The document analyzes the groundnut value chain in Mali. It aims to identify critical points for monitoring aflatoxin levels and policy/institutional hindrances. The methodology includes focus groups with stakeholders in the enabling environment, value chain actors, and service providers. The analysis maps the value chain from producers to exporters and identifies the roles of various actors, quality standards, and issues with quality control and aflatoxin knowledge. In conclusions, it finds that informal aflatoxin standards do not exist, storage quality is poor, and knowledge of aflatoxin is limited.

1. Groundnut Value Chain in Mali:
A qualitative Analysis
J. Ndjeunga, C. Narrod, M. Tiongco,
Bamory, O. Kodio,, P. Trench, A. Traore
Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of the Poor in Africa Groundnut
value chain analysis in Mali

2. Definition of value chain
• A value chain can be defined as “the full range
of activities which are required to bring a
product or service from conception, through
the different phases of production (involving a
combination of physical transformation and
the input of various producer services),
delivery to final customers, and final disposal
after use” (Kaplinsky, R. and M. Morris (2001).
Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of
the Poor in Africa Groundnut value chain analysis in Mali

3. Objectives
• identify critical points along the value chain
that need to be monitored for Aflatoxin levels;
and,
• identify policy and institutional hindrances to
the value chain efficiency as well as the
business service providers available to value
chain actors.
Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of
the Poor in Africa Groundnut value chain analysis in Mali

4. Methodology
Groundnut market will
be mapped using
• Focus group interview
with stakeholders in
the enabling
environment, the
value chain actors and
the business and
extension services
Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of
the Poor in Africa Groundnut value chain analysis in Mali

5. Market map showing the three inter-linked components (Source: Hellin et al. 2005)

6. Market map
The Market Map is made up
of three inter-linked
components:
• Enabling environment
(infrastructure and
policies, institutions and
processes that shape the
market environment);
• Value chain actors; and,
• Service providers (the
business development or
extension services that
support the value chains’
operations)

7. The enabling environment
• Chamber of Agriculture (advocacy on products)
• Chamber of commerce (advocacy on products)
• Consumer groups (ASCOMA & RECOMA)
• Ministry of Agriculture (quantity and quality of
food)
• Ministry of Commerce (trade, norms and
regulations)
• Ministry of Health (health hazards)
• Ministry of Economy and Finance (loss of foreign
exchange)
Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of
the Poor in Africa Groundnut value chain analysis in Mali

8. Value chain actors in Mali
• Farmers producers (at village level)
• Retailers (urban – rural)
• Rural assemblers
• Wholesalers
– Rural wholesalers
– Urban wholesalers
• Processors
– Small,
– medium and
– large processors
• Exporters
• Consumers

9. Business and extension services
• Transport services
(poor infrastructure)
• Saving and loan
institutions (limited)
• Testing laboratories -
facilities
– ICRISAT
– IER
– Ministry of Health
• Inspection services
• AOPP
Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of
the Poor in Africa Groundnut value chain analysis in Mali

10. Groundnut market map viewed by value chain actors and key resource
persons in the Kita region in Mali
Chamber of Consumer groups Ministry of
The Enabling Environment
Agriculture ASCOMA Agriculture
RECOMA
Ministry of Economy Ministry of Health
Chamber of Ministry of Commerce and Finances ANSA
Commerce and Industries
Value Chain Actors and
Relationships Urban Wholesalers
Rural wholesalers
Exporters
Medium processors
Urban retailers
Rural assemblers
Urban assemblers
Small processors
AGROMA
Primary
producers
Urban consumers
Rural consumers Rural retailers
Transport services Saving and loan Testing laboratories
institutions IER Inspection services SLACAER
ICRISAT
National Health Lab Farmer Marketing
University AOPP Groups
Business and Extension Services

11. Value chain actors in Kayes

12. Traders: groundnut quality indicators & premium
100% clean 20000 FCFA/kg
Physical purity
50% rotten 10000 FCFA/kg
Hand
> 50% bad 5000 FCFA/kg
25 fcfa/kg
100% clean
Decorticated
Machine
75% clean
Form
50% and less
Press the pods
Non decorticated Pod lighter color No insect attacks 10000 FCFA/bag
25% attacks 7500 FCFA/bag
Decortication > 75% attacks 2500 FCFA/bag
Black/darker color
Insect attacks – holes; color of pod – dark or black (fungus attack)
For pods- decortication often requires

13. Additional criteria – quality (cont’d)
Other parameters include:
• variety maturity (early and late maturity),
• seed size,
• level of variety mixture and
• seed color
Traders prefer seed with very low amount of
rottenness or moldy nuts; late maturing variety
(easy to pulp), large seeded, red color and no
mixture of varieties.

14. Quality control in storage facilities
(1/3)
Quality inspectors (Ministry of Commerce) monitor and
evaluate the sanitary status of storage facilities
• Level of moisture in the
storage
• Level of impurities in the
storage
• Bags placement (whether
on plastic bag or a
pallets)
• Separation between
products in storage (toxic
and non-toxic).

15. Quality control in storage facilities
(2/3)
After the storage facility has
being evaluated, the stored
products will be assessed
• Bag randomly selected and
emptied on a plastic
• Sample drawn and
evaluated 2/3rd depth in the
bag.
Groundnut stored using
phostoxin or other insecticides
and can be stored even up to 3
years.

16. Quality control in storage facilities (3/3)
If the product is
declared good by the
inspectors
a certificate delivered
valid for 1 to 3 months.
If the product is
declared of bad quality
stocks will be seized
and sold to groundnut
processors.

17. Product traceability
• All bags purchased by rural assemblers are
labeled (by writing the name of village on the
bag or any other sign) so that the bags can be
traced back to the owner or at least the village
where it was purchased.

18. Time in storage
Value chain actor Months
Producers < 6 months (except for seed)
Rural assemblers Less than 3 months
Processors < 2 months
Wholesalers More than 6 months

19. Conclusions
• Informal norms and standards targeting
Aflatoxin do not exist rather quality in general
• Storage quality very poor
• Gov’t quality control measures exist but
poorly enforced
• Knowledge of aflatoxin by actors along the
value chain very limited
• Information flow not well known
• Scanty knowledge on regulatory framework
Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of
the Poor in Africa Groundnut value chain analysis in Mali

20. Thank you

21. Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of the Poor in Africa Groundnut
value chain analysis in Mali

22. Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of
the Poor in Africa Groundnut value chain analysis in Mali

24. Exploring the Scope of Cost-Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in Maize and Groundnut Value Chains so as to Improve Market Access of
the Poor in Africa Groundnut value chain analysis in Mali