- Crystal growth by Czochralski technique
- Characterization of optical properties of LiNbO3
- Fabrication of periodic structures by electric field poling
- Optical characterization of periodic structures
1998(2000 Postdoctoral position at the University of California, Santa Barbara
- Growth and characterization of CdTe thin films for PV applications
- Modeling of CdTe solar cells
2000(2002 Postdoctoral position at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Growth and characterization of CIGS thin films for PV applications
- Modeling of CIGS solar cells
Since 2002: CNRS Researcher at IM2NP Laboratory, University of Aix(Marseille,
1. The document discusses the author's research in three areas: graph-based clustering methods, approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), and Bayesian computation using empirical likelihood.
2. For graph-based clustering, the author presents asymptotic results for spectral clustering as the number of data points and bandwidth approach infinity.
3. For ABC, the author discusses sequential ABC algorithms and challenges of model choice and high-dimensional summary statistics. Machine learning methods are proposed to analyze simulated ABC data.
4. For empirical likelihood, the author proposes using it for Bayesian computation when the likelihood is intractable and simulation is infeasible, as it provides correct confidence intervals unlike composite likelihoods.
This document discusses security analysis of distributed systems. It outlines that security analysis involves specifying the participating entities, a security property, and checking if that property is satisfied across all possible executions despite interference from attackers. Some example security properties mentioned are secrecy, authentication, and strong secrecy. Analyzing distributed systems security is challenging due to their non-deterministic and infinitely branching nature.
CIGS Solar Cells: How and Why is their Cost Falling?Jeffrey Funk
This document provides an overview of CIGS thin-film solar cells, including their advantages, current state of development, and future opportunities. CIGS cells have higher efficiency than other thin film technologies due to their ability to absorb different wavelengths of light. Efforts are underway to further improve efficiency through cell structure optimization and new deposition techniques that reduce costs. The document outlines several low-cost processing methods in development, such as printing and electrodeposition. It also discusses entrepreneurial opportunities throughout the CIGS value chain, including in materials/chemicals, manufacturing, installation/maintenance, and training.
imec ecoTips Bizzclub over duurzame energie, zonnecellen, batterijtechnologie...ecoTips
Imec is a leading research organization focused on nano-electronics and digital technology. It was founded in 1984 in Leuven, Belgium as an independent non-profit and has over 3,400 employees from over 70 nationalities working across multiple locations globally. Imec's energy research focuses on developing high-performance solar cell and battery technologies to enable renewable energy solutions through nanotechnology and materials innovation.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic materials and technologies. It discusses the basic workings of solar cells and outlines the major types of solar cell materials including crystalline silicon, thin film technologies like cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide, and emerging multi-junction and organic solar cells. The document also briefly discusses solar PV market trends and deployment opportunities.
Ultrafast screening Method for assessing photostabiliy of Thin Film solar cellsRitesh Agarwal
This document summarizes a seminar on an ultrafast screening method for assessing the photostability of thin-film solar cells. It discusses the importance of solar power given rising energy demands. It outlines the key factors of efficiency, costs and lifetime that determine commercial success of solar cells. It then describes different photovoltaic technologies including crystalline silicon, thin film technologies like amorphous silicon, CdTe, CIGS, and gallium arsenide. The document proposes an ultrafast screening method using a xenon lamp and cooling system to test photostability at varying light intensities and temperatures, allowing faster lifetime testing of thin film solar cells compared to outdoor testing. It concludes the method can support research on innovative thin film
Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the opti...IOSRJEEE
This document analyzes and compares three different photovoltaic panel technologies - amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and monocrystalline silicon - installed in Mohammedia, Morocco to determine the optimal panel type for the region. Over one year of data collection:
1) The polycrystalline silicon panels generated the most energy at 3,463.58 kWh and had the shortest payback period of 13.6 years, making it the most optimal panel type.
2) Amorphous silicon panels generated the least energy at 3,175.964 kWh and had the longest payback period of 16.12 years, making it the least optimal choice.
3) While
07b. Nanotechnologies for diagnostics and nanomedicine
Lab on a chip: Miniaturization, Soft lithographies, microfluidics (Navier-Stokes equations, laminar flow in microchannels, main microfluidic components), Selected applications to chemical microreactors, separation systems and Lab On a Chip.
1. The document discusses the author's research in three areas: graph-based clustering methods, approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), and Bayesian computation using empirical likelihood.
2. For graph-based clustering, the author presents asymptotic results for spectral clustering as the number of data points and bandwidth approach infinity.
3. For ABC, the author discusses sequential ABC algorithms and challenges of model choice and high-dimensional summary statistics. Machine learning methods are proposed to analyze simulated ABC data.
4. For empirical likelihood, the author proposes using it for Bayesian computation when the likelihood is intractable and simulation is infeasible, as it provides correct confidence intervals unlike composite likelihoods.
This document discusses security analysis of distributed systems. It outlines that security analysis involves specifying the participating entities, a security property, and checking if that property is satisfied across all possible executions despite interference from attackers. Some example security properties mentioned are secrecy, authentication, and strong secrecy. Analyzing distributed systems security is challenging due to their non-deterministic and infinitely branching nature.
CIGS Solar Cells: How and Why is their Cost Falling?Jeffrey Funk
This document provides an overview of CIGS thin-film solar cells, including their advantages, current state of development, and future opportunities. CIGS cells have higher efficiency than other thin film technologies due to their ability to absorb different wavelengths of light. Efforts are underway to further improve efficiency through cell structure optimization and new deposition techniques that reduce costs. The document outlines several low-cost processing methods in development, such as printing and electrodeposition. It also discusses entrepreneurial opportunities throughout the CIGS value chain, including in materials/chemicals, manufacturing, installation/maintenance, and training.
imec ecoTips Bizzclub over duurzame energie, zonnecellen, batterijtechnologie...ecoTips
Imec is a leading research organization focused on nano-electronics and digital technology. It was founded in 1984 in Leuven, Belgium as an independent non-profit and has over 3,400 employees from over 70 nationalities working across multiple locations globally. Imec's energy research focuses on developing high-performance solar cell and battery technologies to enable renewable energy solutions through nanotechnology and materials innovation.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic materials and technologies. It discusses the basic workings of solar cells and outlines the major types of solar cell materials including crystalline silicon, thin film technologies like cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide, and emerging multi-junction and organic solar cells. The document also briefly discusses solar PV market trends and deployment opportunities.
Ultrafast screening Method for assessing photostabiliy of Thin Film solar cellsRitesh Agarwal
This document summarizes a seminar on an ultrafast screening method for assessing the photostability of thin-film solar cells. It discusses the importance of solar power given rising energy demands. It outlines the key factors of efficiency, costs and lifetime that determine commercial success of solar cells. It then describes different photovoltaic technologies including crystalline silicon, thin film technologies like amorphous silicon, CdTe, CIGS, and gallium arsenide. The document proposes an ultrafast screening method using a xenon lamp and cooling system to test photostability at varying light intensities and temperatures, allowing faster lifetime testing of thin film solar cells compared to outdoor testing. It concludes the method can support research on innovative thin film
Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the opti...IOSRJEEE
This document analyzes and compares three different photovoltaic panel technologies - amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and monocrystalline silicon - installed in Mohammedia, Morocco to determine the optimal panel type for the region. Over one year of data collection:
1) The polycrystalline silicon panels generated the most energy at 3,463.58 kWh and had the shortest payback period of 13.6 years, making it the most optimal panel type.
2) Amorphous silicon panels generated the least energy at 3,175.964 kWh and had the longest payback period of 16.12 years, making it the least optimal choice.
3) While
07b. Nanotechnologies for diagnostics and nanomedicine
Lab on a chip: Miniaturization, Soft lithographies, microfluidics (Navier-Stokes equations, laminar flow in microchannels, main microfluidic components), Selected applications to chemical microreactors, separation systems and Lab On a Chip.
A view on Perovskite Solar Cells: An Emerging TechnologyIRJET Journal
The document discusses perovskite solar cells as an emerging solar technology, noting that perovskite cells offer higher efficiency and lower cost compared to traditional silicon solar cells. It describes the fabrication process, design implementation, manufacturing, and applications of perovskite solar cells. While perovskite cells currently have stability issues, the document argues that addressing these issues could allow perovskite technology to transform solar power deployment.
This document discusses thin-film photovoltaics research and opportunities. It covers several topics:
- Thin-film solar cell technologies like CIGS, CdTe, and emerging materials like CZTS have higher efficiencies than earlier generations and lower production costs. Research aims to further improve efficiency and reduce costs.
- The Helmholtz-Zentrum in Berlin conducts R&D on thin-film photovoltaics including advanced materials, device concepts, and characterization techniques to develop more efficient and cost-effective solar cells.
- Issues like material scarcity for some thin-film technologies are being addressed through research into alternative materials and processes to produce solar cells on flexible substrates using less raw
This document discusses HelioVolt Corporation's proprietary reactive transfer process for manufacturing copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) photovoltaic modules. The process combines rapid thermal processing and anodic wafer bonding to synthesize high-quality CIGS films from precursor layers in only 6 minutes. CIGS cells fabricated with this process have achieved 14% efficiency. HelioVolt has scaled this process to produce CIGS modules on a 20 MW pilot line, with 12% module efficiency demonstrated. The company aims to further scale production to multi-100MW factories to commercially produce CIGS modules using this low-cost, scalable reactive transfer method.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic materials and technologies. It discusses the basic workings of solar cells and outlines the major types of solar cell materials including crystalline silicon, thin film technologies like cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide, and emerging multi-junction and organic solar cells. The document also briefly discusses solar PV market trends and deployment opportunities.
The document summarizes recent research on microLED manufacturing processes. It discusses traditional mass transfer methods like self-assembly, pick and place, and selective release. It also covers newer monolithic integration techniques for directly growing LED materials on device substrates. Key challenges addressed include how to transfer, colorize, and restrain optical crosstalk between microLEDs. The document concludes that both traditional and monolithic methods will continue to be developed to achieve high-yield microLED production.
This document summarizes heterojunction silicon-based solar cells. It discusses the motivation for developing heterojunction solar cells using thin amorphous silicon layers on crystalline silicon to improve efficiency. Achievements include laboratory cells reaching over 23% efficiency and commercialization by Sanyo of their HIT solar cells. Challenges include reducing optical, recombination, and resistance losses through techniques like surface texturing, high quality thin film deposition, and contact design.
Features foldable electronics
I know perfectly that many people could think: Hey guy, this stuff is only a dream, good for some sci-fi movies.
This general opinion is normal because so far we have seen electronics always opaque but, before show these project, I wanted to be sure they were feasible.
Well, if you read the ebook " A foldable world" - http://www.biodomotica.com/foldable-nanotech.htm - you will find that all this is true.
Most important universities, companies and research centers around the world are working on nanotechnology and on projects that I like: transparent electronics.
You don't need a Ph.D. in Physics to understand articles inside the ebook. At the end of reading you will begin to ask for a new foldable & transparent laptop ;-)
These devices are not yet available but are NOT sci-fi.
Printed electronics and nanotechnology will rules and changes the world before than you think.
Forget what have seen so far about electronic gadgets: printed electronics is coming with new unbelievable features.
This products will be thin, light, without wires, flexible, water-proof, shock resistant, low energy, solar recharge and recyclable.
This technology will be out of laboratory and completely available by a few years, so it’s not too early to think how the nanotechnology will change our life and how interact with invisible electronics.
Transparent and foldable electronic is a part of the coming printed electronics and these forecasts are my personal point of view:
Electronics should be user-friendly and eco-friendly, cheap and standard.
Some products will have only 2 dimensions. If you want 3rd dimension is possible use packaging technology (boxes) or glued printed electronics sheets or print directly on surfaces of 3d objects.
Philosophy of product designer is going to be more near to fashion designers or graphic designers:
products thought as dress, using ribbons and sheets.
Transparent and thin means not only invisible electronics but you can also customize it with your creativity.
Help and tutorial “how use it” are visible on the products’ surface.
With “artificial muscles” inside is possible move, vibrate or open printed sheets.
Using surface’s treatment like gecko's paws is possible shape or attach devices everywhere.
Solar nanocells recharge devices by sun or infrared rays.
Without wires for electric energy is possible use it everywhere.
Neither fall or water can damage our precious electronic friend.
H2 & Emerging Technologies for sustainable energy - 20 mai 2020Cluster TWEED
Webinaire, organisé le 20 mai 2020, lié aux nouvelles technologies émergentes du secteur énergétique, dont l'hydrogène.
Programme et orateurs :
- Emerging technologies for sustainable energy - Engie Research, Jan Mertens (MSc, PhD), Chief Science Officer (En)
- Hydrogène, le chaînon manquant - HydrogenAdvisors, Raphaël Schoentgen, ancien President de Hydrogen Europe et du FCHJU (Fr)
La vidéo de cet événement est également disponible sur la chaîne Youtube du cluster TWEED.
EFFICIENT INCORPORATION OF ML IN CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENTIRJET Journal
This document proposes an efficient approach for managing construction waste through machine learning techniques. It involves preprocessing input data on construction materials, clustering the data using Fuzzy C-Means, selecting clusters through linear selection based on user input, evaluating clusters using artificial neural networks to generate probability values, and classifying the output using decision trees to determine waste levels. The approach was implemented in Java and evaluated based on its ability to accurately predict construction waste amounts, as measured by the root mean square error between predicted and actual waste values. The results showed this machine learning based approach can effectively manage and minimize construction waste.
Current Status of Solar Photovoltaic Technology Platforms, Manufacturing Issu...Tuong Do
The document provides an overview of current status and research focus areas for various solar photovoltaic technology platforms, including crystalline silicon PV and thin film technologies. For crystalline silicon PV, the baseline technology is discussed along with near term research focus on new methods for emitter formation, passivation and device architecture to improve performance. For thin film technologies, the status and research focus for CIGS, CdTe, and a-Si/nc-Si technologies is summarized. The document also discusses the Institute of Energy Conversion at the University of Delaware and its research program goals and facilities for thin film and crystalline silicon photovoltaic research.
Solar energy ongoing project by Alejandro PérezASCAME
The project aimed to decrease the efficiency gap between electrodeposition-based CIGS cells and those produced via more expensive PVD processes. It focused on improving process control and material homogeneity.
Key results included developing Raman scattering-based process monitoring techniques, improving the NEXCIS baseline process to achieve a world-record 17.3% efficient cell and average module efficiencies similar to industrial PVD lines. Raman/photoluminescence validated the use of these methods for quality control in the NEXCIS process. The collaboration demonstrated 60x120
This document provides an overview of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) technology. BIPV involves integrating solar cells into standard building materials to serve as both part of the building envelope and as a generator of electricity. The document discusses BIPV technology, design considerations, product types, applications, case studies, advantages and disadvantages. It concludes that BIPV provides architectural benefits while reducing energy bills and making buildings more energy efficient through an integrated solar energy system.
The document discusses several advanced materials processing techniques including powder processing, sol-gel processing, thermal oxidation, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, and chemical vapor deposition. It also discusses applications of these techniques such as coating ceramic outer air seals on gas turbine blades and depositing optical fibers. MEMS applications are explored including uses in biotechnology, chemical detection, adaptive optics, and miniature sensors and actuators.
Compositional, structural and optical properties analysis of β-In2S3 Thin Fil...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes thin films of β-In2S3 prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis and electrochemical deposition techniques. Characterization of the films was conducted through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and optical analysis. The structural analysis revealed films with the (0 0 12) orientation for both deposition techniques. The films exhibited a band gap varying from 2.45eV to 2.90eV. SEM images showed the films to be uniform, dense, and compact with small grain sizes. EDS analysis found the films to have good stoichiometry of indium and sulfur. Overall, the document evaluates the compositional, structural, and optical properties of β-In2S3 thin films
SGU - Material Science Part 5 [Special Subject_ Nano Material]Hernanto Wiryomijoyo
This document discusses nanotechnology and nano-composite materials. It describes how nanotechnology involves building things at the molecular level using techniques to precisely place atoms and molecules. The document then discusses how nano-composites are structured, including nano-layers and nano-grains embedded in a matrix. It provides examples of using nano-composites and nano-structured coatings to improve properties like hardness, heat resistance, and oxidation resistance for applications like precision tools and manufacturing.
This document analyzes soiling losses for different solar photovoltaic technologies installed on the rooftop of an Infosys building in Bangalore, India over a one month period. Soiling, or the accumulation of dust on solar panels, reduces efficiency. The study found soiling losses ranged from 1-9% initially to 17-22% after one month, with cadmium telluride panels experiencing the highest losses. Losses were quantified by comparing generation of cleaned versus uncleaned panels of each technology. The study provides field data on how dust impacts performance of different solar modules in a metropolitan environment.
Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Costijtsrd
Generation of clean energy is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Solar energy is the most abundantly available renewable energy source which would be supplying more than 50% of the global electricity demand in 2100. Solar cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy directly with an appeal that it does not generate any harmful bi-products, like greenhouse gasses. The manufacturing of solar cells is actually based on the types of semiconducting or non-semiconducting materials used and commercial maturity. From the very beginning of the terrestrial use of Solar Cells, efficiency and costs are the main focusing areas of research. The definition of so-called emerging technologies sometimes described as including any technology capable of overcoming the Shockley“Queisser limit of power conversion efficiency (33.7 percent) for a single junction device. In this paper, few promising materials for solar cells are discussed including their structural morphology, electrical and optical properties. The excellent state of the art technology, advantages and potential research issues yet to be explored are also pointed out. Md. Samiul Islam Sadek | Dr. M Junaebur Rashid | Dr. Zahid Hasan Mahmood"Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Cost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd96.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/96/emerging-next-generation-solar-cells-route-to-high-efficiency-and-low-cost/md-samiul-islam-sadek
Motivation, benefits, and challenges for new photovoltaic material & module d...Leonardo ENERGY
The main objective of the IEA-PVPS Task 13 Report on “Designing New Materials for Photovoltaics: Opportunities for Lowering Cost and Increasing Performance through Advanced Material Innovations” is to provide a global survey of technical efforts aimed at lowering cost and increasing performance and reliability of PV modules by employing new designs, materials and concepts. Furthermore, the report aims to (1) increase the exchange of information about promising materials and design concepts, (2) provide the means for increasing the value of PV modules, (3) provide recommendations on characterization methods for new technologies and (4) give input regarding new requirements for standardization. This paper focuses on describing the motivation, benefits, and challenges for new photovoltaic material and module developments.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
A view on Perovskite Solar Cells: An Emerging TechnologyIRJET Journal
The document discusses perovskite solar cells as an emerging solar technology, noting that perovskite cells offer higher efficiency and lower cost compared to traditional silicon solar cells. It describes the fabrication process, design implementation, manufacturing, and applications of perovskite solar cells. While perovskite cells currently have stability issues, the document argues that addressing these issues could allow perovskite technology to transform solar power deployment.
This document discusses thin-film photovoltaics research and opportunities. It covers several topics:
- Thin-film solar cell technologies like CIGS, CdTe, and emerging materials like CZTS have higher efficiencies than earlier generations and lower production costs. Research aims to further improve efficiency and reduce costs.
- The Helmholtz-Zentrum in Berlin conducts R&D on thin-film photovoltaics including advanced materials, device concepts, and characterization techniques to develop more efficient and cost-effective solar cells.
- Issues like material scarcity for some thin-film technologies are being addressed through research into alternative materials and processes to produce solar cells on flexible substrates using less raw
This document discusses HelioVolt Corporation's proprietary reactive transfer process for manufacturing copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) photovoltaic modules. The process combines rapid thermal processing and anodic wafer bonding to synthesize high-quality CIGS films from precursor layers in only 6 minutes. CIGS cells fabricated with this process have achieved 14% efficiency. HelioVolt has scaled this process to produce CIGS modules on a 20 MW pilot line, with 12% module efficiency demonstrated. The company aims to further scale production to multi-100MW factories to commercially produce CIGS modules using this low-cost, scalable reactive transfer method.
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic materials and technologies. It discusses the basic workings of solar cells and outlines the major types of solar cell materials including crystalline silicon, thin film technologies like cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide, and emerging multi-junction and organic solar cells. The document also briefly discusses solar PV market trends and deployment opportunities.
The document summarizes recent research on microLED manufacturing processes. It discusses traditional mass transfer methods like self-assembly, pick and place, and selective release. It also covers newer monolithic integration techniques for directly growing LED materials on device substrates. Key challenges addressed include how to transfer, colorize, and restrain optical crosstalk between microLEDs. The document concludes that both traditional and monolithic methods will continue to be developed to achieve high-yield microLED production.
This document summarizes heterojunction silicon-based solar cells. It discusses the motivation for developing heterojunction solar cells using thin amorphous silicon layers on crystalline silicon to improve efficiency. Achievements include laboratory cells reaching over 23% efficiency and commercialization by Sanyo of their HIT solar cells. Challenges include reducing optical, recombination, and resistance losses through techniques like surface texturing, high quality thin film deposition, and contact design.
Features foldable electronics
I know perfectly that many people could think: Hey guy, this stuff is only a dream, good for some sci-fi movies.
This general opinion is normal because so far we have seen electronics always opaque but, before show these project, I wanted to be sure they were feasible.
Well, if you read the ebook " A foldable world" - http://www.biodomotica.com/foldable-nanotech.htm - you will find that all this is true.
Most important universities, companies and research centers around the world are working on nanotechnology and on projects that I like: transparent electronics.
You don't need a Ph.D. in Physics to understand articles inside the ebook. At the end of reading you will begin to ask for a new foldable & transparent laptop ;-)
These devices are not yet available but are NOT sci-fi.
Printed electronics and nanotechnology will rules and changes the world before than you think.
Forget what have seen so far about electronic gadgets: printed electronics is coming with new unbelievable features.
This products will be thin, light, without wires, flexible, water-proof, shock resistant, low energy, solar recharge and recyclable.
This technology will be out of laboratory and completely available by a few years, so it’s not too early to think how the nanotechnology will change our life and how interact with invisible electronics.
Transparent and foldable electronic is a part of the coming printed electronics and these forecasts are my personal point of view:
Electronics should be user-friendly and eco-friendly, cheap and standard.
Some products will have only 2 dimensions. If you want 3rd dimension is possible use packaging technology (boxes) or glued printed electronics sheets or print directly on surfaces of 3d objects.
Philosophy of product designer is going to be more near to fashion designers or graphic designers:
products thought as dress, using ribbons and sheets.
Transparent and thin means not only invisible electronics but you can also customize it with your creativity.
Help and tutorial “how use it” are visible on the products’ surface.
With “artificial muscles” inside is possible move, vibrate or open printed sheets.
Using surface’s treatment like gecko's paws is possible shape or attach devices everywhere.
Solar nanocells recharge devices by sun or infrared rays.
Without wires for electric energy is possible use it everywhere.
Neither fall or water can damage our precious electronic friend.
H2 & Emerging Technologies for sustainable energy - 20 mai 2020Cluster TWEED
Webinaire, organisé le 20 mai 2020, lié aux nouvelles technologies émergentes du secteur énergétique, dont l'hydrogène.
Programme et orateurs :
- Emerging technologies for sustainable energy - Engie Research, Jan Mertens (MSc, PhD), Chief Science Officer (En)
- Hydrogène, le chaînon manquant - HydrogenAdvisors, Raphaël Schoentgen, ancien President de Hydrogen Europe et du FCHJU (Fr)
La vidéo de cet événement est également disponible sur la chaîne Youtube du cluster TWEED.
EFFICIENT INCORPORATION OF ML IN CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENTIRJET Journal
This document proposes an efficient approach for managing construction waste through machine learning techniques. It involves preprocessing input data on construction materials, clustering the data using Fuzzy C-Means, selecting clusters through linear selection based on user input, evaluating clusters using artificial neural networks to generate probability values, and classifying the output using decision trees to determine waste levels. The approach was implemented in Java and evaluated based on its ability to accurately predict construction waste amounts, as measured by the root mean square error between predicted and actual waste values. The results showed this machine learning based approach can effectively manage and minimize construction waste.
Current Status of Solar Photovoltaic Technology Platforms, Manufacturing Issu...Tuong Do
The document provides an overview of current status and research focus areas for various solar photovoltaic technology platforms, including crystalline silicon PV and thin film technologies. For crystalline silicon PV, the baseline technology is discussed along with near term research focus on new methods for emitter formation, passivation and device architecture to improve performance. For thin film technologies, the status and research focus for CIGS, CdTe, and a-Si/nc-Si technologies is summarized. The document also discusses the Institute of Energy Conversion at the University of Delaware and its research program goals and facilities for thin film and crystalline silicon photovoltaic research.
Solar energy ongoing project by Alejandro PérezASCAME
The project aimed to decrease the efficiency gap between electrodeposition-based CIGS cells and those produced via more expensive PVD processes. It focused on improving process control and material homogeneity.
Key results included developing Raman scattering-based process monitoring techniques, improving the NEXCIS baseline process to achieve a world-record 17.3% efficient cell and average module efficiencies similar to industrial PVD lines. Raman/photoluminescence validated the use of these methods for quality control in the NEXCIS process. The collaboration demonstrated 60x120
This document provides an overview of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) technology. BIPV involves integrating solar cells into standard building materials to serve as both part of the building envelope and as a generator of electricity. The document discusses BIPV technology, design considerations, product types, applications, case studies, advantages and disadvantages. It concludes that BIPV provides architectural benefits while reducing energy bills and making buildings more energy efficient through an integrated solar energy system.
The document discusses several advanced materials processing techniques including powder processing, sol-gel processing, thermal oxidation, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, and chemical vapor deposition. It also discusses applications of these techniques such as coating ceramic outer air seals on gas turbine blades and depositing optical fibers. MEMS applications are explored including uses in biotechnology, chemical detection, adaptive optics, and miniature sensors and actuators.
Compositional, structural and optical properties analysis of β-In2S3 Thin Fil...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes thin films of β-In2S3 prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis and electrochemical deposition techniques. Characterization of the films was conducted through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and optical analysis. The structural analysis revealed films with the (0 0 12) orientation for both deposition techniques. The films exhibited a band gap varying from 2.45eV to 2.90eV. SEM images showed the films to be uniform, dense, and compact with small grain sizes. EDS analysis found the films to have good stoichiometry of indium and sulfur. Overall, the document evaluates the compositional, structural, and optical properties of β-In2S3 thin films
SGU - Material Science Part 5 [Special Subject_ Nano Material]Hernanto Wiryomijoyo
This document discusses nanotechnology and nano-composite materials. It describes how nanotechnology involves building things at the molecular level using techniques to precisely place atoms and molecules. The document then discusses how nano-composites are structured, including nano-layers and nano-grains embedded in a matrix. It provides examples of using nano-composites and nano-structured coatings to improve properties like hardness, heat resistance, and oxidation resistance for applications like precision tools and manufacturing.
This document analyzes soiling losses for different solar photovoltaic technologies installed on the rooftop of an Infosys building in Bangalore, India over a one month period. Soiling, or the accumulation of dust on solar panels, reduces efficiency. The study found soiling losses ranged from 1-9% initially to 17-22% after one month, with cadmium telluride panels experiencing the highest losses. Losses were quantified by comparing generation of cleaned versus uncleaned panels of each technology. The study provides field data on how dust impacts performance of different solar modules in a metropolitan environment.
Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Costijtsrd
Generation of clean energy is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Solar energy is the most abundantly available renewable energy source which would be supplying more than 50% of the global electricity demand in 2100. Solar cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy directly with an appeal that it does not generate any harmful bi-products, like greenhouse gasses. The manufacturing of solar cells is actually based on the types of semiconducting or non-semiconducting materials used and commercial maturity. From the very beginning of the terrestrial use of Solar Cells, efficiency and costs are the main focusing areas of research. The definition of so-called emerging technologies sometimes described as including any technology capable of overcoming the Shockley“Queisser limit of power conversion efficiency (33.7 percent) for a single junction device. In this paper, few promising materials for solar cells are discussed including their structural morphology, electrical and optical properties. The excellent state of the art technology, advantages and potential research issues yet to be explored are also pointed out. Md. Samiul Islam Sadek | Dr. M Junaebur Rashid | Dr. Zahid Hasan Mahmood"Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Cost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd96.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/96/emerging-next-generation-solar-cells-route-to-high-efficiency-and-low-cost/md-samiul-islam-sadek
Motivation, benefits, and challenges for new photovoltaic material & module d...Leonardo ENERGY
The main objective of the IEA-PVPS Task 13 Report on “Designing New Materials for Photovoltaics: Opportunities for Lowering Cost and Increasing Performance through Advanced Material Innovations” is to provide a global survey of technical efforts aimed at lowering cost and increasing performance and reliability of PV modules by employing new designs, materials and concepts. Furthermore, the report aims to (1) increase the exchange of information about promising materials and design concepts, (2) provide the means for increasing the value of PV modules, (3) provide recommendations on characterization methods for new technologies and (4) give input regarding new requirements for standardization. This paper focuses on describing the motivation, benefits, and challenges for new photovoltaic material and module developments.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
2. 2
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
1. Summary
1. Why we are here?
2. State of the Art of Thin Film Solar cells
3. Research Project
1. Why choosing CIGS
2. Closing the gap
3. In(situ characterization
4. Previous Activity
1. Lithium Niobate
2. Periodic Poled Lithium Niobate
3. CdTe for PV
4. Modelling and Characterizing CIGS
devices
5. Some indicators
Agenda
4. 4
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Why thin films in the future:
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
MarketShare
Novel devices
Other thin films
Thin films
Silicon thin films
Crystalline Si
Thin Films
> 15% in 2010 45% in 2020
Source: IEA 2010
Forecast from IEA (BLUE Map) in 2030 : towards a mix of technologies
5. 5
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Advantages of thin film PV
• Efficient and high performing materials
• Direct bandgap semiconductors
• Better energy output – kWh/KW
• CIGS record at 20%+ conversion
efficiency
• Significantly reduced costs
• Less material usage
• Potential for improving costs
throughout value chain
• Better aesthetics
• Roadmap of glass3to3glass and flexible
substrate
6. 6
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Solar Today
Google HQ -
Solar Project
Solar farm in Amstein, Germany
Utility Scale Commercial Systems
7. 7
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Solar Tomorrow: Building Integrated Photovoltaics
Power Buildings will become multi-$T market
• BIPV is the fastest growing sector of PV
• Building Integration leverages available surface area,
installation costs, and proximity to loads
Revolutionary products through efficient, durable thin-film solar cells
embedded into traditional building materials
• Current products unsuitable and not cost effective
8. 8
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
BIPV Applications
• Roofing
• Most common BIPV application
today
• Sunshades
• Energy conservation and reduced
building operating costs
• Cooling load mitigation and glare
control
• Easiest retrofit for PV
• Overhead glazing (canopies,
skylights, atriums)
• Curtain wall / Facades
10. 10
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
State of the art in efficiency. Big gap between R&D and production
Who? Device Aperture Area Efficiency
Würth Solar CIGS (glass) 6500 13.0
AVANCIS CIGSS (glass) 4938 (26 x 26) 13.0 (15.5)
Solar Frontier CIGSS (glass) 3600 (30 x 30) 13.0 (17.2)
Solibro CIGS (glass) 6840 14.2
Global Solar CIGS (flexible) 8390 (3822) 10.5 (13.0)
Miasole CIGS (flexible)* > 1 m2 15.7
Solopower CIGS (flexible) 0.3m x 2.9m 12.0
First Solar cdTe (glass) 6623, high volume 11.3 (12.6)
* Sandwiched between two pieces of glass
Device/ Module Type Efficiency (%) Who?
Cells (0,5 – 1 cm2) > 18 to 20.3* NREL, ZSW, AIST, HZB, AGU,
ASC
Submodules (20 – 100 cm2) 15- 17* ZSW, ASC, HZB, Showa Shell
Prototype modules (0,35 – 0’7
m2)
13 – 16* Solar Frontier, Miasolé, Global
Solar, Avancis
Commercial Modules (0,7 m2) 12-13 Würth Solar, Solibro, Global
Solar, Solar Frontier, Avancis
11. 11
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Closing the gap between record efficiencies and commercial modules
Target 15%
6%
12%
20.3%
23%
Lab device
Challenging target
Closing the gap
Expanding Tech. Base
Closing the gap
Improvement of
fundamental material
knowledge
Derive measurable material
properties that are
predictive of device and
module performance
Model the relationship
between film growth and
material delivery
Industrial processes, beneficial impacts:
( higher throughput and yield
( higher degree of reliability and reproductibility
( higher module performance
In(Situ Procces
Diagnostics and Control
Better science(based
knowledge of
materials properties
Materials and photonic
interalation. Real time
diagnosis tools.
12. 12
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
CIGS based devices. Facing the challenge
SCR
- Charge carriers are generated in absorber layer.
-Limited, by the absorber bulk quality, and electronic quality
of the absorber related interfaces.
-After charge separation at p-n junction, recombination
currents will dominate the transport, relaxing the impact of
other interfaces.
- More than 80% of performance losses is related to absorber
quality.
13. 13
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Crystal structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 –chalcopyrite3type3
Elemental
Binary
Ternary,…
Diamond
Si, Ge
Zincblende
Wurzite
CdTe, GaAs
Chalcopyrite
Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2
14. 14
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Cu3(In, Ga)3Se Ternary Alloys Molecularity (M) and Stoichiometry (S)
M = [Cu]/([In] + [Ga])
S = 2[Se]/ ([Cu] + 3([In]+[Ga]))
∆∆∆∆M = M (1; ∆∆∆∆S = S – 1
ALL high efficiency
CIGS devices have
∆∆∆∆M < 0 and ∆∆∆∆S > 0
Formation reaction
yCu2Se + (13y) (In,Ga)2 Se3+∆∆∆∆Se Cuy ((In,Ga)13y)2 Se332y+∆∆∆∆Se
Se
Cu In, Ga
Intermetallic Plethora
(In,Ga)2 Se3
(In,Ga) Se
(In,Ga)4 Se3
Cu2 Se
Cu Se
Cu2 Se3
112
247
135
112 = CuInSe2
247 = Cu2In4Se7
135 = CuIn3Se5
15. 15
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
CIGS Complex Non3Stoichiometric Thermochemical Phase Structure
S. Yamazoe, H. Kou and T. Wada, J. Mater. Res., in press.
16. 16
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Compositional Fluctuations and Carrier Transport in CIGS absorbers
Experimental results HAADF(TEM and
Nanoscale EDS
(5(10 nm chracteristic domain size
(Chemical composition fluctuations
across the domains
p1: Cu:In:Ga:Se = 31:14:7:48
p2: Cu:In:Ga:Se = 27:15:9:49
p3: Cu:In:Ga:Se = 30:15:6:49
(Dark domains are relatively Cu rich,
bright domains are relatively Cu poor.
JB Stanberry et al. APL 87, 2005, 121904
HAADF(TEM: High(Angle Annular Dark(Field Transmission Electron Microscopy
EDS: Energy(Dispersive X(Ray Spectroscopy
17. 17
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
CIGS Non3Stoichiometry and Atypical Device Behavior
• Peculiar semiconductor behavior:
CIGS PV devices insensitive to % atomic composition variations
& extended defects
>19% efficiencies recently reported† over range:
• 0.69 ≤ [Cu]/([In]+[Ga]) ≤ 0.98 (Group I/III ratio)
• 0.21 ≤ [Ga]/([Ga]+[In]) ≤ 0.38 (Group III alloy ratio: Eg
• Empirical Observations
• CIGS PV devices are always copper deficient compared to α(CuInSe2
• Compositions lie in the equilibrium α+β2(phase domain
†Jackson et al., Prog. PV, Wiley & Sons, 2007.
18. 18
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Characteristics of an Ideal CIGS Manufacturing process and state of the
art of CIGS synthesis
• CIGS Manufacturing method should provide a high device(quality material
• Ability to create intrinsic defect structures limiting recombinations; role of
order(disorder transitions?
• Ability to control Group III(VI composition gradients
• Control of extrinsic doping
• Low high processing Rates
• Low thermal budget
• High materials utilization
Process Steps, precursor Characteristics
Multistage coevaporation Binary chalcogenide
compounds
Reduction of Se utilisation
and In incorporation
Reactive annealing pure metal
films (PVD, plating…)
Sputtered metal or alloy films
followed by high T annealing
in Se/S
Complex intermetallic
alloying. Uncontrolled
segregation
Reactive annealing Se/S
containing precursors
Incorporate Se followed from
RTP
Multi-step reaction kinetics
Help Se in-diffusion
Reactive annealing particle
precursors
Printed particles followed by
high T annealing in Se/S
Difficult recrystallization
kinetics
19. 19
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Intrinsic defects stronlgy affect optoelectronic properties. Growth
conditions
20. 20
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Influence of Se overpressure and crystal orientation on the
Luminescence and thus in electronic chraacteristics
P3
P2
P1
Manuel Romero Courtesy
21. 21
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
The complexity of mechanisms and unexpected relations. Source
materials and kinetics. Selenium case
Nominally same growth conditions, except Se
source:
( E( Se conventional evaporation Se target
( R(Se rf(plasma cracked Se(radical beam
( Differences in Voc, FF and Jsc.
( Differences in Na and Ga step profile
( Differences in surface roughness, grain size
and density of absorber.
Shogo Ishizuka, Akimasa Yamada,
Hajime Shibata, Paul Fons, Shigeru Niki.
Thin Solid Films, in press
22. 22
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
The complexity of mechanisms and un expected relations. Source
materials and kinetics. Selenium case
Shogo Ishizuka, Akimasa Yamada, Hajime Shibata, Paul Fons,
Shigeru Niki. Thin Solid Films, in press
CdS is present at only near surface region of R(Se,
while for E(Se depth profiles of Cd and S exhibit a
broad distribution, due to presence of surface
crevices.
Ga and Se diffuses at Mo/Mo interfaces for R(Se.
EBIC shows a more buried pn(junction in E(Se as pn(
junction is formed in a deeper region near the Ga
gradient valley according to SIMS.
R( Se E( Se R( Se E( Se
23. 23
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Difficulties in identifying in(situ/in(line measurable material properties
Closing the gap
Improvement of fundamental
material knowledge
Derive measurable material properties
that are predictive of device and module
performance
Model the relationship between film
growth and material delivery
Industrial processes, beneficial impacts:
( higher throughput and yield
( higher degree of reliability and reproductibility
( higher module performance
In(Situ Procces Diagnostics and
Control
Better science(based knowledge
of materials properties
Materials and photonic
interalation. Real time diagnosis
tools.
25. 25
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Education
Degree: Licence in Physics (5 years), obtained in 1996 at Autonoma University of
Madrid (UAM)
Speciality in Optics and Materials Structure,
Master degree: Optics and Materials Structure, obtained in 1996 at Autonoma
University of Madrid
Subject: “Study and characterization of domain structure of LiNbO3”.
PhD Thesis Materials Science, obtained in 1998 at Autonoma University of Madrid
Subject: “ Obtention and Characterization of Periodic Structures in LiNbO3 single
crystals doped with Er e Yb”.
Realized in the Crystal Growth Laboratory (CGL) of the Materials Physics
Department of the UAM
Thesis Director: Prof. Ernesto Dieguez
Highest qualification and Extraordinary Prize of the University for Thesis in Science.
26. 26
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Experience
1995(1998 PhD Thesis in the Crystal Growth Laboratory of Materials Physics
Department at UAM (Spain)
1999(2000 Laboratory of Advanced Technologies (DEIN/SPE/GCO) at CEA(LETI in
Saclay (France).
European Postdoctoral fellow within Marie Curie Program in the 5th EU Program.
2000(2001 Materials Physics Department, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain)
Post(doctoral fellow
2001(2006 Materials Physics Department, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain)
Researcher in the Tenure Track “Ramon y Cajal” Program. Transformed to Assistant
Professor in 2005.
2005(2009 Institute for the Research and Development of Photovoltaic Energy (IRDEP)
EDF R&D, CNRS, ENSCP mix Institute, Chatou (France)
Researcher, Project Manager and Optoelectronic Characterization Laboratory Head
2005(2007 as “Poste Rouge” in CNRS
2007(2009 as Engineer(Researcher in EDF R&D
2009(present NEXCIS Photovoltaic Innovation, Rousset (France)
Senior Scientist
27. 27
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Very Promising Basic Material Properties
Possibility of micro-controlling Properties
by tailoring Composition and Doping
+
+Tailoring of Different Sample
Structures
A WIDE RANGE OF INTERESTING
PHOTONIC APPLICATIONS
28. 28
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Peculiar trajectory
Ferroelectric domains
in Lithium Niobate
Doping to control
domains and
laser properties
Semiconductors
for energy
Thin films for
photovoltaic
CdTe and CIGS
Closing the gap:
( Deep understanding
( In line characterization
Molecular
motors
Based in understanding relationship
between:
3 Material physico3chemical properties
and growth (preparation) process and
history .
(Materials physico3chemical properties
and optoelectronic defect.
3 Defects and growth process and history
Missed in past:
Development of characterization
methods for process monitoring
as the way to control defects
formation. Photonics
30. 30
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Lithium Niobate a decathlon winner
LN structure has been described as a very distorted perovskite with a tilt rotation of
the oxygen triangles around the c axis. Intrinsic defects at the origin of their
properties
The chemical formula Li0.925(8)Nb1.07(1)O2.64(2) obtained during our
work suggest the coexistence of lithium and oxygen vacancies;
and their presence is strongly determined by the thermal history of
the crystal.
48.4 mol% Li2O
Congruent
composition
31. 31
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Ferroelectric domains in lithium niobate
HF:HNO3 (1:2 by vol) at 110°C during 10 min.
19F mapping distribution by SIMS (skils adquired
during my PhD stages in Padova University)
Ferroelectric Paraelectric
C(axis
32. 32
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Off centered Czochralski growth of PPLN and APPLN
Λ = 2 vpull/vrot
33. 33
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Stoichiometric LiNbO3 impacting properties
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
316.30
316.32
316.34
316.36
316.38
316.40
316.42
316.44
316.46
316.48
316.50
316.52
316.54
316.56
V(Å
3
)
Temperature (K)
Mínimos locales de Volumen de celda
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0.9173
0.9174
0.9175
0.9176
0.9177
0.9178
0.9179
100 K
SpontaneousStrain
Temperature (K)
58 K
Structural Anomaly in LN at 55K observed with Neutron
diffraction, strongly related with stoichiometry
Λ
ΛΛΛΛtheory ΛΛΛΛexperimental Deviation
0wt% 6.63 6.63 0%
2wt% 6.63 3.2 48%
4wt% 6.63 2.55 39%
5.2wt% 6.63 2.05 30.9%
7wt% 6.63 ------
34. 34
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Controlling the colour and the intensity
Generation of 8 different wavelength from only one pump source
System based on a APPLN:Nd crystal
VR
Mirrors
Pump
R
B
VGVB
2
lC
G
( ) [ ]Ennxnn )()2/(%)21()()2/(2 '3'3
33
'''
λλσλλλ −−Λ+−Λ=
Λ= Domain period
σ33 = Electro-optic coefficient
λ= Fundamental wavelength (SHG)
x % = duty cycle
35. 35
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Thin Films Solar cells based in II3VI compounds”
Cd(g) + Te2(g) Cd(g) + Te2(g) Cd(g) + Te2(g)
Cd(g) + Te2(g) Cd(g) + Te2(g)
Cd(g) Te2(g)
Bi2Te3-x
(s)
CdTe(s)
Subst.
Cd(g) Te2(g)
Bi2Te3-x
(s)
CdTe(s)
Subst.
Cd(g) Te2(g)
Bi2Te3-x
(s)
CdTe(
s)
Subst.
Thermal process for the wiskers
formation under VLS process.
Using this properties of Bi2Te3(CdTe
co(evaporation in a controlled
way it should be possible to obtain
ordered arrays of hexagonal rod
CdTe and thus to enhance
performance of final electronic
systems
C. M. Ruiz, E. Saucedo, O. Sanz and V. Bermúdez
Journal of Physical Chemistry., in press
37. 37
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
CdTe: Bi. New intraband material?
Extremely high Jsc (26.31 mA/cm2) for 600 mV of Voc in the case of a CdTe:Bi device with
concentration at 1017 at/cm3.
10
16
10
17
10
18
10
19
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
10
10
11
undoped CdTe
Resistivity(ΩΩΩΩ.cm)
Bi conc (at./cm
3
)
First Principles study of Bi doped CdTe
thin film solar cells: electronic and
optical properties Y. Seminovski et al.
ETSI UPM, Madrid
38. 38
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP 38
Equivalent circuit ⇒⇒⇒⇒ separate each layer to identify different problems in
process
Optoelectronic diagnostic of a serial resistance based problem. (Back diode)
CIS
CdS
ZnO
Mo
RC1
R//ZnO
Rjonction
R//Mo
MoS2
R?ZnO
RC2
RMoS2
Iph ID1 ID2
Rsh
RC4
RC3
Rsh2
IRCIS
CdS
ZnO
Mo
RC1
R//ZnO
Rjunction
R//Mo
Mo(Se,S)2
RZnO
RC2
RMoS2
Iph ID1 ID2
Rsh
RC4
Rc3
RDR
IR
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
420
480
540
600
660
720
Voc
Rs
eff(%)
Voc(mV)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Rs(Ohm/cm
2
)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Experimental data sample D
Fitted curve with reverse diode
Curve without reverse diode
J(mA/cm
2
)
V(mV)
s
R
ph
R
J
ph
J IR
I
II
n
I
II
n
kT
q
V +
−
−
−
=
00
lnln
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0
2.0n
4.0n
6.0n
8.0n
10.0n
Capacitance(F)
V bias
(V )
1611C -2-3d
1439-19-2-4a
1456-2-3d
1429-19-1-1a
13.31.936.3376
12.53.448.6594
5.355.361.8603
4.39.069.8671
RSEffFFVoc
39. 39
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
S at the origin of CuxSe and thus origin of the back diode through CuIn5S8
Cu(S,Se)
Before chemical etching
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
(3)
(2)
Norm.Int.(a.u.)
Raman shift (cm
-1
)
(1)
Cu(S,Se)
CuIn5S8
Cu(S,Se)
grain
CIS grain
1,15 1,20 1,25 1,30 1,35 1,40 1,45 1,50 1,55 1,60 1,65 1,70
1
10
100
Rs(max)
2Se/(Cu+3In)
Rs increases significantly for m >1.3
Agrees with compositional range leading
to formation of CuSe secondary phase
CuSe at back layer region likely leading to
formation of secondary phases (CuS +
CuIn5S8) degrading Rs
Experimental data for very high Rs values
suggest relationship with presence of CuIn5S8
40. 40
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
In situ monitoring techniques. Precursor composition monitoring
m
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Cu-Se
Ramanintensity(a.u.)
Ramanshift(cm
-1
)
Cu-Se
Se
OVC
CISe
Problem: strong signal from H2O
(aqueous electrolyte solution) in 100
– 250 cm(1 spectral range
Possibility to define optimal values of
I(CISe) & I (Se +CuSe) corresponding
to m ≥ 1.3 (in spite of high noise level)
in(situ detection of deviations of m
below 1.3
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
260000
IntensitatRayleigh(a.u.)
2Se/(Cu+3In)
Decrease of IR at higher values of m:
Possibility to detect deviations of m also
above optimal range of values
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7
Intensity(Se+CuSemodes)
2Se/(Cu+3In)
41. 41
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Excitation with laser probe from BWtek system (785 nm): quasi resonant
excitation conditions in S-rich CuIn(S,Se)2 alloy:
Reduction of tint in more than
one order of magnitude (down to
seconds)
Efficient excitation of several
modes (in addition to A1 peak)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
E(L)/B2
(L)
E(L)
A1
Intensity(a.u.)
Raman shift (cm
-1
)
E(L)/B2
(L)
2nd order
Alternative: Raman in quasiresonant conditions (matched to a given composition):
Case example: Analysis of composition of S rich CuIn(Sx,Se13x)2
42. 42
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Fitting of Intensity of E(L)/B2(L) mode at about 340
cm(1: exponential dependence of intensity of
bands on alloy composition
High sensitivity for detection of deviations
of values of x in S rich alloys
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
y = A1*exp(x/t1) + y0
Chi^2/DoF = 1584241.43866
R^2 = 0.99927
y0 4622.04913 ±941.66472
A1 0.12088 ±0.05329
t1 7.29108 ±0.23256
E(L)/B2(L)intensity(a.u.)
[S] %
Case example: Analysis of composition of S rich CuIn(Sx,Se13x)2
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
[S] = 70%
[S] = 77%
[S] = 86%
[S] = 89%
[S] = 91%
Intensity(a.u.)
Raman shift (cm
-1
)
[S] = 100%
1/2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
intensity(a.u.)
Ramanshift(cm
-1
)
[S]=100%
[S]=78%
[S]=89%
[S]=77%
[S]=70%
Moreover:
0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65
1,450
1,455
1,460
1,465
1,470
1,475
1,480
1,485
1,490
1,495
Exitonposition(eV)
Voc (V)
Voc tends to increase with EPL.
43. 43
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Coloured regions:
possibility to obtain
resonant excitation
with different lasers
Extension to alternative quaternary CIGS based alloys
Matching excitation wavelength to Eg: possibility to assess composition of
Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 alloys with different Ga/(In+Ga) and/or S/(S+Se) contents:
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
Gap(eV)
Ga/(In+Ga)
Laser
CuInSe2
1064nm
976nm
785nm
512nm
671nm
488nm
633nm
CuGaSe2
CuGaS2
CuInS2
44. 44
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
NaCN etching
Removal Cu(S,Se)
secondary phases
RTP recrystallisation
under selenising and/or
sulphurising conditions
Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2
Electrodeposition
Metallic or CuInSe2
precursors
CBD of CdS buffer layer
RF-sputtering of ZnO
window layer
Electrodeposition based process
In3line/ in3situ: Raman scattering monitoring of ED3CIGS films and
processes
Identification of phases
and alloys (chemical composition)
Monitoring of crystalline quality & Ga, S and Se
incorporation
Assessment of NaCN etching
(disappearance of Cu(S,Se) modes)
& CdS deposition
45. 45
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Photoluminescence set3up
13 Spectroscopy: study of radiative defects and quality of material
Metzger and Repins, et al. Thin
Solid Films 517 (2009) p.2360, and
E MRS, May 2008
46. 46
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Photoluminescence set3up
23 Mappping: process control
CdS
ZnO
CISSe
48. 48
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Some numbers
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
NumberofPublications,ISI
Year of Publication
Total ISI papers: 99
Sum of Times Cited: 741
Average Citations per Item: 7.5 (6.1)
h(index: 13
Conference Proceedings: 30
Oral Presentations: 14
Invited presentations: 7
Keynotes: 1
3 Patents (submitted)
49. 49
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Awards
1) PhD Thesis Prize Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 1998/1999
2) Finalist in “The EU Descartes Prize 2003” within the frame of the European
Project “Molecules in Motion: hydrogen bond(assembled molecular
machines (MOLS(IN(MOTION).
3) Young Prize 2004 in Science and Technology by Universidad Complutense de
Madrid Foundation
4) 2007 Schieber Prize from International Organization on Crystal Growth. With
invited Plenary Conference. http://www.iocg.org/
“Engineered Periodic Poled Lithium Niobate Structures doped with Rare
Earth for multi self(frequency conversion “
50. 50
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
Others
2 thesis co(supervised (1 France, 1 Spain)
7 Stages supervised in France and Spain.
14 Seminars in France, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Germany
Associate Editor of Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Expert for AERES and EU in FP7
Pormoting Women in Science and Engineering
51. 51
Habilitation à Diriger de Recherches. Veronica BERMUDEZ BENITO
16 June 2011. université Aix Marseille. IM2NP
We are just speaking of produced watts?