This document outlines copyright information and usage conditions for content from Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue's website on the geography of transport systems. It states that the material is copyrighted and cannot be published or redistributed without permission. It provides guidelines for personal and classroom use only and requires attribution for any information cited from the document. The document then presents a table of contents for topics on transportation networks, spatial organization, location, and information technologies and mobility.

1. Copyright©1998-2021,Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity,
Hempstead,NY
,11549USA.
Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu
Y
oumayusethefigureswithinforeducationalpurposesonly.Nomodificationorredistributionpermitted.
Formoreinformation: https://transportgeography.org/
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.
Transportationandthe
SpatialStructure
CHAPTER2

2. UsageConditions
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.
• DONOTCOPY
,TRANSLATEORREDISTRIBUTETHISDOCUMENT
.
• Thecontentsof this documentcanbefreely usedfor personal orclassroomuseONL
Y
.
• Althoughthematerialcontainedinthisdocumentisfreelyavailable,it isnotpublicdomain.Itscontents,inwholeorinpart (including
graphicsanddatasets),cannotbecopiedandpublishedinANYform(printedorelectronic)without consent.
• If youhaveaccessedthisdocumentthroughathirdparty(suchasacontentfarm),keepinmindthatthispartyisillegallyredistributing
this content. Pleaserefer to the true source(https://transportgeography.org/) instead of the third party.
• Permission to useanygraphicmaterial herein in anyformof publication, suchasanarticle, abookor aconference presentation, onany
mediamustberequestedpriortouse.
• Informationcitedfromthisdocumentshouldbereferredas:Rodrigue,J-Petal.(2020)TheGeographyofTransportSystems,Hofstra
University,DepartmentofGlobalStudies&Geography, https://transportgeography.org/.

3. Tableof Contents
• 2.1–TheGeographyofTransportationNetworks
• 2.2–TransportandSpatialOrganization
• 2.3–Transportand Location
• 2.4–InformationT
echnologiesandMobility
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity.ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)isnotpublicdomainand
cannotbepublished,inwholeorinpart,inANYform(printedorelectronic)andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations. PermissionMUSTberequestedpriorto use.

4. TheGeographyof
TransportationNetworks
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
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Chapter2.1

5. TypesofNetworksandFlows
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Physical/ structural
Relational/ virtual
Distribution
Continuous/Discontinuous
Symmetrical/Asymmetrical
Balanced/ Imbalanced

6. NetworkOptions
A B
C D
M
a
x
i
m
u
mconnectivity
C D
Hightravelcosts:AC,B
D
A B
C D
LEASTCOSTTOUSE LEASTCOSTTOB
U
I
L
D
A B
H
Y
B
R
I
D
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.
Compromise

7. NetworkStructures
CENTRALIZED D
E
C
E
NTRALIZ
E
D D
IS
TRIBU
TE
D
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

8. StructuralComponentsofTransport Networks
Flow
ModeA
ModeB
N
O
D
E
FEEDER
Link
H
U
B
G
A
T
E
W
A
Y
C
O
RRID
O
R
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

9. CentrifugalandCentripetal Networks
CENTRIFUGAL CENTRIPET
AL
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10. Point-to-PointandHub-and-Spoke Networks
H
u
b
POINT-TO-POINT HUB-AND-SPOKE
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11. Hub
DetourLevelinaHub-and-Spoke Network
A
B C
D
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1

12. ImpactsofIntegration ProcessesonNetworksandFlows
Internationalborder
BEFOREI
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N AFTERI
N
T
E
G
R
A
T
I
O
N
NETWORK
FLOWS
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published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

13. F
E
A
H
C
D
B
Topologyofa Network-LinksandNodes
L
I
N
K
Unidirectionallink
Bi-directionallink
N
O
D
E
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

14. PolesoftheGlobal Economy
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published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

15. TheLayersof Connectivity
Locational
Infrastructural
Transport
DemandPull
Functional
Spatial
Logistical
Shipper
Customer
Accessibility
Locational
Logistical
Efficiency
Flows
Fluidity
Network
sLinks
Infra
structural
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Relations

16. TheRelevanceof Connectivity
Econom
ic
Network
Spatial
Capacity,Reliability, Resilience
Hinterlands,Policy,
Development, Inequalities
Interactions, Costs,
Opportunities
Effect Issue Stakeholders
BCO(importersandexporters),
Producers,Retailers,
Wholesalers
T
erminals,Modes,Shippers,
Logisticsserviceproviders,
Infrastructure managers
Civilsociety, Governments
Connectivity
Node
Connector
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published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

17. AccessibilityandConnectivity
Accessibility Connectivity
Trafficpotential
(passengersand freight)
Market/ Hinterland
Space/Time
Tradeorcommercial policy
Transportationnetwork(modes
andterminals)
Gateways,hubsandlinks
Capacity,reliability, resilience
Logistics(transport) policy
Focus
Structure
Performance
Governance
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18. TheThreeTiersof Connectivity
T
erminals(networks)
Distribution (supply chains)
Productionandconsumption(trade)
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19. Top25Gateways,GlobalGatewaysIndex, 2010
0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0%
JohorBahru
T
okyo
NewYork
Bangkok
Hamburg
Antwerp
Kaohsiung
KualaLumpur
Tianjin
Rotterdam
Qingdao
Ningbo
Guangzhou
Busan
LosAngeles
Dubai
Shenzhen
HongKong
Singapore
Shanghai
Containers
3.0%
AirCargo
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20. Typesof Bottlenecks
I
nfrastructur
e
Bottlenecks
Chronic
T
em
porary
Direct
Indirect
• Climate
• Under-investment
• Physicalrestrictions
• Weather
• Constructionandaccidents
• Demandsurge
• Dis-investment
• Customs
• Security
• Compliance(quality,safety)
• Competitionpolicy
• Fiscalpolicies
Capacity
• Productivityofmodesandterminals
• Laborskills
• Coordination
• Availabilityofconveyances
• Laborshortages
Regulatory
Bottlenecks
Operational
Bottlenecks
Efficiency
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21. MainTransportationBottlenecks
CapacityBottlenecks
OperationalBottlenecks
InstitutionalBottlenecks
SkillsBottlenecks
Lackofterminalorconnectorcapacity.
Lackorabsenceofintermodal options.
Lackoflogistical services.
Lackoflogisticalperformance(cost,time
andreliability).
Lackoflaborflexibility.
Lackofqualifiedlabor.
Lackoftraining programs.
Lackofclearmandateandjurisdiction.
Lackofcoordinationand cooperation.
Distribution-BasedBottlenecks
Lack of terminal or connector capacity.
Lack or absence of intermodal options.
Lackofqualified labor.
Natural or man-made disruptions.
Lackofinvestmentandmaintenance.
Transaction-BasedBottlenecks
Integration-BasedBottlenecks
Lackoflogistical services.
Lackoflogisticalperformance(cost, time
andreliability).
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Customsclearancedelays.
Cabotagerestrictions.
Competitionandfiscal policies.
Lackofclearmandateandjurisdiction.
Lackofcoordinationand cooperation.

22. TransportationandLocation
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Chapter2.3

23. FactorsinUrbanLocation
Connectivity Proximity Accessibility
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24. Location
BasicLocationFactors
Site
Accessibility
Socioeconom
i
c
Environment
Land,utilities,visibility,transportation
(localaccess),amenities
Labor,materials,energy,
markets,suppliers/
customers
Capital,subsidies,
regulations,taxation,
technology
©GTS
Micro(local)
Meso(regional)
Macro(national)
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25. FactorsAffectingLocationDecisions
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CountryFactors RegionFactors LocalFactors
•Governmentrules,attitudes,politicalrisk,
incentives
•Culture&economy
•Marketlocation
•Laboravailability, attitudes, productivity,
andcost
•Availabilityofsupplies,communications,
energy
•Exchangeratesandcurrencyrisks
•Attractivenessofregion(culture, taxes,
climate, etc.)
•Labor,availability&costs
•Costsandavailabilityofutilities
•Environmentalregulationsofstateand
town
•Governmentincentives
•Proximitytorawmaterials&customers
•Land/construction costs
•Sitesizeand cost
•Air,rail, highway,andwaterwaysystems
•Zoning restrictions
•Nearnessofservices/ supplies needed
•Environmentalimpactissues

26. MainLocationFactorsforDistribution Activities
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Influences Factors
Productionandtransport
economics
Capacityandcongestion
Marketstructureandtrade
strategy
Supplychainmanagement
Policyandregulation
• Relativeavailability andcostoflandandlabouratportorinlandlocation
• Dangerof diminishingreturnssuchascongestion,energyandemptymovements.
• Congestionintheportandaccessinfrastructure.
• Qualityandcapacityofhinterland connections.
• Availability ofinlanddistribution centres,customclearance,containerdepotsandlogistics facilities.
• Tradestructureoftheregion:physicalgeography,resourceendowment,centrality/ intermediacy,mixofforeignandlocallysourcedinputs,regionalspecialisations,
historyofthe region.
• Degreeofvertical cooperationandintegrationbetweenportandinlandtransportoperators
• Strongportcompetitiondrivingnewinitiativesto extendtheircargobase,eitherbysecuringhinterlandsorbyanchoringtenantsat theport.
• Supplychainstrategyoflocalshippersanddistributors(e.g. pushvspull,highorlowinventory,primary/secondarydistributionneeds).Integrationofinlandterminals
withinsupplychainmanagementpractices(e.g. actingasstock buffers).
• Dominanceofmerchantvscarrierhaulageinthe region.
• Economicdevelopmentstrategiesof publicsectoragenciesleadingto favourablelandusepolicy,zoning, financialincentives.
• Policiesrelatedtoforeigntradezonesandcustomsprocedures.
• Cargosafetyandsecurity procedures.

27. ResourceandMarket Orientation
Heavierinput, shorter
distanceto assembly
Lighteroutput,longerdistanceto market
Lighterinput,longerdistancetoassembly
Heavieroutput,
shorterdistanceto market
Market
Market
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Rawmaterials Manufacturing
Resource
Orientation
Market
Orientation

28. InformationTechnologiesand
Mobility
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Chapter2.4

29. OrganizationalFormsinHuman Societies
Agricultural(FirstWave)
• Hierarchybasedon heredity
• Feudalstructures
Industrial(SecondWave)
• Verticallyoriented bureaucracies
• Democraticrepresentation
Information(ThirdWave)
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• Networkedbureaucracies
• Multilateralconsensus

30. GlobalMediaSystems
1630s
Newspapers Emergedwiththeprintingpress and
movabletypes(17thcentury). Many
specializations(generalandfinancial).
News
agencies
1835
Providenewstothemedia(Reuters,
Bloomberg,AssociatedPress,Agence
FrancePresse).
Magazines
1730
Periodicals(weekly,monthly)focusingon
specifictopics(events,politics,people,
fashion,technology).
Radio
1920
Mediaaccesstotheprivatehome.First
radioshows:tosellradiosandconsumer
goods(“soapoperas”).Rapiddiffusionof
news/ portable.
TV/
Cable
1945/ 1980
Visualaccesstotheprivatehome.
Richercontent.Specializationof
channels(cable).
M
ovies
1910
“Theatreforthemasses”.Quickandlow-
costdiffusionofentertainment.Current
news(pre shows).
Globaldigitalinformationexchange.
Mediarichenvironment.Videostreaming
(1995)andvideoondemand(1998).
Internet
1990
Mobilephones/
Smartphones
1983/ 2001
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Portabletelecommunication/ Portable
mediaaccess.Multifunctionaldevice
(camera,recorder, GPS).

31. TheMythoftheDematerializationoftheEconomy
PlatformCorporation
• Focusoncore competencies
• Outsourcinglowadded value
activities
E-Commerce
• Lessenthefootprintofretail
stores
• Developinganetworkof
distributioncenters
AssetManagement
• Manageexistingassetsmore
efficiently.
• Developingplatformsconnecting
thesupplyanddemandof
services.
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published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.
Applefocusesonproductdesign
andretailing(AppleStore).Relies
onamassivenetworkoforiginal
equipmentmanufacturers.
Amazonownsanetworkofe-
fulfillmentcenters(distribution
centers)processinglargevolumesof
cargo(orders).Italsooperatesparcel
deliveryservices.
Uberlinksuserswithindividualcar
ownerswillingtoprovideataxiservice.
Airbnblinksuserswithpropertyowners.

32. TheSubstitutionandGenerationEffectsofInformationTechnologieson
Mobility
VirtualActivity Substitution Generation
Telecommuting Commutingtrips
DistanceLearning Tripstoeducationalinstitutions
OnlineBanking Tripstofinancialinstitutions
SocialMedia Tripstosocialevents
Teleconferencing Tripstoconferencevenues
VirtualEntertainment Tripstoeventvenues
ElectronicDocuments
Logisticsanddeliveriestonew
destinations
E-commerce
Monitoring
Tripstostores
Storedeliveries
Professionalandworktrips
Newdiscretionaltripsdueto
timesavings
Couriertrips,Maildeliveries Flows
Passengers Freight
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33. OnlineRetailSalesasShareofTotalRetailSales,2012
0
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2 4 6 8 10 12
India
Mexico
Turkey
Russia
Brazil
Japan
China
France
Germany
Australia
USA
UK

34. TheDigitalizationof Mobility
Digital
Physical
Services
Entryandinteractionwithinformation systems
Real-timelocational information
Communicationbetweenelementsofthe
information system
Dataexchangebetweenelementsofthe
information system
Systemtosettle transactions
Receive,storeandretrievelarge databases
Encrypttransactionsandeventsina ledger
AccessDevices
GeospatialServices
ConnectivityNetworks
OpenDataExchanges
IntegratedPayments
CloudServices
Blockchain
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35. Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

36. FormsofDigitalization inFreight Transportation
• RFID.
• Sensors.
Goods
• Sensors.
• Navigation.
• Routing.
• Vehicleautomation.
Conveyances
• Sensors.
• Trafficmanagement.
• T
erminalautomation.
Infrastructure
• Electronicdata
exchange.
• Blockchain.
Businessprocess
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published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

37. MobilityasaService (Digitalization)
Device/
Users
Corporations
PublicAuthorities
MobilityPlatform
ICTServiceProviders
TransportationServiceProviders
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38. DigitalFreightPlatform
FreightPlatform
ICTServiceProviders
Operators
BtoCO
PublicAuthorities
TransportationServiceProviders API-ApplicationProgrammingInterface
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published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.

39. KeyInformationTechnologyDriversinFreight Distribution
FreightVisibility(Tracking)
• Improvethereliabilityofsupplychainmanagement.
• Statusandlocationsofshipments(vehicles,rail cars,
containersandindividual loads).
• MobilecommunicationsandGlobalpositioningsystems(GPS).
• Radio-frequencyidentification(RFID)tagsandbar codes.
AssetManagement
• Maximizeequipmentutilization.
• Equipmentlocation(tractors,trailers,rail cars,containers,
ships).
• RealTimeLocatingSystems(GPSandRFIDtags).
• Statusmonitoringofvehicleandcargoconditions.
EfficiencyImprovements
• Improveproductivityandreducedataerrors.
• Verificationandexchangeofshipmentinformation.
• Non-intrusiveinspectionandinformationtechnologiessuchas
opticalcharacterreaders(OCR),RFIDtagsandbio-metrics(to
identifydrivers).
FreightInformationExchange
• Informationexchangeusingweb-basedtechnologiesand
electronicdatainterchange (EDI).
• Real-timeterminalinformation systems.
• Blockchains.
RegulatoryCompliance
• Pre-screenshipmentsanddirectlow-riskfreighttoquick
clearance.
• Enhancesecurityatinternational borders.
• Electronicpre-notificationofshipment information.
Copyright©1998-2021,Dr.Jean-PaulRodrigue,Dept.ofGlobalStudies&Geography,HofstraUniversity. ForpersonalorclassroomuseONLY.Thismaterial(includinggraphics)is notpublicdomainandcannotbe
published,in wholeorinpart,in ANYform(printedorelectronic) andonanymediawithoutconsent.Thisincludesconferencepresentations.Permission MUSTberequestedprior touse.