used in Toxicology and Molecular BiologyMuhammad Kamran (Sial)
This document describes various types of laboratory equipment used in toxicology and molecular biology. It discusses personal protective equipment, volume measuring tools like beakers and volumetric flasks, microscopes for identification, analyzers like microplate readers and electrophoresis apparatus, chromatography equipment, and other tools like refrigerators, sterilizers, and centrifuges. The functions, components, principles, and applications of these different pieces of equipment are explained.
Drug discovery begins with identifying a biological target associated with a disease. Targets are validated through techniques like gene silencing to confirm their role in the disease process. Potential drug candidates, or leads, are identified through screening libraries of compounds or rational drug design. Leads undergo optimization to improve their safety, efficacy, and other properties. The entire drug discovery and development process takes an average of 15 years and over $800 million, with high failure rates contributing to the rising costs of drug development.
Toxicokinetic evaluation in preclinical studies by Shivam Diwaker Shivam Diwaker
Toxicokinetics evaluation in preclinical studies was presented. The presentation covered absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of chemicals. Key points included how toxicokinetics quantifies exposure through measures like volume of distribution and clearance. The importance of evaluating metabolites and the factors influencing distribution and metabolism were discussed. Toxicokinetic studies are conducted at various stages of preclinical and clinical development to interpret toxicity results and support human trials. Alternative approaches to decrease animal usage in toxicokinetics were also presented.
Forensic toxicology involves using toxicology for legal purposes, most commonly to identify chemicals that cause death or injury. A toxicological investigation of a poisoning death involves obtaining case history, collecting specimens, analyzing specimens, and interpreting findings. Forensic toxicologists also analyze specimens from living victims of crimes like assault. Urine is commonly tested using methods like chromatography and mass spectroscopy to detect drugs of abuse or medications. Forensic toxicologists often provide expert testimony in legal cases by describing their analytic methods and results.
Similar to hairdruganalysisppt-200329061013.pptx (20)
This document summarizes different types of antianginal drugs used to treat angina pectoris. The main types discussed are nitrates, calcium channel blockers, beta adrenergic antagonists, and potassium channel openers. Nitrates work by dilating veins and relaxing coronary arteries to redistribute blood flow. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium entry into cardiac and smooth muscle cells to reduce peripheral resistance. Beta blockers block adrenergic receptors in the heart and kidney to decrease cardiac output and release of renin. Potassium channel openers open potassium channels in smooth muscles to cause relaxation.
The document discusses adrenergic drugs, which act on the adrenergic nervous system to produce effects similar to the sympathetic nervous system. It defines the different types of adrenergic receptors and classifies adrenergic drugs according to their mode of action, receptor selectivity, and chemical nature. Specific adrenergic drugs discussed include adrenaline, noradrenaline, clonidine, and their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, indications, and adverse effects.
Anticholinergic drugs work by competitively blocking acetylcholine receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system. They inhibit nerve transmission at muscarinic receptors. Atropine is a prototypical anticholinergic that causes dilation of the pupils, decreased secretions, and tachycardia. Anticholinergics have therapeutic uses for conditions like asthma, COPD, Parkinson's disease, peptic ulcers, and overactive bladder. However, they can cause adverse effects like dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention, and CNS effects like agitation. Individual drugs have specific indications and contraindications must be considered like glaucoma and prostate issues.
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms. Key aspects include examining drug actions and effects, how drugs are absorbed and metabolized by the body, and relationships between drug concentrations and biological responses. Drugs come from natural sources like plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as through synthetic chemistry and biotechnology. Routes of administration impact drug onset times and effectiveness.
Urinalysis is one of the oldest medical laboratory procedures used to evaluate health and diagnose diseases. It involves physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine. The physical exam assesses characteristics like color, clarity, volume, odor, pH, and specific gravity. The chemical exam uses dipsticks to detect substances like protein, glucose, ketones, blood, and bilirubin. Microscopic analysis identifies cells, casts, crystals, and microorganisms in the sediment. Together these tests provide valuable information about the function of the kidneys and urinary tract.
Zinc is an essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods. In small amounts, zinc is necessary for cell growth and immune function. However, too much zinc from supplements can lead to toxicity. Acute zinc toxicity may occur after ingesting zinc salts and cause nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Long-term high intake of zinc can deplete copper levels and impact blood lipid levels and the immune system. Occupational zinc inhalation from welding fumes can cause metal fume fever, a temporary flu-like illness. Treatment focuses on removing the zinc source, and chelation may be used for severe cases.
Mercury poisoning can occur through exposure to mercury in various forms from environmental and occupational sources. Symptoms vary based on the specific form but can include neurological, gastrointestinal, and renal issues. Diagnosis involves considering exposure history and measuring mercury levels in blood, urine, or hair. Chelating agents such as dimercaprol or DMSA are used for treatment to enhance mercury excretion, especially for organic mercury poisoning. Maintaining kidney function is also important for treatment.
Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body, often from contaminated dust or paint. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, headaches, and memory problems. In severe cases it can cause seizures, coma or death. Children are especially vulnerable as they absorb more lead. Diagnosis is by measuring blood lead levels, which if elevated indicates poisoning. Treatment focuses on reducing further exposure and chelation therapy to remove lead from the body.
This document provides an introduction to toxicology. It defines toxicology as the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on biological systems. It describes what toxicologists do, including recognizing hazards, developing standards and regulations, and safety assessment. Some key terms are explained, such as toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination. Common toxicological terminology is defined. Toxicants can be classified in various ways, including by source, physical state, target organ affected, chemical nature, analytical behavior, toxic effects, use, and toxicity potential.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production and release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. ACTH is released in pulses throughout the day to maintain normal cortisol levels. High ACTH levels stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete more cortisol, while low ACTH levels result in lower cortisol production. Testing ACTH and cortisol levels together can help diagnose conditions that affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis such as Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome, and Addison's disease.
Cirrhosis is a disease where healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue, preventing the liver from functioning properly. Common causes include hepatitis C, alcohol abuse, and fatty liver disease. As cirrhosis progresses, scar tissue blocks blood flow through the liver and causes symptoms like jaundice, confusion, and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on managing complications, reducing liver damage progression through lifestyle changes, and transplantation for severe cases.
Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated immunologic response in the nasal mucosa triggered by airborne allergens. It can be seasonal, caused by pollen grains, or perennial, caused by indoor allergens like dust mites. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and itching. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam showing signs like nasal crease or swollen turbinates, and allergy tests. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, antihistamines to reduce symptoms, nasal steroids to reduce inflammation, and immunotherapy for long-term management.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior, failure to recognize reality, and symptoms like false beliefs, hearing voices, and reduced motivation. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors and typically begins in young adulthood. Symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, as well as negative symptoms like lack of emotion and motivation. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to manage symptoms, though negative symptoms are less responsive to medication. Long-term management also includes non-pharmacological therapies.
This document discusses growth hormones, including their structure, synthesis, regulation, mechanisms of action, and effects. Growth hormones are synthesized and secreted by the pituitary gland in a pulsatile fashion regulated by hypothalamic hormones. They promote growth and development through stimulation of insulin-like growth factors in the liver and target tissues. The actions of growth hormones include stimulating protein synthesis, fat metabolism, and bone and cartilage growth. Disorders of growth hormone secretion can cause gigantism, acromegaly, or dwarfism.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can damage any part of the body. It is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies that attack the body's cells and tissues. While SLE predominantly affects women of childbearing age, approximately 5% of cases are diagnosed in childhood, mainly during puberty. The disease involves inflammation and damage to skin, joints, lungs, kidneys and other organs. Diagnosis is based on evaluating clinical symptoms and lab tests for autoantibodies, with the goal of meeting certain established diagnostic criteria. The cause is unknown but is likely due to genetic, environmental and hormonal factors contributing to abnormal immune system function.
Bones have several vital functions, including providing shape and aiding movement, protecting organs, producing blood cells, storing minerals and growth factors, and regulating blood pH. A long bone has a hollow shaft called the diaphysis surrounded by dense compact bone, and wider ends called epiphyses filled with spongy bone and red marrow. Bone is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals, giving it flexibility and hardness. Four cell types are found in bone: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Local drug delivery to bone offers advantages over systemic delivery by avoiding side effects, reducing treatment costs and duration, and maintaining high drug levels locally. Materials for bone drug delivery
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are several types of diabetes including type 1 caused by lack of insulin, type 2 caused by insulin resistance, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests and managed through lifestyle changes, oral medications, or insulin therapy depending on the type. Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake in cells and inhibiting glucose production in the liver. Defects in this process can lead to serious health complications if blood glucose is not properly controlled.
Atherosclerosis is a condition where arteries thicken due to plaque buildup. It develops when cholesterol and other fatty substances build up in artery walls. This restricts blood flow and can cause blood clots if plaques rupture. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and obesity. Diagnosis involves tests like angiograms, stress tests, CT scans, and ultrasounds. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and slow progression, while procedures like angioplasty and stenting are used to open blocked arteries.
Total quality management (TQM) is a management approach that seeks to improve quality and performance at all levels of an organization. It involves implementing certain principles such as focusing on customers, encouraging employee involvement, and continuously improving processes. TQM requires leadership commitment, meeting customer requirements, employee participation, continuous improvement processes, supplier partnerships, and performance measurement. When implemented successfully, TQM can result in financial benefits like lower costs and higher returns, as well as improved customer satisfaction, access to markets, and reputation.
Phase II clinical trials involve 50-500 subjects and aim to confirm effectiveness and further evaluate safety of an experimental drug. They can last 6 months to several years. Phase II trials may be divided into Phase IIa to assess dosing requirements and Phase IIb to assess efficacy. Phase II trials now commonly involve a control group receiving either standard treatment or placebo for comparison. Phase III trials involve several hundred to 3000 subjects and are pivotal for obtaining marketing approval by confirming safety and effectiveness of the drug based on randomized, controlled, and often blinded studies run across multiple sites. Phase IV trials monitor effectiveness and side effects of approved drugs during real-world use.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair
Specimen collection and procedures
Stability of drugs in hair
Decontamination procedures
Effects of cosmetic treatments
Hair digestion procedures
Drug analysis
Sectional analysis
Applications
Case study
Conclusion
References
3. 1. INTRODUCTION
Hair is recognized as an attractive and commonly used biological
specimen for drug testing.
The major practical advantages of hair testing are:
1) larger detection windows (from 3days to years), depending on the
length of the hair shaft, compared to those of urine/blood
2) evaluation of long term history to short term history
3) the sample collection is non-invasive.
There is also no valid reason for making hair specimens unlikely to
be tampered.
Drugs in hair can be detected and determined at the levels of pico-
mole/mg.
Hair analysis has found even broader applications in evaluating
environmental exposure to toxicants, in doping controls and in drug
abuse studies in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology
and clinical chemistry.
4. MECHANISMS OF DRUG INCORPORATION INTO
HAIR
3 Modes of
Drug
Incorporation
(3)
Incorporation
from External
Contamination
(2) Incorporation
from Sweat and
Other Secretions
(1) Incorporation
from the
Bloodstream
5. • Drugs circulating in the blood delivered to the hair
follicle and are entrapped in inaccessible regions of
the hair.
• Distinct bands of drug are present in hair related to
hair growth.
• This model is termed the “entrapment model”.
(1)
Incorporation
from the
Bloodstream
• Drugs and metabolites are present in sweat and
sebum and may be transferred easily to hair.
• Lipophilic substances more accumulate in hair.
• This model is called the “sweat model”.
(2)
Incorporation
from Sweat
and Other
Secretions
• Passive exposure of the hair to the drug, either from
vapour phase or solid-phase contact.
• Drugs in hair are bind through ionic and van der
Waals interactions with the protein chain.
• Diffusion of drug is proportional to a number of
factors (concentration, nature of the object, pore size,
area, etc.).
(3)
Incorporation
from External
Contamination
7. Vertex posterior (back of the head) is the best area for sample
collection due to the following:
Most of the hairs exist in the same growth phase.
The growth rate of most of the hairs is also the same in this
region.
Less influence of age and sex.
SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND PROCEDURES
Figure showing Vertex posterior and Cutting of hair sample
8. COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Hair strands are cut as close as possible to the scalp, and the
location of the root-tip must be indicated.
Hair samples must be collect before the autopsy has started.
In case of curly hair, pluck hair and cut every hair strand
separately at defined intervals from the root.
Plucked hair may also be preferred in suspected fatal poisonings.
Hair samples are stored in an envelope, aluminium foil, or a
plastic zip lock bag and stored at ambient temperature.
Tape should be avoided.
Hair should be carefully aligned for segmental hair analysis.
10. STABILITY OF DRUGS IN HAIR
Drug incorporated in the
hair is very much stable
in favourable conditions,
e.g., ambient temperature
and dry atmosphere.
11. EFFECTS OF COSMETIC TREATMENTS
Drug concentration is change in hair by the cosmetic
treatment of hair.
The products used for cosmetic treatments, such as
bleaching, permanent waving, dyeing or relaxing; cause
hair damage and affect drug content (by loss) or directly
affect drug stability.
Hair cosmetic treatments affect and damage the cuticle
and hence drug concentration.
12. DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES
Contaminants can be care products (hair gel), sweat, and
drug contaminants from the environment, or anything else.
The goal of washing is to remove only the external
contaminants, dirt and grease from the surface of the hair
and avoidance of false positive.
Decontamination agents used in washing are detergents
such as Prell shampoo, surgical scrubbing solutions,
surfactants such as 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, phosphate
buffer, or organic solvents such as acetone, diethyl ether,
methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, hexane or pentane.
In hair analysis, the metabolites of drugs are analyzed,
which would not exist in external contamination.
14. Alkaline Digestion Method
• Incubate hair sample in 0.1∼2.5 M NaOH, at 37˚ C
overnight, at pH 9.
• Aqueous solution is extracted with solid phase extraction.
• Alkaline stable compounds, such as morphine,
amphetamines and cannabinoids have to be analyzed.
Acidic Extraction Method
• Incubate hair sample at 37˚ C overnight in 0.1 M HCl
solution or at 120 °C for 30 min in 0.6 M HCl solution.
• Solution is neutralized and extracted with solid phase
extraction (SPE).
• 6-AM and cocaine can be extracted.
15. Organic Solvent
Method
• Hairs are digested in an ultrasound bath for several hours
at 45 °C using ethanol or methanol as solvent.
• Evaporating the organic solvent, the sample can be
analyzed directly by GC-MS.
• Unstable drugs like 6-AM can be analyzed.
Enzymatic Digestion Method
• Hairs are treated with a solution of Tris buffer, dithiothreitol,
proteinase K, and sodiumdodecyl sulfate.
• Enzymes digest hair by acting on hair protein (keratin) without
altering or destroying the concentration of drug and its
metabolites.
• Analyze unstable compounds like heroin/6-AM and cocaine.
16. DRUG ANALYSIS
Immunological methods
• Immunoassays are used as screening tests because of their
sensitivity, speed and convenience.
• It provides either a positive or negative result, indicating the
presence or absence of detectable drug.
• Quantification by immunoassay is difficult to achieve.
Radioimmunoassay
• RIA is the most common screening test for drug testing.
ELISA
• ELISA is used for methadone, benzodiazepines, opiates,
methamphetamine and for amphetamine.
• ELISA test is not useful for tetrahydrocannabinol.
Positive and negative controls should be also made up for
immunological hair analysis.
A second analytical method based on a different property of the
analyte must be always performed, like HPLC, or GC/MS for
confirmation.
17. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
Chromatographic methods have been used as screening
and confirming tests.
Quantification of drugs
achieved.
Gas Chromatography
and drug metabolites can be
• Gas chromatography (GC) separates a mixture of
compounds into individual components and the detector
coupled with GC identifies each component.
Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
• GC-MS is by far the most widely used analytical tool for
drug determination in hair specimens.
• Analysed the opiates, cocaine and related drugs,
amphetamines, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines,
therapeutical drugs and pesticides.
18. HPLC coupled to MS
• LC–MS is an analytical chemistry technique that
combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid
chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis
capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS).
• Use of LC-MS(-MS) owing to its excellent specificity and
its extraordinary sensitivity, which allow, in some special
cases, the detection of a single exposure to a specific drug.
In recent years, tandem mass (MS–MS) have been used
for hair analysis in order to increase sensitivity and detect
GC-unstable compounds.
19. SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
Multi-sectional analysis
involves taking a length of hair
and cutting it into sections to
measure drug use during
shorter periods of time.
Segmental hair analysis is used
to verify both their previous
drug history and their recent
enforced abstinence.
The switch from one drug (e.g.
heroin) to another drug
(codeine, ethylmorphine,
dihydrocodeine) can be
established with accuracy.
20. The effect of disarray of hair strands on the analytical results. Striped bars represent
drug concentrations in segments containing a drug (circular areas in the hair).
21. APPLICATIONS OF HAIR ANALYSIS
1) Drug-Facilitated Crime
• Drug-facilitated crimes (sexual assault, robbery,
incapacity, etc.) increase recently.
• Some drugs possess amnesic properties, as a result of
which a delay in reporting the crime, natural processes
have eliminated the drug from typical biological specimens.
In these situations, blood or even urine can be of little
interest.
• Hair is suggested as a valuable specimen in such situations.
2) Verification of drug history through sectional
analysis of hair
• To measure a person’s drug abuse history for a relatively
short period of time, sectional analysis of hair is performed
by cutting hair into short fragments.
22. 3) Determination of gestational drug exposure
• Analysis of new-born hair provide history of maternal drug
abuse during gestational period.
4) Dope testing
• Hair follicle tests provide a much large window of detection
of drugs used over a period of time by athletes.
5) Drug screening for pre-employment and driving
license fitness testing
• Level of drug abuse, single, multiple, or chronic users can
also be confirmed. Hair analysis in combination with
psychological tests can help to trace out the drug abuse
history, which can be used for re-granting or cancelling the
license.
• Studies showed that hair analysis is more effective than
urinalysis for “fitness to drive assessment”.
23. 6) Post-mortem toxicology
• For forensic investigation, it is helpful to gain maximum
possible information regarding the victim’s regular use of
drugs before death.
• The presence of a drug or its metabolite in the hair can
confirm whether the person was a regular user of a drug or
not.
7) Comparison with urine testing
• There is no tampering dispute with hair sample as for
other biological samples.
• Urine does not indicate the frequency of drug intake.
• Urine specimens cannot distinguish between chronic use
or single exposure, hair analysis can make this distinction.
24. CASE STUDY
Case-1
In July of 1990, a Miami man became extremely ill after drinking
an imported malted beverage from Colombia. After drinking the
contents of the bottle, the subject thought he may have been
poisoned; he stated the beverage tasted bad, and his mouth and
tongue were numb. The man went into a coma immediately
after making the statement and was rushed to the hospital. At
the hospital he was diagnosed as suffering from acute cocaine
intoxication after a urinalysis test.
Cocaine was detected in the residue of the bottle consumed by the
victim. The subject was maintained alive for 24 days. After the
victim died, hair samples were collected to determine whether
he was a regular cocaine user who had overdosed or the victim
of a product tampering (during the period after the incident but
before his death, the victim’s hair grew approximately 1 to 1.5
cm).
25. Historical information on his drug usage was gathered by
conducting segmental analysis on the victim's 2.5 cm length hair.
The hair was cut into half-centimeter segments and analyzed.
The hair segments contained a peak concentration of almost 100
nanograms (ng) per mg at a time period that corresponds to the
ingestion of the suspect beverage (segment 1-1.5 cm). Witness
interviews substantiated results of the segmental hair analysis
during the investigation, which revealed the victim was a chronic
cocaine user.
26. Case-2
A rape investigation was aided by hair analysis for cocaine. A
request was made for hair analysis by a small town's police
department to contest the alibi of a suspect after a woman
reported an acquaintance had raped her in her own home.
The suspect stated he and the victim were dating, engaging
in sex, and had used crack cocaine together on numerous
occasions. She denied his allegations and proof was
needed to refute or confirm his alibi. Since the suspect was
positive for cocaine and the victim was negative for use of
cocaine over the previous several months, hair testing was
effective in contradicting the alibi.
27. CONCLUSION
The testing of hair for drugs has been an invaluable aid and
often a necessary tool for law enforcement. It has given the
forensic investigator a glimpse into the past. In conjunction
with the use of urinalysis, hair testing can give a more
detailed drug history on a test subject. The two tests should
be considered complementary.
the confirmation of chronic environmental
However,
exposure
represents
to substances, by performing hair analysis,
a challenge for the toxicologist and careful
evaluation of the restrictions in the analysis of every class of
substances is further required.
28. REFERENCES
Boumba, V., Ziaavrou, K., Vougiouklais. T. 2006. Hair as a Biological
Indicator of Drug Use, Drug Abuse or Chronic Exposure to
Environmental Toxicants. International Journal of Toxicology.
25:143–163.
Kintz, P. 2007. Analytical and Practical Aspects of Drug Testing in Hair.
First Edition. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound
Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton. PP- 5-25.
Moffat, A.C., Osselton, M., Widdop, B. 2011. Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs
and Poisons. Fourth Edition. Pharmaceutical Press 1 Lambeth High
Street, London SE1 7JN, UK. PP- 323-334.
Nakahara, Y. 1999. Hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs.
Journal of Chromatography B. 733: 161–180.
Slanger, S. K. 1999. Detection of multiple drugs in human hair from
seven drug classes using one digestion/extraction protocol. Graduate
Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 9252: 20-36.