This document provides explanatory notes for a Gujarati-English learner's dictionary being compiled by Babu Suthar. It outlines the structure of dictionary entries, which include the headword, phonetic transcription, graphemic transcription, part of speech, and definition. The introductions provides background on the dictionary project and acknowledges those involved in its development. It is intended to be the first dictionary created for learners of Gujarati as a second language.
The document summarizes the long-standing Cauvery river water dispute between the Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It traces the origins and tributaries of the Cauvery river and the agreements from 1892 and 1924 that initially divided the water. Post-independence, the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry all laid claims to portions of the Cauvery's waters. A tribunal in 1990 and 2007 awarded specific annual allocations to each state, though these have continued to be sources of conflict, with Karnataka recently refusing to release water allocated to Tamil Nadu due to drought conditions. Suggestions have been made to find alternative water sources to resolve the dispute.
Design of Water Tank for the Town of Population 50000 and Analysis by- Staad ProIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design of different types of water tanks for a town with a population of 50,000 people using STAAD Pro software. It summarizes the design of a circular water tank with a flexible base, a circular tank with a rigid base, and a rectangular underground water tank. For each tank, the document outlines the design methodology, considerations, dimensions, reinforcement details and load distributions based on IS code standards. STAAD Pro was utilized to model, analyze and validate the designs. Key steps for the flexible base circular tank included calculating tank dimensions and hoop tension, determining wall thickness and vertical reinforcement. Reinforcement details and load distributions are shown for each tank type.
Final year civil engineering project report physico chemical analsis of groun...Shaik Jawad
Final year civil engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering
remote sensing technique
ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality with application of GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE
Floods regularly ravage the state of Odisha in India due to heavy rainfall and the overflow of the Mahanadi River. The document discusses several major floods since 2013 that have caused deaths, with the most recent in 2020 killing 3 people. It also outlines challenges faced during floods like food and water shortages as well as infrastructure damage. The role of the Hirakud Dam in exacerbating floods is described. The government works to deploy rescue and relief efforts including food delivery via airforce helicopters.
This document describes three methods for accelerated curing of concrete test cubes at 35°C, 55°C, and 82°C. The 35°C method involves curing test cubes submerged in a water tank maintained at 35°C ± 2°C for 24 hours. The 55°C method cures cubes at 55°C ± 2°C for at least 19.5 hours then cools them for 1-2 hours at 20°C ± 5°C. The 82°C method raises water in a curing tank to 82°C ± 2°C within 2 hours, holds it for 14 hours, then discharges the water after testing the hot cubes within 1 hour. All methods allow determining concrete
Talk on national water policy 2012 tata steel csr nrd 2015Kallol Saha
The Document provides Select briefs on National Water Policy of India . The talk was delivered by Kallol Saha in the event of TATA Steel National Workshop on 'Sustainable Water Resource Development' dated 11th -12th December at Beldih Club , Jamshedpur
This document summarizes the quality control processes at an RMC plant in Islampur, India. It describes the plant specifications including a production capacity of 30 cubic meters and equipment like automatic batching plants and transit trucks. It then details the extensive quality control tests conducted on raw materials like aggregates, fly ash, and water on a weekly basis. Tests are also done on fresh and hardened concrete for properties like slump, unit weight, and compressive strength. A quality control checklist is provided to ensure best practices for storing materials like cement, aggregates, and water.
The document summarizes the long-standing Cauvery river water dispute between the Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It traces the origins and tributaries of the Cauvery river and the agreements from 1892 and 1924 that initially divided the water. Post-independence, the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry all laid claims to portions of the Cauvery's waters. A tribunal in 1990 and 2007 awarded specific annual allocations to each state, though these have continued to be sources of conflict, with Karnataka recently refusing to release water allocated to Tamil Nadu due to drought conditions. Suggestions have been made to find alternative water sources to resolve the dispute.
Design of Water Tank for the Town of Population 50000 and Analysis by- Staad ProIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design of different types of water tanks for a town with a population of 50,000 people using STAAD Pro software. It summarizes the design of a circular water tank with a flexible base, a circular tank with a rigid base, and a rectangular underground water tank. For each tank, the document outlines the design methodology, considerations, dimensions, reinforcement details and load distributions based on IS code standards. STAAD Pro was utilized to model, analyze and validate the designs. Key steps for the flexible base circular tank included calculating tank dimensions and hoop tension, determining wall thickness and vertical reinforcement. Reinforcement details and load distributions are shown for each tank type.
Final year civil engineering project report physico chemical analsis of groun...Shaik Jawad
Final year civil engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering
remote sensing technique
ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality with application of GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE
Floods regularly ravage the state of Odisha in India due to heavy rainfall and the overflow of the Mahanadi River. The document discusses several major floods since 2013 that have caused deaths, with the most recent in 2020 killing 3 people. It also outlines challenges faced during floods like food and water shortages as well as infrastructure damage. The role of the Hirakud Dam in exacerbating floods is described. The government works to deploy rescue and relief efforts including food delivery via airforce helicopters.
This document describes three methods for accelerated curing of concrete test cubes at 35°C, 55°C, and 82°C. The 35°C method involves curing test cubes submerged in a water tank maintained at 35°C ± 2°C for 24 hours. The 55°C method cures cubes at 55°C ± 2°C for at least 19.5 hours then cools them for 1-2 hours at 20°C ± 5°C. The 82°C method raises water in a curing tank to 82°C ± 2°C within 2 hours, holds it for 14 hours, then discharges the water after testing the hot cubes within 1 hour. All methods allow determining concrete
Talk on national water policy 2012 tata steel csr nrd 2015Kallol Saha
The Document provides Select briefs on National Water Policy of India . The talk was delivered by Kallol Saha in the event of TATA Steel National Workshop on 'Sustainable Water Resource Development' dated 11th -12th December at Beldih Club , Jamshedpur
This document summarizes the quality control processes at an RMC plant in Islampur, India. It describes the plant specifications including a production capacity of 30 cubic meters and equipment like automatic batching plants and transit trucks. It then details the extensive quality control tests conducted on raw materials like aggregates, fly ash, and water on a weekly basis. Tests are also done on fresh and hardened concrete for properties like slump, unit weight, and compressive strength. A quality control checklist is provided to ensure best practices for storing materials like cement, aggregates, and water.
This study aims to examine language attitudes towards American and British dialects based solely on voice. Participants will be recorded giving directions using fictional maps designed to highlight dialectal differences. Their voices will be used in an online survey where other participants rate the social qualities and traits implied by each voice. The researcher hopes to recruit 100 survey participants from the US and UK to determine stereotypes, assumptions of status, education and age based on accent alone. Comparing perceptions between dialects could provide insights into prestige and social meanings attributed to language variation.
Present article examines the psycholinguistic factors that affect ease of learning foreign language vocabulary acquisition. Demonstrate the orthographic and phonological patterns of vocabulary acquisition. by Egamberdieva Shakhzoda Damirovna, Egamberdieva Farida Oktamovna, Egamberdiev Khumoyun and Ergasheva Yulduz 2020. Psycholinguistic conditions in vocabulary acquisition. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 3 (Mar. 2020), 23-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i3.251. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251/244 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251
The document is an answer key booklet that contains answer keys for various units or chapters. It lists the contents as including answer keys for units 1 through 6. The booklet was published by Oxford University Press, which is a department of the University of Oxford that furthers the university's objectives of excellence in research, scholarship, and education through global publishing.
Features of studying the gender of the noun of the Russian language in foreig...SubmissionResearchpa
The gender categories is one of the most complicated and mostly applied grammar structures in Russian grammar. The gender categories is usually identified based on the word endings. Most students learning Russian as a second language find this topic difficult to fully understand and truly apply in their speech. For this reason, it is essential to differentiate between the genders. The following article looks into this issue Dzhumanazarova Zilola Obidzhanovna, Dedakhanova Mukhaye Mutallievna, & Baykhanova Shoira Dadakhanovna. (2020). Features of studying the gender of the noun of the Russian language in foreign groups. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 2(10), 5-7. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijot.v2i2.663 Pdf Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/663/683 Paper Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/663
The article deals with the major role of developing of usage compound adjectives in English. The author concludes that compound adjective is an integral part of learning languages, as the language is the means of communication, and the level of its progress and efficiency in learning is mainly identified by this certain aspect. Besides, the author also makes some recommendations on improving teaching compound adjectives for foreign language teachers. Khalimova Shakhnoza Fayziyevna | H. B. Bakirova "Compound Adjectives in English" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49831.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/49831/compound-adjectives-in-english/khalimova-shakhnoza-fayziyevna
This document contains a table of contents for lectures on English reading and writing skills. There are 42 lectures covering topics like reading comprehension, vocabulary, pronunciation, sentence structure, punctuation, paragraphs, essays, outlining, summarizing, grammar and usage. The lectures provide instruction on developing proficiency in important English language skills.
The document discusses different perspectives on grammar including:
1. Traditional grammar which labels grammatical categories like nouns, verbs, and tenses.
2. Descriptive grammar which collects language samples and describes structures as they are used rather than how they should be used. This includes structural analysis and labeled bracketed sentences.
3. Generative grammar which has rules to generate all grammatical sentences of a language and aims to capture properties like recursion. It distinguishes between deep and surface structures.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to grammar. It begins by defining grammar in both the broad and narrow sense. In the broad sense, grammar includes all aspects of language like morphology, syntax, semantics etc. In the narrow sense, grammar refers specifically to word formation and sentence structure.
It then contrasts prescriptive grammar, which provides normative rules, with descriptive grammar, which objectively describes language as used. There is disagreement between these approaches on sentences like "I don't know nothing".
The document also discusses key grammatical units like phrases, clauses, and morphemes. It explains differences between concepts like stems, roots, affixes and allomorphs. Finally, it outlines different types
Linguistics provides the foundation for language teaching by describing the components of a language, such as phonetics. While linguistics focuses on analyzing language in detail, language teaching applies linguistic concepts to instruct learners. Some language teachers may only have practical knowledge of a language without formal training in its linguistic structure. Understanding linguistics helps teachers identify areas learners need to develop, like pronunciation. This project gave the participants a new perspective on how phonetics, an important linguistic component, is relevant to developing English speaking and teaching skills.
Contrastive analysis is a method that systematically compares a learner's native language and the target language they are learning to identify similarities and differences. This analysis can then predict areas of difficulty for the learner and inform language pedagogy. The method involves describing both languages, selecting linguistic units for comparison, contrasting the two systems, and predicting how differences may interfere with second language acquisition. Contrastive analysis of Arabic and English has found differences in phonology, grammar, vocabulary and other linguistic units that often cause difficulties for Arabic speakers learning English.
Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)MIN KYUNG LEE
This document summarizes and compares features of Korean, Japanese, and English languages. It discusses phonological and morphological differences such as consonant and vowel phonemes. Korean and Japanese are topic-prominent languages that rely on word endings, while English is subject-prominent and relies on word order. The writing systems are also compared, with Korean having a unique alphabet created for phonetic representation. Implications for teaching a second language are that differences can pose pronunciation challenges, but understanding morphological features can help literacy instruction by relating words across languages.
Realization of consonant clusters in foreign words by YorubaEnglish bilingualsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: A plethora of studieson foreign words borrowed into native languages have shown that a series
of consonants is forbidden in the syllable structures of most, if not all, the indigenous languages of the world.
These early studies have revealed that the possible syllable canon of these local languages is CV.This paper
investigates the consonant clusters and the syllable structure of the foreign words borrowed into Yoruba
language. Data were gathered from Yoruba-English bilinguals, such as artisans that possess school certificates,
government and public workers and Yoruba-English bilingual Bible. Words with consonant clusters were
purposively selected for the study. These words that consist names of persons, places and objects were partially
resyllabified to conform to the syllable template of Yoruba language. The approach to the study is based on the
assumption of perceptual-similarity school of thought as argued by Steriade 2002; Fleischhacker2002, Walker
2003; Kenstowicz 2003a; Adler 2004.The study reveals that there is an extent to which these foreign words can
be modified or else they will forfeit their perceptual similarity which is a major feature of foreign loanwords.
The paper also shows that since these words cannot be fully nativised, they retain the syllable feature of English
– a series of consonants.
KEYWORDS: cluster, syllable, foreign words, indigenous language, resyllabification
Here are the answers:
1. a) endurance
b) alienation
c) concealment
d) foolhardiness
e) ignobility
f) edginess
g) brotherhood
h) patriotism
i) membership
2. mosquitoes, wolves, elves, bacteria, hope
The uncountable nouns are: bacteria, hope
Unit 2: Pronouns
Page 13
1. Replace the underlined nouns with the appropriate pronouns.
a) The teacher praised him for his excellent work.
b) Sally told Jane about their holiday plans.
c) I gave my book to her
Introduction to grammar & Approaches in teaching grammarConstance Chee
The document discusses various approaches to teaching grammar to young English language learners, including using grammar in context rather than in isolation, using the M-U-F (meaning, use, form) framework to introduce new grammar points meaningfully, and integrating grammar instruction with the teaching of other language skills like reading, listening, speaking and writing. It also compares descriptive and prescriptive grammar as well as covert and overt approaches to teaching grammar.
This document appears to be the table of contents and first part of a lesson on reading and using dictionaries. It discusses the components and uses of dictionaries, including looking up spelling, pronunciation, part of speech, word origin, meaning, usage labels, synonyms and antonyms, foreign words and phrases, and general reference information. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate how to use a dictionary to find word meanings, parts of speech, pronunciation, usage labels, and other information. The lesson also provides guidance on how to efficiently find words in a dictionary using the guide words and alphabetical order. The first part concludes by introducing a Native American folk tale that will be read and analyzed in the second part of the lesson.
American Sign Language Verb Categories Within Constructed ActionLori Moore
This document provides background information on American Sign Language (ASL). It discusses the origins and history of sign language, how ASL emerged through deaf education in the United States starting in the early 1800s, and basic aspects of ASL grammar and structure. It also describes current research in ASL linguistics and sociolinguistics. Finally, it introduces the focus of the study - the linguistic feature of constructed action in ASL, how it is implemented physically, and its basic functions.
This document discusses the necessity of grammar teaching in language education. It begins by outlining different perspectives on the role of grammar instruction, from those who believe it is unnecessary to those who believe it is essential. The author then argues that grammar teaching is necessary for several reasons: 1) grammar underpins communicative competence and is essential for achieving learners' communicative goals; 2) grammar is not naturally acquired by all learners, especially in contexts without English surroundings, and instruction can help learners progress past plateaus; and 3) grammar embodies form, meaning, and use, and is not just a collection of rules but meaningful patterns that instruction can help learners understand. The author concludes grammar teaching is an important part of
The document is a chapter from a textbook on pronunciation. It discusses vowels in both English and Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia). It provides a table comparing the 12 vowel phonemes in English (/iː/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ɔː/, /ɜː/, /ə/, /ʊ/, /uː/, /ʌ/) to the 6 vowel phonemes or "fonem" in Indonesian (/ʌ/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ə/, /ʊ/, /ɒ/). It then describes how each vowel is produced, including tongue position and lip rounding.
This document provides 92 life lessons compiled from responses to the question "What's the most important thing you'll ever learn?". It is divided into sections on love, meaning, happiness, possibilities, peace, mindfulness, and struggle/growth. The lessons focus on developing wisdom, building strong relationships, finding purpose and meaning, cultivating happiness, embracing challenges and growth, and living mindfully in the present moment. Overall, the document suggests that life is a continuous journey of learning how to make the most of each day and leave the world a little better than we found it.
This study aims to examine language attitudes towards American and British dialects based solely on voice. Participants will be recorded giving directions using fictional maps designed to highlight dialectal differences. Their voices will be used in an online survey where other participants rate the social qualities and traits implied by each voice. The researcher hopes to recruit 100 survey participants from the US and UK to determine stereotypes, assumptions of status, education and age based on accent alone. Comparing perceptions between dialects could provide insights into prestige and social meanings attributed to language variation.
Present article examines the psycholinguistic factors that affect ease of learning foreign language vocabulary acquisition. Demonstrate the orthographic and phonological patterns of vocabulary acquisition. by Egamberdieva Shakhzoda Damirovna, Egamberdieva Farida Oktamovna, Egamberdiev Khumoyun and Ergasheva Yulduz 2020. Psycholinguistic conditions in vocabulary acquisition. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 3 (Mar. 2020), 23-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i3.251. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251/244 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/251
The document is an answer key booklet that contains answer keys for various units or chapters. It lists the contents as including answer keys for units 1 through 6. The booklet was published by Oxford University Press, which is a department of the University of Oxford that furthers the university's objectives of excellence in research, scholarship, and education through global publishing.
Features of studying the gender of the noun of the Russian language in foreig...SubmissionResearchpa
The gender categories is one of the most complicated and mostly applied grammar structures in Russian grammar. The gender categories is usually identified based on the word endings. Most students learning Russian as a second language find this topic difficult to fully understand and truly apply in their speech. For this reason, it is essential to differentiate between the genders. The following article looks into this issue Dzhumanazarova Zilola Obidzhanovna, Dedakhanova Mukhaye Mutallievna, & Baykhanova Shoira Dadakhanovna. (2020). Features of studying the gender of the noun of the Russian language in foreign groups. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 2(10), 5-7. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijot.v2i2.663 Pdf Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/663/683 Paper Url: https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJOT/article/view/663
The article deals with the major role of developing of usage compound adjectives in English. The author concludes that compound adjective is an integral part of learning languages, as the language is the means of communication, and the level of its progress and efficiency in learning is mainly identified by this certain aspect. Besides, the author also makes some recommendations on improving teaching compound adjectives for foreign language teachers. Khalimova Shakhnoza Fayziyevna | H. B. Bakirova "Compound Adjectives in English" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49831.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/49831/compound-adjectives-in-english/khalimova-shakhnoza-fayziyevna
This document contains a table of contents for lectures on English reading and writing skills. There are 42 lectures covering topics like reading comprehension, vocabulary, pronunciation, sentence structure, punctuation, paragraphs, essays, outlining, summarizing, grammar and usage. The lectures provide instruction on developing proficiency in important English language skills.
The document discusses different perspectives on grammar including:
1. Traditional grammar which labels grammatical categories like nouns, verbs, and tenses.
2. Descriptive grammar which collects language samples and describes structures as they are used rather than how they should be used. This includes structural analysis and labeled bracketed sentences.
3. Generative grammar which has rules to generate all grammatical sentences of a language and aims to capture properties like recursion. It distinguishes between deep and surface structures.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to grammar. It begins by defining grammar in both the broad and narrow sense. In the broad sense, grammar includes all aspects of language like morphology, syntax, semantics etc. In the narrow sense, grammar refers specifically to word formation and sentence structure.
It then contrasts prescriptive grammar, which provides normative rules, with descriptive grammar, which objectively describes language as used. There is disagreement between these approaches on sentences like "I don't know nothing".
The document also discusses key grammatical units like phrases, clauses, and morphemes. It explains differences between concepts like stems, roots, affixes and allomorphs. Finally, it outlines different types
Linguistics provides the foundation for language teaching by describing the components of a language, such as phonetics. While linguistics focuses on analyzing language in detail, language teaching applies linguistic concepts to instruct learners. Some language teachers may only have practical knowledge of a language without formal training in its linguistic structure. Understanding linguistics helps teachers identify areas learners need to develop, like pronunciation. This project gave the participants a new perspective on how phonetics, an important linguistic component, is relevant to developing English speaking and teaching skills.
Contrastive analysis is a method that systematically compares a learner's native language and the target language they are learning to identify similarities and differences. This analysis can then predict areas of difficulty for the learner and inform language pedagogy. The method involves describing both languages, selecting linguistic units for comparison, contrasting the two systems, and predicting how differences may interfere with second language acquisition. Contrastive analysis of Arabic and English has found differences in phonology, grammar, vocabulary and other linguistic units that often cause difficulties for Arabic speakers learning English.
Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)MIN KYUNG LEE
This document summarizes and compares features of Korean, Japanese, and English languages. It discusses phonological and morphological differences such as consonant and vowel phonemes. Korean and Japanese are topic-prominent languages that rely on word endings, while English is subject-prominent and relies on word order. The writing systems are also compared, with Korean having a unique alphabet created for phonetic representation. Implications for teaching a second language are that differences can pose pronunciation challenges, but understanding morphological features can help literacy instruction by relating words across languages.
Realization of consonant clusters in foreign words by YorubaEnglish bilingualsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: A plethora of studieson foreign words borrowed into native languages have shown that a series
of consonants is forbidden in the syllable structures of most, if not all, the indigenous languages of the world.
These early studies have revealed that the possible syllable canon of these local languages is CV.This paper
investigates the consonant clusters and the syllable structure of the foreign words borrowed into Yoruba
language. Data were gathered from Yoruba-English bilinguals, such as artisans that possess school certificates,
government and public workers and Yoruba-English bilingual Bible. Words with consonant clusters were
purposively selected for the study. These words that consist names of persons, places and objects were partially
resyllabified to conform to the syllable template of Yoruba language. The approach to the study is based on the
assumption of perceptual-similarity school of thought as argued by Steriade 2002; Fleischhacker2002, Walker
2003; Kenstowicz 2003a; Adler 2004.The study reveals that there is an extent to which these foreign words can
be modified or else they will forfeit their perceptual similarity which is a major feature of foreign loanwords.
The paper also shows that since these words cannot be fully nativised, they retain the syllable feature of English
– a series of consonants.
KEYWORDS: cluster, syllable, foreign words, indigenous language, resyllabification
Here are the answers:
1. a) endurance
b) alienation
c) concealment
d) foolhardiness
e) ignobility
f) edginess
g) brotherhood
h) patriotism
i) membership
2. mosquitoes, wolves, elves, bacteria, hope
The uncountable nouns are: bacteria, hope
Unit 2: Pronouns
Page 13
1. Replace the underlined nouns with the appropriate pronouns.
a) The teacher praised him for his excellent work.
b) Sally told Jane about their holiday plans.
c) I gave my book to her
Introduction to grammar & Approaches in teaching grammarConstance Chee
The document discusses various approaches to teaching grammar to young English language learners, including using grammar in context rather than in isolation, using the M-U-F (meaning, use, form) framework to introduce new grammar points meaningfully, and integrating grammar instruction with the teaching of other language skills like reading, listening, speaking and writing. It also compares descriptive and prescriptive grammar as well as covert and overt approaches to teaching grammar.
This document appears to be the table of contents and first part of a lesson on reading and using dictionaries. It discusses the components and uses of dictionaries, including looking up spelling, pronunciation, part of speech, word origin, meaning, usage labels, synonyms and antonyms, foreign words and phrases, and general reference information. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate how to use a dictionary to find word meanings, parts of speech, pronunciation, usage labels, and other information. The lesson also provides guidance on how to efficiently find words in a dictionary using the guide words and alphabetical order. The first part concludes by introducing a Native American folk tale that will be read and analyzed in the second part of the lesson.
American Sign Language Verb Categories Within Constructed ActionLori Moore
This document provides background information on American Sign Language (ASL). It discusses the origins and history of sign language, how ASL emerged through deaf education in the United States starting in the early 1800s, and basic aspects of ASL grammar and structure. It also describes current research in ASL linguistics and sociolinguistics. Finally, it introduces the focus of the study - the linguistic feature of constructed action in ASL, how it is implemented physically, and its basic functions.
This document discusses the necessity of grammar teaching in language education. It begins by outlining different perspectives on the role of grammar instruction, from those who believe it is unnecessary to those who believe it is essential. The author then argues that grammar teaching is necessary for several reasons: 1) grammar underpins communicative competence and is essential for achieving learners' communicative goals; 2) grammar is not naturally acquired by all learners, especially in contexts without English surroundings, and instruction can help learners progress past plateaus; and 3) grammar embodies form, meaning, and use, and is not just a collection of rules but meaningful patterns that instruction can help learners understand. The author concludes grammar teaching is an important part of
The document is a chapter from a textbook on pronunciation. It discusses vowels in both English and Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia). It provides a table comparing the 12 vowel phonemes in English (/iː/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ɔː/, /ɜː/, /ə/, /ʊ/, /uː/, /ʌ/) to the 6 vowel phonemes or "fonem" in Indonesian (/ʌ/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ə/, /ʊ/, /ɒ/). It then describes how each vowel is produced, including tongue position and lip rounding.
This document provides 92 life lessons compiled from responses to the question "What's the most important thing you'll ever learn?". It is divided into sections on love, meaning, happiness, possibilities, peace, mindfulness, and struggle/growth. The lessons focus on developing wisdom, building strong relationships, finding purpose and meaning, cultivating happiness, embracing challenges and growth, and living mindfully in the present moment. Overall, the document suggests that life is a continuous journey of learning how to make the most of each day and leave the world a little better than we found it.
This document shares a lengthy Chinese proverb about money and luck. It claims the proverb originated in the Netherlands and has gone around the world 8 times, bringing good luck to those who forward it to others within 4 days of receiving it. The document includes several stories of people who forwarded the proverb and subsequently experienced wealth or good fortune, implying the same will happen for the reader if they share it. It urges readers to send exactly 20 copies to others without modifying the text in order to receive good news in the coming days.
Hanumān was delighted after hearing the encouraging words of Jambavān. He told his companions to wait patiently for his return after seeing Sītā and accomplishing Rāma's mission. Hanumān then leapt across the ocean and landed on a mountain called Maīnāka. The deity of the ocean told Maīnāka to relieve Hanumān's fatigue. However, Hanumān said he could find no rest until completing Rāma's work.
1. The document is a 40-page technical manual for a complex system that includes descriptions of components and subsystems.
2. It provides detailed information on the operation and maintenance of the system, including component specifications and troubleshooting guides.
3. Technical diagrams and illustrations are included to supplement the written descriptions.
This document lists the names of 108 Parshvanath, who are the 23rd Tirthankaras (spiritual guides) in Jainism. Each line contains the name of one Parshvanath. It ranges from Shri Shankeshver Parshvanath to Shri Godiji Parshvanath. At the end, it provides login information for a Facebook page and email address to share this PDF book containing the names.
This document is a Jain calendar for the Vir Samvat 2538 and Vikram Samvat 2068 years, listing the dates in the months of Kartik, Magshar, Posh, and Maah for both years according to the Jain calendar. It provides information on dates to avoid certain foods like green vegetables and root vegetables. It also notes dates for Jain festivals like Poonam and auspicious dates related to important figures in Jainism.
This document provides explanatory notes for a Gujarati-English learner's dictionary being compiled by Babu Suthar. It outlines the structure of dictionary entries, which include the headword, phonetic transcription, graphemic transcription, part of speech, and definition. The introductions provides background on the need for this dictionary as existing Gujarati references lack professionalism or are outdated. It acknowledges contributions from universities and foundations that supported the project.
This document contains a list of English words beginning with the letters A through D along with their part of speech or definition. There are over 300 words listed alphabetically from "a few" to "administrate". The document appears to be collecting vocabulary words for language learning or reference purposes.
The document provides a typical list of materials required for construction of a 132 kV grid substation, including:
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1. Gujarati- English Learner’s Dictionary
Babu Suthar
(Second draft)
A Nirman Foundation Project
Department of South Asia Studies
University of Pennsylvania
820 Williams Hall
36th
and Spruce
Philadelphia PA 19104
Babu Suthar
4. 4
↓
We will revise this draft again after we receive comments and suggestions from the
scholars and the users. There are still problems with phonetic transcription of some
words. We will fix them as soon as we get feedback from the scholars. Meanwhile,
we request the users to consult us before using information from this dictionary in
their reserach.
↓
Babu Suthar
bsuthar@sas.upenn.edu
5. 5
Introduction
Gujarati is a poor language of the rich people. This language does not have scientifically
written grammar books. Whatever grammar books it has are mainly pedagogic. It does
not have well written dictionaries either. There are some, monolingual as well as
bilingual, but many of them are impressionistic and outdated. This language is divided
into many social and geographical dialects, but very few of them have been explored.
Many dialects still await their documentation. It has attracted many linguists, but their
impact on the language, speakers, and writers has been negligible. Gujaratis are
everywhere, and so is Gujarati; but Gujarati rarely is taught systematically. The children
of Gujarati Diaspora learn some Gujarati either from their parents or from Gujarati
language classes run mainly by Hindu temples. There is no well written teaching material
either. Some individuals have created some material, but much of it lacks
professionalism. In addition, it is also faulty either in grammar or in pragmatics or both.
This is unfortunate. In order to overcome this situation, partially if not fully, the
Department of South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania has taken a
leadership role. They have encouraged designing teaching material under which we have
created three textbooks: Gujarati Reader 1, 2 and 3. The Reader 1 is devoted to the
writing system, while the Reader 2 is devoted to written conversations. The Reader 3 is a
collection of Aesop’s fables rendered in Gujarati. This dictionary is a part of that project
but it has been funded by the Nirman Foundation, Washington DC. It is perhaps the first
dictionary of the language created for the beginning student who is learning Gujarati
language as a second language. It is also the first dictionary in Gujarati which gives
phonetic transcription of the head words in International Phonetic Alphabet. Besides, it is
also the first one that gives graphemic transcription of each head words. This dictionary
will certainly facilitate the learner in learning the differences between spoken and written
Gujarati.
I am thankful to Nirman Foundation. Without their support this dream would have
remained unfulfilled. I am also thankful to Prof. Bhikhu Parekh and Dr. Chandrakant
Shrof for taking personal interest in this project. I can not forget Prof. Guy Welbon,
former Chairperson of the South Asia Regional Studies, University of Pennsylvania, who
underlined the need of creating teaching material and supported all the projects. This
dictionary is the third project that he supported. I am also thankful to Prof. Michael W.
Meister, the Chairperson of the Department of South Asia, for encouraging me in
finishing this work. Finally, I am thankful to Prof. Buckley, Department of Linguistics,
University of Pennsylvania, and Dr. Bharti Modi, Ex. Chairperson, Department of
Linguistics, The M.S. University of Baroda for ofering me guidance on various issues
related to compiling dictionary.
Babu Suthar
Sunday, June 29, 2003
6. 6
Content
1. Explanatory notes 7
2. Abbriviations 10
3. Dictionary 12
A 12
Aa 20
; 25
: 26
w 26
W 29
¢ 30
Ae 30
AE 32
Ao 32
AO 33
k 33
` 41
g 46
3 52
c 55
2 62
j 65
z 70
4 73
5 75
6 77
7 79
t 80
9 87
d 88
0 96
n 100
p 111
f 132
b 137
- 146
m 154
y 167
r 168
l 175
v 183
= 200
q 205
s 205
h 229
8. 8
Explanatory Notes:
Structure of the entries: Each entry contains five parts in the following order: 1. Head-
word, 2. Phonetic transcription, 3. Graphemic transcription, 4. Grammatical designation
and 5. Gloss. In addition, some entries may contain example.
1. Head-word: Head-word is the word to be glossed. It is given here in Gujarati script.
Spellings such as gÅga, p¨jo, 5*6I, sNt and sMp are avoided in favor of more traditional
spellings g&ga, p&jo, 5&6I, s&t and s&p.
2. Phonetic transcription: For each head-word phonetic transcription is given here in
Broad transcription. Syllabic division is also marked. This will facilitate the learners in
learning how to pronounce the words and how to relate them with their grapheme
structure. However, stress pattern is left unmarked.
Phonetic transcription is given in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) which is
given bellow:
Vowels:
Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e
o
Open-mid ´ ø
Open a
10. 10
3. Graphemic transcription: For each word graphemic transcription is also given using
the following symbols. This will help students learning the relationship between sound
and later with is not always symmetrical in Gujarati.
Vowels:
A Aa ; : w W ¢
a i ii u uu ru≤
Ae AE Ao AO A& AŠ
e i o u m h
Consonants:
k ` g 3
k kh g gh
c 2 j z
c ch Ô Ôh
4 5 6 7 8
ˇ ˇh Î Îh ¯
t 9 d 0 n
t th d dh n
p f b - m
p ph b bh m
y r l v
y r l v
= q s
ß s° s
h X x }a
h Æ kß gn
4. Gloss: Gloss illustrates the main sense of the word. In some cases, more than one
meaning are given in the order of their prominence.