This document discusses the detection of narcotic substances in hair through forensic analysis. It provides an introduction to hair drug testing and its significance. It describes the mechanisms by which drugs are incorporated into hair and discusses sample collection, preparation, and analysis techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS. The advantages of hair analysis include its non-invasive collection and ability to detect drug use over a long period of time. Disadvantages include limited detection of recent use and higher costs compared to blood and urine testing. Case studies are presented to demonstrate real-world applications of hair analysis.
This document discusses microcrystalline testing for drugs. The test identifies specific drugs based on the unique shape and color of crystals formed when a drug sample is mixed with a specific reagent under a microscope. An example is provided where cocaine produces X-shaped crystals when reacted with gold chloride. The test has advantages of being cheap, simple, rapid and sensitive. However, it requires an expert to perform and interpret and can destroy important drug samples.
This document discusses the analysis of paint evidence in forensic investigations. It describes the procedures for collection, documentation, and various examination techniques used to analyze and compare paint samples, including visual examination under stereomicroscopes, physical matching of edges, and instrumental methods like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis of paint evidence can help investigators match a paint chip from a crime scene to a specific vehicle make and model in a hit-and-run case.
This document provides an introduction to hair as forensic evidence. It discusses the history of using hair in criminal investigations, the different types and structures of hair, growth phases, locations hair evidence can be found, and methods for collection, preservation, and forensic examination. Hair can be examined to determine characteristics like the species, sex, race, and in rare cases individualization of the person it came from. Various tests are used to analyze hair evidence microscopically and chemically.
This document provides guidelines for investigating and handling evidence from clandestine drug laboratories. It notes that chemical, fire, and explosion hazards are common in these facilities. Officers should coordinate with the PNP AIDSOTF and gather intelligence before any operation. At the site, they should assume booby traps are present and avoid direct contact with chemicals. After securing evidence, officers should photograph and document the scene, preserve chemicals and equipment, and examine documents and containers for clues regarding origins of materials. A post-investigation should further trace dangerous drugs and chemicals.
This document provides information about various topics in forensic science, including fingerprints, footwear impressions, and the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). It discusses the main types of fingerprints (loops, arches, and whorls), how AFIS works by storing digitized fingerprint images in a searchable database, and the identifying characteristics used. For footwear impressions, it explains the differences between positive and negative impressions, and notes that footwear evidence is often overlooked at crime scenes.
Hair can provide class evidence but not individual identification unless follicle cells are attached for DNA analysis. Hair is tough and can be left at crime scenes, adhering to clothes and surfaces. Chemical analysis of hair can provide information about drug use, toxins, and nutrition. Forensic analysis of hair as trace evidence began in the 1800s and comparison microscopy was first used in 1934.
This document discusses the detection of narcotic substances in hair through forensic analysis. It provides an introduction to hair drug testing and its significance. It describes the mechanisms by which drugs are incorporated into hair and discusses sample collection, preparation, and analysis techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS. The advantages of hair analysis include its non-invasive collection and ability to detect drug use over a long period of time. Disadvantages include limited detection of recent use and higher costs compared to blood and urine testing. Case studies are presented to demonstrate real-world applications of hair analysis.
This document discusses microcrystalline testing for drugs. The test identifies specific drugs based on the unique shape and color of crystals formed when a drug sample is mixed with a specific reagent under a microscope. An example is provided where cocaine produces X-shaped crystals when reacted with gold chloride. The test has advantages of being cheap, simple, rapid and sensitive. However, it requires an expert to perform and interpret and can destroy important drug samples.
This document discusses the analysis of paint evidence in forensic investigations. It describes the procedures for collection, documentation, and various examination techniques used to analyze and compare paint samples, including visual examination under stereomicroscopes, physical matching of edges, and instrumental methods like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis of paint evidence can help investigators match a paint chip from a crime scene to a specific vehicle make and model in a hit-and-run case.
This document provides an introduction to hair as forensic evidence. It discusses the history of using hair in criminal investigations, the different types and structures of hair, growth phases, locations hair evidence can be found, and methods for collection, preservation, and forensic examination. Hair can be examined to determine characteristics like the species, sex, race, and in rare cases individualization of the person it came from. Various tests are used to analyze hair evidence microscopically and chemically.
This document provides guidelines for investigating and handling evidence from clandestine drug laboratories. It notes that chemical, fire, and explosion hazards are common in these facilities. Officers should coordinate with the PNP AIDSOTF and gather intelligence before any operation. At the site, they should assume booby traps are present and avoid direct contact with chemicals. After securing evidence, officers should photograph and document the scene, preserve chemicals and equipment, and examine documents and containers for clues regarding origins of materials. A post-investigation should further trace dangerous drugs and chemicals.
This document provides information about various topics in forensic science, including fingerprints, footwear impressions, and the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). It discusses the main types of fingerprints (loops, arches, and whorls), how AFIS works by storing digitized fingerprint images in a searchable database, and the identifying characteristics used. For footwear impressions, it explains the differences between positive and negative impressions, and notes that footwear evidence is often overlooked at crime scenes.
Hair can provide class evidence but not individual identification unless follicle cells are attached for DNA analysis. Hair is tough and can be left at crime scenes, adhering to clothes and surfaces. Chemical analysis of hair can provide information about drug use, toxins, and nutrition. Forensic analysis of hair as trace evidence began in the 1800s and comparison microscopy was first used in 1934.
Presumptive tests are used at crime scenes to determine if a sample could be evidence such as blood, semen, or drugs. They are quick, cheap, and easy but not confirmatory. Confirmatory tests are used in a lab to confirm that a sample is a specific type of evidence and are more expensive and time-consuming. Investigators may use lights or chemical reagents like luminol or phenolphthalein to detect blood evidence not visible to the naked eye at a crime scene.
This document describes the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) presumptive test for detecting blood. The TMB test works by catalyzing the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin in blood. When heme in blood reacts with TMB in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, it causes TMB to oxidize and turn blue-green. The TMB test can detect blood dilutions up to 1:1000,000 and provides results within 20 seconds. It is a sensitive, easy and economical test for detecting blood, but uses corrosive reagents and lacks specificity for differentiating blood from other substances that may also cause color changes.
This document summarizes methods for characterizing blood evidence in forensic analysis. It describes the main components of blood and discusses both presumptive and confirmatory assays used to identify blood. Presumptive assays like the phenolphthalein, benzidine, LMG, and luminol tests can rapidly screen for the presence of blood. Confirmatory assays like the Takayama and Teichmann crystal tests are more specific and form characteristic heme crystals to conclusively identify blood. Forensic analysis of blood can provide crucial evidence and link victims to crime scenes.
Forensic toxicology focuses on the medical-legal aspects of chemical exposure and toxic injury. It involves analyzing samples like urine, blood, hair, oral fluid, and other bodily tissues or fluids to detect and quantify the presence of toxins and drugs. The concentration and type of substance present can provide information about factors like dosage and timing of exposure. A variety of analytical techniques are used, including chromatography methods and mass spectrometry, to screen for and confirm the identity of substances in biological samples as part of a forensic investigation.
Introduction to Toxicology and Forensic Toxilogical Examination and it's sign...Dr Raghu Khimani
This lecture includes Introduction to Toxicology and Related Terms are explained well in the easy language. Also, Concepts of Forensic Toxilogical Examination and it's significance is included in this lecture.
This document provides information on the structure, characteristics, and analysis of human and animal hair. It describes the three main layers of hair - cuticle, cortex, and medulla. The key differences between human and animal hair are discussed, including the width and pigment distribution in the cortex and nature of the medulla. Methods for sampling, examining, and preparing hair samples microscopically are also outlined.
Role of toxicology findings and drug Recognition expertHoneyM4
The document discusses the role of toxicological findings in forensics. It notes that toxicologists can:
1) Detect and identify drugs and poisons in bodily fluids and tissues
2) Assess the influence of any identified substances on an individual's behavior
3) Determine the amount of substances present and the probable state of the individual
4) Provide context on the effects of substances and possible interactions with other drugs
Toxicological analysis is important for determining the cause and manner of death during investigations and can aid legal determinations of whether substances caused or contributed to changes in behavior or death. Drug Recognition Experts are trained law enforcement officers who use standardized evaluations to examine impaired individuals and determine if they are under the influence
This document discusses hair, fibers, and paint evidence that is commonly analyzed in forensic science. It provides details on the morphology and structure of hair, including the root, medulla, cuticle, and cortex. Fibers can be natural or man-made, and various tools are used to compare fiber evidence microscopically. Paint analysis examines the layers, pigments, binders and other characteristics to match crime scene paint samples to vehicles.
Analysis of hair and fiber , differentiating it between human and animals. analysis in identification cases of male and female and different places of body origin. Examination in sexual assault cases and extraction of DNA from hair from DNA fingerprinting.
Glass can be analyzed and compared based on its physical and chemical properties. The refractive index and density are often used to determine if two glass samples could have originated from the same source. Refractive index is the most discriminating property and can be measured using the Becke line method. Other properties like thickness, curvature, fluorescence, and elemental composition through techniques like SEM-EDS can also be analyzed, but require larger sample sizes. The pattern of radial and concentric cracks from a fracture can provide information about the direction of impact.
Gunshot residue analysis can help determine if a person recently fired a weapon. Particles of residue containing elements like lead, barium, and antimony can be deposited on hands, clothing, or surfaces near a discharging firearm. While presence of these particles suggests contact with a recently fired gun, their absence does not prove innocence, as many factors like weather or time passed can impact detecting particles. Gunshot residue is one piece of evidence that can help investigations but is not definitive on its own.
This document discusses gunshot residue (GSR) and its detection in forensic investigations. It defines GSR as chemical and particulate components released when a gun is fired. GSR can be found on hands, skin, clothing, and nearby surfaces. Various techniques are described for collecting and detecting GSR, including dry collection methods using wax or tape lifts, wet collection using swabs or solvent washes, and analytical detection using microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, chemical tests for nitrates, lead and barium. The composition of GSR depends on factors like the gun's propellant and projectile materials. Detection of GSR can help answer questions in shooting investigations like whether a suspect fired a gun or if a wound was caused by
Footwear marks provide important evidence at crime scenes. Three types of marks can be left - visible, semi-visible, and latent. Characteristics include class traits from the manufacturing process and individual traits unique to a shoe. Marks are recorded through photography and casting of impressions. Comparison of questioned marks to known shoes examines class and individual traits like tread pattern, wear, and accidental marks. Computer systems can also match images of marks and shoe patterns to aid identification.
This document discusses the analysis of soil samples for forensic purposes. It defines soil and describes the various types of soil including sand, clay, silt, peat, chalk, and loam. It outlines methods for analyzing soil samples, such as simple observations under a microscope, ignition testing to determine organic content, measuring pH, and determining particle size and density distributions. The document explains the importance of soil analysis for forensic investigations, noting that soil is common evidence found at crime scenes that can help identify the source or make comparisons between samples.
Forensic toxicology is the study of toxic substances and their physiological effects. Toxicologists investigate deaths through postmortem drug testing, workplace drug testing, and identifying contraband. They analyze tissue samples to understand how the body processes toxins and drugs. Common toxic substances include alkaloids like amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, and cannabinoids. Toxicologists use various detection methods like chromatography, spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy to identify substances and determine cause of death.
Physical evidence found at crime scenes can provide crucial clues for investigators. Trace evidence like hair, fibers, paint chips and glass fragments can be analyzed and sometimes matched to a specific person or object. The Locard's Exchange Principle states that every contact leaves a trace, so criminals may leave evidence behind or take evidence with them. A variety of evidence types including fingerprints, DNA, tool marks, bite marks, and more can be scientifically analyzed and compared to suspects.
The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) is a ballistics imaging system operated by the ATF that connects digital images of ballistic evidence from crimes involving firearms. It contains over 2.8 million images that can be rapidly searched to link unsolved shootings and identify repeat offenders. By automating the process of comparing ballistic marks on bullets and cartridge cases, NIBIN helps solve crimes faster than traditional microscopic examination. It has confirmed over 74,000 "hits" connecting different shootings since its creation in 1999.
The document discusses hair examination to answer key questions:
1) Is the material hair or fiber?
2) Is the hair human or animal? Differences include cortex/medulla thickness.
3) For human hair - can it be identified to an individual? Macro/microscopic analysis examines features, attached materials like blood/semen, and DNA fingerprinting is most accurate.
This document provides an overview of analyzing drugs from hair samples for forensic analysis. It discusses how drugs become incorporated into hair, specimen collection procedures, stability of drugs in hair, effects of cosmetic treatments, hair digestion procedures, drug analysis methods including immunoassays, chromatography, and sectional analysis. Applications of hair analysis include drug facilitated crimes, verifying drug history, determining gestational drug exposure, and post-mortem toxicology. Two case studies are presented where hair analysis aided investigations.
This document describes an analytical toxicology report on the analysis of chemicals that may have adverse health effects. It discusses:
1. Analytical toxicology involves applying analytical chemistry tools to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze chemicals that could harm living organisms. This can help diagnose and prevent poisoning.
2. Several factors must be considered before analysis, like the amount of sample available and which poison is suspected. Samples like GI contents, urine, liver and concentrated tissues are analyzed depending on the poison.
3. Modern techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS are commonly used to simultaneously separate and quantify analytes. This report presents a real case study where these methods were used to detect anticoagulant rodent
Presumptive tests are used at crime scenes to determine if a sample could be evidence such as blood, semen, or drugs. They are quick, cheap, and easy but not confirmatory. Confirmatory tests are used in a lab to confirm that a sample is a specific type of evidence and are more expensive and time-consuming. Investigators may use lights or chemical reagents like luminol or phenolphthalein to detect blood evidence not visible to the naked eye at a crime scene.
This document describes the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) presumptive test for detecting blood. The TMB test works by catalyzing the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin in blood. When heme in blood reacts with TMB in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, it causes TMB to oxidize and turn blue-green. The TMB test can detect blood dilutions up to 1:1000,000 and provides results within 20 seconds. It is a sensitive, easy and economical test for detecting blood, but uses corrosive reagents and lacks specificity for differentiating blood from other substances that may also cause color changes.
This document summarizes methods for characterizing blood evidence in forensic analysis. It describes the main components of blood and discusses both presumptive and confirmatory assays used to identify blood. Presumptive assays like the phenolphthalein, benzidine, LMG, and luminol tests can rapidly screen for the presence of blood. Confirmatory assays like the Takayama and Teichmann crystal tests are more specific and form characteristic heme crystals to conclusively identify blood. Forensic analysis of blood can provide crucial evidence and link victims to crime scenes.
Forensic toxicology focuses on the medical-legal aspects of chemical exposure and toxic injury. It involves analyzing samples like urine, blood, hair, oral fluid, and other bodily tissues or fluids to detect and quantify the presence of toxins and drugs. The concentration and type of substance present can provide information about factors like dosage and timing of exposure. A variety of analytical techniques are used, including chromatography methods and mass spectrometry, to screen for and confirm the identity of substances in biological samples as part of a forensic investigation.
Introduction to Toxicology and Forensic Toxilogical Examination and it's sign...Dr Raghu Khimani
This lecture includes Introduction to Toxicology and Related Terms are explained well in the easy language. Also, Concepts of Forensic Toxilogical Examination and it's significance is included in this lecture.
This document provides information on the structure, characteristics, and analysis of human and animal hair. It describes the three main layers of hair - cuticle, cortex, and medulla. The key differences between human and animal hair are discussed, including the width and pigment distribution in the cortex and nature of the medulla. Methods for sampling, examining, and preparing hair samples microscopically are also outlined.
Role of toxicology findings and drug Recognition expertHoneyM4
The document discusses the role of toxicological findings in forensics. It notes that toxicologists can:
1) Detect and identify drugs and poisons in bodily fluids and tissues
2) Assess the influence of any identified substances on an individual's behavior
3) Determine the amount of substances present and the probable state of the individual
4) Provide context on the effects of substances and possible interactions with other drugs
Toxicological analysis is important for determining the cause and manner of death during investigations and can aid legal determinations of whether substances caused or contributed to changes in behavior or death. Drug Recognition Experts are trained law enforcement officers who use standardized evaluations to examine impaired individuals and determine if they are under the influence
This document discusses hair, fibers, and paint evidence that is commonly analyzed in forensic science. It provides details on the morphology and structure of hair, including the root, medulla, cuticle, and cortex. Fibers can be natural or man-made, and various tools are used to compare fiber evidence microscopically. Paint analysis examines the layers, pigments, binders and other characteristics to match crime scene paint samples to vehicles.
Analysis of hair and fiber , differentiating it between human and animals. analysis in identification cases of male and female and different places of body origin. Examination in sexual assault cases and extraction of DNA from hair from DNA fingerprinting.
Glass can be analyzed and compared based on its physical and chemical properties. The refractive index and density are often used to determine if two glass samples could have originated from the same source. Refractive index is the most discriminating property and can be measured using the Becke line method. Other properties like thickness, curvature, fluorescence, and elemental composition through techniques like SEM-EDS can also be analyzed, but require larger sample sizes. The pattern of radial and concentric cracks from a fracture can provide information about the direction of impact.
Gunshot residue analysis can help determine if a person recently fired a weapon. Particles of residue containing elements like lead, barium, and antimony can be deposited on hands, clothing, or surfaces near a discharging firearm. While presence of these particles suggests contact with a recently fired gun, their absence does not prove innocence, as many factors like weather or time passed can impact detecting particles. Gunshot residue is one piece of evidence that can help investigations but is not definitive on its own.
This document discusses gunshot residue (GSR) and its detection in forensic investigations. It defines GSR as chemical and particulate components released when a gun is fired. GSR can be found on hands, skin, clothing, and nearby surfaces. Various techniques are described for collecting and detecting GSR, including dry collection methods using wax or tape lifts, wet collection using swabs or solvent washes, and analytical detection using microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, chemical tests for nitrates, lead and barium. The composition of GSR depends on factors like the gun's propellant and projectile materials. Detection of GSR can help answer questions in shooting investigations like whether a suspect fired a gun or if a wound was caused by
Footwear marks provide important evidence at crime scenes. Three types of marks can be left - visible, semi-visible, and latent. Characteristics include class traits from the manufacturing process and individual traits unique to a shoe. Marks are recorded through photography and casting of impressions. Comparison of questioned marks to known shoes examines class and individual traits like tread pattern, wear, and accidental marks. Computer systems can also match images of marks and shoe patterns to aid identification.
This document discusses the analysis of soil samples for forensic purposes. It defines soil and describes the various types of soil including sand, clay, silt, peat, chalk, and loam. It outlines methods for analyzing soil samples, such as simple observations under a microscope, ignition testing to determine organic content, measuring pH, and determining particle size and density distributions. The document explains the importance of soil analysis for forensic investigations, noting that soil is common evidence found at crime scenes that can help identify the source or make comparisons between samples.
Forensic toxicology is the study of toxic substances and their physiological effects. Toxicologists investigate deaths through postmortem drug testing, workplace drug testing, and identifying contraband. They analyze tissue samples to understand how the body processes toxins and drugs. Common toxic substances include alkaloids like amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, and cannabinoids. Toxicologists use various detection methods like chromatography, spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy to identify substances and determine cause of death.
Physical evidence found at crime scenes can provide crucial clues for investigators. Trace evidence like hair, fibers, paint chips and glass fragments can be analyzed and sometimes matched to a specific person or object. The Locard's Exchange Principle states that every contact leaves a trace, so criminals may leave evidence behind or take evidence with them. A variety of evidence types including fingerprints, DNA, tool marks, bite marks, and more can be scientifically analyzed and compared to suspects.
The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) is a ballistics imaging system operated by the ATF that connects digital images of ballistic evidence from crimes involving firearms. It contains over 2.8 million images that can be rapidly searched to link unsolved shootings and identify repeat offenders. By automating the process of comparing ballistic marks on bullets and cartridge cases, NIBIN helps solve crimes faster than traditional microscopic examination. It has confirmed over 74,000 "hits" connecting different shootings since its creation in 1999.
The document discusses hair examination to answer key questions:
1) Is the material hair or fiber?
2) Is the hair human or animal? Differences include cortex/medulla thickness.
3) For human hair - can it be identified to an individual? Macro/microscopic analysis examines features, attached materials like blood/semen, and DNA fingerprinting is most accurate.
This document provides an overview of analyzing drugs from hair samples for forensic analysis. It discusses how drugs become incorporated into hair, specimen collection procedures, stability of drugs in hair, effects of cosmetic treatments, hair digestion procedures, drug analysis methods including immunoassays, chromatography, and sectional analysis. Applications of hair analysis include drug facilitated crimes, verifying drug history, determining gestational drug exposure, and post-mortem toxicology. Two case studies are presented where hair analysis aided investigations.
This document describes an analytical toxicology report on the analysis of chemicals that may have adverse health effects. It discusses:
1. Analytical toxicology involves applying analytical chemistry tools to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze chemicals that could harm living organisms. This can help diagnose and prevent poisoning.
2. Several factors must be considered before analysis, like the amount of sample available and which poison is suspected. Samples like GI contents, urine, liver and concentrated tissues are analyzed depending on the poison.
3. Modern techniques like GC-MS and LC-MS are commonly used to simultaneously separate and quantify analytes. This report presents a real case study where these methods were used to detect anticoagulant rodent
Forensic toxicology uses analytical chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical chemistry to aid in investigations of death, poisoning, and drug use. A toxicological analysis can be performed on various sample types to determine what toxic substances are present, in what concentrations, and their probable effects. Forensic toxicology can be separated into postmortem toxicology, human performance toxicology, and forensic drug testing. Different analytical techniques like immunoassays, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are used to detect drugs and metals in samples.
External contamination of hair with heroin was evaluated in six volunteers over 3 months. All contaminated subjects tested positive for opiates like heroin, 6-MAM, morphine and acetylcodeine for at least 3 months after the contamination period. Significant levels of 6-MAM (>0.5 ng/mg) were detected until 6 weeks in all subjects. The 6-MAM/morphine ratio was always above 1.3, even 3 months after contamination. Decontamination procedures were not sufficient to remove drugs that had penetrated into hair from external contamination. This suggests a risk of false positives from external contamination when interpreting hair drug tests.
Detecting Parental Substance Use Gns 2011GrahamSievers
- The document discusses hair drug testing and its use in child protection and custody cases. Hair can provide a drug history for up to a year since drugs are incorporated into the hair shaft as it grows.
- Hair drug testing is useful for these types of cases since it provides a long window of detection and segmental analysis can show drug use trends over time. However, it cannot determine the dose, purity or route of administration of drugs.
Course project hair analysis for assessing toxins and metabolic d...waynerossi61
Hair analysis can be used to detect nutritional deficiencies, toxins, drugs, and other substances by analyzing the minerals and compounds stored in hair. However, there is debate around the accuracy and usefulness of hair analysis results due to lack of standardization. Different labs may produce varying results for the same sample. While hair analysis shows promise for drug testing and forensics, medical practitioners are hesitant to use it as a diagnostic tool on its own due to the many variables that can influence results. In some cases, hair analysis has provided useful clues when combined with a full medical history and physical exam.
EVALUATION SEMINAR ON FORENSIC TOXICOLOGYSupriyaCS12
The document summarizes an evaluation seminar on forensic toxicology presented by Supriya C S. It discusses the history and four main disciplines of forensic toxicology including postmortem toxicology. It also outlines the various specimens used in analysis, common analytical methods like immunoassays and chromatography, applications in areas like workplace drug testing and doping control, classes of poisons, possible symptoms, and some famous cases that involved forensic toxicology.
These independent clinical studies conducted at top research centers found that MONAT ingredient users experienced significant hair growth, decreased thinning and hair fallout, increased density and fullness, and improved hair shine and condition, with no serious adverse side effects reported. The document then provides details on individual clinical studies conducted on ingredients including Capixyl, Procataline, and Crodasorb, finding benefits such as increased hair growth rates and decreased hair loss.
This document contains notes on principles of animal toxicology from Ramdas Bhat of Srinivas College of Pharmacy. It discusses the types of preclinical toxicity studies done on pharmaceutical products, including acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity studies. It provides details on acute toxicity studies, how LD50 is determined, and guidelines from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for standardized toxicology testing.
Radioimmunoassay allows for the measurement of wide range of materials of clinical and biological importance. This technique has a significant impact on medical diagnosis due to the ease with which the tests can be carried out, while assuring precision, specificity and sensitivity.
The radioimmunoassay technique, as the name implies, achieves sensitivity through the use of radionuclides and specificity that is uniquely associated with immunochemical reactions. It can detect substance from a range of Nano gram(ng) to Pico gram(pg).
Trace evidence such as hair and fibers found at a crime scene can provide important clues about what happened. Hair analysis can determine characteristics like the race of the source and whether drugs were ingested. Microscopic analysis of hair cuticle scale patterns, cortex pigment distribution, and medulla shape and index can indicate if a hair sample matches a suspect or victim. Fiber evidence can also connect a suspect to a crime scene based on the type of polymer and weave of the fiber. Together, hair and fiber evidence through microscopic analysis can help place a suspect at the scene of a crime.
These independent clinical studies were conducted at top research centers and found that MONAT ingredient users experienced significant hair growth, decreased thinning and hair fallout, increased hair density and rate of growth, and improved hair shine and condition, with no serious adverse side effects reported. The studies evaluated individual ingredients including Capixyl, Procataline, Crodasorb, and Rejuveniqe through protocols involving hair counts, microscopy, and physical property tests. Results demonstrated hair growth promotion, protection from UV damage and oxidative stress, reduced hair breakage, and shine enhancement.
- Hair drug testing can detect drug use over a period of 90 days by analyzing a 1.5 inch hair sample close to the scalp. Each 0.5 inch represents approximately 30 days.
- Hair drug testing has been shown to uncover 4-8 times as many drug users compared to urine drug testing in side-by-side studies.
- The minimum time period that can be accurately evaluated by a hair drug test is approximately one month (0.5 inch of hair growth).
Toxicokinetic evaluation in preclinical studies.pptxashharnomani
Toxicokinetic studies aim to understand what the body does with a drug at high doses. Such studies measure parameters like maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and area under the plasma concentration curve. Toxicokinetic data from preclinical studies can be used to select appropriate doses and dosing routes for clinical trials and to interpret toxicity findings. Factors like protein binding, metabolism, and species differences must be considered when evaluating toxicokinetic data.
Drug Discovery subject (clinical research)Jannat985397
The document discusses various topics related to drug discovery including methods of target validation, combinatorial chemistry, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, and computer-aided drug design. It describes the multi-step process of drug discovery from identifying potential drug targets to optimizing lead compounds and outlines the steps of pre-clinical and clinical drug testing required for regulatory approval. Key aspects covered include high-throughput screening techniques used to identify hits from compound libraries as well as tools for drug design like solid phase synthesis and parallel synthesis.
This document discusses the different types of toxicology. It begins with an introduction to toxicology, defining terms like toxin, toxicant, and toxicity. It then describes the major types of toxicology as mechanistic toxicology, regulatory toxicology, and descriptive toxicology. Mechanistic toxicology examines toxicity at the molecular level. Regulatory toxicology supports rulemaking and product approval. Descriptive toxicology focuses on toxicity testing in animals to evaluate hazards. The document provides examples and explanations of each type.
Toxicokinetics is the study of how the body affects a toxic substance over time through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Toxicokinetic studies help explain toxicity results by quantifying exposure levels in animals and relating them to dose levels and time. Such studies are important for interpreting toxicity findings, designing further studies, and assessing the relevance of results to human safety. Key objectives include describing systemic exposure levels in toxicity studies and relating them to toxic effects.
The beautiful hair, how to grind hair sample for detectionsWISBIOMED
The document discusses guidelines for using human hair samples for drug testing. It provides details on:
- Properly collecting and storing hair samples, including recommended sampling locations, recording hair characteristics, defining root and tip sections, and minimizing degradation or contamination.
- Cleaning hair samples through solvent washes to remove external contaminants before analysis.
- Methods for disintegrating hair including grinding it into a powder using Precellys, an instrument that pulverizes samples through bead beating.
- Carrying out extraction and various drug tests on processed hair samples, including for opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
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Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
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2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair
Specimen collection and procedures
Stability of drugs in hair
Decontamination procedures
Effects of cosmetic treatments
Hair digestion procedures
Drug analysis
Sectional analysis
Applications
Case study
Conclusion
References
3. 1. INTRODUCTION
Hair is recognized as an attractive and commonly used biological
specimen for drug testing.
The major practical advantages of hair testing are:
1) larger detection windows (from 3days to years), depending on the
length of the hair shaft, compared to those of urine/blood
2) evaluation of long term history to short term history
3) the sample collection is non-invasive.
There is also no valid reason for making hair specimens unlikely to
be tampered.
Drugs in hair can be detected and determined at the levels of pico-
mole/mg.
Hair analysis has found even broader applications in evaluating
environmental exposure to toxicants, in doping controls and in drug
abuse studies in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology
and clinical chemistry.
4. MECHANISMS OF DRUG INCORPORATION INTO HAIR
3 Modes of
Drug
Incorporation
(3)
Incorporation
from External
Contamination
(2) Incorporation
from Sweat and
Other Secretions
(1) Incorporation
from the
Bloodstream
5. • Drugs circulating in the blood delivered to the hair
follicle and are entrapped in inaccessible regions of
the hair.
• Distinct bands of drug are present in hair related to
hair growth.
• This model is termed the “entrapment model”.
(1)
Incorporation
from the
Bloodstream
• Drugs and metabolites are present in sweat and
sebum and may be transferred easily to hair.
• Lipophilic substances more accumulate in hair.
• This model is called the “sweat model”.
(2)
Incorporation
from Sweat
and Other
Secretions
• Passive exposure of the hair to the drug, either from
vapour phase or solid-phase contact.
• Drugs in hair are bind through ionic and van der
Waals interactions with the protein chain.
• Diffusion of drug is proportional to a number of
factors (concentration, nature of the object, pore size,
area, etc.).
(3)
Incorporation
from External
Contamination
7. Vertex posterior (back of the head) is the best area for sample
collection due to the following:
Most of the hairs exist in the same growth phase.
The growth rate of most of the hairs is also the same in this
region.
Less influence of age and sex.
SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND PROCEDURES
Figure showing Vertex posterior and Cutting of hair sample
8. COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Hair strands are cut as close as possible to the scalp, and the
location of the root-tip must be indicated.
Hair samples must be collect before the autopsy has started.
In case of curly hair, pluck hair and cut every hair strand
separately at defined intervals from the root.
Plucked hair may also be preferred in suspected fatal poisonings.
Hair samples are stored in an envelope, aluminium foil, or a
plastic zip lock bag and stored at ambient temperature.
Tape should be avoided.
Hair should be carefully aligned for segmental hair analysis.
10. STABILITY OF DRUGS IN HAIR
Drug incorporated in the
hair is very much stable
in favourable conditions,
e.g., ambient temperature
and dry atmosphere.
11. EFFECTS OF COSMETIC TREATMENTS
Drug concentration is change in hair by the cosmetic
treatment of hair.
The products used for cosmetic treatments, such as
bleaching, permanent waving, dyeing or relaxing; cause
hair damage and affect drug content (by loss) or directly
affect drug stability.
Hair cosmetic treatments affect and damage the cuticle
and hence drug concentration.
12. DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES
Contaminants can be care products (hair gel), sweat, and
drug contaminants from the environment, or anything else.
The goal of washing is to remove only the external
contaminants, dirt and grease from the surface of the hair
and avoidance of false positive.
Decontamination agents used in washing are detergents
such as Prell shampoo, surgical scrubbing solutions,
surfactants such as 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, phosphate
buffer, or organic solvents such as acetone, diethyl ether,
methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, hexane or pentane.
In hair analysis, the metabolites of drugs are analyzed,
which would not exist in external contamination.
14. Alkaline Digestion Method
• Incubate hair sample in 0.1∼2.5 M NaOH, at 37˚ C
overnight, at pH 9.
• Aqueous solution is extracted with solid phase extraction.
• Alkaline stable compounds, such as morphine,
amphetamines and cannabinoids have to be analyzed.
Acidic Extraction Method
• Incubate hair sample at 37˚ C overnight in 0.1 M HCl
solution or at 120 °C for 30 min in 0.6 M HCl solution.
• Solution is neutralized and extracted with solid phase
extraction (SPE).
• 6-AM and cocaine can be extracted.
15. Organic Solvent Method
• Hairs are digested in an ultrasound bath for several hours
at 45 °C using ethanol or methanol as solvent.
• Evaporating the organic solvent, the sample can be
analyzed directly by GC-MS.
• Unstable drugs like 6-AM can be analyzed.
Enzymatic Digestion Method
• Hairs are treated with a solution of Tris buffer, dithiothreitol,
proteinase K, and sodiumdodecyl sulfate.
• Enzymes digest hair by acting on hair protein (keratin) without
altering or destroying the concentration of drug and its
metabolites.
• Analyze unstable compounds like heroin/6-AM and cocaine.
16. DRUG ANALYSIS
Immunological methods
• Immunoassays are used as screening tests because of their
sensitivity, speed and convenience.
• It provides either a positive or negative result, indicating the
presence or absence of detectable drug.
• Quantification by immunoassay is difficult to achieve.
Radioimmunoassay
• RIA is the most common screening test for drug testing.
ELISA
• ELISA is used for methadone, benzodiazepines, opiates,
methamphetamine and for amphetamine.
• ELISA test is not useful for tetrahydrocannabinol.
Positive and negative controls should be also made up for
immunological hair analysis.
A second analytical method based on a different property of the
analyte must be always performed, like HPLC, or GC/MS for
confirmation.
17. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
Chromatographic methods have been used as screening
and confirming tests.
Quantification of drugs and drug metabolites can be
achieved.
Gas Chromatography
• Gas chromatography (GC) separates a mixture of
compounds into individual components and the detector
coupled with GC identifies each component.
Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
• GC-MS is by far the most widely used analytical tool for
drug determination in hair specimens.
• Analysed the opiates, cocaine and related drugs,
amphetamines, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines,
therapeutical drugs and pesticides.
18. HPLC coupled to MS
• LC–MS is an analytical chemistry technique that
combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid
chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis
capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS).
• Use of LC-MS(-MS) owing to its excellent specificity and
its extraordinary sensitivity, which allow, in some special
cases, the detection of a single exposure to a specific drug.
In recent years, tandem mass (MS–MS) have been used
for hair analysis in order to increase sensitivity and detect
GC-unstable compounds.
19. SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
Multi-sectional analysis
involves taking a length of hair
and cutting it into sections to
measure drug use during
shorter periods of time.
Segmental hair analysis is used
to verify both their previous
drug history and their recent
enforced abstinence.
The switch from one drug (e.g.
heroin) to another drug
(codeine, ethylmorphine,
dihydrocodeine) can be
established with accuracy.
20. The effect of disarray of hair strands on the analytical results. Striped bars represent
drug concentrations in segments containing a drug (circular areas in the hair).
21. APPLICATIONS OF HAIR ANALYSIS
1) Drug-Facilitated Crime
• Drug-facilitated crimes (sexual assault, robbery,
incapacity, etc.) increase recently.
• Some drugs possess amnesic properties, as a result of
which a delay in reporting the crime, natural processes
have eliminated the drug from typical biological specimens.
In these situations, blood or even urine can be of little
interest.
• Hair is suggested as a valuable specimen in such situations.
2) Verification of drug history through sectional
analysis of hair
• To measure a person’s drug abuse history for a relatively
short period of time, sectional analysis of hair is performed
by cutting hair into short fragments.
22. 3) Determination of gestational drug exposure
• Analysis of new-born hair provide history of maternal drug
abuse during gestational period.
4) Dope testing
• Hair follicle tests provide a much large window of detection
of drugs used over a period of time by athletes.
5) Drug screening for pre-employment and driving
license fitness testing
• Level of drug abuse, single, multiple, or chronic users can
also be confirmed. Hair analysis in combination with
psychological tests can help to trace out the drug abuse
history, which can be used for re-granting or cancelling the
license.
• Studies showed that hair analysis is more effective than
urinalysis for “fitness to drive assessment”.
23. 6) Post-mortem toxicology
• For forensic investigation, it is helpful to gain maximum
possible information regarding the victim’s regular use of
drugs before death.
• The presence of a drug or its metabolite in the hair can
confirm whether the person was a regular user of a drug or
not.
7) Comparison with urine testing
• There is no tampering dispute with hair sample as for
other biological samples.
• Urine does not indicate the frequency of drug intake.
• Urine specimens cannot distinguish between chronic use
or single exposure, hair analysis can make this distinction.
24. CASE STUDY
Case-1
In July of 1990, a Miami man became extremely ill after drinking
an imported malted beverage from Colombia. After drinking the
contents of the bottle, the subject thought he may have been
poisoned; he stated the beverage tasted bad, and his mouth and
tongue were numb. The man went into a coma immediately
after making the statement and was rushed to the hospital. At
the hospital he was diagnosed as suffering from acute cocaine
intoxication after a urinalysis test.
Cocaine was detected in the residue of the bottle consumed by the
victim. The subject was maintained alive for 24 days. After the
victim died, hair samples were collected to determine whether
he was a regular cocaine user who had overdosed or the victim
of a product tampering (during the period after the incident but
before his death, the victim’s hair grew approximately 1 to 1.5
cm).
25. Historical information on his drug usage was gathered by
conducting segmental analysis on the victim's 2.5 cm length hair.
The hair was cut into half-centimeter segments and analyzed.
The hair segments contained a peak concentration of almost 100
nanograms (ng) per mg at a time period that corresponds to the
ingestion of the suspect beverage (segment 1-1.5 cm). Witness
interviews substantiated results of the segmental hair analysis
during the investigation, which revealed the victim was a chronic
cocaine user.
26. Case-2
A rape investigation was aided by hair analysis for cocaine. A
request was made for hair analysis by a small town's police
department to contest the alibi of a suspect after a woman
reported an acquaintance had raped her in her own home.
The suspect stated he and the victim were dating, engaging
in sex, and had used crack cocaine together on numerous
occasions. She denied his allegations and proof was
needed to refute or confirm his alibi. Since the suspect was
positive for cocaine and the victim was negative for use of
cocaine over the previous several months, hair testing was
effective in contradicting the alibi.
27. CONCLUSION
The testing of hair for drugs has been an invaluable aid and
often a necessary tool for law enforcement. It has given the
forensic investigator a glimpse into the past. In conjunction
with the use of urinalysis, hair testing can give a more
detailed drug history on a test subject. The two tests should
be considered complementary.
However, the confirmation of chronic environmental
exposure to substances, by performing hair analysis,
represents a challenge for the toxicologist and careful
evaluation of the restrictions in the analysis of every class of
substances is further required.
28. REFERENCES
Boumba, V., Ziaavrou, K., Vougiouklais. T. 2006. Hair as a Biological
Indicator of Drug Use, Drug Abuse or Chronic Exposure to
Environmental Toxicants. International Journal of Toxicology.
25:143–163.
Kintz, P. 2007. Analytical and Practical Aspects of Drug Testing in Hair.
First Edition. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound
Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton. PP- 5-25.
Moffat, A.C., Osselton, M., Widdop, B. 2011. Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs
and Poisons. Fourth Edition. Pharmaceutical Press 1 Lambeth High
Street, London SE1 7JN, UK. PP- 323-334.
Nakahara, Y. 1999. Hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs.
Journal of Chromatography B. 733: 161–180.
Slanger, S. K. 1999. Detection of multiple drugs in human hair from
seven drug classes using one digestion/extraction protocol. Graduate
Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 9252: 20-36.