This document provides guidelines for performing first trimester fetal ultrasounds from the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG). It recommends that routine first trimester ultrasounds should be performed between 11-13+6 weeks gestation to confirm viability, accurately date the pregnancy, determine fetal number, and assess gross anatomy. Ultrasounds should be performed by trained practitioners using appropriate equipment and following standardized examination and documentation procedures. Measurements such as crown-rump length are recommended to accurately assess gestational age. Safety considerations and limitations of first trimester ultrasounds are also discussed.
Este documento presenta información sobre la mamografía, incluyendo: 1) La mamografía es un estudio de rayos X de la glándula mamaria que ayuda a detectar tumores y diferenciar enfermedades benignas y malignas; 2) Existen mamografías analógicas y digitales, siendo las digitales más sensibles para detectar tumores pequeños; 3) La mamografía se realiza colocando el seno entre placas y aplicando presión mientras la paciente contiene la respiración, tomando vistas superior y lateral; 4) Puede detectar n
El documento describe la anatomía y ecografía normal y patológica de los ovarios. Explica la apariencia ecográfica de quistes funcionales, hemorrágicos, paraováricos, endometriomas, enfermedad poliquística ovárica, neoplasias como teratomas y tumores, y torsión ovárica. Proporciona detalles sobre el tamaño, contenido, bordes y otros hallazgos ecográficos que ayudan al diagnóstico diferencial de varias condiciones ováricas.
Este documento proporciona información sobre el examen clínico de la mama, incluyendo inspección y palpación, y describe varias alteraciones congénitas de la mama. Explica cómo dividir la mama en cuadrantes y zonas y qué buscar durante la inspección y palpación. También describe alteraciones del número, tamaño y forma de la mama como agenesia, hipertrofia, micromastia y asimetría, así como sus causas y tratamientos.
Este documento describe la apariencia normal y las posibles complicaciones de las prótesis mamarias en ecografía, mamografía y resonancia magnética. Explica que la ecografía y resonancia magnética son útiles para detectar complicaciones como la contractura capsular, el exudado de gel, la rotura intracapsular o extracapsular y la migración de silicona. La mamografía puede ser normal en algunas complicaciones o mostrar deformidad de la prótesis y silicona en los tejidos.
El documento resume las apariencias normales y patológicas del endometrio en diferentes etapas de la vida de la mujer, como la pubertad, edad reproductiva, embarazo y posmenopausia, según la imagenología. Describe las características del endometrio en cada etapa y las principales patologías que pueden afectarlo, incluyendo sus manifestaciones en ultrasonido, resonancia magnética y otros estudios.
Este documento describe diferentes lesiones benignas de la mama que pueden ser identificadas mediante ecografía, incluyendo fibroadenomas, mastitis, abscesos, lipomas y diferentes tipos de quistes mamarios. Explica las características ecográficas de cada lesión y su clasificación BIRADS.
Este documento describe la técnica y aplicaciones del ultrasonido de mama. Explica la anatomía mamaria y cómo se ven sus estructuras en el ultrasonido. Detalla el protocolo para localizar lesiones y documentar hallazgos. Las principales indicaciones son masas palpables, densidades mamográficas y orientar biopsias. También introduce nuevas tecnologías como el armónico, elastosonografía y ultrasonido automático 3D.
Este documento presenta información sobre la mamografía, incluyendo: 1) La mamografía es un estudio de rayos X de la glándula mamaria que ayuda a detectar tumores y diferenciar enfermedades benignas y malignas; 2) Existen mamografías analógicas y digitales, siendo las digitales más sensibles para detectar tumores pequeños; 3) La mamografía se realiza colocando el seno entre placas y aplicando presión mientras la paciente contiene la respiración, tomando vistas superior y lateral; 4) Puede detectar n
El documento describe la anatomía y ecografía normal y patológica de los ovarios. Explica la apariencia ecográfica de quistes funcionales, hemorrágicos, paraováricos, endometriomas, enfermedad poliquística ovárica, neoplasias como teratomas y tumores, y torsión ovárica. Proporciona detalles sobre el tamaño, contenido, bordes y otros hallazgos ecográficos que ayudan al diagnóstico diferencial de varias condiciones ováricas.
Este documento proporciona información sobre el examen clínico de la mama, incluyendo inspección y palpación, y describe varias alteraciones congénitas de la mama. Explica cómo dividir la mama en cuadrantes y zonas y qué buscar durante la inspección y palpación. También describe alteraciones del número, tamaño y forma de la mama como agenesia, hipertrofia, micromastia y asimetría, así como sus causas y tratamientos.
Este documento describe la apariencia normal y las posibles complicaciones de las prótesis mamarias en ecografía, mamografía y resonancia magnética. Explica que la ecografía y resonancia magnética son útiles para detectar complicaciones como la contractura capsular, el exudado de gel, la rotura intracapsular o extracapsular y la migración de silicona. La mamografía puede ser normal en algunas complicaciones o mostrar deformidad de la prótesis y silicona en los tejidos.
El documento resume las apariencias normales y patológicas del endometrio en diferentes etapas de la vida de la mujer, como la pubertad, edad reproductiva, embarazo y posmenopausia, según la imagenología. Describe las características del endometrio en cada etapa y las principales patologías que pueden afectarlo, incluyendo sus manifestaciones en ultrasonido, resonancia magnética y otros estudios.
Este documento describe diferentes lesiones benignas de la mama que pueden ser identificadas mediante ecografía, incluyendo fibroadenomas, mastitis, abscesos, lipomas y diferentes tipos de quistes mamarios. Explica las características ecográficas de cada lesión y su clasificación BIRADS.
Este documento describe la técnica y aplicaciones del ultrasonido de mama. Explica la anatomía mamaria y cómo se ven sus estructuras en el ultrasonido. Detalla el protocolo para localizar lesiones y documentar hallazgos. Las principales indicaciones son masas palpables, densidades mamográficas y orientar biopsias. También introduce nuevas tecnologías como el armónico, elastosonografía y ultrasonido automático 3D.
La histerosalpingografía es un estudio radiográfico que analiza la morfología interna del útero y las trompas de Falopio, así como su permeabilidad, mediante la introducción de contraste a través del canal cervical. Se utiliza para examinar a mujeres con deseo de quedar embarazadas y para investigar causas de esterilidad o abortos repetidos. El procedimiento implica la colocación de un espéculo, la medición del útero y la inyección de contraste a través de una cánula.
La mastografía es el método más utilizado para la detección de cáncer de mama en pacientes con prótesis, a pesar de ser relativamente incómodo. Permite visualizar mejor el tejido glandular y detectar alteraciones. La técnica de Eklund ayuda a desplazar la prótesis y comprimir mejor el tejido mamario, mejorando la detección de lesiones.
Este documento describe la técnica y hallazgos del ultrasonido Doppler hepático. Explica cómo evalúa los vasos hepáticos principales y adyacentes mediante la combinación de imagen ecográfica y estudio del flujo sanguíneo. Describe las características normales y patológicas de la vena porta, así como hallazgos en hipertensión portal, trombosis y cavernomatosis de la vena porta.
El documento presenta 4 casos de ectasia ductal mamaria en niños y lactantes evaluados mediante ultrasonido. La ectasia ductal mamaria se caracteriza por la dilatación de los ductos glandulares mamarios, generalmente de forma unilateral y espontáneamente reversible. El ultrasonido muestra quistes o estructuras tubulares dilatados correspondientes a los ductos, pudiendo observarse flujo a Doppler. La mayoría de los casos se resuelven espontáneamente en semanas.
Este documento proporciona información sobre la mamografía. Resume el desarrollo embriológico de la mama, su anatomía, histología e irrigación. Explica brevemente la historia de la mamografía y describe las características del equipo mamográfico, las proyecciones básicas y la categorización BIRADS. Finalmente, enumera los principales tipos de cáncer de mama.
La ecografía utiliza ultrasonidos para definir estructuras internas del cuerpo humano de manera no invasiva. Puede usarse para visualizar los órganos reproductivos femeninos y diagnosticar problemas como infertilidad, sangrado anormal, dolor pélvico y posibles tumores. Ofrece imágenes de órganos como el útero, ovarios y trompas de Falopio para evaluar anomalías, masas y enfermedades ginecológicas.
Este documento resume la histerosalpingografía, un procedimiento radiográfico para evaluar el útero y las trompas de Falopio. Describe qué es la histerosalpingografía, sus indicaciones y contraindicaciones. Explica cómo se realiza el procedimiento y las complicaciones potenciales. También describe las principales anormalidades que puede detectar, incluyendo defectos uterinos, problemas en las trompas de Falopio y otras patologías.
El documento describe la anatomía y evaluación ultrasonográfica del bazo. Explica que el bazo se origina durante el desarrollo embrionario y describe su localización, ligamentos, vasos sanguíneos y funciones. También cubre las causas comunes de esplenomegalia como infecciones, trastornos inmunitarios, alteraciones del flujo sanguíneo esplénico y más. Finalmente, detalla cómo se evalúa el bazo mediante ultrasonido y las apariencias de quistes, masas sólidas, hemangiomas e infart
Este documento resume las patologías más comunes detectadas mediante ultrasonido abdominal. Describe condiciones de la vesícula biliar como colelitiasis, adenomiosis y carcinoma. En el hígado se detallan quistes, hemangiomas, metástasis y carcinoma hepatocelular. También aborda abscesos hepáticos, cirrosis e infiltración grasa. Finalmente, analiza patologías renales como hidronefrosis, quistes, carcinoma de células renales, litiasis y nefrocalcinosis.
La ecografía del páncreas es la primera prueba de imagen recomendada para evaluar pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad pancreática debido a que es inocua, accesible y de bajo costo. Es una técnica fundamental para estudiar procesos inflamatorios y tumores pancreáticos, con una sensibilidad de alrededor del 70% y especificidad de 90%. La ecografía permite evaluar la estructura del páncreas de manera no invasiva y orientar sobre posibles etiologías.
MUSA Evaluación ecográfica de morfología uterinaHNERM
Este documento presenta lineamientos para la evaluación ecográfica de la morfología uterina y la descripción de patologías miometriales. Propone términos y definiciones para facilitar la coherencia de los informes ecográficos del útero y sugiere cómo describir aspectos como la morfología uterina normal, la zona de unión, lesiones miometriales y su vascularización. Algunos de los términos propuestos son demasiado detallados para la práctica clínica general y inicialmente serán útiles solo
El intestino grueso comienza en el ciego y se extiende hasta el recto. Tiene cuatro capas y sus funciones principales son absorber agua y eliminar los desechos de la digestión. Se puede explorar mediante enema opaco, arteriografía, biopsia con aguja, TAC, ultrasonido y resonancia magnética.
El documento proporciona información sobre la anatomía normal y patológica del escroto y sus contenidos, así como sobre los protocolos de estudio ecográfico y las características ecográficas de varias condiciones, incluida la torsion testicular, orquiepididimitis, absceso epididimario, orquitis, varicocele y anatomía vascular normal.
Este documento describe los aspectos técnicos y protocolos de la resonancia magnética en mama, incluyendo las características morfológicas que se evalúan, la cinética de captación del contraste, y las indicaciones actuales del procedimiento. La resonancia magnética en mama proporciona información sobre la extensión del tumor, la presencia de multicentricidad o en la mama contralateral, y puede cambiar la opción de tratamiento en algunos casos.
Este documento describe el perfil hemodinámico fetal y la velocimetría Doppler. Explica que la velocimetría Doppler permite evaluar el flujo sanguíneo fetal de manera no invasiva para detectar eventos anómalos y establecer criterios de atención. Detalla los diferentes parámetros evaluados como el índice de pulsatilidad de la arteria umbilical, así como las etapas de respuesta fetal a la hipoxia y los hallazgos Doppler asociados a cada etapa. Concluye que el perfil hemodinámico puede
El arte de la mastografia en el diagnosticoAre Are
Este documento trata sobre la mastografía y su importancia en el diagnóstico oportuno del cáncer de mama. Explica la historia y evolución de la mastografía, la anatomía de la glándula mamaria, los diferentes tipos de mastografías, patrones mamográficos, criterios de calidad de imagen, y conclusiones sobre la precisión y capacidad de detección temprana del cáncer de mama a través de este examen radiológico.
Imagenología del aparato reproductor femeninoAlexis Garcia
Este documento describe la anatomía, histología y fisiología normales de los órganos sexuales femeninos y su correlación con los métodos de imagen. Describe la anatomía del ovario, la trompa de Falopio y el útero, así como su histología. Explica el ciclo menstrual femenino y el efecto de las hormonas. Finalmente, resume diversos métodos de imagen como histerosalpingografía, sonohisterografía, TC pélvica, RM pélvica y PET, y cómo se correlacionan con la anatomía y fisiología de
SIGNOS ECOGRÁFICOS DE MAL PRONÓSTICO EN LA ECOGRAFÍA DEL 1ER TRIMESTREJornadas HM Hospitales
Este documento describe varios signos ecográficos de mal pronóstico en la ecografía del primer trimestre del embarazo. Estos incluyen biometría menor de lo esperado, bradicardia embrionaria, gemelos monocoriales, gemelo evanescente, y anomalías placenterias como protrusión coriónica o hematomas. El documento analiza los hallazgos ecográficos asociados con mayor riesgo de aborto espontáneo, problemas de crecimiento o prematuridad.
Guía ISUOG sobre screening ecográfico de cardiopatías congénitasTony Terrones
This document provides updated guidelines for performing ultrasound screening of the fetal heart from the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG). The guidelines recommend that in addition to the standard four-chamber view of the heart, ultrasound practitioners should also obtain views of the outflow tracts from both ventricles. This updated recommendation aims to improve prenatal detection of congenital heart defects. The guidelines describe how to properly obtain and evaluate the four-chamber view and outflow tract views during the routine mid-gestation ultrasound examination between 18-22 weeks. Adherence to these guidelines could help maximize detection of fetal heart abnormalities.
Guía ISUOG sobre ecografía del segundo trimestreTony Terrones
This document provides guidelines for performing a routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scan between 18-22 weeks of gestation. The purpose of the scan is to assess fetal growth and anatomy, detect congenital anomalies, and determine gestational age. Key aspects that are recommended include using ultrasound equipment with appropriate capabilities, documenting standardized measurements and images, and having healthcare practitioners with specialized training perform the scans. Deviations from the guidelines should be documented, and cases requiring a more detailed scan should be referred to an appropriate specialist.
La histerosalpingografía es un estudio radiográfico que analiza la morfología interna del útero y las trompas de Falopio, así como su permeabilidad, mediante la introducción de contraste a través del canal cervical. Se utiliza para examinar a mujeres con deseo de quedar embarazadas y para investigar causas de esterilidad o abortos repetidos. El procedimiento implica la colocación de un espéculo, la medición del útero y la inyección de contraste a través de una cánula.
La mastografía es el método más utilizado para la detección de cáncer de mama en pacientes con prótesis, a pesar de ser relativamente incómodo. Permite visualizar mejor el tejido glandular y detectar alteraciones. La técnica de Eklund ayuda a desplazar la prótesis y comprimir mejor el tejido mamario, mejorando la detección de lesiones.
Este documento describe la técnica y hallazgos del ultrasonido Doppler hepático. Explica cómo evalúa los vasos hepáticos principales y adyacentes mediante la combinación de imagen ecográfica y estudio del flujo sanguíneo. Describe las características normales y patológicas de la vena porta, así como hallazgos en hipertensión portal, trombosis y cavernomatosis de la vena porta.
El documento presenta 4 casos de ectasia ductal mamaria en niños y lactantes evaluados mediante ultrasonido. La ectasia ductal mamaria se caracteriza por la dilatación de los ductos glandulares mamarios, generalmente de forma unilateral y espontáneamente reversible. El ultrasonido muestra quistes o estructuras tubulares dilatados correspondientes a los ductos, pudiendo observarse flujo a Doppler. La mayoría de los casos se resuelven espontáneamente en semanas.
Este documento proporciona información sobre la mamografía. Resume el desarrollo embriológico de la mama, su anatomía, histología e irrigación. Explica brevemente la historia de la mamografía y describe las características del equipo mamográfico, las proyecciones básicas y la categorización BIRADS. Finalmente, enumera los principales tipos de cáncer de mama.
La ecografía utiliza ultrasonidos para definir estructuras internas del cuerpo humano de manera no invasiva. Puede usarse para visualizar los órganos reproductivos femeninos y diagnosticar problemas como infertilidad, sangrado anormal, dolor pélvico y posibles tumores. Ofrece imágenes de órganos como el útero, ovarios y trompas de Falopio para evaluar anomalías, masas y enfermedades ginecológicas.
Este documento resume la histerosalpingografía, un procedimiento radiográfico para evaluar el útero y las trompas de Falopio. Describe qué es la histerosalpingografía, sus indicaciones y contraindicaciones. Explica cómo se realiza el procedimiento y las complicaciones potenciales. También describe las principales anormalidades que puede detectar, incluyendo defectos uterinos, problemas en las trompas de Falopio y otras patologías.
El documento describe la anatomía y evaluación ultrasonográfica del bazo. Explica que el bazo se origina durante el desarrollo embrionario y describe su localización, ligamentos, vasos sanguíneos y funciones. También cubre las causas comunes de esplenomegalia como infecciones, trastornos inmunitarios, alteraciones del flujo sanguíneo esplénico y más. Finalmente, detalla cómo se evalúa el bazo mediante ultrasonido y las apariencias de quistes, masas sólidas, hemangiomas e infart
Este documento resume las patologías más comunes detectadas mediante ultrasonido abdominal. Describe condiciones de la vesícula biliar como colelitiasis, adenomiosis y carcinoma. En el hígado se detallan quistes, hemangiomas, metástasis y carcinoma hepatocelular. También aborda abscesos hepáticos, cirrosis e infiltración grasa. Finalmente, analiza patologías renales como hidronefrosis, quistes, carcinoma de células renales, litiasis y nefrocalcinosis.
La ecografía del páncreas es la primera prueba de imagen recomendada para evaluar pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad pancreática debido a que es inocua, accesible y de bajo costo. Es una técnica fundamental para estudiar procesos inflamatorios y tumores pancreáticos, con una sensibilidad de alrededor del 70% y especificidad de 90%. La ecografía permite evaluar la estructura del páncreas de manera no invasiva y orientar sobre posibles etiologías.
MUSA Evaluación ecográfica de morfología uterinaHNERM
Este documento presenta lineamientos para la evaluación ecográfica de la morfología uterina y la descripción de patologías miometriales. Propone términos y definiciones para facilitar la coherencia de los informes ecográficos del útero y sugiere cómo describir aspectos como la morfología uterina normal, la zona de unión, lesiones miometriales y su vascularización. Algunos de los términos propuestos son demasiado detallados para la práctica clínica general y inicialmente serán útiles solo
El intestino grueso comienza en el ciego y se extiende hasta el recto. Tiene cuatro capas y sus funciones principales son absorber agua y eliminar los desechos de la digestión. Se puede explorar mediante enema opaco, arteriografía, biopsia con aguja, TAC, ultrasonido y resonancia magnética.
El documento proporciona información sobre la anatomía normal y patológica del escroto y sus contenidos, así como sobre los protocolos de estudio ecográfico y las características ecográficas de varias condiciones, incluida la torsion testicular, orquiepididimitis, absceso epididimario, orquitis, varicocele y anatomía vascular normal.
Este documento describe los aspectos técnicos y protocolos de la resonancia magnética en mama, incluyendo las características morfológicas que se evalúan, la cinética de captación del contraste, y las indicaciones actuales del procedimiento. La resonancia magnética en mama proporciona información sobre la extensión del tumor, la presencia de multicentricidad o en la mama contralateral, y puede cambiar la opción de tratamiento en algunos casos.
Este documento describe el perfil hemodinámico fetal y la velocimetría Doppler. Explica que la velocimetría Doppler permite evaluar el flujo sanguíneo fetal de manera no invasiva para detectar eventos anómalos y establecer criterios de atención. Detalla los diferentes parámetros evaluados como el índice de pulsatilidad de la arteria umbilical, así como las etapas de respuesta fetal a la hipoxia y los hallazgos Doppler asociados a cada etapa. Concluye que el perfil hemodinámico puede
El arte de la mastografia en el diagnosticoAre Are
Este documento trata sobre la mastografía y su importancia en el diagnóstico oportuno del cáncer de mama. Explica la historia y evolución de la mastografía, la anatomía de la glándula mamaria, los diferentes tipos de mastografías, patrones mamográficos, criterios de calidad de imagen, y conclusiones sobre la precisión y capacidad de detección temprana del cáncer de mama a través de este examen radiológico.
Imagenología del aparato reproductor femeninoAlexis Garcia
Este documento describe la anatomía, histología y fisiología normales de los órganos sexuales femeninos y su correlación con los métodos de imagen. Describe la anatomía del ovario, la trompa de Falopio y el útero, así como su histología. Explica el ciclo menstrual femenino y el efecto de las hormonas. Finalmente, resume diversos métodos de imagen como histerosalpingografía, sonohisterografía, TC pélvica, RM pélvica y PET, y cómo se correlacionan con la anatomía y fisiología de
SIGNOS ECOGRÁFICOS DE MAL PRONÓSTICO EN LA ECOGRAFÍA DEL 1ER TRIMESTREJornadas HM Hospitales
Este documento describe varios signos ecográficos de mal pronóstico en la ecografía del primer trimestre del embarazo. Estos incluyen biometría menor de lo esperado, bradicardia embrionaria, gemelos monocoriales, gemelo evanescente, y anomalías placenterias como protrusión coriónica o hematomas. El documento analiza los hallazgos ecográficos asociados con mayor riesgo de aborto espontáneo, problemas de crecimiento o prematuridad.
Guía ISUOG sobre screening ecográfico de cardiopatías congénitasTony Terrones
This document provides updated guidelines for performing ultrasound screening of the fetal heart from the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG). The guidelines recommend that in addition to the standard four-chamber view of the heart, ultrasound practitioners should also obtain views of the outflow tracts from both ventricles. This updated recommendation aims to improve prenatal detection of congenital heart defects. The guidelines describe how to properly obtain and evaluate the four-chamber view and outflow tract views during the routine mid-gestation ultrasound examination between 18-22 weeks. Adherence to these guidelines could help maximize detection of fetal heart abnormalities.
Guía ISUOG sobre ecografía del segundo trimestreTony Terrones
This document provides guidelines for performing a routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scan between 18-22 weeks of gestation. The purpose of the scan is to assess fetal growth and anatomy, detect congenital anomalies, and determine gestational age. Key aspects that are recommended include using ultrasound equipment with appropriate capabilities, documenting standardized measurements and images, and having healthcare practitioners with specialized training perform the scans. Deviations from the guidelines should be documented, and cases requiring a more detailed scan should be referred to an appropriate specialist.
This document is an obstetrics and gynecology report on a client's current pregnancy condition and general health. It collects information on the client's obstetric history including previous pregnancies, family medical history, personal medical history, current pregnancy details, fetal assessment, and any tests or scans that have been performed. The doctor is asked to provide full details on any adverse findings or opinions to assist with underwriting an insurance application.
This document provides guidelines for performing Doppler ultrasonography of the fetoplacental circulation from the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG). It recommends the appropriate equipment, techniques, and practices for optimizing Doppler measurements of various fetal vessels including the uterine arteries and umbilical artery. Key recommendations include using the lowest possible ultrasound energy levels, maintaining an insonation angle of less than 20 degrees, using the lowest possible wall filter setting, and obtaining measurements during periods of fetal stillness to minimize errors and improve reproducibility.
This document provides guidelines for performing basic and detailed sonographic examinations of the fetal central nervous system. It outlines the structures that should be evaluated in a basic exam, including head shape, ventricles, cerebellum, cisterna magna and spine. A basic exam can be done transabdominally starting at 20 weeks and should include two standard scan planes. A detailed neurosonogram requires specific expertise and equipment to fully evaluate the brain and spine for anomalies in high risk pregnancies. Biometric measurements of the head and ventricles are also recommended as part of the evaluation.
Curso Superior de Ultrasonografía ObginTony Terrones
Este documento describe un curso superior de ultrasonografía en obstetricia y diagnóstico prenatal a distancia ofrecido por la Sociedad Argentina de Ultrasonografía en Medicina y Biología. El curso dura 6 meses y consta de 22 unidades que cubren diversos temas relacionados con ultrasonografía obstétrica. Está dirigido a médicos obstetras, ecografistas y radiólogos con experiencia en ultrasonografía obstétrica. El curso incluye clases, trabajos prácticos, material de apoyo y foros de discusión.
El documento presenta el programa de un curso de actualización en ginecología sobre patología pelviana y ultrasonido que se llevará a cabo el 25 de noviembre en la Clínica Pueyrredón, con charlas sobre patología benigna y maligna de endometrio y anexos, la utilidad del ultrasonido y la citología en el diagnóstico, y una sesión interactiva de imágenes con ultrasonido. El cupo es limitado a 20 personas e incluye refrigerio y almuerzo.
II Curso Internacional de Ultrasonografía Obgin y Diagnóstico PrenatalTony Terrones
Este documento anuncia el II Curso Internacional Intensivo de Actualización en Ultrasonografía Obstetrica, Ginecológica y Diagnóstico Prenatal que se llevará a cabo del 23 al 25 de junio de 2016 en el Hotel Howard Johnson en San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina. El curso estará dirigido por Daniel Cafici, Roberto Gori y Antonio Terrones e incluirá invitados nacionales e internacionales. Tendrá un cupo limitado de 150 asistentes y ofrecerá 30 horas de cátedra. Se propor
Este documento presenta un curso universitario de postgrado en introducción a la medicina fetal ofrecido por el Instituto de Ginecología de Mar del Plata. El curso está dirigido a médicos de diversas especialidades y se centra en el estudio del feto, su patología, diagnóstico y posibilidades terapéuticas. Consta de 11 unidades que se dictarán a distancia con evaluación final durante 10 semanas. El curso tiene una carga horaria de 96 horas y requiere participación semanal mínima para su aprobación.
Curso Universitario de Formación en Ultrasonido Obgin. Mar del Plata 2017Tony Terrones
El documento describe un curso de posgrado de ultrasonografía ginecológica, obstétrica y diagnóstico prenatal que se llevará a cabo en el Instituto de Ginecología de Mar del Plata de marzo a diciembre de 2017. El curso consta de 240 horas entre clases teóricas y prácticas los primeros viernes y sábados de cada mes, y será dictado por 6 doctores bajo la dirección del Dr. Daniel Cafici. Se detallan los aranceles y formas de pago para el curso.
Este documento describe un curso de educación a distancia sobre eco-Doppler color de enfermedades venosas de los miembros inferiores ofrecido por la Sociedad Argentina de Ultrasonografía en Medicina y Biología. El curso consta de 10 unidades que cubren la anatomía, patología y técnica de estudio venoso, y capacita para el diagnóstico de enfermedades venosas. Se dictará de forma virtual con clases, trabajos prácticos, foros y evaluación final durante 10 semanas.
Curso Universitario de Postgrado: Clínica Ecográfica para TocoginecologosTony Terrones
Este documento describe un curso de ecografía clínica para tocoginecólogos ofrecido de forma remota. El curso está dirigido a médicos con poca experiencia en ecografía obstétrica y ginecológica, con el objetivo de enseñar indicaciones para solicitar estudios, criterios para evaluar informes y interpretar resultados clínicamente. Consta de seis unidades temáticas impartidas a lo largo de seis semanas con clases, materiales y foros de discusión. Se requiere acceso a internet y conocimientos b
Guía ISUOG sobre ecografía en embarazo gemelarTony Terrones
This document provides guidelines from the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) on the role of ultrasound in twin pregnancies. It recommends that twin pregnancies be dated using the larger crown-rump length between 11-13 weeks of gestation. It also recommends determining chorionicity and amnionicity before 14 weeks using membrane thickness and placental mass number. Uncomplicated dichorionic twins should have scans at 11-14 weeks, 20-22 weeks, and every 4 weeks thereafter, while uncomplicated monochorionic twins should have scans every 2 weeks after 16 weeks to monitor for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and other complications.
Este documento describe el diagnóstico de anomalías cromosómicas en el primer trimestre del embarazo. Explica que el aumento de la translucencia nucal y la ausencia del hueso nasal en ecografías entre las 11-13+6 semanas pueden identificar alrededor del 75% de los fetos con trisomía 21. También discute los métodos de diagnóstico no invasivo como el análisis de células fetales en la sangre materna y de ADN fetal libre, así como los riesgos del diagnóstico
Este documento describe un curso de educación a distancia sobre Doppler en obstetricia, ginecología y mastología dirigido a ecografistas y médicos radiólogos. El curso consta de 16 unidades temáticas y 128 horas de clases teóricas, trabajos prácticos y tutoría a distancia con una evaluación final. Los objetivos son conocer la metodología y aplicaciones del Doppler y mejorar el manejo de fetos de alto riesgo y patologías mediante esta técnica.
El documento resume los principales tumores epiteliales del ovario (endometriales, tumor de células claras, tumor de Brenner), infecciones de las trompas de Falopio, miomas uterinos, endometrio normal y patológico (pólipos, cáncer), embarazo ectópico y bibliografía sobre ecografía ginecológica. Proporciona detalles ecográficos para diagnosticar estas condiciones y diferenciar tumores benignos de malignos.
La encuesta realizada por SIED entre el 23 de enero y el 7 de febrero en los partidos de San Isidro y San Martín preguntó a quién votarían como presidente 94 participantes argentinos o residentes legales mayores de 18 años. Los resultados mostraron que Mauricio Macri sería la primera opción con el 47,31% de los votos válidos, seguido por "No sé" con el 18,27% y "Otro" con el 16,12%.
Isuog practice guidelines performance of first trimester fetal ultrasound scankaleemullahabid
The document provides guidelines from the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) for performing first trimester fetal ultrasound scans between 6-13 weeks gestation. It outlines recommendations for assessing viability, measuring the embryo/fetus, determining gestational age, evaluating fetal anatomy, and documenting the examination. Key recommendations include using transvaginal ultrasound when possible, measuring the crown-rump length to determine gestational age, and assessing the head, neck, spine and basic anatomy while acknowledging limitations in visualization of some structures so early.
This document provides guidelines for performing obstetric ultrasound examinations at various stages of pregnancy. It discusses indications, imaging parameters, and documentation requirements for first trimester, standard second/third trimester, limited, and specialized ultrasound exams. Key aspects include evaluating gestational sac features in the first trimester, assessing fetal anatomy and biometric measurements in later exams, and documenting important findings such as placental location and amniotic fluid levels. Adherence to these guidelines helps maximize detection of fetal abnormalities.
Gestational age is a key piece of data used by healthcare providers to determine the timing of various screening tests and assessments of the fetus and mother throughout pregnancy. Gestational age may be assessed at any time during pregnancy, and several modes of assessment exist, each requiring different equipment or skills and with varying degrees of accuracy. Obtaining more accurate estimates of gestational age through better diagnostic approaches may initiate more prompt medical management of a pregnant patient.
Ultrasonographic Cervical Length Measurement at 10-14- and 20-24-weeks’ Gesta...AI Publications
Preterm labor is a regular occurrence in pregnancy; an estimated 15 million babies are born prematurely each year, with the number increasing. This was a prospective study of pregnant women who came to the Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Kurdistan Province, Iraq, for an outpatient clinic. On a manageable sample of 150 singleton pregnancies. In this study, one hundred fifty singleton asymptomatic pregnancies encountered the inclusion criteria during the study period, 69 primi gravid, 81 multi gravid. The correlation between the cervical length at 20–24 weeks and preterm delivery was moderately poor (r =0.715), and this correlation was highly significant (P < 0.001). In another word, a better correlation was found between preterm delivery and cervical length at 20–24 weeks than at 10–14 weeks in the prediction of preterm delivery. This study also points towards the importance of serial ultrasound scans to detect those who are at higher risk. There was no statistically significant effect of age, parity. Finally, the findings revealed that trans vaginal ultrasound is more accurate at 20-24weeks than 10-14weeks gestation for prediction of preterm labor, it can be used routinely to prevent preterm birth.
The document provides guidelines for performing a routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound scan between 18-22 weeks gestation. It outlines the purpose, who should perform the scan, and what should be evaluated which includes fetal anatomy, growth, and well-being. Key recommendations include using standardized measurements and imaging protocols, producing a report for the referring provider, and minimizing fetal exposure during the scan. The guidelines aim to optimize outcomes for both mother and fetus through an accurate and safe examination.
Focused reproductive endocrinology and infertility (2019) guidelineVõ Tá Sơn
Focused reproductive endocrinology and infertility (2019) image library, guideline,
Hình ảnh học siêu âm trong nội tiết sinh sản và vô sinh,
AIUM 2019,
Bs Võ Tá Sơn,
This technical report summarizes the student's experience during their industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) at the Ekiti State Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. The report describes the use of obstetric ultrasound, including the equipment, procedures, importance and limitations. Obstetric ultrasound uses sound waves to examine the fetus and uterus during pregnancy, allowing clinicians to monitor fetal growth and check for abnormalities without radiation exposure. The student concludes that ultrasound is a standard prenatal screening tool and recommends extending the duration of future SIWES programs to improve training opportunities for students.
Prenatal diagnosis has advanced significantly from early techniques like amniocentesis. Now, non-invasive prenatal testing using cell-free fetal DNA from maternal blood can screen for common chromosomal abnormalities with over 99% sensitivity. Ultrasound is routinely used during pregnancy to check fetal anatomy and growth. Biochemical markers in maternal blood can assess risks for issues like Down syndrome, assess placental health through hormones like HCG, and monitor fetal well-being. Invasive techniques like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for direct genetic testing of fetal cells.
This document provides guidelines for performing obstetric ultrasounds, including indications, imaging parameters, and types of examinations. It recommends using real-time ultrasound with transducers of 3-5 MHz for standard second and third trimester exams to evaluate fetal anatomy, growth, and well-being. First trimester ultrasounds should use transvaginal or transabdominal ultrasound to assess gestational age, viability, and risk of aneuploidy by measuring the nuchal translucency. Limited and specialized ultrasounds are also described for targeted evaluations.
Obstetrical Ultrasound Examination and Biochemical Markers as Contemporary To...Rustem Celami
- Obstetrical ultrasound examination and biochemical markers are contemporary tools used in Albania to assess fetal anomalies.
- Nuchal translucency measurements over 3mm and abnormal biochemical markers indicate an increased risk of structural fetal abnormalities.
- Abnormalities like increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma can be detected during first trimester ultrasound screening.
High-risk approach with screening and assessmentAnamika Ramawat
High risk pregnancies require screening and assessment to identify risks and provide extra care. Around 20-30% of pregnancies are considered high risk due to factors that could adversely affect the pregnancy outcome for the mother or baby. Assessment involves evaluating the health history and risk factors, while screening identifies apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk. Various diagnostic tests can then be used to further evaluate any risks found during screening. These include noninvasive tests like ultrasound, CTG, NST and CST as well as invasive tests like CVS and amniocentesis. Proper screening, assessment and diagnosis of high risk pregnancies allows for improved monitoring and outcomes.
Value of routine ultrasound examination at 35–37 weeks’ gestation in diagnosi...Võ Tá Sơn
This study investigated the value of routine ultrasound examination at 35-37 weeks' gestation in diagnosing previously unknown fetal abnormalities. The study found:
1) Of 995 total fetal abnormalities detected, 24.8% (247) were first diagnosed at 35-37 weeks' gestation and 7.4% (74) were first diagnosed postnatally.
2) The most common abnormalities first seen at 35-37 weeks were hydronephrosis, mild ventriculomegaly, ventricular septal defect, duplex kidney, ovarian cyst, and arachnoid cyst.
3) Routine ultrasound at 35-37 weeks could potentially improve postnatal outcomes by enabling diagnosis and management planning for
This document provides guidelines on cervical cerclage from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. It recommends that women with singleton pregnancies and three or more previous preterm births should be offered a history-indicated cervical cerclage. It also recommends that women with a history of spontaneous second trimester loss or preterm birth may be offered cervical length monitoring and possible ultrasound-indicated cerclage if shortening is detected. For women with no risk factors and an incidentally found short cervix, cerclage insertion is not recommended. Emergency cerclage may delay birth by 34 days on average compared to expectant management.
Obstetric ultrasonography, or prenatal ultrasound, is the use of medical ultrasonography in pregnancy, in which sound waves are used to create real-time visual images of the developing embryo or fetus in the uterus.
The document discusses the definition of term pregnancy. Previously, term was considered 37-42 weeks of gestation, but research shows neonatal outcomes vary within this range. To address this, a work group in 2012 recommended replacing "term" with more specific designations: early term (37-38 weeks), full term (39-40 weeks), late term (41 weeks) and post-term (42+ weeks). They encourage clinicians and researchers to uniformly use these new designations to facilitate data reporting, quality care and research.
This document provides guidelines for antepartum fetal surveillance techniques based on the latest scientific evidence. It discusses various techniques used for antepartum fetal surveillance including maternal fetal movement assessment, contraction stress test, nonstress test, biophysical profile, and modified biophysical profile. The goal of using these techniques is to prevent fetal death by identifying fetuses that may be undergoing uterine placental compromise. A normal result from these antepartum fetal surveillance tests is highly reassuring, with false negative rates generally below 1%, however, acute catastrophic changes may still result in fetal death.
Hướng dẫn siêu âm thai chi tiết - siêu âm khảo sát hình thái thai nhi AIUM 2019Võ Tá Sơn
This document provides guidelines for performing detailed second- and third-trimester diagnostic obstetric ultrasound examinations. It outlines the qualifications of personnel, required documentation, equipment specifications, and specific components that may be included in the examination. A detailed ultrasound is recommended for known or suspected fetal abnormalities, increased risk conditions, or multiple gestations. It provides a more in-depth assessment than a routine prenatal ultrasound and should only be performed at practices with specialized expertise in fetal anomalies. Real-time ultrasound with an appropriate transducer frequency is used to comprehensively evaluate the fetus from head to toe.
Management of Suboptimally dated pregnancy. Aboubakr Elnashar Aboubakr Elnashar
This document provides recommendations for managing pregnancies where the estimated due date is uncertain due to a lack of early ultrasound examination. It recommends that:
1. The timing of any indicated delivery should be based on the best clinical estimate of gestational age, balancing maternal and newborn risks.
2. Elective deliveries are not recommended without risks sufficient to warrant delivery, to avoid unnecessary neonatal morbidity if the pregnancy is earlier than estimated.
3. Antenatal corticosteroids and fetal surveillance may be considered based on best gestational age estimate, but amniocentesis is not recommended routinely for decision making.
Similar to Guía ISUOG: Ecografía del primer trimestre (20)
Este documento describe un módulo de capacitación en línea sobre ultrasonido obstétrico y ginecológico dirigido a profesionales de la salud. El curso de 51 horas incluye 5 unidades sobre aplicaciones de ultrasonido en ginecología y obstetricia, politraumatismo en embarazadas y un examen final. Los estudiantes tienen acceso ilimitado al material por un año desde la inscripción. El curso es auspiciado por la Cátedra Libre de Salud de la Mujer de la UNLP y el Círculo Mé
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Este documento presenta un módulo de capacitación en línea sobre ecografía ginecológica dirigido a profesionales de la salud. El curso consta de 5 unidades temáticas y un examen final, con acceso ilimitado por un año desde la inscripción. El director es un médico especialista en ginecología y obstetricia. El curso ofrece clases, materiales y foros de discusión con una carga horaria de 51 horas.
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Trayecto Formativo en Ecocardiografía FetalTony Terrones
Este documento describe un trayecto formativo (TF) en ecocardiografía fetal ofrecido por SIED, una organización de e-learning en medicina. El TF es una opción de formación continua que aprovecha las tecnologías de la información para ofrecer educación a distancia. Este TF en particular consta de 5 videos educativos sobre temas relacionados con la ecocardiografía fetal como la epidemiología de las cardiopatías congénitas y los patrones ecográficos de algunas cardiopatías, con una duración total aproximada de 3 horas y 15 minutos
Este documento describe un curso de ecocardiografía fetal dirigido a profesionales de la salud. El curso se enfoca en capacitar a los participantes para diagnosticar cardiopatías congénitas a través de 10 unidades que cubren temas como la anatomía y hemodinámica fetal, screening ecográfico en los tres trimestres del embarazo, ecocardiografía y Doppler cardíaco fetal. El curso es virtual con clases, tareas y evaluación final durante 88 horas a lo largo de 11 semanas. El director es el Dr. Antonio Terrones, especial
This editorial discusses the UK government's decision to extend the interval between the first and second doses of the Pfizer and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines from 3 weeks to 12 weeks. While this was intended to maximize the number of people receiving initial doses due to vaccine supply limitations, the editorial notes that vaccine efficacy data from trials only supports a 21-day dosing schedule. It examines the evidence cited for the extended interval and potential implications, concluding there is incomplete evidence to justify the policy change given concerns about prolonged protection from the first dose alone and decreased public confidence in the vaccines.
El documento describe un taller de ecografía clínica dirigido por el Dr. Antonio Terrones. El taller se llevará a cabo de forma online con un examen final y tendrá una duración de 72 horas. Los objetivos del curso son presentar el estado actual del conocimiento ecográfico en ginecología y obstetricia, consensuar términos para solicitar estudios ecográficos, y revisar la utilidad de estudios de rutina. Al finalizar el curso, los participantes deberán saber solicitar estudios con indicaciones clínicas, analizar infor
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Una "Diplomatura" es un curso de postgrado como cualquier otro, pero con nombre ostentoso. NO tiene el rango académico de las Carreras de Especialización, Maestría ni Doctorado. NO es reconocida por la CONEAU.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 102–113
Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/uog.12342
isuog.org GUIDELINES
ISUOG Practice Guidelines: performance of first-trimester
fetal ultrasound scan
Clinical Standards Committee
The International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics
and Gynecology (ISUOG) is a scientific organization that
encourages safe clinical practice and high-quality teach-
ing and research related to diagnostic imaging in women’s
healthcare. The ISUOG Clinical Standards Committee
(CSC) has a remit to develop Practice Guidelines and Con-
sensus Statements that provide healthcare practitioners
with a consensus-based approach for diagnostic imaging.
They are intended to reflect what is considered by ISUOG
to be the best practice at the time at which they are issued.
Although ISUOG has made every effort to ensure that
Guidelines are accurate when issued, neither the Society
nor any of its employees or members accept any liability
for the consequences of any inaccurate or misleading data,
opinions or statements issued by the CSC. The ISUOG
CSC documents are not intended to establish a legal stan-
dard of care because interpretation of the evidence that
underpins the Guidelines may be influenced by individ-
ual circumstances, local protocol and available resources.
Approved Guidelines can be distributed freely with the
permission of ISUOG (info@isuog.org).
INTRODUCTION
Routine ultrasound examination is an established part of
antenatal care if resources are available and access possi-
ble. It is commonly performed in the second trimester1
,
although routine scanning is offered increasingly dur-
ing the first trimester, particularly in high-resource set-
tings. Ongoing technological advancements, including
high-frequency transvaginal scanning, have allowed the
resolution of ultrasound imaging in the first trimester to
evolve to a level at which early fetal development can be
assessed and monitored in detail.
The aim of this document is to provide guidance for
healthcare practitioners performing, or planning to per-
form, routine or indicated first-trimester fetal ultrasound
scans. ‘First trimester’ here refers to a stage of pregnancy
starting from the time at which viability can be confirmed
(i.e. presence of a gestational sac in the uterine cavity with
an embryo demonstrating cardiac activity) up to 13 + 6
weeks of gestation. Ultrasound scans performed after this
gestational age are not considered in these Guidelines.
Throughout these Guidelines we use the term ‘embryo’
for before 10 weeks and ‘fetus’ thereafter, to reflect the
fact that after 10 weeks of gestation organogenesis is
essentially complete and further development involves
predominantly fetal growth and organ maturation2,3
.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
What is the purpose of a first-trimester fetal ultrasound
scan?
In general, the main goal of a fetal ultrasound scan is
to provide accurate information which will facilitate the
delivery of optimized antenatal care with the best possible
outcomes for mother and fetus. In early pregnancy, it is
important to confirm viability, establish gestational age
accurately, determine the number of fetuses and, in the
presence of a multiple pregnancy, assess chorionicity and
amnionicity. Towards the end of the first trimester, the
scan also offers an opportunity to detect gross fetal abnor-
malities and, in health systems that offer first-trimester
aneuploidy screening, measure the nuchal translucency
thickness (NT). It is acknowledged, however, that many
gross malformations may develop later in pregnancy or
may not be detected even with appropriate equipment and
in the most experienced of hands.
When should a first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan be
performed?
There is no reason to offer routine ultrasound simply to
confirm an ongoing early pregnancy in the absence of
any clinical concerns, pathological symptoms or specific
indications. It is advisable to offer the first ultrasound
scan when gestational age is thought to be between 11
and 13 + 6 weeks’ gestation, as this provides an oppor-
tunity to achieve the aims outlined above, i.e. confirm
viability, establish gestational age accurately, determine
the number of viable fetuses and, if requested, evaluate
fetal gross anatomy and risk of aneuploidy4–20
. Before
starting the examination, a healthcare provider should
counsel the woman/couple regarding the potential bene-
fits and limitations of the first-trimester ultrasound scan.
(GOOD PRACTICE POINT)
Copyright 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISUOG GUIDELINES
2. ISUOG Guidelines 103
Who should perform the first-trimester fetal ultrasound
scan?
Individuals who perform obstetric scans routinely should
have specialized training that is appropriate to the practice
of diagnostic ultrasound for pregnant women. (GOOD
PRACTICE POINT)
To achieve optimal results from routine ultrasound
examinations it is suggested that scans should be per-
formed by individuals who fulfill the following criteria:
1. have completed training in the use of diagnostic ultra-
sonography and related safety issues;
2. participate in continuing medical education activities;
3. have established appropriate care pathways for suspi-
cious or abnormal findings;
4. participate in established quality assurance
programs21.
What ultrasonographic equipment should be used?
It is recommended to use equipment with at least the
following capabilities:
– real-time, gray-scale, two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound;
– transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound
transducers;
– adjustable acoustic power output controls with output
display standards;
– freeze frame and zoom capabilities;
– electronic calipers;
– capacity to print/store images;
– regular maintenance and servicing.
How should the scan be documented?
An examination report should be produced as an elec-
tronic and/or paper document (see Appendix for an
example). Such a document should be stored locally and,
in accordance with local protocol, made available to
the woman and referring healthcare provider. (GOOD
PRACTICE POINT)
Is prenatal ultrasonography safe during the first
trimester?
Fetal exposure times should be minimized, using the short-
est scan times and lowest possible power output needed to
obtain diagnostic information using the ALARA (As Low
As Reasonably Achievable) principle. (GOOD PRAC-
TICE POINT)
Many international professional bodies, including
ISUOG, have reached a consensus that the use of B-
mode and M-mode prenatal ultrasonography, due to its
limited acoustic output, appears to be safe for all stages of
pregnancy22,23
. Doppler ultrasound is, however, associ-
ated with greater energy output and therefore more poten-
tial bioeffects, especially when applied to a small region of
interest24,25
. Doppler examinations should only be used in
the first trimester, therefore, if clinically indicated. More
details are available in the ISUOG Safety Statement22
.
What if the examination cannot be performed in
accordance with these Guidelines?
These Guidelines represent an international benchmark
for the first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan, but consider-
ation must be given to local circumstances and medical
practices. If the examination cannot be completed in
accordance with these Guidelines, it is advisable to doc-
ument the reasons for this. In most circumstances, it will
be appropriate to repeat the scan, or to refer to another
healthcare practitioner. This should be done as soon as
possible, to minimize unnecessary patient anxiety and
any associated delay in achieving the desired goals of the
initial examination. (GOOD PRACTICE POINT)
What should be done in case of multiple pregnancies?
Determination of chorionicity and amnionicity is impor-
tant for care, testing and management of multifetal preg-
nancies. Chorionicity should be determined in early preg-
nancy, when characterization is most reliable26–28
. Once
this is accomplished, further antenatal care, including the
timing and frequency of ultrasound examinations, should
be planned according to the available health resources
and local guidelines. (GOOD PRACTICE POINT)
GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION
1. Assessment of viability/early pregnancy
In this Guideline, ‘age’ is expressed as menstrual or ges-
tational age, which is 14 days more than conceptional
age. Embryonic development visualized by ultrasound
closely agrees with the ‘developmental time schedule’
of human embryos described in the Carnegie staging
system3. The embryo is typically around 1–2 mm long
when first detectable by ultrasound and increases in length
by approximately 1 mm per day. The cephalic and caudal
ends are indistinguishable until 53 days (around 12 mm),
when the diamond-shaped rhombencephal cavity (future
fourth ventricle) becomes visible18.
Defining viability
The term ‘viability’ implies the ability to live indepen-
dently outside the uterus and, strictly speaking, cannot be
applied to embryonic and early fetal life. However, this
term has been accepted in ultrasound jargon to mean that
the embryonic or fetal heart is seen to be active and this is
taken to mean the conceptus is ‘alive’. Fetal viability, from
an ultrasound perspective, is therefore the term used to
confirm the presence of an embryo with cardiac activity at
the time of examination. Embryonic cardiac activity has
been documented in normal pregnancies at as early as 37
days of gestation29
, which is when the embryonic heart
tube starts to beat30
. Cardiac activity is often evident
when the embryo measures 2 mm or more31
, but is not
evident in around 5–10% of viable embryos measuring
between 2 and 4 mm32,33
.
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3. 104 ISUOG Guidelines
Defining an intrauterine pregnancy
The presence of an intrauterine gestational sac clearly
signifies that the pregnancy is intrauterine, but the cri-
teria for the definition of a gestational sac are unclear.
The use of terms such as an ‘apparently empty’ sac, the
‘double-decidual ring’ or even ‘pseudosac’ do not accu-
rately confirm or refute the presence of an intrauterine
pregnancy. Ultimately, the decision is a subjective one
and is, therefore, influenced by the experience of the
person performing the ultrasound examination. In an
asymptomatic patient, it is advisable to wait until the
embryo becomes visible within the intrauterine sac as this
confirms that the ‘sac’ is indeed a gestational sac. (GOOD
PRACTICE POINT)
2. Early pregnancy measurements
The mean gestational sac diameter (MSD) has been
described in the first trimester from 35 days from the
last menstrual period onwards. The MSD is the average
of the three orthogonal measurements of the fluid-filled
space within the gestational sac34
. Nomograms for both
crown–rump length (CRL) and MSD are available, but,
in the presence of the embryo, the CRL provides a more
accurate estimation of gestational age because MSD values
show greater variability of age prediction35,36
.
3. First-trimester fetal measurements
Which measurements should be performed in the first
trimester?
CRL measurements can be carried out transabdominally
or transvaginally. A midline sagittal section of the whole
embryo or fetus should be obtained, ideally with the
embryo or fetus oriented horizontally on the screen. An
image should be magnified sufficiently to fill most of the
width of the ultrasound screen, so that the measurement
line between crown and rump is at about 90◦
to the
ultrasound beam37,38
. Electronic linear calipers should be
used to measure the fetus in a neutral position (i.e. neither
flexed nor hyperextended). The end points of crown and
rump should be defined clearly. Care must be taken to
avoid inclusion of structures such as the yolk sac. In order
to ensure that the fetus is not flexed, amniotic fluid should
be visible between the fetal chin and chest (Figure 1).
However, this may be difficult to achieve at earlier ges-
tations (around 6–9 weeks) when the embryo is typically
hyperflexed. In this situation, the actual measurement rep-
resents the neck–rump length, but it is still termed the
CRL. In very early gestations it is not usually possible to
distinguish between the cephalic and caudal ends and a
greatest length measurement is taken instead.
The biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumfer-
ence (HC) are measured on the largest true symmetrical
axial view of the fetal head, which should not be dis-
torted by adjacent structures or transducer pressure. At
about 10 weeks’ gestation, structures such as the mid-
line third ventricle, interhemispheric fissure and choroid
Figure 1 Crown–rump length (CRL) measurement technique in a
fetus with CRL 60 mm (12 + 3 weeks). Note neutral position of
neck.
plexuses should be visible. Towards 13 weeks, the thala-
mus and third ventricle provide good landmarks. Correct
axial orientation is confirmed by including in the image
both anterior horns and low occipital lobes of the
cerebral ventricles, whilst keeping the plane above the
cerebellum1,38–41
.
For BPD measurement, caliper placement should follow
the technique used to produce the selected nomogram.
Both outer-to-inner (leading edge) and outer-to-outer
measurements are in use1,39,42,43
(Figure 2).
Other measurements
Nomograms are available for abdominal circumference
(AC), femur length and most fetal organs, but there is no
reason to measure these structures as part of the routine
first-trimester scan.
4. Assessment of gestational age
Pregnant women should be offered an early ultrasound
scan between 10 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks to establish accu-
rate gestational age. (Grade A recommendation)
Ultrasound assessment of embryonic/fetal age (dating)
uses the following assumptions:
– gestational (menstrual age) represents post-conception
age + 14 days;
– embryonic and fetal size correspond to post-conception
(post fertilization) age;
– structures measured are normal;
– measurement technique conforms to the reference
nomogram;
– measurements are reliable (both within and between
observers);
– the ultrasound equipment is calibrated correctly.
Accurate dating is essential for appropriate follow-up
of pregnancies and has been the primary indication
for routine ultrasound in the first trimester. It provides
valuable information for the optimal assessment of fetal
Copyright 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 102–113.
4. ISUOG Guidelines 105
Figure 2 Fetal head. (a) Biparietal diameter (BPD) measurement
(calipers). Note true axial view through head and central position
of third ventricle and midline structures (T indicates third ventricle
and thalamus). Head circumference would also be measured in this
plane. (b) Normal choroid plexuses (C) and midline falx and
interhemispheric fissure (arrows). Note that choroid plexuses
extend from the medial to the lateral border of the posterior horn.
Lateral walls of anterior horns are indicated by arrowheads.
growth later in pregnancy, appropriate obstetric care in
general and management of preterm or post-term preg-
nancies in particular44,45. Except in pregnancies arising
following assisted reproductive technology, the exact day
of conception cannot be determined reliably and, there-
fore, dating a pregnancy by ultrasound appears to be the
most reliable method with which to establish true gesta-
tional age39,46
. It has been recommended, therefore, that
all pregnant women be offered an early ultrasound scan
between 10 and 13 completed weeks (10 + 0 to 13 + 6
weeks) to determine gestational age and to detect multiple
pregnancies47
. In the first trimester, many parameters are
related closely to gestational age, but CRL appears to be
the most precise, allowing accurate determination of the
day of conception, to within 5 days either way in 95% of
cases48–52
.
At very early gestations, when the fetus is relatively
small, measurement errors will have a more significant
effect on gestational age assessment; the optimal time for
assessment appears, therefore, to be somewhere between
8 and 13 + 6 weeks48
. (GOOD PRACTICE POINT)
At 11 to 13 + 6 weeks, the CRL and BPD are the two
most commonly measured parameters for pregnancy dat-
ing. Many authors have published nomograms for these
variables. Measurements can be made transabdominally
or transvaginally. Singleton nomograms remain valid and
can be applied in the case of multiple pregnancy27,53
.
Details of a few published nomograms are provided in
Table 1. It is recommended that CRL measurement should
be used to determine gestational age unless it is above 84
mm; after this stage, HC can be used, as it becomes slightly
more precise than is BPD41
. (GOOD PRACTICE POINT)
5. Assessment of fetal anatomy
The second-trimester ‘18–22-week’ scan remains the
standard of care for fetal anatomical evaluation in both
low-risk and high-risk pregnancies54–57. First-trimester
evaluation of fetal anatomy and detection of anoma-
lies was introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s
with the advent of effective transvaginal probes58,59. The
introduction of NT aneuploidy screening in the 11 to
13 + 6-week window has rekindled an interest in early
anatomy scanning (Table 2). Reported advantages include
early detection and exclusion of many major anomalies,
early reassurance to at-risk mothers, earlier genetic diag-
nosis and easier pregnancy termination if appropriate.
Limitations include need for trained and experienced
personnel, uncertain cost/benefit ratio and late devel-
opment of some anatomical structures and pathologies
(e.g. corpus callosum, hypoplastic left heart), which make
early detection impossible and can lead to difficulties in
counseling due to the uncertain clinical significance of
some findings54–56,60–62
.
Head
Cranial bone ossification should be visible by 11 com-
pleted weeks (Figure 2a). It is helpful to look specifically
for bone ossification in the axial and coronal planes. No
bony defects (distortion or disruption) of the skull should
be present.
The cerebral region at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks is dom-
inated by lateral ventricles that appear large and are
filled with the echogenic choroid plexuses in their
posterior two thirds (Figure 2b). The hemispheres
should appear symmetrical and separated by a clearly
visible interhemispheric fissure and falx. The brain
mantle is very thin and best appreciated anteriorly,
lining the large fluid-filled ventricles, an appearance
which should not be mistaken for hydrocephalus. At
this early age, some cerebral structures (e.g. corpus
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5. 106 ISUOG Guidelines
Table 1 Biometry nomograms for consideration in first trimester to around 13 + 6 weeks
Reference Structure measured Age range (weeks) Notes
Robinson & Fleming52 (1975); quoted
by Loughna et al.41 (2009)
CRL 9 to 13 + 6 Selected for use by British Medical
Ultrasound Society41
Hadlock et al.83 (1992) CRL 5.0 to 18.0
Daya84
(1993) CRL 6.1 to 13.3
Verburg et al.43
(2008) CRL 6 + 2 to 15 + 0 Includes BPD, HC, AC, femur,
cerebellum
McLennan & Schluter85
(2008) CRL 5 to 14 Includes BPD to 14 weeks
Hadlock et al.86
(1982) BPD 12 to 40 In early pregnancy 1982 chart more
accurate than 1984 chart
Altman & Chitty39
(1997); quoted by
Loughna et al.41
(2009)
BPD 12 + 6 to 35 + 4 Selected for use by British Medical
Ultrasound Society41
Verburg et al.43
(2008) BPD 10 to 43 Includes CRL, HC, AC, femur,
cerebellum
Measurements should be performed according to techniques described in these articles and tested on the local population before being
adopted into practice. BPD, biparietal diameter; CRL, crown–rump length.
Table 2 Suggested anatomical assessment at time of 11 to
13 + 6-week scan
Organ/anatomical
area Present and/or normal ?
Head Present
Cranial bones
Midline falx
Choroid-plexus-filled ventricles
Neck Normal appearance
Nuchal translucency thickness (if accepted
after informed consent and
trained/certified operator available)*
Face Eyes with lens*
Nasal bone*
Normal profile/mandible*
Intact lips*
Spine Vertebrae (longitudinal and axial)*
Intact overlying skin*
Chest Symmetrical lung fields
No effusions or masses
Heart Cardiac regular activity
Four symmetrical chambers*
Abdomen Stomach present in left upper quadrant
Bladder*
Kidneys*
Abdominal wall Normal cord insertion
No umbilical defects
Extremities Four limbs each with three segments
Hands and feet with normal orientation*
Placenta Size and texture
Cord Three-vessel cord*
*Optional structures. Modified from Fong et al.28, McAuliffe
et al.87, Taipale et al.60 and von Kaisenberg et al.88.
callosum, cerebellum) are not sufficiently developed to
allow accurate assessment. It has been proposed that the
posterior fossa intracranial translucency can be evaluated
between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks as a screening test for open
neural tube defect, but this is not a standard63. At 11 to
13 + 6 weeks, an attempt can be made to visualize the
eyes with their lenses, interorbital distances, the profile
including the nose, the nasal bone and mandible as well
as the integrity of the mouth and lips28,64,65
(Figure 3).
However, in absence of obvious anomaly, failure to exam-
ine the fetal face at this time should not prompt further
examination earlier than the mid-trimester scan.
Neck
Sonographic assessment of NT is part of the screening for
chromosomal anomalies and is discussed below. Atten-
tion should be paid to proper alignment of the neck with
the trunk and identification of other fluid collections such
as hygromas and jugular lymph sacs28,65
.
Spine
Longitudinal and axial views should be obtained to show
normal vertebral alignment and integrity, and an attempt
should be made to show intact overlying skin (Figure 4).
However, in the absence of obvious anomaly, failure to
examine the spine at this time should not prompt further
examination earlier than the mid-trimester scan. Particu-
lar attention should be paid to the normal appearance of
the spine when BPD < 5th
centile66
.
Thorax
The chest normally contains lungs of homogeneous
echogenicity on ultrasound, without evidence of pleural
effusions or cystic or solid masses. Diaphragmatic conti-
nuity should be evaluated, noting normal intra-abdominal
position of stomach and liver.
Heart
The normal position of the heart on the left side of
the chest (levocardia) should be documented (Figure 5).
More detailed sonographic assessment of cardiac anatomy
has been demonstrated to be feasible at 11 to 13 + 6
weeks67,68
, but this is not part of routine assessment. For
safety reasons, use of Doppler is not indicated during
routine scanning.
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6. ISUOG Guidelines 107
Figure 3 Fetal face. (a) Normal profile showing nasal bones (NB).
Note normal length of maxilla and mandible. (b) Normal eyes with
globes and lenses (arrows) visible. (c) Fetal lips at 13 weeks. Note
intact upper lip and line between the lips (arrow). Nasal detail (N)
is limited.
Figure 4 Fetal spine. Intact skin (short thick arrow) is visible
posterior to the vertebrae from neck to sacrum in a true median
view. Note vertebral bodies show ossification, but neural arches,
which are still cartilaginous, are isoechoic or hypoechoic. In
cervical region (long arrow) the vertebral bodies have not yet
ossified and the cartilaginous anlage is hypoechoic; this is normal.
Figure 5 Axial section of the fetal thorax at the level of the
four-chamber view of the heart, with the cardiac apex pointing to
the left (L). Note atria and ventricles are symmetrical on either side
of the septum (arrow). Lung fields are of homogeneous
echogenicity and symmetrical. Aorta is just to left side of spine (S).
Abdominal content
At 11 to 13 + 6 weeks, the stomach and bladder are
the only hypoechoic fluid structures in the abdomen
(Figure 6a and 6b). The position of the stomach on the left
side of the abdomen together with levocardia helps con-
firm normal situs visceralis. The fetal kidneys should be
noted in their expected paraspinal location as bean-shaped
slightly echogenic structures with typical hypoechoic cen-
tral renal pelvis (Figure 6b). By 12 weeks of gestation, the
fetal bladder should be visible as a median hypoechoic
round structure in the lower abdomen.
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7. 108 ISUOG Guidelines
Figure 6 Fetal abdomen. (a) Axial view of abdomen at level at
which abdominal circumference is measured (dashed line), showing
stomach (S) and umbilical vein (UV). (b) Coronal view of abdomen
showing kidneys with central hypoechoic renal pelvis (K, arrows),
stomach (S) and diaphragm (Diaph, lines). (c) Umbilical cord
insertion (arrow). Note that the two umbilical arteries are visible.
Abdominal wall
The normal insertion of the umbilical cord should be
documented after 12 weeks (Figure 6c). The physi-
ological umbilical hernia is present up to 11 weeks
Figure 7 Fetal limbs. (a) Normal arm showing normal alignment
of hand and wrist. (b) Normal leg showing normal orientation of
foot with respect to lower leg. Also visible are kidney (K) and
stomach (S).
and should be differentiated from omphalocele and
gastroschisis28,65,69
.
Limbs
The presence of each bony segment of the upper and lower
limbs and presence and normal orientation of the two
hands and feet should be noted at the 11 to 13 + 6-week
ultrasound scan. The terminal phalanges of the hands
may be visible at 11 weeks, especially with transvaginal
scanning (Figure 7a).
Genitalia
The evaluation of genitalia and gender is based upon
the orientation of the genital tubercle in the mid-sagittal
plane, but is not sufficiently accurate to be used for clinical
purposes.
Umbilical cord
The number of cord vessels, cord insertion at the
umbilicus and presence of cord cysts should be noted.
Brief evaluation of the paravesical region with color or
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8. ISUOG Guidelines 109
power Doppler can be helpful in confirming the presence
of two umbilical arteries, but this is not part of the routine
assessment.
Role of three-dimensional (3D) and 4D ultrasound
Three-dimensional (3D) and 4D ultrasound are not cur-
rently used for routine first-trimester fetal anatomical
evaluation, as their resolution is not yet as good as that
of 2D ultrasound. In expert hands, these methods may be
helpful in evaluation of abnormalities, especially those of
surface anatomy70
.
6. Chromosomal anomaly assessment
Ultrasound-based screening for chromosomal anomalies
in the first trimester may be offered, depending on pub-
lic health policies, trained personnel and availability of
healthcare resources. The first-trimester screening should
include NT measurement71,72. Screening performance is
further improved by the addition of other markers, includ-
ing biochemical measurement of free beta or total human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and pregnancy-associated
plasma protein-A (PAPP-A)73. In appropriate circum-
stances, additional aneuploidy markers, including nasal
bone, tricuspid regurgitation, ductal regurgitation and
others, may be sought by personnel with appropriate
training and certification74–76. Most experts recommend
that NT should be measured between 11 and 13 + 6
weeks, corresponding to a CRL measurement of between
45 and 84 mm. This gestational age window is chosen
because NT as a screening test performs optimally and
fetal size allows diagnosis of major fetal abnormalities,
thus providing women who are carrying an affected fetus
with the option of an early termination of pregnancy77
.
NT implementation requires several elements to be in
place, including suitable equipment, counseling and man-
agement as well as operators with specialized training and
continuing certification. Further details can be obtained
from relevant national bodies and charities such as The
Fetal Medicine Foundation (www.fetalmedicine.com).
However, even in the absence of NT-based screening
programs, qualitative evaluation of the nuchal region of
any fetus is recommended and, if it appears thickened,
expert referral should be considered.
How to measure NT
NT measurements used for screening should only be done
by trained and certified operators. NT can be measured
by a transabdominal or transvaginal route. The fetus
should be in a neutral position, a sagittal section should
be obtained and the image should be magnified in order
to include only the fetal head and upper thorax. Fur-
thermore, the amniotic membrane should be identified
separately from the fetus. The median view of the fetal
face is defined by the presence of the echogenic tip of
Figure 8 Sonographic measurement of nuchal translucency
thickness.
the nose and rectangular shape of the palate anteriorly,
the translucent diencephalon in the center and the nuchal
membrane posteriorly. If the section is not exactly median,
the tip of the nose will not be visualized and the ortho-
gonal osseous extension at the frontal end of the maxilla
will appear. The ultrasound machine should allow mea-
surement precision of 0.1 mm. Calipers should be placed
correctly (on-on) to measure NT as the maximum dis-
tance between the nuchal membrane and the edge of
the soft tissue overlying the cervical spine (Figure 8). If
more than one measurement meeting all the criteria is
obtained, the maximum one should be recorded and used
for risk assessment. Multiple pregnancy requires special
considerations, taking into account chorionicity.
How to train and control for the quality of NT
measurement
A reliable and reproducible measurement of NT requires
appropriate training. A rigorous audit of operator perfor-
mance and constructive feedback from assessors has been
established in many countries and should be considered
essential for all practitioners who participate in NT-based
screening programs. (GOOD PRACTICE POINT)
7. Other intra- and extrauterine structures
The echostructure of the placenta should be evaluated.
Clearly abnormal findings, such as masses, single or mul-
tiple cystic spaces or large subchorionic fluid collection
(> 5 cm), should be noted and followed up. Position of
the placenta in relation to the cervix is of less importance
at this stage of pregnancy since most ‘migrate’ away from
the internal cervical os78
. Placenta previa should not be
reported at this stage.
Special attention should be given to patients with a
prior Cesarean section, who may be predisposed to scar
pregnancy or placenta accreta, with significant complica-
tions. In these patients, the area between the bladder and
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9. 110 ISUOG Guidelines
the uterine isthmus at the site of the Cesarean section scar
should be scrutinized. In suspected cases, consideration
should be given to prompt specialist referral for further
evaluation and management79,80. Although the issue of
routine scans in women with a history of Cesarean section
may be raised in the future81,82, there is currently insuf-
ficient evidence to support inclusion of such a policy in
routine practice.
Gynecological pathology, both benign and malignant,
may be detected during any first-trimester scan. Abnor-
malities of uterine shape, such as uterine septa and
bicornuate uteri, should be described. The adnexa should
be surveyed for abnormalities and masses. The relevance
and management of such findings are beyond the scope of
these Guidelines.
GUIDELINE AUTHORS
L. J. Salomon*, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal
Medicine and SFAPE (Soci´et´e Franc¸aise d’Am´elioration
des Pratiques Echographique), Paris Descartes University,
Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hopital Necker
Enfants, Paris, France
Z. Alfirevic*, Department for Women’s and Children’s
Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
C. M. Bilardo, Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre
Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
G. E. Chalouhi, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal
Medicine and SFAPE (Soci´et´e Franc¸aise d’Am´elioration
des Pratiques Echographique), Paris Descartes University,
Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hopital Necker
Enfants, Paris, France
T. Ghi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna,
Bologna, Italy
K. O. Kagan, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
T. K. Lau, Fetal Medicine Centre, Paramount Clinic,
Central, Hong Kong
A. T. Papageorghiou, Fetal Medicine Unit, St George’s,
University of London, London, UK
N. J. Raine-Fenning, Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecol-
ogy, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Notting-
ham, Nottingham, UK
J. Stirnemann, Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, GHU
Necker-Enfants Malades, University Paris Descartes,
Paris, France
S. Suresh, Mediscan Systems & Fetal Care Research Foun-
dation, Mylapore, Chennai, India
A. Tabor, Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics,
Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copen-
hagen, Denmark
I. E. Timor-Tritsch, Department of Obstetrics and Gyne-
cology, New York University School of Medicine, New
York, NY, USA
A. Toi, Medical Imaging and Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto,
ON, Canada
G. Yeo, Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Obstet-
ric Ultrasound and Prenatal Diagnostic Unit, KK Women’s
and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
*L. J. S. and Z. A. contributed equally to this article.
CITATION
These Guidelines should be cited as: ‘Salomon LJ,
Alfirevic Z, Bilardo CM, Chalouhi GE, Ghi T, Kagan
KO, Lau TK, Papageorghiou AT, Raine-Fenning NJ,
Stirnemann J, Suresh S, Tabor A, Timor-Tritsch IE, Toi
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(Guideline review date: June 2015)
The authorship of this article was incomplete as initially published. This version of the article correctly acknowledges
all authors who contributed to the development of the Guidelines.
Copyright 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 102–113.
12. ISUOG Guidelines 113
APPENDIX: ROUTINE ULTRASOUND WORKSHEET (EXAMPLE)
Patient: ID number:
Date of birth (DD/MM/YYYY):
Referring physician:
Date of exam (DD/MM/YYYY):
Sonographer / Supervisor:
Indication for scan and relevant clinical information:
LMP
Technical conditions: Good / Limited by:
Singleton / Multiple (use 1 sheet/fetus)
=> Chorionicity:
ADNEXA:
Appearance Normal Abnormal*
Anomaly:
MEASUREMENTS mm Centile (Reference range)
Crown–rump
length
Nuchal
translucency (optional)
Biparietal diameter
Head
circumference
Abdominal
circumference
Femoral diaphysis
length
*Abnormal findings (please detail):
CONCLUSION:
Normal and complete examination.
Normal but incomplete examination.
Abnormal examination*
Plans: No further ultrasound scans required
Follow up planned in ….. weeks.
Referred to ……………
Other:
Produced Printed Stored
No. of images
SONOGRAPHIC
APPEARANCE OF FETAL
ANATOMY:
(N = Normal; Ab = Abnormal*;
NV = Not visualized)
Gray = optional
N Ab* NV
Head
Cranial ossification
Midline falx
Choroid plexus
Face
Profile
Neck
Thorax
Diaphragm
Heart
Size
Cardiac axis
Four-chamber view
Abdomen
Bowel
Stomach
Kidneys
Urinary bladder
Cord insertion /
abdominal wall
Cord vessels
Spine
Limbs
Right arm (incl. hand)
Right leg (incl. foot)
Left arm (incl. hand)
Left leg (incl. foot)
Gender (optional): M F
Other:
Heart activity
Pulm. area
Orbits
Shape
Ultrasound-based estimate of GA:
………..weeks + ………..days
Copyright 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 102–113.