This presentation will throw light on body composition
It will increase your knowledge of assessment & classification of it
It gives focus on fat mass, fat free mass & lean body mass
it will give information about detailed information of body composition analysis
it even gives basic information about body composition which we can do without any expensive materiel that is anthropometry measurement: skin fold measurement, BMI, girth measurement, waist-hip ratio.
it also inform us about the amount of storge fat and essential fat present at each part of body by the instrument named BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE
This presentation will throw light on body composition
It will increase your knowledge of assessment & classification of it
It gives focus on fat mass, fat free mass & lean body mass
it will give information about detailed information of body composition analysis
it even gives basic information about body composition which we can do without any expensive materiel that is anthropometry measurement: skin fold measurement, BMI, girth measurement, waist-hip ratio.
it also inform us about the amount of storge fat and essential fat present at each part of body by the instrument named BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE
Sports are very concerned about their weight. But it does not mean much as long as one does not differ from that of fat muscles. How? Read more: http://bit.ly/1EfQc9Y
The overall effect of exercise on HDL, LDL, total cholester.docxssusera34210
The overall effect of exercise on HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and total triglyceride profiles can be better solidified by analyzing the effect of various exercise intensities in combination of energy output rather than just the overall effect of exercise on those four functional properties. It should be understood that the production of lipids vary in response upon the duration of exercise, therefore influencing the relationship between C-reactive proteins and blood lipids. In order to calculate a more accurate analysis, blood lipid measurements should be taken at different maximum oxygen consumption sessions and intensities. In 2012, Tsao conducted a study that analyzed the effects of different exercise intensities comparable to C-reactive proteins and blood lipid levels. In the Tsao’s research it was found that LDL, total cholesterol and total triglyceride profiles had not changed with the influence of exercise intensity.3 On the contrary, as the maximum oxygen consumption increased from 25% to 65% to 85% during the exercise sessions, the HDL levels simultaneously increased from -0.42 HDL to -0.13 HDL to 0.23 HDL levels.3
According to a study conducted by Chaudhary in 2011, it can be stated that both aerobic exercise and resistance training influence the effect on HDL-C in the blood, thus perpetuating an effect on LDL-C in the blood. For the HDL cholesterol to increase, aerobic training (especially low intensity aerobic training) is first performed.1 The elevation of HDL cholesterol can then be inversely related to the risk of coronary heart disease in the participating individual due to the transportation HDL conducts. 1 As aerobic training continues, the triglyceride concentration decreases, therefore increasing the utilization of free fatty acids in the body.1 Subsequently through this process, the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreases.1
The previous studies conducted by Tsao (2012) and Chaudhary (2012) focused on the effects of sporadic training on HDL-C levels. In comparison to the previous studies, the Musa (2009) study showed a difference in their study by increasing the duration of the work-rest interval intertwined with the eight week high-intensity exercise program conducted on untrained young adult me. The intention of the Musa (2009) study was to raise the subject’s HDL-C levels while simultaneously decreasing the total cholesterol levels and the atherogenic index (TC/HDL-C).2 If this study could prove the researcher’s hypothesis, then one could propose alternative exercise methods that would further reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.2
After the Musa (2009) study had concluded, it was found that there were no changes in total cholesterol levels in regards to the subjects that had been tested. Due to the fact that all of the tested subjects had entered the study with favorable pre-training mean total cholesterol levels, it can be assumed that there was no opportunity for the total cholesterol ...
Assess The Effect of Resistance Training Compared To a Weight Loss Diet Progr...IOSR Journals
To evaluate the effect of a Resistance training program (BT) versus weight loss diet (DR) on body composition, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Methods: Thirty obese adolescents with a BMI above the 97th percentile participated in a training program and diet for 12 weeks. They were randomized into two groups: a diet group (DR, n = 16) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal / day and Strength training group (BT, n = 14) for all major muscle groups, three sessions / week with an intensity of 50-80% (1.RM) for 3 months. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed for all of our subjects before and after the intervention program of 12 weeks. Results: Significant variations of body composition parameters were observed in both groups. The decrease of BMI, body weight, fat mass and (WC) for the group (DR) was more important than the group (BT) (p <0.01><0.05><0.05)),><0.05).><0.05) respectively). Conclusion: Strength training improves much more the sensitivity to insulin and cardiovascular risk factors than weight loss diet program. The latter is more effective for weight loss, BMI and body fat in obese adolescent boys.
Body Composition Profiling: The Stepping Stone Towards Precision Medicine in ...Chelsea Ranger
Body composition and fat distribution is an unknown factor in many clinical trials conducted in the metabolic area today. Many studies are likely conducted in a population thought to be homogeneous, while those studies actually include subjects with vastly different body compositions associated with completely different metabolic disease profiles. The answer to whom should be included and which subjects respond best to a treatment could lie in body composition.
For a human body to function properly it is essential to have a certain amount of body fat. Fat serves to
manage body temperature, pads and protects the organs. Fat is the fundamental type of the body's vitality
stockpiling. It is important to have a healthy amount of body fat. Overabundance of fat quotient can build
danger of genuine wellbeing issues. Anthropometry is a broadly accessible and basic strategy for the
appraisal of body composition. Anthropometry measures are weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI),
waist, boundary, biceps, skinfold etc. The human fat percentage is figured by taking anthropometric
variables. We proposed a methodology to determine the body fat percentage using R programming and
regression formula. We analyzed 10 anthropometric variables and 3 demographic variables. Our study
shows that the impact of certain variables has an edge over other in predicting body fat percentage.
Assessment of Muscle and Fat Mass in Type 2 Diabetes Patients By Dual-Energy ...semualkaira
The aim of this study was to assess the quantitative composition of muscle and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes
mellitus (T2DM) patients on the basis of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the diagnosis of obesity and sarcopenia.
Impact of Yogic Exercise on Body Fat Percentage on Middle Aged Obese PeopleSports Journal
Purpose: The Purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic exercises on body fat percentage of middle aged obese people.
Selection of Subjects: For the present study 20 male obese people from locality of Bilaspur were selected randomly as the subjects for the study. The age of the subjects ranged between 40-50 years.
Selection of Variables: The variables selected for the present study were yogic training (independent variable), body fat percentage (dependent variable).
Methodology: For the study pretest – post-test randomized group design, which consists of control group (10 subjects) and experimental group (10 subjects) were used. The data were collected through the pretest, before training and post-test, after six weeks of yogic exercises training.
Statistical Technique: For comparing pre and post-test means of experimental and control groups, descriptive analysis and Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) were used and the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence.
Result: The result of the study showed that there was insignificant difference between pre and post-test (experimental group) of body fat percentage.
Body fluid(Part 4):COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT FLUID COMPARTMENT and PREVIOUS YE...DrNishu Verma
CLICK HERE TO BETTER UNDERSTAND:
https://youtu.be/uBhw0gq2kGc
Discipline: Physiology
Topic: Body fluid(Part 4)
Learning outcome:
6.COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT FLUID COMPARTMENT
7. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
This presentation talks about energy balance, shows how to calculate your total energy expenditure and explains the different Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Sports are very concerned about their weight. But it does not mean much as long as one does not differ from that of fat muscles. How? Read more: http://bit.ly/1EfQc9Y
The overall effect of exercise on HDL, LDL, total cholester.docxssusera34210
The overall effect of exercise on HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and total triglyceride profiles can be better solidified by analyzing the effect of various exercise intensities in combination of energy output rather than just the overall effect of exercise on those four functional properties. It should be understood that the production of lipids vary in response upon the duration of exercise, therefore influencing the relationship between C-reactive proteins and blood lipids. In order to calculate a more accurate analysis, blood lipid measurements should be taken at different maximum oxygen consumption sessions and intensities. In 2012, Tsao conducted a study that analyzed the effects of different exercise intensities comparable to C-reactive proteins and blood lipid levels. In the Tsao’s research it was found that LDL, total cholesterol and total triglyceride profiles had not changed with the influence of exercise intensity.3 On the contrary, as the maximum oxygen consumption increased from 25% to 65% to 85% during the exercise sessions, the HDL levels simultaneously increased from -0.42 HDL to -0.13 HDL to 0.23 HDL levels.3
According to a study conducted by Chaudhary in 2011, it can be stated that both aerobic exercise and resistance training influence the effect on HDL-C in the blood, thus perpetuating an effect on LDL-C in the blood. For the HDL cholesterol to increase, aerobic training (especially low intensity aerobic training) is first performed.1 The elevation of HDL cholesterol can then be inversely related to the risk of coronary heart disease in the participating individual due to the transportation HDL conducts. 1 As aerobic training continues, the triglyceride concentration decreases, therefore increasing the utilization of free fatty acids in the body.1 Subsequently through this process, the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreases.1
The previous studies conducted by Tsao (2012) and Chaudhary (2012) focused on the effects of sporadic training on HDL-C levels. In comparison to the previous studies, the Musa (2009) study showed a difference in their study by increasing the duration of the work-rest interval intertwined with the eight week high-intensity exercise program conducted on untrained young adult me. The intention of the Musa (2009) study was to raise the subject’s HDL-C levels while simultaneously decreasing the total cholesterol levels and the atherogenic index (TC/HDL-C).2 If this study could prove the researcher’s hypothesis, then one could propose alternative exercise methods that would further reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.2
After the Musa (2009) study had concluded, it was found that there were no changes in total cholesterol levels in regards to the subjects that had been tested. Due to the fact that all of the tested subjects had entered the study with favorable pre-training mean total cholesterol levels, it can be assumed that there was no opportunity for the total cholesterol ...
Assess The Effect of Resistance Training Compared To a Weight Loss Diet Progr...IOSR Journals
To evaluate the effect of a Resistance training program (BT) versus weight loss diet (DR) on body composition, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Methods: Thirty obese adolescents with a BMI above the 97th percentile participated in a training program and diet for 12 weeks. They were randomized into two groups: a diet group (DR, n = 16) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal / day and Strength training group (BT, n = 14) for all major muscle groups, three sessions / week with an intensity of 50-80% (1.RM) for 3 months. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed for all of our subjects before and after the intervention program of 12 weeks. Results: Significant variations of body composition parameters were observed in both groups. The decrease of BMI, body weight, fat mass and (WC) for the group (DR) was more important than the group (BT) (p <0.01><0.05><0.05)),><0.05).><0.05) respectively). Conclusion: Strength training improves much more the sensitivity to insulin and cardiovascular risk factors than weight loss diet program. The latter is more effective for weight loss, BMI and body fat in obese adolescent boys.
Body Composition Profiling: The Stepping Stone Towards Precision Medicine in ...Chelsea Ranger
Body composition and fat distribution is an unknown factor in many clinical trials conducted in the metabolic area today. Many studies are likely conducted in a population thought to be homogeneous, while those studies actually include subjects with vastly different body compositions associated with completely different metabolic disease profiles. The answer to whom should be included and which subjects respond best to a treatment could lie in body composition.
For a human body to function properly it is essential to have a certain amount of body fat. Fat serves to
manage body temperature, pads and protects the organs. Fat is the fundamental type of the body's vitality
stockpiling. It is important to have a healthy amount of body fat. Overabundance of fat quotient can build
danger of genuine wellbeing issues. Anthropometry is a broadly accessible and basic strategy for the
appraisal of body composition. Anthropometry measures are weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI),
waist, boundary, biceps, skinfold etc. The human fat percentage is figured by taking anthropometric
variables. We proposed a methodology to determine the body fat percentage using R programming and
regression formula. We analyzed 10 anthropometric variables and 3 demographic variables. Our study
shows that the impact of certain variables has an edge over other in predicting body fat percentage.
Assessment of Muscle and Fat Mass in Type 2 Diabetes Patients By Dual-Energy ...semualkaira
The aim of this study was to assess the quantitative composition of muscle and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes
mellitus (T2DM) patients on the basis of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the diagnosis of obesity and sarcopenia.
Impact of Yogic Exercise on Body Fat Percentage on Middle Aged Obese PeopleSports Journal
Purpose: The Purpose of the study was to find out the effect of yogic exercises on body fat percentage of middle aged obese people.
Selection of Subjects: For the present study 20 male obese people from locality of Bilaspur were selected randomly as the subjects for the study. The age of the subjects ranged between 40-50 years.
Selection of Variables: The variables selected for the present study were yogic training (independent variable), body fat percentage (dependent variable).
Methodology: For the study pretest – post-test randomized group design, which consists of control group (10 subjects) and experimental group (10 subjects) were used. The data were collected through the pretest, before training and post-test, after six weeks of yogic exercises training.
Statistical Technique: For comparing pre and post-test means of experimental and control groups, descriptive analysis and Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) were used and the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence.
Result: The result of the study showed that there was insignificant difference between pre and post-test (experimental group) of body fat percentage.
Body fluid(Part 4):COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT FLUID COMPARTMENT and PREVIOUS YE...DrNishu Verma
CLICK HERE TO BETTER UNDERSTAND:
https://youtu.be/uBhw0gq2kGc
Discipline: Physiology
Topic: Body fluid(Part 4)
Learning outcome:
6.COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT FLUID COMPARTMENT
7. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
This presentation talks about energy balance, shows how to calculate your total energy expenditure and explains the different Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
1. JIMMA UNIVERSITY
PUBLIC HEALTH FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS
COURSE: ADVANCED NUTRITION AND METABOLISM
TOPIC: BODY COMPOSITION
BY: HUMAN NUTRION STUDENTS (MSc)
1ST YEAR REGULAR, BATCH 2022/23
GROUP IV
1
Body composition by Group 4
2. GROUP MEMBER DEP’T
1. DESALEGN MEKONEN….…H. Nutrition
2. KERIMA MOHAMMED……..H. Nutrition
3. GELAYE JIBAT……….…..….H. Nutrition
2
Body composition by Group 4
3. Objectives of the presentation
Introduction to Body composition
Levels of Body composition
Multi-component models of Body composition
Assessment Methods of Body composition
Factors Influencing Body composition
Summary of the topic.
3
Body composition byGroup 4
4. Learning Objectives
4
At the end of this session students will be able to:
Define Body composition
Discuss factors influencing body composition
Describe levels of body composition
Understand models of body composition
Discuss assessment methods of body composition
Discuss abnormalities related to body composition
Body composition by Group 4
5. BODY COMPOSITION
• Body composition refers to the relative percentage of
fat, muscle, bone, and other tissues in the body.
• It reflects net lifetime accumulation of nutrients by
the body.
• After birth, nutrition and lifestyle factors will strongly
interact with the genome to influence the changes in
body composition at different stages of growth
(infancy, childhood, and adolescence).
• There are different ways, levels and models to
describe body compositions.
Body composition by Group 4 5
6. How Do Body Weight and Body Composition
Differ?
Body Composition
– The relative amounts of lean tissue and fat tissue
in the body
Lean Body Mass
– Body mass that is fat-free (muscle, skin, bone,
organs, and body fluids)
Fat Mass
– Body mass that is fat tissue (adipose tissue)
Percent Body Fat
-Percentage of total weight that is fat tissue
Body composition by Group 4 6
7. Fat-Free Body Mass (FFM):
Defined as body mass devoid of all extractable fat.
Example
Body mass = 80 kg and Body fat = 24%, so what is
the FFM for this person?
Fat mass = Body mass * % body fat
FFM = Body mass - fat mass
Answer: 60.8 kg
Body composition by Group 4 7
8. Most Body Fat Is Stored in Adipose Tissue
Two types of fat make up total body fat
• Essential fat
- Found in bone marrow, heart, lungs, liver, spleen,
kidneys, intestines, muscles, and central nervous system
- Women have 4 times more essential fat than men
• Stored fat
- Found in adipose tissue
- Subcutaneous fat – located under the skin
- Visceral fat – stored around the organs in the abdominal
area
9. LEVELS OF BODY COMPOSITION
The composition of the body can be evaluated at
numerous level of biological complexity, from basic
elements, molecule to whole tissue compartment of
human body.
The central to body composition is the five level
model in which body mass is considered as the sum
of all components at each of the five levels:
Atomic,
Molecular,
Cellular,
Tissue-organ and
Whole body
Body composition by Group 4 9
10. LEVELS OF BODY…cont
1. Atomic Level
At this level, body mass includes 11 major elements.
More than 96% of body mass is accounted for by the
four elements: O2, C, H and N.
Other key elements comprise Ca2+, P, S, K, Na, Cl
and Mg2+.
2. Molecular Level
The molecular level consists of six major
components: water, lipid, protein, carbohydrates,
bone density and soft tissue minerals.
Body composition by Group 4 10
11. LEVELS OF BODY…cont
3. Cellular level
The cellular level includes three body components:
cells, extracellular fluids and extracellular solids.
The cells can be additionally partitioned into two
components: body cell mass and fat, of which the
former is the metabolically active component.
4. Tissue-organ level
This level focuses on contribution of specific tissue to
body weight. The major components are adipose
tissue, skeletal muscle, visceral organs and bone.
Body composition by Group 4 11
12. LEVELS OF BODY…cont
5. Whole-body level
It can be divided into regions such as:
Appendages,
Trunk and
Head,
Usually described by anthropometric measures such
as circumference, skinfold and length.
Body composition by Group 4 12
14. MULTI-COMPONENT MODELS OF
BODY COMPOSITION
A. One compartment model: Body Weight
B. Two compartment model:
The widely applicable 2-C model, divides the body into
two compartments:
a) fat mass (FM) and
b) fat free mass (FFM).
The absolute amount of body fat termed, FM is the ether-
extractable lipid from adipose and other tissues.
FFM representing the residual body compartment is
heterogeneous and includes skeletal muscle, organs, bone
and supporting tissues.
Body composition by Group 4 14
15. MODELS OF BODY…cont
The model is expressed as:
Body weight = FM+FFM
The two-compartment models assume that:
a) The densities of the fat (0.9007 g/cm3) and fat free
(1.100 g/cm3) components are constant.
b) The proportion of water, mineral and protein in the
FFM are constant within and between individuals.
c) Individuals are similar in composition except for
variability in the proportion of fat.
Body composition by Group 4 15
16. MODELS OF BODY…cont
1. Hydro-densitometry
2. ADP
3. Hydrometry
Body composition by Group 4 16
Assessment methods
17. MODELS OF BODY…cont
C. Three-compartment model: DEXA
This includes fat mass but partitions FFM into
total body water (TBW) and fat free dry
mass predominantly protein and mineral.
This model provided some improvement over the
basic 2-C model for healthy individuals.
However, for patients with significantly depleted
body protein mass and bone mineral mass, the
estimated values for the density for the solids
compartment would be incorrect; thus the final
estimate of body fat mass.
Body composition by Group 4 17
18. MODELS OF BODY…cont
D. Four-compartment (4C) model:
This 4Capproach divides the body into fat, water,
mineral and protein component, thereby
eliminating the need to make assumptions about the
relative proportion of these constituents in the body.
Body composition by Group 4 18
19. MODELS OF BODY…cont
FAT MASS
Mineral
Protein
Water
Body
Weight
4/1/2023 Melese.S 19
4 –
Compartm
ent Model
FAT-FREE
MASS
20. MODELS OF BODY…cont
E. Six-compartment model: NAA
Atomic model require the direct analysis of the
chemical component of the body in Vivo.
One such atomic (6-C) six component model divides
the body into the following compartments: water +
nitrogen+ calcium+ potassium+ sodium+ chloride
Although atomic model provide criterion body
composition measure for evaluating accuracy of other
reference model, the high expanse and client
exposure to radiation limit their use.
Body composition by Group 4 20
21. ASSESSMENT OF BODY
COMPOSITION
1.Densitometry: procedure of estimating body compo...
The body density (Db) is equivalent to the ratio of its
mass (MA) and volume (V): Db=MA/V
It is inversely related to body fat content- the greater
the proportion of fat, the lower the body density.
Thus, the body density permits an estimate of
percentage of body weight that is fat.
It involves the following methods:
i. Hydro-densitometry or Under Water Weighing
(UWW): Archimedes' principle: BV=(Wa-
Ww)/Dw
ii. Air Displacement Plethysmography: alternative
Body composition by Group 4 21
24. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
2. Hydrometry:
Water constitutes the highest fraction of body mass.
In healthy adults, total body water (TBW) comprises
73% of the FFM or 60% of body weight.
A 15% reduction in body water attributable to
dehydration, leads to remarkable change in body
weight and can significantly be life-threatening. This
emphasizes on determination of TBW, as an aspect of
body composition.
Body composition by Group 4 24
25. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
Hydrometry is based on dilution principle, which asserts
that the volume of a compartment is equal to the ratio of
the dose of tracer, administered orally or intravenously, to
its concentration in that compartment within a specified
time after the administration of the dose.
Inherent to dilution technique there are four basic
assumptions:
i. The tracer is distributed only in the body water,
ii. It is equally distributed in all anatomical water
compartments,
iii. The rate of equilibration of the tracer is rapid, and
iv. Neither the tracer nor body water is metabolized during
the time of tracer equilibration.
Body composition by Group 4 25
26. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
The tracer most regularly used is non-radioactive
bromine (Br) and
The sampling is restricted to blood plasma due to
differences in bromide concentrations in different
fluids.
The stable isotopes commonly used are D2O and 18O.
Body fluid samples either of saliva, urine or blood
(preferable) is collected.
Body composition by Group 4 26
27. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
3. Whole Body Count:
Total body potassium
Neutron activation analysis (NAA):
4. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Method
(DEXA):
The DEXA is linked to computer algorithms to derive
estimate of three body components:
i. bone mineral,
ii. fat-free soft tissue and
iii. fat tissue content of the total body.
It allows fat distribution throughout the entire body to
be read in a single scan.
Body composition by Group 4 27
30. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
5. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA):
It uses a very small electrical signal to measure body
impedance.
Fat causes impedance or resistance to the signal.
Rapid, non-invasive, and inexpensive method of
measuring body comp.
Sends electrical current through the body to estimate
body fat (based on the principle that fat is less
conductive than lean tissue)
Body composition by Group 4 30
33. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
6. Imaging Methods:
Computed Tomography (CT): uses ionizing radiation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): based on the
interaction between hydrogen nuclei (protons), which
are abundant in all biological tissues, and the
magnetic fields generated
A major advantage of MRI over CT is lack of
ionizing radiation.
So application of multiple image protocol using MRI
is the method of choice for whole-body and serial
measurements.
Body composition by Group 4 33
35. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
7. Anthropometry:
Anthropometry provides simple approach to body
composition.
The equipment are portable and relatively
inexpensive,
procedures are non-invasive.
Anthropometric measurements such as:
thickness of skinfolds,
circumferences and
diameters are frequently used to predict body density,
body fat and lean body mass by regression equations.
Body composition by Group 4 35
36. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
7.1 Weight/height indices:
a) Quetelet index or body mass index (BMI:
weight/height2),
b) Broca index [weight/ (height - 100)], and
c) Benn index (weight/heightp, in which the exponent p
is population)
The Quetelet index or BMI is the most widely used
index and has been recommended by WHO as a crude
indicator of the nutritional status.
Body composition by Group 4 36
37. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
It is used as adiposity marker in identifying
individuals at risk of metabolic disorders.
However, its utilization has been debated as a
consequence of inability to distinguish fat mass
from fat free mass.
Body composition by Group 4 37
39. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
7.2 Skinfolds thickness:
Skinfolds thickness is discriminant indicators of body
fatness.
Despite relatively strong correlation of skinfold
thickness at single site with body fat % (%BF), no
single site is accurate predictor of %BF.
A special instrument called a caliper is used to
measure skinfold thickness.
Body composition by Group 4 39
40. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
The most often measured skinfolds for the assessment
of total body fat are:
biceps,
triceps,
subscapular,
abdomen and
supra-iliac.
Body composition by Group 4 40
41. Fat fold measures/Skinfold Measurements
Measuring Skinfold Fat Thickness
at the Triceps Skinfold Site Body composition by Group 4 41
42. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
Skinfold-thickness measurements were converted into
%BF by using published regression equations.
The predicted body density can be used to derive
%BF by using a Siri's equation or underwater
weighing.
FFM and FM were then calculated from percentage
body fat and body weight.
Body composition by Group 4 42
43. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
7.3. Circumferences and Breadths:
MUAC, in combination with the triceps skinfold
thickness, provide an estimate of muscle mass and fat
mass of the upper arm.
These measures correlate well with whole body FM
and FFM.
Total body FM, FFM and %BF can be estimated
using anthropometric prediction equations derived
from healthy population
Body composition by Group 4 43
44. ASSESSMENT OF BODY…cont
7.4. Waist-to-Hip ratio:
Circumference of the waist divided by circumference
of hip
Quick measure of fat distribution
WHO advise that a healthy WHR is:
Women ≤0.85
Men ≤0.9
Summary of Asst Methods.docx
Body composition by Group 4 44
46. Factors Influencing Body
composition:
Diet
Physical activity
Age
Gender
Genetics/Race
Hormonal status
Poor sleep and stress
Body composition by Group 4 46
47. What is public health importance
measuring body composition?
Assessing the effectiveness of nutritional
interventions
Monitoring the changes associated with growth
Monitoring the changes associated with disease
conditions.
Nutritional evaluation in infant and children
(Commonly used for infants and children are:
Anthropometry, ADP, BIA, DEXA, MRI and Isotope
dilution)
Body composition by Group 4 47
48. CONCLUSION
Body composition assessment involves quantification
of the amount and relative proportions of fat, muscle
and bone, and their chemical components.
It determines the nutritional status of an individual,
consequently the nutrient requirements appropriate
for growth and maintenance of body.
All methods encompass varying degrees of inherent
deviations in measurements that are due to natural
biological or clinical variance, or measurement errors.
ADP is the Gold-Standard to assess body
composition at this time.
Body composition by Group 4 48
49. CONCLUSION
Methods should be chosen considering the
following:
Level of accuracy
Cost,
Time
Inconvenience,
Radiation exposure (risk)
Feasibility
Availability of reference data
Developmental stage of the subjects involved.
Body composition by Group 4 49
50. Here are just some of the benefits of having a
healthy body composition:
Normal blood pressure level
Improved quality of sleep
Improved mood and self-confidence
Increased energy and endurance throughout the day
Reduced pain in joints, hips, and lower back
Improved blood circulation — leading to lower risk
for heart disease
Higher fertility rates and lower risk for pregnancy-
related complications
Improved breathing, respiration, and lung function
Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity
Body composition by Group 4 50
52. Health Risks Associated with Body Weight and
Body Composition
Being underweight increases health risks:
Malnutrition and disease
Anemia,
osteoporosis and bone fractures, heart irregularities,
and amenorrhea
Correlated with depression and anxiety,
inability to fight infection,
trouble regulating body temperature,
decreased muscle strength, and
risk of premature death
53. Health Risks Associated with Body Weight
and Body Composition
Being overweight increases health risks:
CVD, HTN, stroke, hyperlipidemia, gallstones, sleep
apnea, and reproductive problems
↑es risk of certain cancers including colon, breast,
endometrial, and gallbladder cancer
More than 80% of people with type 2 diabetes are
overweight
Metabolic syndrome is associated with central obesity