The document summarizes the characterization of boron-based nanostructures produced by dissolving and recrystallizing layered magnesium diboride crystals in water over various aging times. Transmission electron microscopy images show the formation of nanodots, nanograins, and nanoflakes as aging time increases from 0 to 72 hours. High-resolution TEM, selected area electron diffraction, and elemental mapping using EDX and EELS indicate the nanostructures become increasingly crystalline and polycrystalline over time. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and stoichiometric calculations show the filtrates are boron-rich compared to the standard magnesium diboride ratio.
Optimization of Coal Blending to Reduce Production Cost and Increase Energy E...inventionjournals
The productivity level of the electricity production is an important indicator in the power plant efficiency. A chase study in this research was choosen at coal power plant PT PJB UP Paiton which is the productivity level of the generated electricity decreases until below the production target level. It due to several factors such as quality of coal and plant design. Depletion of coal heating value (low rank coal) reduce total amount of enerated heat in boiler and finally increase unburned carbon, plant inefficiency, as well as the high production cost. On the other hand, utilizing the high rank coal cause more expensive price. Therefore, the optimiation of coal blending to obtain more plant efficiency and lower production cost is required. This research focus on optimization of low and high rank coal blending that can decrease the production cost and increase plat efficiency. The blending model was built by utilizing Finite Impulse Response Neural Network (FIR-NN) and variable selection is perform using Priciple Component Analys is (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS). The result of optimization resulted a decreasing the production cost up to 342 IDR/kWh.
Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic activity of silver nanorods ...kutty79
This paper describes a simple method of synthesizing silver nanorods using the polyol process, where propylene glycol serves both as a reducing
agent and as a solvent in the presence of a capping reagent such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The diameter and length of silver nanorods could be
controlled by changing the AgNO3/PVP ratio. The end-to-end assembly of the silver nanorods was found. The silver nanorods were characterized by
using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of a
glassy carbon electrode with Ag nanorods exhibits extraordinary electrocatalytic activities towards the electro-reduction of benzyl chloride.
Synthesis and characterization of some doped and undoped cadmium iodate cryst...ieijjournal
Cadmium iodate [Cd (IO3)2] crystals were grown by single diffusion gel technique. Growth conditions were
optimized. Optimum growth conditions are reported. The crystals were doped by impurities such as Cu+2
and Fe+3. Structure of crystals was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction method. Effect of doping on
structure is studied. Slight change in lattice parameter values is reported. Thermal studies of doped and
undoped crystals are reported. Thermal analysis exhibits two steps explicitly on heating the samples. The
first step involves decomposition reaction in the temperature range 500 - 5800C, giving products Cd5
(IO6)2, I2, and O2. In the second step, decomposition reaction in the temperature range 580 - 6200C, yields
solid product, Cd5 (IO4)2 after reaction. Powder second harmonic generation experiments prove nonlinear
nature of the substance. Nonlinear coefficient values,‘d’ of doped and undoped samples are reported. Cu+2
doped samples stop the generation of second harmonic signal. Fe+3 doped samples generate second
harmonic signal, but the value of nonlinear coefficient is smaller than undoped sample.
Influence of Ruthenium doping on Structural and Morphological Properties of M...IJERA Editor
The present work examines the effect of Ru doping on MoO3 thin films on steel substrate deposited by Sol-gel spin coat method. The annealing temperature was 6000C for pure MoO3 and 8000C for Ru doped thin films. The doping concentration of Ru was varied from 10 to 50wt%. The influence of Ru doping on structural and morphological properties of MoO3 thin films were studied. The XRD revealed that all films are highly crystalline in nature with monoclinic phase for molybdenum peaks. In the doped XRD pattern some new peaks were observed and are matched with ruthenium orthorhombic phase indicating an incorporation of dopant in pure molybdenum oxide. The same is confirmed with the compositional analysis by EDAX. The SEM images of the MoO3 resemble a rod like surface with porous morphology. Incorporation of Ru ions in molybdenum oxide decreases the length of the rods and vanishes after 40wt%. Tetragonal grain size increases from 20wt% of Ru and becomes maximum at 50wt% of Ru doped thin films
1 Packing of spheres: Unit cell and description of crystal structure, close
packing of spheres, holes in closed-packed structures.
2 Structure of Metals: Polytypism, structures that are not closed packed, polymorphism of metals, atomic radii of metals, alloys.
3 Ionic solids: Characteristic structures of ionic solids, the rationalization of structures, the energetics of ionic bonding, consequences of lattice enthalpy.
Optimization of Coal Blending to Reduce Production Cost and Increase Energy E...inventionjournals
The productivity level of the electricity production is an important indicator in the power plant efficiency. A chase study in this research was choosen at coal power plant PT PJB UP Paiton which is the productivity level of the generated electricity decreases until below the production target level. It due to several factors such as quality of coal and plant design. Depletion of coal heating value (low rank coal) reduce total amount of enerated heat in boiler and finally increase unburned carbon, plant inefficiency, as well as the high production cost. On the other hand, utilizing the high rank coal cause more expensive price. Therefore, the optimiation of coal blending to obtain more plant efficiency and lower production cost is required. This research focus on optimization of low and high rank coal blending that can decrease the production cost and increase plat efficiency. The blending model was built by utilizing Finite Impulse Response Neural Network (FIR-NN) and variable selection is perform using Priciple Component Analys is (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS). The result of optimization resulted a decreasing the production cost up to 342 IDR/kWh.
Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic activity of silver nanorods ...kutty79
This paper describes a simple method of synthesizing silver nanorods using the polyol process, where propylene glycol serves both as a reducing
agent and as a solvent in the presence of a capping reagent such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The diameter and length of silver nanorods could be
controlled by changing the AgNO3/PVP ratio. The end-to-end assembly of the silver nanorods was found. The silver nanorods were characterized by
using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of a
glassy carbon electrode with Ag nanorods exhibits extraordinary electrocatalytic activities towards the electro-reduction of benzyl chloride.
Synthesis and characterization of some doped and undoped cadmium iodate cryst...ieijjournal
Cadmium iodate [Cd (IO3)2] crystals were grown by single diffusion gel technique. Growth conditions were
optimized. Optimum growth conditions are reported. The crystals were doped by impurities such as Cu+2
and Fe+3. Structure of crystals was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction method. Effect of doping on
structure is studied. Slight change in lattice parameter values is reported. Thermal studies of doped and
undoped crystals are reported. Thermal analysis exhibits two steps explicitly on heating the samples. The
first step involves decomposition reaction in the temperature range 500 - 5800C, giving products Cd5
(IO6)2, I2, and O2. In the second step, decomposition reaction in the temperature range 580 - 6200C, yields
solid product, Cd5 (IO4)2 after reaction. Powder second harmonic generation experiments prove nonlinear
nature of the substance. Nonlinear coefficient values,‘d’ of doped and undoped samples are reported. Cu+2
doped samples stop the generation of second harmonic signal. Fe+3 doped samples generate second
harmonic signal, but the value of nonlinear coefficient is smaller than undoped sample.
Influence of Ruthenium doping on Structural and Morphological Properties of M...IJERA Editor
The present work examines the effect of Ru doping on MoO3 thin films on steel substrate deposited by Sol-gel spin coat method. The annealing temperature was 6000C for pure MoO3 and 8000C for Ru doped thin films. The doping concentration of Ru was varied from 10 to 50wt%. The influence of Ru doping on structural and morphological properties of MoO3 thin films were studied. The XRD revealed that all films are highly crystalline in nature with monoclinic phase for molybdenum peaks. In the doped XRD pattern some new peaks were observed and are matched with ruthenium orthorhombic phase indicating an incorporation of dopant in pure molybdenum oxide. The same is confirmed with the compositional analysis by EDAX. The SEM images of the MoO3 resemble a rod like surface with porous morphology. Incorporation of Ru ions in molybdenum oxide decreases the length of the rods and vanishes after 40wt%. Tetragonal grain size increases from 20wt% of Ru and becomes maximum at 50wt% of Ru doped thin films
1 Packing of spheres: Unit cell and description of crystal structure, close
packing of spheres, holes in closed-packed structures.
2 Structure of Metals: Polytypism, structures that are not closed packed, polymorphism of metals, atomic radii of metals, alloys.
3 Ionic solids: Characteristic structures of ionic solids, the rationalization of structures, the energetics of ionic bonding, consequences of lattice enthalpy.
Growth and Structural studies of Zn doped L-Threonine single crystaltheijes
Non linear optical phenomenon in material plays a major role in the emerging photonics and opto electro technologies. In the search of new and efficient NLO material in organic element (Zn) doped L-Threonine organic crystal were grown in the present study. The grown crystals were characterized by measuring the density by floatation technique. The structure of the crystals were studied by FTIR spectrum. The lattice parameters of pure and doped crystals were calculated from SXRD and PXRD respectively. The lattice parameters shows the crystal belong to orthorhombic system
Characterization of mixed crystals of sodium chlorate and sodium bromate and ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel Ru/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite catalyzed photoreduction of CO2 to metha...Pawan Kumar
A novel in situ synthesized Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite is developed for the photoreduction of
CO2 into methanol under visible light irradiation. The prepared composite was characterized by means of
SEM, TEM, XRD, DT–TGA, XPS, UV–Vis and FT-IR techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized
hybrid catalyst was tested for the photoreduction of CO2 under visible light using triethylamine
as a sacrificial donor. The methanol yield for the Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite was found to be
1876 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.024 mol Einstein−1) that was much higher in comparison with the in situ synthesized
TiO2, 828 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.010 mol Einstein−1) and the homogeneous Ru(bpy)3Cl2
complex, 385 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.005 mol Einstein−1).
Growth, Structure and Physical Properties of Tetraaqua Bismaleatocobalt (II) ...IOSR Journals
Tetraaqua bismaleatocobalt(II) crystals are grown by the controlled ionic diffusion in hydrosilica gel. The functional groups present in the crystal are identified using FTIR spectrum. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P-1. The thermogravimetric studies revealed a three stage decomposition scheme. The polarization mechanism of the compound is explored using the dielectric measurements. The optical band gap of the material is found to be 2.4 eV from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The narrow magnetic hysteresis loop and structural considerations indicate the weak ferromagnetic behaviour of the material.
Spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glass containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ionsIJAAS Team
Lithium borate glass samples mixed with a different concentration of Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions organized by quenching technique. Structural, vibration groups and spectral properties of glass samples investigated using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV/Vis/NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray confirmed the lithium borate glass samples containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions in the amorphous state. Luminescence spectra of glass samples excited at 400 nm recorded, here three luminescence bands observed in Visible region, which due to spectra materials (Sm3+, Nd3+). These indicate that these glass samples responsible orange emission and used in the improvement of materials for LED, and optical devices. The functional vibration groups of the glass matrix studied using FTIR spectroscopy.
Effect of the pillar ligand on preventing agglomeration of ZnO nanoparticles ...Iranian Chemical Society
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) represent a new class of highly porous materials. On this regard, two nano porous metal-organic frameworks of [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(H2O)2∙(DMF)2]n (1) and [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(dabco)]·4DMF·1⁄2H2O (2), (1,4-bdc = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) were synthesized and characterized. They were used for preparation of ZnO nanomaterials. With calcination of 1, agglomerated ZnO nanoparticles could be fabricated, but by the same process on 2, the tendency of ZnO nanoparticles to agglomeration was decreased. In addition, the ZnO nanoparticles prepared from compound 2 had smaller diameter than those obtained from compound 1. In fact, the role of organic dabco ligands in 2 is similar to the role of polymeric stabilizers in formation of nanoparticles. Finally, considering the various applications of ZnO nanomaterials such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, photodiodes, gas sensors and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), it seems that preparation of ZnO nanomaterials from their MOFs could be one of the simple and effective methods which may be applied for preparation of them.
Growth and characterization of pure and Ferrous sulphate doped Bis thiourea z...IJERA Editor
Non linear optical material has wide applications in the area of optical devices. That device mainly used to
measure electromagnetic radiation. Single crystals of pure Bis thiourea Zinc chloride and Ferrous sulphate
doped Bis thiourea Zinc chloride were grown by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals have been
subjected to powder X-ray diffraction to determine the crystalline size and unit cell parameter. The
incorporation of ferrous sulphate in BTZC was confirmed by the EDAX and FTIR analysis. UV-Visible
spectrum shows that the grown crystals have wide optical transparency in the entire visible region. The thermo
gravimetric analysis suggests that incorporation of ferrous sulphate in the BTZC decreases the thermal stability
of the grown crystal.
Influence of Doping and Annealing on Structural, Optical and Electrical prope...ijeei-iaes
The optical gap of the films was calculated from the curve of absorption coefficient (αhע)2 vs. hע and was found to be 3.8 eV at room temperature, and this value decreases from 3.8 to 3.58 eV with increasing of annealing temperature up to 473-673 K, and increases with the Ga doping. λ cutoff was calculated for ZnO and showed an increase with increasing annealing temperature and shifting to longer wavelength, while with doping the λcutoff shifted to shorter wavelength. The photoluminescence (PL) results indicate that the pure ZnO thin films grown at room temperature show strong peaks at 640 nm , but GaO doped ZnO films showed a band emission in the yellow-green spectral region (380 to 450nm).
Development of Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia composite for SOFC applica...IOSRJAP
Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia (NiO/YSZ) has been synthesized using low cost combustion process from an aqueous solution containing ZrO(NO3)2.6H2O, Y(NO3)3.6H2O, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and urea. Pellets were sintered at 13500C for 5 hours and its sintered density is estimated to be of 95%. Sintered pellets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) & X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. From the XRD analysis, as grown powder of NiO/YSZ showed nano-crystalline behavior with homogeneous mixture of YSZ and NiO phases. However sintered powder showed µ-size dense grain growth. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties are corroborated with the conduction mechanism. Both dielectric constant (K) and loss (tan δ) are increased sharply at high temperature region, which is expected to be the onset of dipolar relaxation phenomena due to the presence of oxygen vacancies. A mixed conductivity involving ionic conduction in the high temperature range and electronic conduction in the low temperature range was observed. The decrease in K and tan δ with increase in frequency at a given temperature suggests the dynamic interaction of oxygen vacancies & oxide ion pairs.
Beryllium diffused blue sapphires - BuyGems.orgbuygems
This paper, which constitutes a small portion of an onͲgoing project, is an update on the presence in the market of beryllium treated blue sapphires, the types of material and their identifying characteristics. Five commercial quality (in the 1ct range) beryllium treated blue sapphires that are representative of a large parcel recently purchased on the Bangkok market are described with details of their chemistry, inclusion scenes and optical data.
Optical Control of Selectivity of High Rate CO2 Photoreduction Via Interband-...Pawan Kumar
Photonic crystals consisting of TiO2 nanotube arrays (PMTiNTs) with periodically modulated diameters were fabricated using a precise charge-controlled pulsed anodization technique. The PMTiNTs were decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to form plasmonic photonic crystal photocatalysts (Au-PMTiNTs). A systematic study of CO2 photoreduction performance on as-prepared samples was conducted using different wavelengths and illumination sequences. A remarkable selectivity of the mechanism of CO2 photoreduction could be engineered by merely varying the spectral composition of the illumination sequence. Under AM1.5 G simulated sunlight (pathway#1), the Au-PMTiNTs produced methane (302 µmol h-1) from CO2 with high selectivity (89.3%). When also illuminated by a UV-poor white lamp (pathway#2), the Au-PMTiNTs produced formaldehyde (420 µmol h-1) and carbon monoxide (323 µmol h-1) with almost no methane evolved. We confirmed the photoreduction results by 13C isotope labeling experiments using GC-MS. These results point to optical control of the selectivity of high-rate CO2 photoreduction through selection of one of two different mechanistic pathways. Pathway#1 implicates electron-hole pairs generated through interband transitions in TiO2 and Au as the primary active species responsible for reducing CO2 to methane. Pathway#2 involves excitation of both TiO2 and surface plasmons in Au. Hot electrons produced by plasmon damping and photogenerated holes in TiO2 proceed to reduce CO2 to HCHO and CO through a plasmonic Z-scheme.
Growth and Structural studies of Zn doped L-Threonine single crystaltheijes
Non linear optical phenomenon in material plays a major role in the emerging photonics and opto electro technologies. In the search of new and efficient NLO material in organic element (Zn) doped L-Threonine organic crystal were grown in the present study. The grown crystals were characterized by measuring the density by floatation technique. The structure of the crystals were studied by FTIR spectrum. The lattice parameters of pure and doped crystals were calculated from SXRD and PXRD respectively. The lattice parameters shows the crystal belong to orthorhombic system
Characterization of mixed crystals of sodium chlorate and sodium bromate and ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A novel Ru/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite catalyzed photoreduction of CO2 to metha...Pawan Kumar
A novel in situ synthesized Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite is developed for the photoreduction of
CO2 into methanol under visible light irradiation. The prepared composite was characterized by means of
SEM, TEM, XRD, DT–TGA, XPS, UV–Vis and FT-IR techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized
hybrid catalyst was tested for the photoreduction of CO2 under visible light using triethylamine
as a sacrificial donor. The methanol yield for the Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite was found to be
1876 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.024 mol Einstein−1) that was much higher in comparison with the in situ synthesized
TiO2, 828 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.010 mol Einstein−1) and the homogeneous Ru(bpy)3Cl2
complex, 385 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.005 mol Einstein−1).
Growth, Structure and Physical Properties of Tetraaqua Bismaleatocobalt (II) ...IOSR Journals
Tetraaqua bismaleatocobalt(II) crystals are grown by the controlled ionic diffusion in hydrosilica gel. The functional groups present in the crystal are identified using FTIR spectrum. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P-1. The thermogravimetric studies revealed a three stage decomposition scheme. The polarization mechanism of the compound is explored using the dielectric measurements. The optical band gap of the material is found to be 2.4 eV from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The narrow magnetic hysteresis loop and structural considerations indicate the weak ferromagnetic behaviour of the material.
Spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glass containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ionsIJAAS Team
Lithium borate glass samples mixed with a different concentration of Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions organized by quenching technique. Structural, vibration groups and spectral properties of glass samples investigated using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV/Vis/NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The X-ray confirmed the lithium borate glass samples containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions in the amorphous state. Luminescence spectra of glass samples excited at 400 nm recorded, here three luminescence bands observed in Visible region, which due to spectra materials (Sm3+, Nd3+). These indicate that these glass samples responsible orange emission and used in the improvement of materials for LED, and optical devices. The functional vibration groups of the glass matrix studied using FTIR spectroscopy.
Effect of the pillar ligand on preventing agglomeration of ZnO nanoparticles ...Iranian Chemical Society
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) represent a new class of highly porous materials. On this regard, two nano porous metal-organic frameworks of [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(H2O)2∙(DMF)2]n (1) and [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(dabco)]·4DMF·1⁄2H2O (2), (1,4-bdc = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) were synthesized and characterized. They were used for preparation of ZnO nanomaterials. With calcination of 1, agglomerated ZnO nanoparticles could be fabricated, but by the same process on 2, the tendency of ZnO nanoparticles to agglomeration was decreased. In addition, the ZnO nanoparticles prepared from compound 2 had smaller diameter than those obtained from compound 1. In fact, the role of organic dabco ligands in 2 is similar to the role of polymeric stabilizers in formation of nanoparticles. Finally, considering the various applications of ZnO nanomaterials such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, photodiodes, gas sensors and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), it seems that preparation of ZnO nanomaterials from their MOFs could be one of the simple and effective methods which may be applied for preparation of them.
Growth and characterization of pure and Ferrous sulphate doped Bis thiourea z...IJERA Editor
Non linear optical material has wide applications in the area of optical devices. That device mainly used to
measure electromagnetic radiation. Single crystals of pure Bis thiourea Zinc chloride and Ferrous sulphate
doped Bis thiourea Zinc chloride were grown by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals have been
subjected to powder X-ray diffraction to determine the crystalline size and unit cell parameter. The
incorporation of ferrous sulphate in BTZC was confirmed by the EDAX and FTIR analysis. UV-Visible
spectrum shows that the grown crystals have wide optical transparency in the entire visible region. The thermo
gravimetric analysis suggests that incorporation of ferrous sulphate in the BTZC decreases the thermal stability
of the grown crystal.
Influence of Doping and Annealing on Structural, Optical and Electrical prope...ijeei-iaes
The optical gap of the films was calculated from the curve of absorption coefficient (αhע)2 vs. hע and was found to be 3.8 eV at room temperature, and this value decreases from 3.8 to 3.58 eV with increasing of annealing temperature up to 473-673 K, and increases with the Ga doping. λ cutoff was calculated for ZnO and showed an increase with increasing annealing temperature and shifting to longer wavelength, while with doping the λcutoff shifted to shorter wavelength. The photoluminescence (PL) results indicate that the pure ZnO thin films grown at room temperature show strong peaks at 640 nm , but GaO doped ZnO films showed a band emission in the yellow-green spectral region (380 to 450nm).
Development of Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia composite for SOFC applica...IOSRJAP
Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia (NiO/YSZ) has been synthesized using low cost combustion process from an aqueous solution containing ZrO(NO3)2.6H2O, Y(NO3)3.6H2O, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and urea. Pellets were sintered at 13500C for 5 hours and its sintered density is estimated to be of 95%. Sintered pellets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) & X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. From the XRD analysis, as grown powder of NiO/YSZ showed nano-crystalline behavior with homogeneous mixture of YSZ and NiO phases. However sintered powder showed µ-size dense grain growth. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties are corroborated with the conduction mechanism. Both dielectric constant (K) and loss (tan δ) are increased sharply at high temperature region, which is expected to be the onset of dipolar relaxation phenomena due to the presence of oxygen vacancies. A mixed conductivity involving ionic conduction in the high temperature range and electronic conduction in the low temperature range was observed. The decrease in K and tan δ with increase in frequency at a given temperature suggests the dynamic interaction of oxygen vacancies & oxide ion pairs.
Beryllium diffused blue sapphires - BuyGems.orgbuygems
This paper, which constitutes a small portion of an onͲgoing project, is an update on the presence in the market of beryllium treated blue sapphires, the types of material and their identifying characteristics. Five commercial quality (in the 1ct range) beryllium treated blue sapphires that are representative of a large parcel recently purchased on the Bangkok market are described with details of their chemistry, inclusion scenes and optical data.
Optical Control of Selectivity of High Rate CO2 Photoreduction Via Interband-...Pawan Kumar
Photonic crystals consisting of TiO2 nanotube arrays (PMTiNTs) with periodically modulated diameters were fabricated using a precise charge-controlled pulsed anodization technique. The PMTiNTs were decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to form plasmonic photonic crystal photocatalysts (Au-PMTiNTs). A systematic study of CO2 photoreduction performance on as-prepared samples was conducted using different wavelengths and illumination sequences. A remarkable selectivity of the mechanism of CO2 photoreduction could be engineered by merely varying the spectral composition of the illumination sequence. Under AM1.5 G simulated sunlight (pathway#1), the Au-PMTiNTs produced methane (302 µmol h-1) from CO2 with high selectivity (89.3%). When also illuminated by a UV-poor white lamp (pathway#2), the Au-PMTiNTs produced formaldehyde (420 µmol h-1) and carbon monoxide (323 µmol h-1) with almost no methane evolved. We confirmed the photoreduction results by 13C isotope labeling experiments using GC-MS. These results point to optical control of the selectivity of high-rate CO2 photoreduction through selection of one of two different mechanistic pathways. Pathway#1 implicates electron-hole pairs generated through interband transitions in TiO2 and Au as the primary active species responsible for reducing CO2 to methane. Pathway#2 involves excitation of both TiO2 and surface plasmons in Au. Hot electrons produced by plasmon damping and photogenerated holes in TiO2 proceed to reduce CO2 to HCHO and CO through a plasmonic Z-scheme.
High-Density Cobalt Single-Atom Catalysts for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution React...Pawan Kumar
Single atom catalysts (SACs) possess unique catalytic properties due to low-coordination and unsaturated active sites. However, the demonstrated performance of SACs is limited by low SAC loading, poor metal–support interactions, and nonstable performance. Herein, we report a macromolecule-assisted SAC synthesis approach that enabled us to demonstrate high-density Co single atoms (10.6 wt % Co SAC) in a pyridinic N-rich graphenic network. The highly porous carbon network (surface area of ∼186 m2 g–1) with increased conjugation and vicinal Co site decoration in Co SACs significantly enhanced the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 M KOH (η10 at 351 mV; mass activity of 2209 mA mgCo–1 at 1.65 V) with more than 300 h stability. Operando X-ray absorption near-edge structure demonstrates the formation of electron-deficient Co-O coordination intermediates, accelerating OER kinetics. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the facile electron transfer from cobalt to oxygen species-accelerated OER.
Photocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes under solar light irradiation...Iranian Chemical Society
Nanoparticles of the ZnO and TiO2 were synthesized and the physicochemical properties of the compounds were characterized by IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns of the ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles could be indexed to hexagonal and rutile phase, respectively. Aggregated nanoparticles of ZnO and TiO2 with spherical-like shapes were observed with particle diameter in the range of 80-100 nm. These nanoparticles were used for photocatalytic degradation of various dyes, Rhodamine B (RhB), Methylene blue (MB) and Acridine orange (AO) under solar light irradiation at room temperature. Effect of the amount of catalyst on the rate of photodegradation was investigated. In general, because ZnO is unstable, due to incongruous dissolution to yield Zn(OH)2 on the ZnO particle surfaces and thus leading to catalyst inactivation,the catalytic activity of the system for photodegradation of dyes decreased dramatically when TiO2 was replaced by ZnO.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Ruthenium doping on Structural and Morphological Properties of M...IJERA Editor
The present work examines the effect of Ru doping on MoO3 thin films on steel substrate deposited by Sol-gel spin coat method. The annealing temperature was 6000C for pure MoO3 and 8000C for Ru doped thin films. The doping concentration of Ru was varied from 10 to 50wt%. The influence of Ru doping on structural and morphological properties of MoO3 thin films were studied. The XRD revealed that all films are highly crystalline in nature with monoclinic phase for molybdenum peaks. In the doped XRD pattern some new peaks were observed and are matched with ruthenium orthorhombic phase indicating an incorporation of dopant in pure molybdenum oxide. The same is confirmed with the compositional analysis by EDAX. The SEM images of the MoO3 resemble a rod like surface with porous morphology. Incorporation of Ru ions in molybdenum oxide decreases the length of the rods and vanishes after 40wt%. Tetragonal grain size increases from 20wt% of Ru and becomes maximum at 50wt% of Ru doped thin films
Isolated Iridium Sites on Potassium-Doped Carbon-nitride wrapped Tellurium Na...Pawan Kumar
Many industrial processes such transesterification of fatty acid for biodiesel production, soap manufacturing and biosynthesis of ethanol generate glycerol as a major by-product that can be used to produce commodity chemicals. Photocatalytic transformation of glycerol is an enticing approach that can exclude the need of harsh oxidants and extraneous thermal energy. However, the product yield and selectivity remain poor due to low absorption and unsymmetrical site distribution on the catalyst surface. Herein, tellurium (Te) nanorods/nanosheets (TeNRs/NSs) wrapped potassium-doped carbon nitride (KCN) van der Waal (vdW) heterojunction (TeKCN) is designed to enhance charge separation and visible-NIR absorption. The iridium (Ir) single atom sites decoration on the TeKCN core-shell structure (TeKCNIr) promotes selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceraldehyde with a conversion of 45.6% and selectivity of 61.6% under AM1.5G irradiation. The catalytic selectivity can reach up to 88% under 450 nm monochromatic light. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrates the presence of undercoordinated IrN2O2 sites which improved catalytic selectivity for glycol oxidation. Band energies and computational calculations reveal faile charge transfer in the TeKCNIr heterostructure. EPR and scavenger tests discern that superoxide (O2•−) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals are prime components driving glycerol oxidation.
Cation distribution of Ni2+ and Mg2+ ions improve structure and Magnetic Prop...AI Publications
In the present work, ferromagnetic Ni is slightly substituted for diamagnetic Mg spinal ferrites. The effect of Ni doping on the structural and magnetic properties of ferrites material in the form of NixMg1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25, .0.3,0.35) has been the study. The Sol-gel auto Combustion method used to combine these substances uses urea as fuel. Sintered samples were shown using X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a vibrating magnetometer sample. X-ray diffraction revealed that all the composite samples were pure cubic spinel arrays with a Fd3m space band and a permanent lattice that varied with Ni concentrations. the distribution of Ni2 + ions and Mg2+ ions in spinel ferrites indicates various changes in parameters such as tetrahedral ionic radius (rA), octahedral ionic radius (rB), hopping length (LA and LB). Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) simulations showed wire vibration at the tetrahedral site and Octahedral site. spinel ferrites M-H curves are recorded at room temperature indicating normal hysteresis loop indicating the magnetic field.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
1. Supporting Information
Simple, Green, and High-Yield Production of Boron-Based
Nanostructures with Diverse Morphologies by Dissolution
and Recrystallization of Layered Magnesium Diboride
Crystals in Water
Harini Gunda, Saroj Kumar Das, and Kabeer Jasuja*[a]
cphc_201701033_sm_miscellaneous_information.pdf
2. 1. TEM/HR-TEM/EDX/EELS/STEM analysis of magnesium boride nanostructures of the
filtrate sample at different aging times obtained with ultrasonication
The formation of dispersed phase in the filtrate sample upon aging was studied by performing TEM analysis of the sample at
different aging times (viz. 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h) is shown in Figure S1(i). TEM analysis of the nascent filtrate sample
shows the presence of nanodots (Figure S1 (ii)), filtrate sample aged for 24 hours shows nanograins (suggesting the
transformation of nanodots into nanograins), and the coalescence of nanograins resembles bridged nanostructures (Figure S2).
Sample aged for 48 hours displays nanograins with a higher degree of coalescence as well as mesocrystals (Figure S3 (i)).
Sample aged for 72 hours shows the presence of flake-like nanostructures with embedded thicker regions and few
nanostructure resembling nano garlands (Figure S4 (i)). The respective HR-TEM images, TEM/EDX, EELS, and STEM analysis for
the nanostructures prepared from different aging times (t=0, 24, 48, and 72 h) are presented in Figures S1 (iii), S3 (ii), and S4 (ii)
respectively.
Figure S1 (i). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images of the filtrate at different aging times deposited on a 300 mesh size copper grid coated with a lacey
carbon film: (a)-(b) are the images of the filtrate at zero hour showing the presence of nanodots (<20 nm); (c)-(d) dispersion aged for 24 hours shows the presence
of nanograins and their coalescence with two-dimensional (2D) oriented attachment resembling bridged nanostructures; (e)-(f) dispersion aged for 48 hours shows
higher degree of coalescence of nanograins resembling bridged nanostructures as well as mesocrystals; (g)-(i) dispersion aged for 72 hours shows the presence of
nanoflakes and few resemble like a nanogarland.
3. TEM images of the nascent filtrate sample
Figure S1 (ii). TEM images of the nanostructures (resembling nanodots) immobilized from the nascent filtrate sample.
4. Figure S1 (iii). TEM/HR-TEM/EDX/EELS/STEM analysis of a pre-nucleation clusters obtained at 0 h of aging the filtrate sample: (a) Typical TEM image of pre-
nucleation clusters prepared by aging the filtrate sample for 0 h and (b) HR-TEM image of the selected dashed white box in (a); (c-f) STEM image and the
corresponding elemental mapping; (g) TEM/EDX; (h) Boron EELS spectrum (192−214 eV).
5. TEM images of the filtrate sample aged for 24 hours
Figure S2. TEM images of the nanostructures (resembling nanograins) immobilized from the dispersion aged for 24 hours.
TEM images of the filtrate sample aged for 48 hours
Figure S3 (i). TEM images of the nanostructures (resembling bridged nanostructures/mesocrystals) immobilized from the dispersion aged for 48 hours.
6. Figure S3 (ii). TEM/HR-TEM/EDX/EELS/STEM analysis of nanostructures obtained at 48 h of aging the filtrate sample: (a) Typical TEM image of the nanostructure
prepared by aging the filtrate sample for 48 h and (b-c) HR-TEM image of the selected dashed white box in (a); (d-g) STEM image and the corresponding elemental
mapping; (h) Boron EELS spectrum (192−214 eV); (i) TEM/EDX.
7. TEM images of the filtrate sample aged for 72 hours
Figure S4 (i). TEM images of the nanoflakes (some resemble nano garlands) immobilized from the dispersion aged for 72 hours.
8. Figure S4 (ii). TEM/HR-TEM/EDX/EELS/STEM analysis of nanostructures obtained at 72 h of aging the filtrate sample: (a & e) Typical TEM image of the
nanostructure prepared by aging the filtrate sample for 72 h and (b-d) HR-TEM image of the selected dashed white box in (a); (f-i) STEM image and the
corresponding elemental mapping; (j) TEM/EDX; (k) Boron EELS spectrum (192−214 eV).
2. ICP-AES analysis with sample calculation:
From ICP-AES analysis of the filtrate sample that was allowed to age for different times, we obtained the concentrations of Mg
and B (mg/L), and calculated their stoichiometric ratios and summarized in Table 1 (main file).
Formula for stoichiometric ratio calculation:
concentration of Mg obtained from ICP − AES
Atomic weight of Mg
∶
concentration of B obtained from ICP − AES
Atomic weight of B
Sample stoichiometric ratio calculation for the filtrate sample aged for zero hour =
377.31
24.30
∶
817.72
10.81
= 0.41: 2
The average stoichiometric ratio of Mg and B in the filtrate at different aging times is Mg: B ≈ 0.41:2, comparing with the
standard MgB2 (Mg: B = 0.99:2), shows the reduction in the stoichiometric value of Mg, indicating that the filtrate sample at
different aging times is rich in boron. The nascent filtrate sample appears golden yellow in color. To check if any contamination
is yielding golden yellow color to the filtrate, we also conducted full scan elemental analysis (using ICP-AES) (See Table S1). Full
9. scan elemental analysis shows that the DI water that we used as a solvent for the synthesis does not contain any elements,
suggesting 100% purity of the solvent. For the standard MgB2 powder it shows the elements Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ba, and Hg in
very trace amounts, which agrees well with the quality of the MgB2 powder used (≥99% purity). The residue left at the bottom
of the vessel also showed the trace amounts of similar elements as shown in MgB2. The liquid residue contains the trace
amount of Hg, but the solid residue (vacuum dried form of the residue left on the filter paper after vacuum filtration) does not
contain even trace amounts of Hg. This suggests that vacuum drying eliminated the trace amounts of Hg. Golden yellow color
filtrate shows the absence of the elements Ti and Cr, suggesting that vacuum filtration eliminated the elements Ti and Cr but
added As and Bi in trace amounts. Therefore, even though the full scan elemental analysis showed the presence of elements
other than Mg and B but as they are all in very negligible amounts, we anticipate that the golden yellow color of the filtrate is
not due to any of the other elements. Therefore, the golden yellow color of the nascent filtrate can be attributed to the
presence of nanodots derived from MgB2, which becomes colorless upon aging can be attributed to the presence of thicker
nanoflakes.
Table S1: Full scan elemental analysis of various samples using ICP-AES
Sample Name Elements
B Mg Ti Cr Fe Co Ni Cu As Ba Hg Bi
DI Water (L) - - - - - - - - - - - -
≥ 99% purity MgB2
(S)
- -
Residue (L) - -
Residue (S) - - -
Filtrate (L) - -
10. 3. TEM, HR-TEM, SAED, and FE-SEM/EDX studies at different aging times of the filtrate
sample obtained with ultrasonication
Figure S5. TEM and SAED patterns of the nanostructures present in the filtrate sample at different aging times.
From the TEM and SAED patterns of the filtrate sample at different aging times, we found that the nanodots and
nanograins are amorphous in nature (Figure S5 a-c). While the thicker nanostructures are crystalline and
polycrystalline in nature (Figure S5 d and f) and the thinner crumpled, nanosheets are amorphous in nature (Figure S5
e). Some more HR-TEM images and their respective SAED patterns and Inverse FFT along with the line profiling are
shown in the Figure S6. The micrograph (Figure S6 a) indicates the HR-TEM of the nanostructure obtained after aging
for 48 h, which shows polycrystalline nature as indicated by its SAED pattern (see inset of Figure S6 a). The Inverse FFT
of the selected region of Figure S6 a, is shown in the Figure S6 d, and the line profiling of the marked line is shown as
inset (i) indicating the d spacing as 0.19 nm. We also observed the presence of multilamellar structures, which are
hollow centrally, and merging up in the form of a dumbbell shape (Figure S6 b). Liu et al. earlier reported similar kind
of structures and termed them as Multi-Walled Boron Nanotubes (MWBNTs).[1] The selected area electron diffraction
pattern (SAED) of the dumbbell shaped MWBNTs shows ring-like patterns indicating that they are polycrystalline in
nature (see inset of Figure S6 b). The d spacing between the layers in MWBNTs is 0.43 nm, and at the point of merging
of the two MWBNTs, it is 0.33 nm respectively and is shown in Figure S6 b. It is pertinent to note that the interlayer
spacing at the point of the merging of the MWBNTs matches with the value shown by Liu et al. (~0.32 nm).[1] The
micrograph in Figure S6 c shows the presence of a single nanodots/quantum dot embedded in a thicker nanosheet
11. and the selected region Inverse FFT is shown in Figure S6 e. Also, the selected line profile is shown as inset (ii)
indicating its d spacing as 0.29 nm, which does not match with any of the d spacing values of the MgB2 crystal
indicating a constitutional modification.
Figure S6. HR-TEM, IFFT, line profiling and, SAED patterns of the thicker nanostructures: (a) HR-TEM image showing the fringes and the SAED shown in the inset
indicate its polycrystalline nature and the selected region IFFT is shown in the fig. (d) where the selected line profile is shown in the inset (i) indicating a d spacing of
0.19 nm; (b) HR-TEM image showing the merging of multilamellar structures ((or) Multi-Walled Boron Nanotubes (MWBNTs)) in the form of double dumbbell shape
and its SAED in the inset shows it is in polycrystalline in nature; (c) HR-TEM image showing the presence of a single nanodots/quantum dot in the thicker
nanostructure and the selected region IFFT is shown in the fig. (e) where the selected line profile is shown in the inset (ii) indicating a d spacing of 0.29 nm.
FE-SEM/EDX:
We have performed FE-SEM analysis on the liquid drop cast and powder samples of the filtrate samples at different aging
times. FE-SEM images at zero hour (Figure S7) shows the presence of the pre nucleation clusters (<10 nm), up on aging the
filtrate sample to 24 hours (Figure S7) shows the oriented attachment of the nanodots to form nanograins like structures. The
filtrate sample aged for 48 hours (Figure S7) shows the fusing of nanograins to form nanoflakes. The sample aged for 72 hours
(Figure S7) shows the presence of the nano flakes and nanosheets. The composition of these nanostructures is characterized
through the EDX analysis, which is shown in Figure S8.
12. Figure S7. FE-SEM images of the filtrate sample at different aging times: (a) filtrate sample at 0h shows the presence of nanodots; (b and c) filtrate sample at 24h
shows the oriented attachments of the nanodots to grow into nanograins like structures; (d-f) 48 h aged filtrate sample clearly shows the oriented attachment of
the nanograins and (g) shows the transformation of nanograins to nanoflakes through the oriented attachment; (h and i) filtrate sample at 72h of aging shows the
presence of nanosheets or nanoflake like structures.
FE-SEM/EDX analysis of the samples was performed to qualitatively identify the elemental composition. Figure S8 shows the FE-
SEM images of the nanostructures at different aging times and the qualitative elemental composition of the parent MgB2 and
the boron-based nanostructures. The EDX analysis of boron-based nanostructures reported here is the average qualitative
elemental composition of the filtrate samples at different aging times. FE-SEM/EDX analysis suggests the presence of elements
boron, oxygen, and Mg indicating that these are functionalized magnesium boride nanostructures, which are rich in boron.
13. Figure S8. FE-SEM/EDX analysis of filtrate sample at different aging times: (a-d) shows the FES-SEM images of the filtrate sample at 0h, 24h, 48h, and 72h of aging
respectively; (e and f) shows the EDX analysis of the parent MgB2 and boron-based nanostructures.
4. Customized vessel for the collection of gasses during ultrasonication
Figure S9. Experimental setup designed for the collection of gases during ultrasonication: (a) Full view of the flat-bottomed double walled jacketed vessel,
covered with a customized disc-shaped cap carrying a 90° vent on the side (for exiting any evolved gases) and a circular aperture in the middle (for allowing in
the ultrasonicator probe); (b) Closer view of the customized cap showing the collection of gases in a syringe; (c) Storing of collected gases in a screw-cap valve
Supel-Inert foil gas sampling bag connected through a small flexible polyethylene tube with a flow controller. The gas can be retained in the sampling bag for
~ five days.
During the process of ultrasonication of standard MgB2 with water at 25°C, we the observed evolution of gasses from the
mixture. To obtain insights into the possible interactions between MgB2 and water during ultrasonication, we need to collect
and analyze the evolving gasses. To collect the evolving gasses, we customized the flat-bottomed jacketed glass vessel (with
coolant circulating at 25°C) consisting of a flat neck with a lid. The customized lid consists of a central aperture for
ultrasonicator and a 90-degree hole to enable the exit of any evolved gasses (see Figure S9). We also observed the evolution of
gases even at lower temperatures of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C. At all the temperatures mentioned above, we collected the evolved
gasses through a syringe and stored in a gas sampling bag (Supel-inert foil with Thermogreen LB-2 Septa) for the further
analysis (See main file GC-MS section for the analysis results). Thus, the synthesis of boron-based nanostructures by
14. ultrasonication was carried out in this customized setup. The temperature of the suspension during ultrasonication is measured
at regular intervals and the data is presented in table S2.
Table S2: Temperature of the suspension during ultrasonication at regular intervals
Ultrasonication on time (minutes) Suspension temperature (ᵒC)
5 minutes 27
10 minutes 26
15 minutes 26
20 minutes 29
25 minutes 28
30 minutes 28
5. Zeta Potential Analysis:
Zeta potential analysis of the filtrate sample at different aging times is observed to know the stability of the sample. The zeta
potential values of the filtrate sample are plotted against the aging time (days) for seven days (see Figure S10). From the zeta
potential values, it confirms that the stability of these boron-based nanostructures is on the verge of incipient instability and
thus we observed a moderate degree of coalescence between these nanostructures (see TEM images).
Figure S10. Stability analysis of the filtrate sample for one week using zeta potential: The filtrate sample shows an increasing trend in the potential values for the
initial three days and later shows a fluctuating trend. The negative zeta potential indicates the presence of negative surface charge and their magnitude specifies
that the nanostructures be mostly in the stage of incipient instability.
15. 6. Raman Analysis:
Raman spectra of the samples were acquired from the range of 100 cm-1 to 800 cm-1 with an excitation wavelength of
785 nm. For the standard MgB2 powder, the spectra were recorded using varying laser powers (5%, 10%, 50%, and 100%). The
presence of peaks is apparent when 50% laser power source is used. At 100% laser power, we could not acquire any data due
to overheating of the sample. Therefore, the Raman spectra for all the samples were further acquired only by using 50% laser
power source. The Raman microscopic images are presented in the Figure S11 (b-f).
Figure S11. Raman microscopic images of standard MgB2 powder and filtrate samples and A2umode in FTIR analysis of the samples: (a) shows a representative image
for the powder form of the nanostructures; (b) Raman microscopic image showing the overheating of standard MgB2 powder resulted due to the usage of 100%
laser power source; (c)-(f) Shows the Raman microscopic images of the lyophilized filtrate samples at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours of aging; (g) shows the FTIR spectra of
the samples indicating the A2u mode in the range of 400 cm-1 to 410 cm-1, indicating the presence of boron and Mg planes moving against each other.
7. IR Active A2u mode from FTIR Analysis:
Standard MgB2 powder shows a broad band at 405.59 cm-1 indicating the presence of IR active A2u mode (that is indicative of B
and Mg planes moving against each other)[2,3]. Whereas lyophilized filtrate samples of 24, 48, and 72 hours shows A2u mode
bands at 404.08 cm-1
, 402.71 cm-1, and 408.95 cm-1 respectively also indicates the out-of-plane boron vibrations.[3] A2u mode is
also reported at ~394 cm-1 [4], which could not be detected in the spectrum range of 400 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 and this could be the
reason for the absence of A2u mode for the filtrate sample of zero hours in the given spectral range.
8. XRD Analysis:
XRD analysis of the parent MgB2 powder and the powder form of the filtrate samples at different aging times were
performed to understand the crystalline nature and the phase of the materials. As shown in Figure S12, the parent MgB2
powder shows sharp diffraction peaks indicating its crystalline nature and the peaks match well with the reported values
for standard MgB2 in the PDF 00-038-1369 from ICDD data. The powder form of the filtrate sample at different aging times
shows three broad peaks indicating the weak crystalline nature of the nanostructures and suggests that the growth of the
nanostructures is in lateral directions only. The phase analysis of the nanostructures obtained at different aging times
shows that two of the broad peaks matches with the (101) and (100) peaks of parent MgB2 and a peak at ~17°, which is not
present in the parent MgB2, matches with the reported value for the borane (B20H26) in the PDF-03-066-0038 from ICDD
data. We observed that with increasing the aging time the intensity of the peak at ~17° is increasing while the intensity of
(100) peak is decreasing suggesting that the borane functionality increases with aging. The presence of borane
16. functionality can also be corroborated with the FTIR analysis as shown in Figure 7b (main file). Thus, the XRD analysis
suggests that these are weakly ordered-functionalized magnesium boride nanostructures.
Figure S12. XRD analysis of the standard MgB2 powder and the filtrate sample at different aging times: XRD of standard MgB2 indicates crystalline nature, whereas
XRD of the powder form of the filtrate sample at different aging times indicates weak crystallinity.
XRD analysis of the precipitate:
To obtain the insights about the precipitate, we carried out the XRD analysis of the dried precipitate. The phase analysis of the
precipitate matches well (~99%) with the magnesium diboride of the form Mg0.92B2 having the PDF 01-079-6150 from the ICDD
data is as shown in Figure S13. In addition to the peaks of Mg0.92B2, we found the presence of impurities like MgO [PDF 01-071-
17. 3631], Mg(OH)2 [PDF 01-078-3956 and PDF 01-082-2453, Syn], and B20H26 [PDF 03-066-0038] (heavier boron hydride), which are
labelled with different symbols is shown in the Figure S13. From the XRD analysis, it is evident that the precipitate is mostly of
the form magnesium diboride but partly functionalized with hydrides, oxides, and hydroxide functional groups.
Figure S13. XRD analysis of the precipitate obtained after filtration: the XRD analysis of the precipitate matches well (~99%) with the magnesium diboride (Mg0.92B2)
compound and the other impurities present are found to be MgO, Mg(OH)2, and B20H26 that are labelled with various symbols on the peaks.
9. Processing of an HRTEM image using Gatan DigitalMicrograph:
The obtained HR-TEM image is loaded into the Gatan software and calibrated by choosing “calibrate image” option
from the Microscope menu. To find the FFT of the HR-TEM image, we select an area by using square option (ROI-Region of
Interest) and then select “LIVE-FFT” option from the process menu. Get the diffraction pattern by adjusting display control
options. Compare the obtained diffraction pattern with the standard pattern (by drawing all possible lines passing through the
reflection points and measure angle values and distance values from the diffraction pattern) and finally obtain the beam
direction (hkl) matching with the standard pattern. Then index the obtained diffraction pattern.
18. For finding the d spacing of the generated FFT, add a spot mask on the reflection points of the FFT image and then select
“apply mask-keep the masked area” from the process menu. Then select “Inverse FFT” from the process menu, and a scale bar
can be generated by selecting “Add a new scale-mark” from the toolbar options. The line profiling of the obtained Inverse FFT
(IFFT) can be generated by choosing “line profile” from the toolbar options and then select the ROI on the IFFT. Select the
desired peak midpoints (let us say ‘Y’), and Y peaks correspond to a distance of X nm then calculate the distance for one peak
then that gives the d spacing value.
10. UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy:
The UV-Vis spectra of boron-based nanostructures are recorded for different aging times. We found that these boron-based
nanostructures, exhibit strong absorption in the UV regime (see Figure. S14 a). The obtained absorption spectrum for zero
hours was deconvoluted to four daughter spectra using the fityk software. The peaks of daughter spectra are located at ~191
nm (~6.49 eV), ~211 nm (~5.87 eV), ~254.7 nm (~4.86 eV), and ~302 nm (~4.10 eV), we expect the introduction of various
functional groups results in new electron states as shown in our earlier study.[5] The ability of these boron-based
nanostructures to absorb strongly in the UV regime makes these nanostructures as prospective candidates for making
transparent UV absorbing materials.
Figure S14. UV-Vis absorption spectra of filtrate sample at various hours: (a) shows the UV-Vis absorption spectra of filtrate sample at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours
indicating the strong absorption in the UV regime; (b) deconvolution of UV-Vis spectra of the zero hour filtrate sample shows the presence of four daughter peaks at
191, 211, 254.7, and 302 nm respectively.
19. 11. TEM images at different aging times of the filtrate sample obtained without
ultrasonication
Knowing the occurrence of the chemical reaction of the MgB2 crystals with water at room temperature, we carried out the
experiment by simply putting the MgB2 crystals in water and leaving the suspension for 24 hours at room temperature followed
by filtration using 0.22µm filter paper. Similar to the case with ultrasonication, the filtrate we obtained without ultrasonication
is also in golden yellow color and observed the similar physical changes in the color upon aging the filtrate, and finally, it
appeared colorless at the end of 72 hours of aging. This physical change in color and the formation of dispersed phase (from
strong Tyndall effect) similar to the case with ultrasonication suggests the growth of nanostructures by oriented attachment
following the non-classical crystallization pathway. From the TEM, HRTEM, and SAED patterns (see Figures. S15 – S17) it
confirms that the boron-based nanodots, nanograins, and nanoflakes form upon aging the filtrate sample for 72 hours. We also
observed more of crumpled nanoflakes (nano garlands) in the case when ultrasonication is used, whereas mostly flat
nanoflakes in the case without ultrasonication.
20. Figure S15. TEM images of the nanostructures obtained without ultrasonication immobilized on an ultrathin carbon film on a lacey carbon coated on a 400-
mesh copper grid.
21. 12. TEM, HR-TEM, and SAED studies at different aging times of the filtrate sample
obtained without ultrasonication
Figure S16. TEM, HR-TEM, and SAED patterns of the nanograins and neck formation between nanograins obtained at zero and 24 hours of aging shows the
amorphous nature of the nanostructures.
Figure S17. TEM, HR-TEM, and SAED patterns of the nanostructures obtained at 48 and 72 hours of aging shows crystalline nature of the nanostructures. Panel i,
shows the presence of honeycomb lattice arrangement with a d spacing value of 0.27 nm.
22. References:
[1] F. Liu, C. Shen, Z. Su, X. Ding, S. Deng, J. Chen, N. Xu, H. Gao, Journal of Materials Chemistry 2010, 20, 2197.
[2] J. Kortus, I. I. Mazin, K. D. Belashchenko, V. P. Antropov, L. L. Boyer, Physical Review Letters 2001, 86, 4656–4659.
[3] J. a. Alarco, A. Chou, P. C. Talbot, I. D. R. Mackinnon, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 24443–24456.
[4] K. P. Bohnen, R. Heid, B. Renker, Physical Review Letters 2001, 86, 5771–5774.
[5] S. K. Das, A. Bedar, A. Kannan, K. Jasuja, Scientific Reports 2015, 5, 10522.