Chapter Objectives
1. Evaluate the impact of the political and economic characteristics of the world's various marketplaces on businesses
2. Appreciate the uses of national income data in making business decisions
3. Discuss North America as a major marketplace and business center in the world economy
4. Describe Western Europe as a major marketplace and business center in the world economy
5. Discuss the problems facing the economies of the former communist countries of Eastern and Central Europe
6. Discuss Asia as a major marketplace and business center in the world economy
7. Assess the development challenges facing African, Middle Eastern, and South American countries
This document discusses the nature of business ethics. It begins by outlining how business has existed as long as human civilization to satisfy needs and wants. It notes that business requires earning a profit to stay operational and provide goods/services. The document then states that since business is integral to society, it must be examined ethically to promote the common good, protect individuals, and preserve society. It discusses how without ethics, business could be chaotic with no agreement on right/wrong conduct. The document then addresses some myths businessmen have about ethics not being debatable, not mixing with business, and being relative rather than universal. It distinguishes between morality and legality, noting what is legal may not be ethical. It provides a framework for
CH 1 GLOBALIZATION & INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES Shadina Shah
This document provides an overview of globalization and international linkages. It discusses the major trends in global economic integration, including the shifting balance of global economic power and increasing trade and investment flows. It also analyzes the different economic systems used by countries and recent economic developments and performance in various world regions, including developments in international agreements, trade, foreign investment, and competitiveness. Key regions discussed include North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and developing/emerging countries.
A Winning Market Study for the Establishment of Mini Stop Conveinence StoreJandel Gimeno
This document provides a market study for establishing a Mini Stop convenience store franchise in Quezon City, Philippines. It analyzes the target customer markets in the area, including residents, workers, students, and commuters. Market research found the primary customers are ages 18-26 and most are male. The store aims to capture market share by offering the same products as competitors while operating 24/7. It faces competition from an existing 7-11 store and Mini Stop location. The study evaluates these competitors' operations to inform the new store's marketing strategy and objectives over its first year.
The document discusses various forms and examples of regional economic integration agreements between groups of countries. It outlines different levels of integration from free trade areas to economic unions. Regional integration aims to reduce trade barriers and stimulate economic growth. However, it can also lead to trade diversion and costs from adjusting to more open markets. The EU and NAFTA are two prominent examples of regional integration discussed in the document.
The document discusses cooperative banking and financing institutions that operate within cooperative banks. It defines cooperative banking as retail and commercial banking organized on a cooperative basis. The main types of cooperative financing institutions discussed are credit unions, cooperative banks, and land development banks. Credit unions are typically smaller and funded by member deposits, while cooperative banks provide services to both members and non-members and have more integrated systems. The document also discusses the strengths of cooperative banking movements, such as their social principles, wide network, democratic control, and support from local governments. Some weaknesses mentioned include lack of autonomy, dependency on external providers, and absence of professionalism.
egional economic integration
,
levels of economic integration
,
free trade area b) customs union c) common marke
,
the political case for regional integration
,
the economic case for regional integration
,
mercosur
,
regional economic integration in europe
,
evolution of the european union
,
impediments to integration
,
the case against regional integration
,
the andean community
,
classroom performance system
,
the north american free trade agreement
,
asia-pacific economic cooperation
,
regional economic integration elsewhere
,
regional trade blocs in africa
,
political structure of the european union
,
enlargement of the european union
,
the single european act
,
the establishment of the euro
,
central american common market and caricom
Chapter 3 History and Geography The Foundations of Culture Water Birds (Ali)
The importance of history and geography in the understanding of international markets
The effects of history on a country’s culture
How culture interprets events through its own eyes
How the United States moved west and how this more affected attitudes
The effect of geographic diversity on economic profiles of a country
Why markets need to be responsive to geography of a country
Economic effects of controlling population growth versus aging population
Communications are an integral part of international commerce
Strategic Management Concepts and Cases Global 15th Edition David Solutions M...fisysaran
Full download https://alibabadownload.com/product/strategic-management-concepts-and-cases-global-15th-edition-david-solutions-manual/
Strategic Management Concepts and Cases Global 15th Edition David Solutions Manual
This document discusses the nature of business ethics. It begins by outlining how business has existed as long as human civilization to satisfy needs and wants. It notes that business requires earning a profit to stay operational and provide goods/services. The document then states that since business is integral to society, it must be examined ethically to promote the common good, protect individuals, and preserve society. It discusses how without ethics, business could be chaotic with no agreement on right/wrong conduct. The document then addresses some myths businessmen have about ethics not being debatable, not mixing with business, and being relative rather than universal. It distinguishes between morality and legality, noting what is legal may not be ethical. It provides a framework for
CH 1 GLOBALIZATION & INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES Shadina Shah
This document provides an overview of globalization and international linkages. It discusses the major trends in global economic integration, including the shifting balance of global economic power and increasing trade and investment flows. It also analyzes the different economic systems used by countries and recent economic developments and performance in various world regions, including developments in international agreements, trade, foreign investment, and competitiveness. Key regions discussed include North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and developing/emerging countries.
A Winning Market Study for the Establishment of Mini Stop Conveinence StoreJandel Gimeno
This document provides a market study for establishing a Mini Stop convenience store franchise in Quezon City, Philippines. It analyzes the target customer markets in the area, including residents, workers, students, and commuters. Market research found the primary customers are ages 18-26 and most are male. The store aims to capture market share by offering the same products as competitors while operating 24/7. It faces competition from an existing 7-11 store and Mini Stop location. The study evaluates these competitors' operations to inform the new store's marketing strategy and objectives over its first year.
The document discusses various forms and examples of regional economic integration agreements between groups of countries. It outlines different levels of integration from free trade areas to economic unions. Regional integration aims to reduce trade barriers and stimulate economic growth. However, it can also lead to trade diversion and costs from adjusting to more open markets. The EU and NAFTA are two prominent examples of regional integration discussed in the document.
The document discusses cooperative banking and financing institutions that operate within cooperative banks. It defines cooperative banking as retail and commercial banking organized on a cooperative basis. The main types of cooperative financing institutions discussed are credit unions, cooperative banks, and land development banks. Credit unions are typically smaller and funded by member deposits, while cooperative banks provide services to both members and non-members and have more integrated systems. The document also discusses the strengths of cooperative banking movements, such as their social principles, wide network, democratic control, and support from local governments. Some weaknesses mentioned include lack of autonomy, dependency on external providers, and absence of professionalism.
egional economic integration
,
levels of economic integration
,
free trade area b) customs union c) common marke
,
the political case for regional integration
,
the economic case for regional integration
,
mercosur
,
regional economic integration in europe
,
evolution of the european union
,
impediments to integration
,
the case against regional integration
,
the andean community
,
classroom performance system
,
the north american free trade agreement
,
asia-pacific economic cooperation
,
regional economic integration elsewhere
,
regional trade blocs in africa
,
political structure of the european union
,
enlargement of the european union
,
the single european act
,
the establishment of the euro
,
central american common market and caricom
Chapter 3 History and Geography The Foundations of Culture Water Birds (Ali)
The importance of history and geography in the understanding of international markets
The effects of history on a country’s culture
How culture interprets events through its own eyes
How the United States moved west and how this more affected attitudes
The effect of geographic diversity on economic profiles of a country
Why markets need to be responsive to geography of a country
Economic effects of controlling population growth versus aging population
Communications are an integral part of international commerce
Strategic Management Concepts and Cases Global 15th Edition David Solutions M...fisysaran
Full download https://alibabadownload.com/product/strategic-management-concepts-and-cases-global-15th-edition-david-solutions-manual/
Strategic Management Concepts and Cases Global 15th Edition David Solutions Manual
Culture, Management Style, and Business SystemsSavaş Şakar
The document discusses how culture profoundly impacts management styles and business systems. It contrasts relationship-oriented cultures like Japan that are consensus-based versus information-oriented cultures like the US that are more individualistic. Successful international business requires understanding different management styles and adapting to cultural differences.
This document provides an overview of business environment analysis. It discusses what business environment analysis is, the stages and techniques involved, and the approaches used. Business environment analysis is a strategic tool that identifies internal and external factors affecting an organization to understand their impact. It helps align strategies with the firm's environment. The main techniques covered are PESTLE analysis, which examines political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors, and SWOT analysis, which evaluates strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Understanding the business environment through analysis is important for organizational success and adapting to changes.
Governments intervene in international trade for both political and economic reasons. Politically, they aim to protect domestic industries and jobs from foreign competition. Economically, they argue for strategies like protecting infant industries. Governments use various tools for intervention, such as tariffs, subsidies, quotas, and anti-dumping policies. These can benefit domestic producers but hurt consumers and overall economic efficiency. The World Trade Organization was created to liberalize trade and enforce global trade rules, but negotiations continue on further reducing barriers to trade.
International Marketing 14th Edition Cateora Test BankIllanaIllana
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/international-marketing-14th-edition-cateora-test-bank/ International Marketing 14th Edition Cateora Test Bank
The document discusses the changing global business environment and increasing internationalization of American companies. It covers key topics in international marketing including adapting to different cultural environments, avoiding ethnocentrism, and the progression from occasional foreign sales to a global marketing orientation. International marketing is defined as planning, pricing, promoting, and distributing a company's goods and services across national borders for a profit.
This chapter discusses how history, geography, and the environment shape culture and business practices globally. It explains that understanding a country's history is important for comprehending attitudes towards government, management styles, and views of foreign companies. Additionally, it emphasizes that geography influences economic development and that sustainable development requires balancing economic growth with environmental protection. Population trends, trade routes, and natural resources are also discussed as important geographic factors for global business.
Regional Economic Integration in European Countrieseddie aly
The European Union (EU) was formed to promote peace, cooperation, and economic prosperity in Europe following World War 2. It has grown to include 27 member states with various levels of economic and political integration. The EU's main institutions that govern and coordinate policies are the European Council, European Commission, European Parliament, and European Court of Justice. The EU represents the highest level of regional economic integration, functioning as a single market with a common currency (euro), centralized monetary and fiscal policies, and increasing political union. While the EU has had economic benefits, issues of sovereignty, overregulation, and immigration levels have prompted debate around further expansion and Britain's membership in the bloc.
This document discusses depository institutions such as commercial banks, savings and loan associations, savings banks, and credit unions. It describes their key characteristics and activities. Depository institutions obtain funds from deposits and use those funds to generate income through loans and investments. They face asset-liability problems in managing the mismatch between long-term assets and short-term liabilities. Regulators monitor various risks at these institutions including credit, liquidity, market, and operational risk. The document provides examples of major depository institutions in the Philippines within each category.
Long-term objectives and strategies provide direction for organizations over 2-5 years. Objectives should be measurable, realistic, and obtainable. They provide benefits like consistent decision making, performance evaluation, and resource allocation. Objectives exist at the corporate, divisional, functional, and operational levels. Financial objectives focus on growth and profits while strategic objectives compare performance to competitors. Effective strategies include market penetration, product development, and vertical integration through controlling suppliers or distributors.
The document discusses user manuals and instructions for products in different cultures. It notes that Japanese manuals often include illustrations with each procedural step while American manuals include fewer illustrations. It also notes that consumers in rural Africa had trouble understanding that Vaseline intensive lotion is absorbed into the skin. Additionally, it states that electrical plugs have different prong shapes in the US and Europe, so images of plugs need to accurately depict prong shape to be credible cross-culturally.
3. IB UNIT 4 -Entering Developed and Emerging Markets.pptxShudhanshuBhatt1
Three key considerations for firms deciding on foreign market entry are:
1. Carefully assessing long-term profit potential of target markets based on factors like market size, economic growth, and political stability. Developed and emerging nations with stable market economies typically offer the best risk-reward tradeoff.
2. Considering the optimal timing of entry - early entry provides first-mover advantages but risks, while late entry allows learning from others' mistakes but misses early opportunities.
3. Determining the appropriate initial scale of entry based on resources and goals - large-scale signals commitment but limits flexibility, while small-scale allows learning with less risk but may miss first-mover benefits. Firms must weigh these factors
This document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing and discusses how the marketing environment differs internationally from domestic markets due to factors like competition, regulations, culture, and politics. It also outlines various stages of international marketing involvement, from no direct foreign marketing to global marketing. Additionally, it discusses challenges like self-reference criterion and ethnocentrism that marketers must overcome to effectively adapt to foreign cultures.
The document summarizes key points from Chapter 9 of a management textbook on strategic planning and competitiveness. It discusses the strategic management process, including strategy formulation and implementation. It also covers different types of strategies used by organizations, such as growth, diversification, restructuring, global, and cooperative strategies. The strategic management process involves assessing the organization, industry, and environment to develop strategies that create competitive advantage.
The document discusses External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix, which is a strategic management tool used to assess current business conditions by evaluating external factors like economic, social, technological, political, and competitive factors that present opportunities and threats. It explains how to create an EFE matrix through identifying external factors, assigning them weights and ratings, calculating weighted scores, and obtaining a total weighted score to understand a business' ability to respond to external conditions. An example EFE matrix for Nextel Communications is also provided.
- Asda is a major UK supermarket chain that was acquired by American retailer Walmart in 1999. It operates various store formats across the UK and has over 150,000 employees.
- Asda aims to offer customers a wide range of products at low prices. It has developed a new marketing strategy focusing on quality and freshness rather than just low cost, as customers were less responsive to only price-focused messaging.
- Asda faces pressures in maintaining competitive prices and quality while competing against other retailers, both brick-and-mortar and online. Its SWOT analysis identifies low prices as a strength but also potential weaknesses in food quality and threats from price competition.
This chapter discusses companywide strategic planning and marketing's role in it. It covers defining a market-oriented mission, setting objectives and goals, designing the business portfolio, analyzing current businesses, and developing growth and downsizing strategies. It also discusses partnering with other departments and companies to build customer relationships and deliver value. Additionally, it outlines developing a customer-driven marketing strategy and integrated marketing mix, as well as managing the marketing effort through analysis, planning, implementation, and control. The chapter concludes with measuring return on marketing investment.
Understanding Philippine Competition LawGus Agosto
The enactment of Philippine Competition Act or Republic Act 10667 signifies the new era in Philippine landscape. It will help in promoting competition thru elimination monopolies, cartels and other unfair business practices that run against consumers welfare.
Globe Telecom is one of the leading telecommunications companies in the Philippines. It offers cellular, mobile data, and broadband services. The company's vision is for families' dreams to come true, businesses to flourish, and the nation to be admired. While Globe has strengths in technology and wider coverage, it faces weaknesses in customer service and signal reception. Opportunities for growth include acquisitions and increasing demand for internet services. Threats include intense competition and government regulations. Globe aims to improve its network and customer satisfaction through investments and streamlining operations.
This document discusses retail institution strategies and considerations for store-based operations. It covers the retail lifecycle of introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Key aspects of retail strategy include store location, operating procedures, goods/services offered, pricing tactics, store atmosphere, and promotional methods. The "wheel of retailing" describes how retailers often start as low-price stores and evolve their strategy over time. The document also discusses destination retailers, scrambled merchandising, and how retailers may pursue mergers, diversification or downsizing.
The document discusses the importance of knowledge of international business for management students. A student pursuing a management degree may find themselves placed in a foreign country after graduation, so understanding international business helps prepare them mentally for an unfamiliar environment abroad. Regional economic integration is also discussed as an important topic within an international business course.
The document discusses major global marketplaces and business centers around the world. It describes the economic and political traits of North America, Western Europe, Asia, Africa/Middle East, and South America. For each region, it highlights population sizes, GDP figures, important member countries, economic challenges, and implications for international business opportunities. The learning objectives are to review political/economic traits of markets, appreciate national income data, and discuss major marketplaces and business centers.
The document discusses various strategies for international product development and marketing. It outlines 5 main strategies: 1) standardized product globally, 2) product extension with communication adaptation, 3) product adaptation with communication extension, 4) dual adaptation of both product and communication, and 5) new product invention. Key considerations for standardization vs. adaptation include cultural, usage, economic, legal, and technical factors in different markets. Choosing the right strategy requires understanding local customer needs without assuming what works in one market transfers directly to others.
Culture, Management Style, and Business SystemsSavaş Şakar
The document discusses how culture profoundly impacts management styles and business systems. It contrasts relationship-oriented cultures like Japan that are consensus-based versus information-oriented cultures like the US that are more individualistic. Successful international business requires understanding different management styles and adapting to cultural differences.
This document provides an overview of business environment analysis. It discusses what business environment analysis is, the stages and techniques involved, and the approaches used. Business environment analysis is a strategic tool that identifies internal and external factors affecting an organization to understand their impact. It helps align strategies with the firm's environment. The main techniques covered are PESTLE analysis, which examines political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors, and SWOT analysis, which evaluates strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Understanding the business environment through analysis is important for organizational success and adapting to changes.
Governments intervene in international trade for both political and economic reasons. Politically, they aim to protect domestic industries and jobs from foreign competition. Economically, they argue for strategies like protecting infant industries. Governments use various tools for intervention, such as tariffs, subsidies, quotas, and anti-dumping policies. These can benefit domestic producers but hurt consumers and overall economic efficiency. The World Trade Organization was created to liberalize trade and enforce global trade rules, but negotiations continue on further reducing barriers to trade.
International Marketing 14th Edition Cateora Test BankIllanaIllana
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/international-marketing-14th-edition-cateora-test-bank/ International Marketing 14th Edition Cateora Test Bank
The document discusses the changing global business environment and increasing internationalization of American companies. It covers key topics in international marketing including adapting to different cultural environments, avoiding ethnocentrism, and the progression from occasional foreign sales to a global marketing orientation. International marketing is defined as planning, pricing, promoting, and distributing a company's goods and services across national borders for a profit.
This chapter discusses how history, geography, and the environment shape culture and business practices globally. It explains that understanding a country's history is important for comprehending attitudes towards government, management styles, and views of foreign companies. Additionally, it emphasizes that geography influences economic development and that sustainable development requires balancing economic growth with environmental protection. Population trends, trade routes, and natural resources are also discussed as important geographic factors for global business.
Regional Economic Integration in European Countrieseddie aly
The European Union (EU) was formed to promote peace, cooperation, and economic prosperity in Europe following World War 2. It has grown to include 27 member states with various levels of economic and political integration. The EU's main institutions that govern and coordinate policies are the European Council, European Commission, European Parliament, and European Court of Justice. The EU represents the highest level of regional economic integration, functioning as a single market with a common currency (euro), centralized monetary and fiscal policies, and increasing political union. While the EU has had economic benefits, issues of sovereignty, overregulation, and immigration levels have prompted debate around further expansion and Britain's membership in the bloc.
This document discusses depository institutions such as commercial banks, savings and loan associations, savings banks, and credit unions. It describes their key characteristics and activities. Depository institutions obtain funds from deposits and use those funds to generate income through loans and investments. They face asset-liability problems in managing the mismatch between long-term assets and short-term liabilities. Regulators monitor various risks at these institutions including credit, liquidity, market, and operational risk. The document provides examples of major depository institutions in the Philippines within each category.
Long-term objectives and strategies provide direction for organizations over 2-5 years. Objectives should be measurable, realistic, and obtainable. They provide benefits like consistent decision making, performance evaluation, and resource allocation. Objectives exist at the corporate, divisional, functional, and operational levels. Financial objectives focus on growth and profits while strategic objectives compare performance to competitors. Effective strategies include market penetration, product development, and vertical integration through controlling suppliers or distributors.
The document discusses user manuals and instructions for products in different cultures. It notes that Japanese manuals often include illustrations with each procedural step while American manuals include fewer illustrations. It also notes that consumers in rural Africa had trouble understanding that Vaseline intensive lotion is absorbed into the skin. Additionally, it states that electrical plugs have different prong shapes in the US and Europe, so images of plugs need to accurately depict prong shape to be credible cross-culturally.
3. IB UNIT 4 -Entering Developed and Emerging Markets.pptxShudhanshuBhatt1
Three key considerations for firms deciding on foreign market entry are:
1. Carefully assessing long-term profit potential of target markets based on factors like market size, economic growth, and political stability. Developed and emerging nations with stable market economies typically offer the best risk-reward tradeoff.
2. Considering the optimal timing of entry - early entry provides first-mover advantages but risks, while late entry allows learning from others' mistakes but misses early opportunities.
3. Determining the appropriate initial scale of entry based on resources and goals - large-scale signals commitment but limits flexibility, while small-scale allows learning with less risk but may miss first-mover benefits. Firms must weigh these factors
This document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing and discusses how the marketing environment differs internationally from domestic markets due to factors like competition, regulations, culture, and politics. It also outlines various stages of international marketing involvement, from no direct foreign marketing to global marketing. Additionally, it discusses challenges like self-reference criterion and ethnocentrism that marketers must overcome to effectively adapt to foreign cultures.
The document summarizes key points from Chapter 9 of a management textbook on strategic planning and competitiveness. It discusses the strategic management process, including strategy formulation and implementation. It also covers different types of strategies used by organizations, such as growth, diversification, restructuring, global, and cooperative strategies. The strategic management process involves assessing the organization, industry, and environment to develop strategies that create competitive advantage.
The document discusses External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix, which is a strategic management tool used to assess current business conditions by evaluating external factors like economic, social, technological, political, and competitive factors that present opportunities and threats. It explains how to create an EFE matrix through identifying external factors, assigning them weights and ratings, calculating weighted scores, and obtaining a total weighted score to understand a business' ability to respond to external conditions. An example EFE matrix for Nextel Communications is also provided.
- Asda is a major UK supermarket chain that was acquired by American retailer Walmart in 1999. It operates various store formats across the UK and has over 150,000 employees.
- Asda aims to offer customers a wide range of products at low prices. It has developed a new marketing strategy focusing on quality and freshness rather than just low cost, as customers were less responsive to only price-focused messaging.
- Asda faces pressures in maintaining competitive prices and quality while competing against other retailers, both brick-and-mortar and online. Its SWOT analysis identifies low prices as a strength but also potential weaknesses in food quality and threats from price competition.
This chapter discusses companywide strategic planning and marketing's role in it. It covers defining a market-oriented mission, setting objectives and goals, designing the business portfolio, analyzing current businesses, and developing growth and downsizing strategies. It also discusses partnering with other departments and companies to build customer relationships and deliver value. Additionally, it outlines developing a customer-driven marketing strategy and integrated marketing mix, as well as managing the marketing effort through analysis, planning, implementation, and control. The chapter concludes with measuring return on marketing investment.
Understanding Philippine Competition LawGus Agosto
The enactment of Philippine Competition Act or Republic Act 10667 signifies the new era in Philippine landscape. It will help in promoting competition thru elimination monopolies, cartels and other unfair business practices that run against consumers welfare.
Globe Telecom is one of the leading telecommunications companies in the Philippines. It offers cellular, mobile data, and broadband services. The company's vision is for families' dreams to come true, businesses to flourish, and the nation to be admired. While Globe has strengths in technology and wider coverage, it faces weaknesses in customer service and signal reception. Opportunities for growth include acquisitions and increasing demand for internet services. Threats include intense competition and government regulations. Globe aims to improve its network and customer satisfaction through investments and streamlining operations.
This document discusses retail institution strategies and considerations for store-based operations. It covers the retail lifecycle of introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Key aspects of retail strategy include store location, operating procedures, goods/services offered, pricing tactics, store atmosphere, and promotional methods. The "wheel of retailing" describes how retailers often start as low-price stores and evolve their strategy over time. The document also discusses destination retailers, scrambled merchandising, and how retailers may pursue mergers, diversification or downsizing.
The document discusses the importance of knowledge of international business for management students. A student pursuing a management degree may find themselves placed in a foreign country after graduation, so understanding international business helps prepare them mentally for an unfamiliar environment abroad. Regional economic integration is also discussed as an important topic within an international business course.
The document discusses major global marketplaces and business centers around the world. It describes the economic and political traits of North America, Western Europe, Asia, Africa/Middle East, and South America. For each region, it highlights population sizes, GDP figures, important member countries, economic challenges, and implications for international business opportunities. The learning objectives are to review political/economic traits of markets, appreciate national income data, and discuss major marketplaces and business centers.
The document discusses various strategies for international product development and marketing. It outlines 5 main strategies: 1) standardized product globally, 2) product extension with communication adaptation, 3) product adaptation with communication extension, 4) dual adaptation of both product and communication, and 5) new product invention. Key considerations for standardization vs. adaptation include cultural, usage, economic, legal, and technical factors in different markets. Choosing the right strategy requires understanding local customer needs without assuming what works in one market transfers directly to others.
This document discusses various barriers to international trade, including tariffs, protectionism, and non-tariff barriers. It outlines arguments for and against protectionism such as protecting domestic industries and jobs. However, tariff barriers can also increase inflation, weaken international relations, and restrict supply sources and consumer choice. The document also examines dumping, the role of the WTO and IMF in facilitating trade, and examples of regional economic communities that promote free trade.
Forms of international business include trade, licensing, and foreign direct investment. Trade involves exporting, importing, and is subject to tariffs and non-tariff barriers imposed by governments. Licensing agreements allow intellectual property rights to be granted to foreign firms in exchange for licensing fees. Foreign direct investment refers to owning businesses in other countries either through subsidiaries, joint ventures, or acquisitions. Managing risks such as market risks, political risks, currency risks, and cultural/communication challenges is key to success in international business.
Trade barriers in International BusinessCitibank N.A.
This document discusses governmental trade barriers and reasons for their use. It outlines both economic and non-economic reasons for governments to intervene in trade, such as protecting infant industries, maintaining employment, and preserving national identity. Common trade barriers include tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and embargoes. Tariffs directly affect prices through import or export taxes, while non-tariff barriers can influence prices or quantities through measures like import quotas or subsidies. In general, governments employ various trade restrictions and supports to influence their country's trade relationships and performance for both economic and strategic policy reasons.
2. Theories of International Trade, Tariff and Non-tariff barriers and Trade ...Charu Rastogi
The document discusses theories of international trade, trade barriers, and trade blocks. It covers Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage, Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, and factor proportions theory. It also explains tariff barriers like import duties as well as non-tariff barriers such as quotas, import licenses, and product standards. Finally, it discusses trade blocks and different levels of economic integration between countries, from free trade areas to political unions.
This document discusses different types of trade barriers that countries use:
- Tariffs are taxes on imported goods which generate revenue for the government imposing them.
- Quotas limit the quantity of a good that can be imported, creating artificial scarcity and raising prices for domestic producers.
- Embargoes completely stop trade of certain goods, usually for political reasons, in order to apply economic pressure.
International trade is distorted by countries applying tariff and non tariff trade barriers.
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This document summarizes key concepts from a marketing class on competing in global markets. It discusses three main international strategies - multi-domestic, global, and transnational - and how they balance global integration versus local responsiveness. The document also summarizes approaches to the global marketing mix, including considerations for pricing models, product standardization versus adaptation, distribution channel choices, and adapting versus standardizing promotions. Reminders are provided about an upcoming marketing simulation and final exam.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. Chapter Objectives 1
• Evaluate the impact of the political and
economic characteristics of the world’s
various marketplaces on business
• Appreciate the uses of national income
data in making business decisions
• Discuss North America as a major
marketplace and business center in the
world economy
2-2
3. Chapter Objectives 2
• Describe Western Europe as a major
marketplace and business center in the
world economy
• Discuss the problems facing the
economies of the former communist
countries of Eastern and Central Europe
2-3
4. Chapter Objectives 3
• Discuss Asia as a major marketplace and
business center in the world economy
• Assess the development challenges
facing African, Middle Eastern, and South
American countries
2-4
11. United States
• Third largest population in world
• Fourth largest land mass
• Largest economy
• 30 percent of world’s GDP in 2004
• Prime market for exports
2-11
15. Canada
• Second largest land mass
• 80 percent of population
concentrated along U.S./Canadian
border
• Rich natural resources
• Trade with U.S. - single largest
bilateral trade relationship in world
2-15
16. Advantages of Canada
• Proximity to U.S. market
• Stability of legal and political
systems
• Excellent infrastructure and
educational systems
2-16
18. Central America and the Caribbean
• Economic development hindered by
– Political instability
– Chronic U.S. military intervention
– Inadequate educational systems
– Weak middle class
– Poverty
– Import limitations
2-18
19. Marketplaces of Western Europe
European Union Member Countries
Other Countries in Western Europe
2-19
20. Euro Countries
• Belgium
• France
• Greece
• Luxembourg
• Portugal
• Germany
• Spain
• Italy
• Austria
• Netherlands
2-20
• Ireland
• Finland
26. Marketplaces of Asia
• Japan
• India
• Australia and New
Zealand
• Afghanistan and
Central Asian
Republics
• The Four Tigers
• China
2-26
• Southeast Asian
Countries
31. China
• World’s most populous country
• Communist ideology mixed with
market-oriented economic policies
• Heavy FDI
2-31
32. India
• World’s second most populous
country
• Per capita GDP of $620
• British colony until 1947
2-32
33. Afghanistan and
the Central Asian Republics
• Afghanistan
• Kazakhstan
• Turkmenistan
• Uzbekistan
2-33
• Tajikistan
• Kyrgyzstan
34. Southeast Asian Countries
• Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia
• Low labor costs
• Significant FDI in recent years
• Continued recovery from currency
crisis in 1997 and 1998
2-34
35. Marketplaces of
Africa and the Middle East
• Africa
– 867 million people
– 54 countries
– Major economies:
• South Africa
• Ivory Coast
• Algeria
• Nigeria
2-35
• Middle East
– Cradle of
civilization
– Major economies:
• Saudi Arabia
• Kuwait
• UAE
38. Marketplaces of South America
• Brazil
• Colombia
• Bolivia
• French Guiana
• Uruguay
• Paraguay
• Argentina
• Peru
• Chile
• Ecuador
• Venezuala
2-38
Businesses trying to internationalize their operations may make mistakes because they fail to get information needed to succeed. Ignorance of basic geography, market characteristics, culture and polities can lead to lost profits or even failure.
Much of the world’s current economic activity is concentrated in a group of countries called the Triad or the Quad. The Triad includes Japan, the European Union, and the United States. The Quad is made up of the Triad plus Canada. The 909 million residents of the Quad countries produce 73% of the world’s GDP.
Figure 2.1 reveals the percentage of the world’s GDP associated with the Quad countries. This slide illustrates the percentages in 1970. The next slide illustrates the percentages as of 2004.
North American includes the United States, Canada, Mexico, Greenland, and the countries of Central America and the Caribbean. It is home to 507 million people and responsible for 33% of the world’s output.
The U.S. has the world’s third largest population and fourth largest land mass, but possesses the largest economy. It accounted for about 30% of the world’s $40.9 trillion GDP in 2004. It accounts for about 1/8 of the world’s trade in goods and services. It is the prime market for lower-income countries trying to raise the standard of living through exports.
The U.S. dollar serves as the invoicing current for about half of all international transactions. This means it is the currency in which the sale of goods and services is dominated.
The U.S. also attracts flight capital. Flight capital is money sent out of a politically or economically unstable country to one perceived as a safe haven. Citizens unsure of the value of their home country’s current often choose to keep their wealth in dollars.
The Global Learning insert in the text describes the four income level classifications for countries.
Although Canada’s population is only 32 million, it has the world’s second largest land mass. 80% of its population is concentrated within a 100-mile band along country’s southern border with the U.S. Exports are important to the Canadian economy and account for 38% of its 2004 GDP of $980 billion.
Its most important exports reflect its rich natural resources including forest products, petroleum, minerals, and grain.
The U.S. is the dominant market for Canada’s goods, receiving 75% of its exports each year. Two-way trade between the U.S. and Canada totaled $514 billion in 2004.
International investors have long been attracted to Canada because of its proximity to the U.S. market and the stability of its legal and political systems. It has excellent infrastructure and educational systems. There is a lingering threat of political instability related to the long-standing conflict between French-speaking Canadians and English-speaking Canadians.
Mexico uses a federal system like the U.S. but its president is elected every 6 years. For many years, Mexico implemented economic nationalism under which Mexico discouraged foreign investment and erected high tariff walls to protect its domestic industries. Over the past two decades, Mexico has abandoned these policies and opened its markets to foreign goods and investors. It joined NAFTA in 1994. To take advantage of NAFTA, thousands of companies have established factories in Mexico. It also has free-trade pacts with El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Uruguay, and the EU.
Central America and the island states of the Caribbean have a collective population of 77 million but its total GDP is just $250 billion. Its economic development has suffered due to the reasons presented in the slide.
The EU is made up of 25 countries who have reduced barriers to trade and investment. Many of the member countries have adopted a single currency, the Euro (these countries are listed on the following slide). It has a population of 455 million and a GDP of $12.7 trillion (2004).
From an economic perspective, Germany is the EU’s most important member. It has the world’s third largest economy and a GDP in 2004 of $2.7 trillion. France also exerts strong leadership in the EU. The United Kingdom is an EU member but has resisted many of the EU initiatives.
Western countries that are not EU members include Iceland, Norway, and Switzlerland, plus several small countries (Andorra, Monaco, and Liechtenstein).
The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and its 15 Soviet republics declared independence. They are now referred to as the Newly Independent States (NIS). In 1992, 12 of the NIS (all but Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
Russia is the most important of these countries. It has the world’s largest land mass and the sixth largest population (143 million people). It is blessed with many natural resources including gold, oil, natural gas, minerals, diamonds, and fertile farmland. Russia has attracted little foreign direct investment (FDI) for its size ($98 billion in 2004). Foreign businesses have been concerned with Russia’s corruption and governmental favoritism towards state-owned firms.
Transforming the economies of these countries has been a challenge.
The most successful countries of Central Europe are Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. These are all now classified as upper middle-income countries by the World Bank. They are members of OECD, NATO, and the EU.
Economic reforms are less advanced in the other countries of Central Europe.
Asia is home to more than half of the world’s population but it produces less than 25% of its GDP. The region is a source of high-quality and low-quality products and skilled and unskilled labor. It is a major destination of FDI and a major supplier of capital to non-Asian countries. A map of the region is provided on the next slide.
Keiretsu are large families of interrelated companies that are typically centered around a major bank. The bank takes care of the keiretsu’s financial needs. Keiretsu members may rely upon a sogo sosha (an export trading company) to market exports worldwide.
Since 1990, Japan’s annual growth rate for GDP is just 1.3%, far below the 2.5% average worldwide.
Australia and New Zealand share a common cultural heritage but there are many differences between the two countries. Australia’s population is 20 million, 40% of whom live in Sydney or Melbourne. Australia is rich in natural resources but has a relatively small workforce. Its exports are concentrated in natural resources (gold, coal, and iron ore) and in land-intensive agricultural goods (wool, beef, and wheat).
New Zealand’s 4 million people live on two main islands. In 2004, its exports constituted 20% of its $100 billion GDP. Exports include dairy products, meat, and wool. Its primary trading partners are Australia, Japan, and the United States.
These four countries are known as the “Four Tigers,” a reference to their Chinese heritage.
South Korea (the Republic of Korea) was born after the Korean War divided the Korean peninsula into communist North Korea and capitalist South Korea. Merchandise exports accounted for 37% of its 2004 GDP of $680 billion. Much of Korea’s industry is led by chaebols such as Samsung, Hyundai, Daewoo Group, and LG.
Taiwan (the Republic of China) is a small island country off the coast of mainland China. Its population is 23 million people. When nationalist forces led by General Chiag Kai-shek fled to Taiwan after their defeat on mainland China by Mao Tse-tung’s communist army, Chiang declared the island, “the Republic of China.”
Singapore is a former British colony. It is a small island off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. Its government began emphasizing labor-intensive industries in 1965 when it became independent. Its population is only 4.3 million and it suffers from a labor shortage now. Its’ 2004 per capita income was $24,220 and its exports were $180 billion or 168% of its GDP of $107 billion. Singapore’s firms benefit from its excellent port facilities.
Hong Kong was ruled by the British from the mid 1800s until 1997. It is now a special administrative region (SAR) of China. It has much autonomy including its own legislature, economic freedom, free-port status, and taxation system.
India’s population exceeds 1 billion, but it is one of the world’s poorest countries. It was part of the British Empire until 1947, when the Indian subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into India (Hindus), and Pakistan (Muslims). The eastern part of Pakistan later became the independent nation of Bangladesh. India adopted many aspects of British government. Many industries are state-owned including power, transportation, and heavy industry. Until 1991, India discouraged FDI, but more recent reforms are beginning to pay off.
The Muslim faith is dominant throughout this region. The languages in this area share Turkic or Persian roots. All six of the countries suffer from a scarcity of arable land. Their people are poor with per capita incomes ranging from $280 to $2,260. Its primary resource is extensive fossil fuel reserves.
The African continent is home to 867 million people in 54 countries. It was colonized in the late nineteenth century by the major European powers (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the UK) for strategic military purposes.
Much of Africa’s economy is tied to its natural resources including crude oil production and agriculture. A map of Africa is on the next slide.
The Middle East includes the region between southwestern Asian and northwestern Africa. This area is called the ‘cradle of civilization’ because the world’s earliest farms, cities, governments, and legal codes and alphabets originated there. The region was the birthplace to several major religions including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It has a history of political unrest and conflict including the Arab-Israeli wars, the Iran-Iraq war, and two Persion Gulf wars.
Many South American countries suffer from huge income disparities and poverty. For much of the post-WWII period, the majority of South American countries followed import substitution policies as a means of promoting economic development. This means that the country attempts to stimulate the development of local industry by discouraging imports via high tariffs and nontariff barriers. The opposite of import substitution is export promotion, whereby a country pursues economic growth by expanding its exports.
For most South American industries, the domestic market is too small to enable domestic producers to gain economies of scale through mass-production techniques or to permit competition among local producers. This results in higher prices for domestic goods.