The document discusses projections for nuclear waste storage at Yucca Mountain. It finds that at a growth rate of 1.5% in the number of nuclear reactors, Yucca Mountain will reach full capacity by 2034. At lower growth rates it would take longer - 2037 at 0.5% growth and 2042 at -0.5% growth. The document argues the US needs to select a second nuclear waste storage site soon to avoid a future crisis given the uncertainty in growth rates. It also critiques the current nuclear waste tax, finding it does not properly incentivize reducing waste or charge plants based on actual waste produced.
The document discusses nuclear waste storage capacity at Yucca Mountain and projects how long until it reaches full capacity under different growth scenarios for nuclear power in the United States. It finds that with modest growth of 0.5-1.5% per year in the number of nuclear reactors, Yucca Mountain will reach capacity by 2037-2034. However, the current US nuclear waste tax will not generate enough revenue to fund a necessary second repository. The document argues the tax should be directly linked to the amount of waste produced at each plant.
This document discusses global warming and the role of nuclear power. It summarizes that global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trapping heat in the atmosphere. The document then argues that nuclear power is not a viable solution to address global warming for three reasons: 1) Existing nuclear plants cannot significantly increase capacity utilization to make an impact; 2) Building new nuclear plants is too costly and will not make enough of a difference compared to investing in efficiency and renewables; 3) Nuclear power is unreliable due to risks of accidents and shutdowns. The document concludes that the best approaches are reducing energy demand through conservation and efficiency, as well as investing in micro power renewables.
1) The document discusses potential power source compositions in Japan in 2030 under different scenarios: status quo, abandoning dependence on nuclear power, and complete denuclearization.
2) Under the status quo scenario, nuclear power would make up 20-25% of power sources, while renewable energy would be 30-35% and thermal power 35%.
3) In a scenario abandoning nuclear dependence, nuclear power would drop to 15% while renewable energy rises to 30% and thermal power to 40%.
4) For complete denuclearization, renewable energy would increase to 35% of power sources and thermal power would be 50%, with nuclear power at 0%.
The document discusses the importance of nuclear energy in Lithuania and provides details on the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant and plans for the Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant. It notes that in 2009, the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant produced 76.23% of Lithuania's energy. It was the largest nuclear power plant in the world. Nuclear energy accounts for about 3/4 of Lithuania's total energy due to its reliance on the Ignalina plant. The plant had two reactors and a total capacity of 3,000 MW before being shut down in 2004 and 2009. Plans are underway to build the Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant at the same site, with a proposed capacity of 3,400 MW from two new reactors to be built
Presentation of Jan Beranek in Greenpeace Nuclear Waste Seminar, Helsinki 2009greenpeacenordic
Jan Beranek is a Nuclear Campaigner at Greenpeace International.
The use of nuclear power has during the last few decades created a nuclear waste problem that no one is in control of. Hundreds of thousands of tons of world’s most dangerous waste have been stored next to nuclear reactors. The proposed new nuclear reactors would make Finland the world’s largest producer of nuclear waste per capita and a dangerous example to the rest of the world.
Photovoltaics is the technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells. PV production has been growing dramatically in recent years due to increasing demand for clean energy. In 2008, global PV installations reached 15.2 gigawatts, a 94% annual increase. Most PV systems are connected to the electric grid and provide power to homes and commercial buildings, though some off-grid systems power remote areas. Government incentives have supported the expansion of solar power in many countries.
The document discusses nuclear waste storage capacity at Yucca Mountain and projects how long until it reaches full capacity under different growth scenarios for nuclear power in the United States. It finds that with modest growth of 0.5-1.5% per year in the number of nuclear reactors, Yucca Mountain will reach capacity by 2037-2034. However, the current US nuclear waste tax will not generate enough revenue to fund a necessary second repository. The document argues the tax should be directly linked to the amount of waste produced at each plant.
This document discusses global warming and the role of nuclear power. It summarizes that global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trapping heat in the atmosphere. The document then argues that nuclear power is not a viable solution to address global warming for three reasons: 1) Existing nuclear plants cannot significantly increase capacity utilization to make an impact; 2) Building new nuclear plants is too costly and will not make enough of a difference compared to investing in efficiency and renewables; 3) Nuclear power is unreliable due to risks of accidents and shutdowns. The document concludes that the best approaches are reducing energy demand through conservation and efficiency, as well as investing in micro power renewables.
1) The document discusses potential power source compositions in Japan in 2030 under different scenarios: status quo, abandoning dependence on nuclear power, and complete denuclearization.
2) Under the status quo scenario, nuclear power would make up 20-25% of power sources, while renewable energy would be 30-35% and thermal power 35%.
3) In a scenario abandoning nuclear dependence, nuclear power would drop to 15% while renewable energy rises to 30% and thermal power to 40%.
4) For complete denuclearization, renewable energy would increase to 35% of power sources and thermal power would be 50%, with nuclear power at 0%.
The document discusses the importance of nuclear energy in Lithuania and provides details on the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant and plans for the Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant. It notes that in 2009, the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant produced 76.23% of Lithuania's energy. It was the largest nuclear power plant in the world. Nuclear energy accounts for about 3/4 of Lithuania's total energy due to its reliance on the Ignalina plant. The plant had two reactors and a total capacity of 3,000 MW before being shut down in 2004 and 2009. Plans are underway to build the Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant at the same site, with a proposed capacity of 3,400 MW from two new reactors to be built
Presentation of Jan Beranek in Greenpeace Nuclear Waste Seminar, Helsinki 2009greenpeacenordic
Jan Beranek is a Nuclear Campaigner at Greenpeace International.
The use of nuclear power has during the last few decades created a nuclear waste problem that no one is in control of. Hundreds of thousands of tons of world’s most dangerous waste have been stored next to nuclear reactors. The proposed new nuclear reactors would make Finland the world’s largest producer of nuclear waste per capita and a dangerous example to the rest of the world.
Photovoltaics is the technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells. PV production has been growing dramatically in recent years due to increasing demand for clean energy. In 2008, global PV installations reached 15.2 gigawatts, a 94% annual increase. Most PV systems are connected to the electric grid and provide power to homes and commercial buildings, though some off-grid systems power remote areas. Government incentives have supported the expansion of solar power in many countries.
The Desert Sunlight solar farm in Riverside County, CA is a 550 megawatt photovoltaic power plant that provides enough electricity for 160,000 homes. It uses over 8.9 million solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity for distribution to the power grid. A simulation of the plant's electrical configuration was conducted in MATLAB Simulink to validate its stability and performance. The plant utilizes high efficiency thin-film cadmium telluride solar panels that were developed by First Solar. The Desert Sunlight project demonstrates the viability of utility-scale solar power as a supplement to traditional fossil fuel generation.
Japan's electricity companies earn about US$ 200 billion annually in revenues, and until the Fukushima nuclear accident about 30% of energy was generated by nuclear power plants, which are currently almost all switched off. Japan's energy sector undergoes rapid change and presents large opportunities - subscribe to this report series, and you will periodically receive updates.
The report is a companion to our interview series on CNBC, NHK, BBC
The document discusses renewable energy and wind power. It notes that climate change and oil conflicts pose major crises. Renewable energy from sources like wind can help address these issues. Wind power in particular is growing rapidly around the world and decreasing in cost. Pakistan has significant wind power potential due to its wind resources. Several proposed wind power projects in Pakistan are highlighted, including a 49.5 MW project by FFC Energy. Advantages of wind power are outlined. Common myths about wind energy are addressed.
Nuclear Energy Myths and Realities by Soumya Duttasambhaavnaa
The document discusses several myths and realities about nuclear (fission) energy. It argues that nuclear energy has not become a major energy source as projected, is not low-cost, and resources are limited. Safety is also a concern, as events like Chernobyl demonstrate the dangers of nuclear power accidents. The document claims that nuclear energy is not as clean or sustainable an energy source as often portrayed.
The document discusses the history of nuclear power in the UK, including the first reactors built in 1947 and accidents like Windscale in 1957. It provides a SWOT analysis of nuclear power noting its low carbon emissions but also high costs. It outlines current nuclear new build plans from Horizon, EDF Energy, and NuGen. It concludes nuclear power should remain part of the energy mix and recommends a cautious approach to development.
Utilizing solar+storage to obviate natural gas peaker plants Clean Coalition
This document discusses how energy storage can replace natural gas peaker plants and new transmission lines by providing reliable local capacity through distributed energy resources like solar and storage. It summarizes a study that found solar+storage could meet local capacity needs in the Moorpark area more cost effectively than a proposed natural gas plant, even when accounting for long term fuel and maintenance costs. The study also found solar+storage could meet transmission reliability needs more cost effectively than a proposed new transmission line from Moorpark to Pardee. The document argues energy storage is key to transitioning to a more distributed, renewable and resilient grid architecture.
This document discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It provides information on solar energy, including the role of the sun as the primary energy source and the physics of solar radiation. Instruments for measuring solar radiation are also described, such as pyranometers and sunshine recorders. The document also discusses other renewable sources like wind, tidal, and geothermal energy, as well as non-renewable sources including coal, oil, and natural gas.
Pakistan faces chronic power shortages that hamper its economic growth. It relies heavily on expensive imported furnace oil for power generation, adding to consumer costs and debt. Investment in power generation is constrained by limited resources, leading to widespread load shedding. The country urgently needs to generate affordable base load power. The current supply-demand gap requires immediate addition of base load, shoulder, and peak load generation. A proposed project would establish two 660 MW supercritical coal-fired power units in Jamshoro, Sindh, providing over 20% of current shortfall at fuel costs 20-30% lower than furnace oil or diesel. The project aims to meet domestic, industrial, and agricultural electricity needs to support
The document provides an overview of America's current and future electricity generation capacity. It analyzes capacity by fuel type, region, development stage, and ownership. Currently, natural gas accounts for 42% of capacity and coal 27%. Nearly 372,000 MW of new capacity is planned, with natural gas and wind being the dominant future fuel sources. The Southeast currently has the most capacity, but the West is expected to add the most new capacity. The overall fuel mix will gradually change but remain similar in 2020, with natural gas remaining the leading resource.
This document discusses Telkomsel's efforts to green their network and reduce their carbon emissions through increasing their use of renewable energy sources like solar, microhydro, and biomass. Some key points:
- Telkomsel has installed over 2 MWp of solar capacity on macro BTS sites and 82 kW of microhydro capacity to power remote sites.
- They aim to further deploy renewable technologies like solar, wind, microhydro, and fuel cells while optimizing power systems to reduce costs and emissions.
- Telkomsel has already reduced their greenhouse gas emissions by over 3,000 tons of CO2 and plans to further reduce emissions through these green technology initiatives.
- Challenges include the need for national renewable
Green Heat - renewable energies for appropriate applicationsBill Eggertson
How a range of renewable energies can provide space conditioning and water heating energy, and reduce more GHG emissions than all coal-fired generating plants.
The document summarizes a plan to significantly increase solar and wind energy production in the United States to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions levels. It proposes achieving this through building large solar, wind and transmission infrastructure, incentivizing electric vehicles, and implementing smart grid technologies. The plan estimates it could stop the rise in CO2 emissions and potentially reduce them by 5% per year through adding over 2000 terawatt hours of solar and wind electricity annually by 2025 at an estimated total capital cost of $2.2 trillion.
Reviews the recent history of Vermont Yankee, its purchase by Entergy, and its issues with cooling tower collapse, tritium leak, license extension, and decommissioning. Compares cost of Vermont Yankee power to alternatives being proposed for the State of Vermont.
Positioning The Nuclear Sector In A Greener World Roger Emmott Jan 2009Roger Emmott
This presentation was written to show the nuclear sector in the context of world energy demand and usage. Sources and uses of carbon dioxide emissions are profiled. Nuclear energy meets about 16% of the world's energy needs and this is forecast to rise as more reactors are built. Once installed, nuclear energy emits very little carbon dioxide. Nuclear waste is an issue, but the risks are manageable. Current philosophy is to store, not reprocess waste. History has shown that reprocesing plants are very accident-prone. Volumes of waste are not high (relatively speaking).
Solar process heating and cooling all pervadingKirit Naik
India receives a large amount of solar radiation annually, equivalent to 430 trillion kilograms of oil. A 2 square meter solar collector can replace a 2kW electric heater and save 1,200 kWh of electricity or 140 liters of diesel/furnace oil per year. Behind every 1 million square meters of installed collectors, peak load is reduced by 10GW. The document suggests promoting solar heating and cooling applications in residential, commercial and industrial establishments to replace electricity generated from fossil fuels as well as LPG, natural gas, furnace oil and diesel. It provides examples of solar thermal applications in industries and discusses various government programs and projects aimed at increasing solar thermal usage.
This document presents the business case for a 3 megawatt utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) system at Indiana University with a 10 year payback period. It analyzes the potential energy savings from the PV system through reduced electricity consumption and demand charges. The analysis finds that in 2020, when installation costs were $1.50/watt, the PV system could save over $450,000 per year, achieving payback in 10 years. However, further analysis of IU's electricity bills from 2014 found that savings would only be around $112,000 per year, resulting in a longer 35 year payback.
India is seeking large investments from companies like SoftBank and Foxconn to help meet its solar energy goals for the year. The government also launched an online wind atlas to help identify regions with good wind potential and improve project efficiency. Several companies announced new renewable energy projects, investments, and partnerships across India in solar, wind, hydropower, and natural gas.
Wind power is a renewable and abundant source of energy that can help meet global electricity demand. It has grown significantly in recent decades, with over 80 countries now using wind power commercially and it providing over 2.5% of worldwide electricity usage. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy to feed into the electric grid. While wind power has many benefits like no emissions, some challenges remain such as its non-dispatchable nature and dependence on wind conditions. Technological developments continue to aim to increase reliability and lower costs.
Klaus Jäger_Development and future of (solar) energy technologiesUNICORNS IN TECH
1) Electricity has revolutionized our lives since the late 19th century. The sun provides enormous amounts of energy and keeps the Earth's surface temperature at about 15°C, making water liquid and enabling life.
2) Photovoltaic solar cells can directly convert light to electricity and have no moving parts, allowing them to be integrated into buildings. Solar energy development is growing rapidly, with over 40 GW installed annually in recent years.
3) Challenges remain in balancing the intermittent supply of solar and wind energy and converting other sectors like transport to renewable energy, but technologies like batteries, smart grids, and solar fuels are helping to address these issues.
The document evaluates the potential of a solar chimney power plant in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. A mathematical model was used to estimate the amount of power generated from a solar chimney power plant with a collector diameter of 700 m and chimney height of 700 m, which could produce up to 3000 MW of electricity. Solar chimney power plants utilize solar radiation to heat air which drives turbines to generate electricity. They have potential for renewable energy production in areas with abundant sun and flat land.
Alpha-G Gurgaon One is a premium residential project located in Sector 84 Gurgaon launched by Alpha G Corp, a major real estate developer. The project will consist of seven high-rise towers surrounded by over 6 acres of landscaped greens. Apartments range from 1-4 bedrooms and will have amenities such as a central park, sports facilities, and basement parking. The project is located near Dwarka Expressway and the upcoming metro station.
The Desert Sunlight solar farm in Riverside County, CA is a 550 megawatt photovoltaic power plant that provides enough electricity for 160,000 homes. It uses over 8.9 million solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity for distribution to the power grid. A simulation of the plant's electrical configuration was conducted in MATLAB Simulink to validate its stability and performance. The plant utilizes high efficiency thin-film cadmium telluride solar panels that were developed by First Solar. The Desert Sunlight project demonstrates the viability of utility-scale solar power as a supplement to traditional fossil fuel generation.
Japan's electricity companies earn about US$ 200 billion annually in revenues, and until the Fukushima nuclear accident about 30% of energy was generated by nuclear power plants, which are currently almost all switched off. Japan's energy sector undergoes rapid change and presents large opportunities - subscribe to this report series, and you will periodically receive updates.
The report is a companion to our interview series on CNBC, NHK, BBC
The document discusses renewable energy and wind power. It notes that climate change and oil conflicts pose major crises. Renewable energy from sources like wind can help address these issues. Wind power in particular is growing rapidly around the world and decreasing in cost. Pakistan has significant wind power potential due to its wind resources. Several proposed wind power projects in Pakistan are highlighted, including a 49.5 MW project by FFC Energy. Advantages of wind power are outlined. Common myths about wind energy are addressed.
Nuclear Energy Myths and Realities by Soumya Duttasambhaavnaa
The document discusses several myths and realities about nuclear (fission) energy. It argues that nuclear energy has not become a major energy source as projected, is not low-cost, and resources are limited. Safety is also a concern, as events like Chernobyl demonstrate the dangers of nuclear power accidents. The document claims that nuclear energy is not as clean or sustainable an energy source as often portrayed.
The document discusses the history of nuclear power in the UK, including the first reactors built in 1947 and accidents like Windscale in 1957. It provides a SWOT analysis of nuclear power noting its low carbon emissions but also high costs. It outlines current nuclear new build plans from Horizon, EDF Energy, and NuGen. It concludes nuclear power should remain part of the energy mix and recommends a cautious approach to development.
Utilizing solar+storage to obviate natural gas peaker plants Clean Coalition
This document discusses how energy storage can replace natural gas peaker plants and new transmission lines by providing reliable local capacity through distributed energy resources like solar and storage. It summarizes a study that found solar+storage could meet local capacity needs in the Moorpark area more cost effectively than a proposed natural gas plant, even when accounting for long term fuel and maintenance costs. The study also found solar+storage could meet transmission reliability needs more cost effectively than a proposed new transmission line from Moorpark to Pardee. The document argues energy storage is key to transitioning to a more distributed, renewable and resilient grid architecture.
This document discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It provides information on solar energy, including the role of the sun as the primary energy source and the physics of solar radiation. Instruments for measuring solar radiation are also described, such as pyranometers and sunshine recorders. The document also discusses other renewable sources like wind, tidal, and geothermal energy, as well as non-renewable sources including coal, oil, and natural gas.
Pakistan faces chronic power shortages that hamper its economic growth. It relies heavily on expensive imported furnace oil for power generation, adding to consumer costs and debt. Investment in power generation is constrained by limited resources, leading to widespread load shedding. The country urgently needs to generate affordable base load power. The current supply-demand gap requires immediate addition of base load, shoulder, and peak load generation. A proposed project would establish two 660 MW supercritical coal-fired power units in Jamshoro, Sindh, providing over 20% of current shortfall at fuel costs 20-30% lower than furnace oil or diesel. The project aims to meet domestic, industrial, and agricultural electricity needs to support
The document provides an overview of America's current and future electricity generation capacity. It analyzes capacity by fuel type, region, development stage, and ownership. Currently, natural gas accounts for 42% of capacity and coal 27%. Nearly 372,000 MW of new capacity is planned, with natural gas and wind being the dominant future fuel sources. The Southeast currently has the most capacity, but the West is expected to add the most new capacity. The overall fuel mix will gradually change but remain similar in 2020, with natural gas remaining the leading resource.
This document discusses Telkomsel's efforts to green their network and reduce their carbon emissions through increasing their use of renewable energy sources like solar, microhydro, and biomass. Some key points:
- Telkomsel has installed over 2 MWp of solar capacity on macro BTS sites and 82 kW of microhydro capacity to power remote sites.
- They aim to further deploy renewable technologies like solar, wind, microhydro, and fuel cells while optimizing power systems to reduce costs and emissions.
- Telkomsel has already reduced their greenhouse gas emissions by over 3,000 tons of CO2 and plans to further reduce emissions through these green technology initiatives.
- Challenges include the need for national renewable
Green Heat - renewable energies for appropriate applicationsBill Eggertson
How a range of renewable energies can provide space conditioning and water heating energy, and reduce more GHG emissions than all coal-fired generating plants.
The document summarizes a plan to significantly increase solar and wind energy production in the United States to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions levels. It proposes achieving this through building large solar, wind and transmission infrastructure, incentivizing electric vehicles, and implementing smart grid technologies. The plan estimates it could stop the rise in CO2 emissions and potentially reduce them by 5% per year through adding over 2000 terawatt hours of solar and wind electricity annually by 2025 at an estimated total capital cost of $2.2 trillion.
Reviews the recent history of Vermont Yankee, its purchase by Entergy, and its issues with cooling tower collapse, tritium leak, license extension, and decommissioning. Compares cost of Vermont Yankee power to alternatives being proposed for the State of Vermont.
Positioning The Nuclear Sector In A Greener World Roger Emmott Jan 2009Roger Emmott
This presentation was written to show the nuclear sector in the context of world energy demand and usage. Sources and uses of carbon dioxide emissions are profiled. Nuclear energy meets about 16% of the world's energy needs and this is forecast to rise as more reactors are built. Once installed, nuclear energy emits very little carbon dioxide. Nuclear waste is an issue, but the risks are manageable. Current philosophy is to store, not reprocess waste. History has shown that reprocesing plants are very accident-prone. Volumes of waste are not high (relatively speaking).
Solar process heating and cooling all pervadingKirit Naik
India receives a large amount of solar radiation annually, equivalent to 430 trillion kilograms of oil. A 2 square meter solar collector can replace a 2kW electric heater and save 1,200 kWh of electricity or 140 liters of diesel/furnace oil per year. Behind every 1 million square meters of installed collectors, peak load is reduced by 10GW. The document suggests promoting solar heating and cooling applications in residential, commercial and industrial establishments to replace electricity generated from fossil fuels as well as LPG, natural gas, furnace oil and diesel. It provides examples of solar thermal applications in industries and discusses various government programs and projects aimed at increasing solar thermal usage.
This document presents the business case for a 3 megawatt utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) system at Indiana University with a 10 year payback period. It analyzes the potential energy savings from the PV system through reduced electricity consumption and demand charges. The analysis finds that in 2020, when installation costs were $1.50/watt, the PV system could save over $450,000 per year, achieving payback in 10 years. However, further analysis of IU's electricity bills from 2014 found that savings would only be around $112,000 per year, resulting in a longer 35 year payback.
India is seeking large investments from companies like SoftBank and Foxconn to help meet its solar energy goals for the year. The government also launched an online wind atlas to help identify regions with good wind potential and improve project efficiency. Several companies announced new renewable energy projects, investments, and partnerships across India in solar, wind, hydropower, and natural gas.
Wind power is a renewable and abundant source of energy that can help meet global electricity demand. It has grown significantly in recent decades, with over 80 countries now using wind power commercially and it providing over 2.5% of worldwide electricity usage. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy to feed into the electric grid. While wind power has many benefits like no emissions, some challenges remain such as its non-dispatchable nature and dependence on wind conditions. Technological developments continue to aim to increase reliability and lower costs.
Klaus Jäger_Development and future of (solar) energy technologiesUNICORNS IN TECH
1) Electricity has revolutionized our lives since the late 19th century. The sun provides enormous amounts of energy and keeps the Earth's surface temperature at about 15°C, making water liquid and enabling life.
2) Photovoltaic solar cells can directly convert light to electricity and have no moving parts, allowing them to be integrated into buildings. Solar energy development is growing rapidly, with over 40 GW installed annually in recent years.
3) Challenges remain in balancing the intermittent supply of solar and wind energy and converting other sectors like transport to renewable energy, but technologies like batteries, smart grids, and solar fuels are helping to address these issues.
The document evaluates the potential of a solar chimney power plant in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. A mathematical model was used to estimate the amount of power generated from a solar chimney power plant with a collector diameter of 700 m and chimney height of 700 m, which could produce up to 3000 MW of electricity. Solar chimney power plants utilize solar radiation to heat air which drives turbines to generate electricity. They have potential for renewable energy production in areas with abundant sun and flat land.
Alpha-G Gurgaon One is a premium residential project located in Sector 84 Gurgaon launched by Alpha G Corp, a major real estate developer. The project will consist of seven high-rise towers surrounded by over 6 acres of landscaped greens. Apartments range from 1-4 bedrooms and will have amenities such as a central park, sports facilities, and basement parking. The project is located near Dwarka Expressway and the upcoming metro station.
La Asamblea General de Estudiantes del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica discute una propuesta para extender el plazo para entregar una reforma del Estatuto Orgánico de la Federación de Estudiantes y modificar un acuerdo anterior. La propuesta pide más tiempo para la Comisión Técnica Asesora para completar su trabajo debido a retrasos en nombrar nuevos miembros. También busca establecer un proceso para reemplazar miembros que renuncien a las comisiones. La Asamblea aprueba extender el pl
The document discusses important qualities for hydraulic fluids, including viscosity, anti-wear properties, rust and oxidation inhibition, water retention, and fire resistance. Viscosity is described as the most important factor, as it must be correctly matched to the operating temperature range. Anti-wear additives are also important to protect metal parts from wear. Rust and oxidation inhibitors are needed to prevent damage to metal surfaces from fluids. Demulsifiers can help separate small amounts of entrained water from hydraulic fluids. And fire-resistant fluids are crucial in high-temperature or hazardous applications.
معرفتِ قرآن سیریز کا ساتواں موضوع
قرآن کریم کا فہم اور اس کے حقوق
عنوانات
قرآن کا سمجھنا کتنا ضروری اور اہم ہے؟
فہمِ قرآن کی حقیقت ار مقصد کیا ہے؟
فہمِ قرآن کے درجات ار مراتب کیا ہیں؟
فہمِ قرآن کی راہ میں بڑی رکاوٹیں کیا ہیں؟
فہمِ قرآن کا مثالی اسلوب کیا ہوسکتا ہے؟
Alberto Atlético es un estudiante que llega a la escuela pública en coche a las ocho de la mañana con su amigo Beto Bueno. A Alberto no le gustan mucho las clases porque son aburridas, pero disfruta de la educación física donde puede jugar deportes como el fútbol, en el que es muy hábil.
Annie Williams Market Trends June-July 2015Jon Weaver
- Home prices in San Francisco reached new all-time highs in April and May, with median single-family home prices up 22.7% year-over-year in April. Condo prices also set new records.
- Home sales were up year-over-year for the second month in a row in April and May, while condo sales were down slightly year-over-year.
- The tight inventory and high demand from tech industry buyers and foreign investors is expected to continue driving up prices in the San Francisco market.
CommentVisions - Greg Bothun - How can Europe and the world learn from the de...CommentVisions
This document examines the impact of shale gas harvesting from the Marcellus Shale Basin as a means to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions. Physically, building out 200 GW of wind capacity by 2020 through turbine installation is more sustainable than relying on shale gas, as gas infrastructure like wells decline rapidly and require constant construction. Regulatory frameworks aim to limit resource extraction impacts, but shale rock variability and water usage raise environmental concerns if not properly regulated and monitored. Overall, exploiting shale gas is not the best pathway to meet policy goals of renewable energy expansion and greenhouse gas emission reductions.
Solar has strong long-term growth potential due to falling costs and increasing government support. Solar costs have already fallen 85% since 2010 and are projected to drop another 71% by 2050, making solar competitive with or cheaper than fossil fuel electricity sources. The solar industry is growing rapidly at a 21% annual rate, led by China, India, the US and Japan. Pairing solar with battery storage provides a robust 24/7 renewable energy solution as battery costs also continue to decline sharply. The MAC Global Solar Energy Index tracks the performance of publicly traded solar companies and provides a diversified way to invest in the global solar sector through an exchange traded fund.
Oxford 28th october (capital costs, storage, experience curves) v2Chris Goodall
Our assumptions about the Levelised Cost of Electricity from renewables are wrong. This presentation looks at how we should correct our estimates by taking note of the fall in the real cost of capital for index-linked assets which, for example, includes PV in the UK.
The document discusses two difficulties for energy storage: 1) The energy storage market has not been as robust as predicted due to falling natural gas prices undermining storage applications that compete with gas generation like peak shaving and integrating renewables. 2) Operating bulk energy storage can increase emissions as it replaces clean with dirty electricity and has transmission losses. The author models a bulk storage device in various locations and finds net CO2 emissions are significant while NOx and SO2 emissions vary widely but can be large. Falling gas prices have made energy storage uneconomic for applications that compete with gas generation.
The New Role of Renewable Energy Systems In Developing GCC Electricity MarketCSCJournals
Due to rising and fluctuating oil prices, the author proposes greater utilization of solar and renewable energy systems in GCC countries. Specifically, the large investments in real estate could support infrastructure for roof-mounted solar panels, supplying some electricity demands and creating a circular power distribution network. New regulations would be needed to integrate these systems and provide incentives for homeowners, while also creating jobs and reducing environmental impacts. Overall, the rising costs of oil and falling prices of solar collection systems indicate renewable energy can increasingly compete with conventional sources in the GCC region.
Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Project Investigation for Theme Parks - A Case StudyGovindarajan Chittaranjan
The document investigates the feasibility of a wind-solar hybrid power project for a theme park in California. Based on wind maps, the site has average wind speeds of 6-7.5 m/s suitable for 1.5-1.65 MW wind turbines that could generate 3.14-5.64 GWh annually. Available land could accommodate a 112 kW solar farm estimated to generate 176 MWh annually.
A hybrid system with two 1.5 MW turbines and 112 kW solar is recommended. Further technical studies are required to obtain permits, which can take 3-18 months. Both wind and solar show good commercial potential, but detailed cost-benefit analyses are needed. The hybrid
Wind Solar Hybrid Power Project Investigation For Theme Parks A Case Studychittaranjang
The document investigates the feasibility of a wind-solar hybrid power project for a theme park in California. Based on wind maps, the site has average wind speeds of 6-7.5 m/s suitable for 1.5-1.65 MW wind turbines that could generate 3.14-5.64 GWh annually. Available land could accommodate a 112 kW solar farm estimated to generate 176 MWh annually.
A hybrid system with two 1.5 MW turbines and 112 kW solar is recommended. Further technical studies are required to obtain permits, which can take 3-18 months. The project has potential but detailed commercial assessments are needed regarding costs, expenses, and power purchase agreements.
The document discusses the costs associated with nuclear power generation, including:
1) Construction costs for nuclear power plants were around $2000 per kW in the 1990s and construction of newer generation plants took just over 3 years to complete on budget.
2) Operating costs for nuclear power have decreased from 3.63 cents per kWh in 1987 to 1.68 cents per kWh in 2004 with plant availability increasing from 67% to over 90%.
3) In the US, nuclear power operators are charged 0.1 cents per kWh for nuclear waste disposal and decommissioning costs average $300 million per plant.
The document discusses the costs associated with nuclear power generation, including:
1) Construction costs for nuclear power plants were around $2000 per kW in the 1990s and construction of newer generation plants took just over 3 years to complete on budget.
2) Operating costs for nuclear power have decreased from 3.63 cents per kWh in 1987 to 1.68 cents per kWh in 2004 with plant availability increasing from 67% to over 90%.
3) In the US, nuclear power operators are charged 0.1 cents per kWh for nuclear waste disposal and decommissioning costs average $300 million per plant.
The document argues that nuclear power is a renewable energy source that should be pursued further. It notes that nuclear energy has environmental benefits as it does not emit greenhouse gases, has low costs compared to other sources, and safely handles radioactive waste. While it addresses some concerns over safety and waste, it concludes that nuclear power can help meet rising energy demand and benefit the planet.
The document argues that nuclear power is a renewable energy source that should be pursued further. It notes that nuclear energy has environmental benefits as it does not emit greenhouse gases, has low costs compared to other sources, and safely handles radioactive waste. While it addresses some concerns over safety and waste, it concludes that nuclear power can help meet rising energy demand and benefit the planet.
This document analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of using off-grid solar photovoltaic technology to generate electricity in Peshawar, Pakistan. It finds that while solar PV electricity is currently more expensive than grid electricity, subsidies from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government could help promote solar adoption. The document estimates solar energy production potential in Peshawar and calculates the electricity costs and payback periods for a 10kW residential solar system under different capital cost scenarios. It also analyzes the system's net present value, internal rate of return, investment payback period, and energy payback time. The document concludes that while upfront costs are high, solar PV could ensure cleaner energy and reduce greenhouse
IRJET- Techno Commercial Feasibility Study of Renewable EnergiesIRJET Journal
This document provides a summary of the commercial feasibility study of various renewable energy sources. It discusses the major renewable energy sources including wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and tidal energy. It analyzes each source based on their global potential, economic impacts including costs, job creation, and carbon emission reductions. The document finds that renewable energy capacity has significantly increased in recent years. While renewable sources have advantages over fossil fuels, factors like installation costs, land use requirements, and intermittent output must be considered in determining their commercial viability.
1) Harnessing solar energy at the multi-terawatt level in the US is possible by blending solar and wind resources from different locations to reduce variability and using existing fossil fuel and nuclear plants as backup without building new conventional plants.
2) By 2023, over 8400 terawatt hours per year of solar, wind, and other non-carbon renewable electricity could be deployed in the US, exceeding current total US electricity usage.
3) The cost of solar electricity delivered nationwide could be around 20 cents per kilowatt hour now dropping to around 12 cents per kilowatt hour by 2015, making it competitive with fossil fuels.
[Green Fund Investment Strategy] Jeju Island Wind Power Curtailment SolutionJoonhee Lee
This document proposes using electric vehicles (EVs) in Jeju Island's rental car market as energy storage for the island's excessive wind power production. Jeju Island has over-produced renewable energy for years, requiring shutdowns of wind turbines. Using EVs could store 20,000+ MWh of excess wind annually. Calculations show 5,000 EVs could be charged 40 times per year from excess wind, saving rental companies $36 billion annually in EV operating costs while reducing curtailment. Stakeholders that could benefit include wind operators, utilities, rental companies, and investors. The proposal aims to optimize demand response for renewable energy globally and complement growing renewable and EV adoption.
IRJET- Implementing Zero Energy Efficiency in Residential BuildingIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing zero energy efficiency in residential buildings. It defines different types of zero net energy buildings and proposes designing a residential building in India to achieve net zero status. The proposed building's electricity consumption is calculated and solar panels are designed to meet this demand. The costs of implementing the solar system and conventional electricity costs over 20 years are compared, finding that the zero energy building would save over 9.5 lakh rupees. Examples of existing net zero energy buildings in India are provided and the advantages and disadvantages of such buildings are summarized.
Issue ^N185 The Energy Picture In A Few Graphics.pptxDanCloutier4
This document provides an overview of various energy sources in multiple graphics and videos. It discusses electricity sources such as natural gas, wind, solar and coal power plants. It also summarizes natural gas, oil, coal, nuclear, hydro and renewable energy pictures. Intelligent responses are noted for topics like cogeneration, concentrated solar power, biogas, biodiesel, algae greenhouses and more. Videos are included on regenerative agriculture, bioenergy opportunities, the intelligent response of biodiesel and more. Concerns about the sustainability and depletion of various energy sources are also addressed.
The document discusses the investment case for solar energy. It notes the following key points:
1) Solar has impressive long-term growth potential with forecasts of $4.2 trillion in spending on solar equipment through 2050 and solar PV generating 38% of global electricity by 2050, up from 11% today.
2) The levelized cost of electricity from solar has already plunged 85% since 2010 due to technology advances and economies of scale, and is projected to plunge another 71% by 2050, making solar one of the lowest cost electricity solutions.
3) Government support continues to benefit the solar industry, though solar has become a self-sustaining industry due to lower costs and no longer needs
Sheet2Production Plant Cash FlowsYearNatural Gas Plant Cash Flows .docxlesleyryder69361
Morgan is developing a strategic plan for TVA to meet increasing energy demands over the next 20 years while maintaining low electricity rates. She must consider various power generation options and their costs. Natural gas combined cycle plants are efficient but gas is volatile. Coal is currently cheap but costs may rise with carbon regulations. Nuclear is efficient base load power but has high capital costs and waste issues. Renewables like wind and solar have high capital costs and generation issues but costs are decreasing. Demand side programs could reduce needed generation increases by lowering peak demand.
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
2. Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 picked
Yucca Mountain as the site of a geologic
repository for nuclear waste.
The Nuclear Waste Fund gets .1 cents per
KWh of electricity produced in nuclear power
plants in order to pay for Yucca Mountain.
The DOE was charged with the task of
building and operating Yucca Mountain.
3. The newest budget estimate quotes a waste
capacity of 122,100 MTU.
There is 57,830 MTU in the United States, as
of September 2008.
This leaves 64,720 MTU of storage for waste
produced by nuclear reactors.
My goal is to project how long it will take for
Yucca Mountain to reach capacity.
To do this, we need to project how much
waste will be produced per year.
4.
5. Last reactor began operation in 1996.
Growing demand for electricity of 1% per year
for foreseeable future.
Growing concerns about global warming and
greenhouse gas emissions.
Carbon tax could make nuclear power much more
attractive.
22 applications for 33 reactors since 2007.
Indicates renewed interest in nuclear power.
Probably the most telling sign of where nuclear
industry is headed.
6. Projects 300 reactors operational by 2050.
Each has 1 GWe of capacity.
Says the United States should focus research
and policy on geologic repositories like Yucca
Mountain.
Does not address growth path of nuclear
reactors over time.
Simply states how many and when.
Does not address growth path of waste over
time.
Apparently they should have.
7. Nuclear’s share of total electricity generation
would be 47.8% by 2050.
Based on a growth in total electricity consumption
of 1% per year.
Growth rate in the number of reactors of
2.5% per year.
% change growth rate consistent with ~300
reactors in 2050.
Means an average of 5 reactors are built per year.
8. Rate of growth per year in number of reactors:
Extreme decline: less than-1.5%
Negative growth: rate between -1.5% and -.5%
No growth: rate between -.5% and .5%
Positive growth: rate between 0.5% and 1.5%
Extreme growth: greater than 1.5%
Assumptions:
Constant waste per reactor of 20 MTU per year..
Percent change growth in number of reactors at rate
indicated.
13. It is extremely likely that the growth path will fall
between -1.5% and 1.5%, at least through 2050.
The growth path you choose depends on your
expectations.
How does 120 reactors by 2037 sound? Pretty good?
Then you better have a second repository operating by that
date.
▪ I don’t mean start building by 2037, I mean start receiving waste and
storing it by 2037.
104 reactors in 2039 more your speed?
Fine, be pessimistic and say there are only 88 in 2042.
You get the picture.
Should we plan for the worst and have a repository
ready by 2034 just in case?
14. Yucca Mountain will reach full capacity by
2037 with only slight growth in the nuclear
industry.
That’s 28 years from now.
The US chose Yucca in 1982. Now it says
Yucca will be operational by 2020.
If the past is any indication we should have
picked a second site ten years ago.
We can avoid a nuclear waste crisis by picking
a second site NOW.
15. Yucca’s expected lifetime budget is $96 billion
through 2133, in 2007 dollars.
NWF gets $.001/KWh for nuclear power.
NWF would earn $100.8 billion during that span.
2007 dollars, assuming zero growth in nuclear power
generation.
In such a case Yucca would be full by 2039.
Cost per MTU of waste at Yucca Mountain is
$782,964.78.
The NWF only earns half of this per MTU produced.
16. The better tax rate is .202 cents per KWh.
I defined efficiency as total electricity generated per
MTU of waste produced in a given year for the whole
nuclear industry.
The ideal tax is cost divided by efficiency.
The current tax is wrong by a factor of 2
This is very significant because the DOE needs to build
at least two repositories and can only afford one.
A second problem with the current system is that
in order to tax per KWh, the tax must be
generalized to all nuclear power plants.
17. The DOE taxes electricity generation.
Electricity generation and waste production are not
perfectly correlated.
The data shows that newer plants are both more
powerful and more efficient than older plants.
In general, more efficient plants are being taxed more
than less efficient plants under the current plan.
The tax policy provides no incentive to improve
efficiency.
The goal of the DOE’s tax plan is to fund the
disposal of nuclear waste, but the tax plan does
not reward power plants for reducing their
production of nuclear waste.
18. Ideally the tax would be based on the cost of disposal of
an MTU of waste.
Currently, the tax is based on the government’s attraction to
arbitrary round numbers.
It would be much simpler and much more fair to tax
every power plant directly for each MTU of waste they
produce.
The disposal cost of an MTU of waste is known, and is
$782,964.78.
▪ This rate should be allowed to change over time to reflect changes in
the cost of waste disposal.
The tax plan would simply stipulate that for every MTU
of waste produced in a nuclear power plant, the plant is
charged an amount exactly equal to the cost of disposal
of an MTU of waste at that time.
19. If you want to tax the production of
nuclear waste, then tax the production of
nuclear waste.
This point should be obvious.
It bears repeating that the DOE is NOT
doing this.
They should be.
On a lighter note, was it the same dead
horse?
20. The United States needs to build a second geologic
repository by 2040 at the latest to avoid a waste crisis.
The current tax rate for the NWF will not earn enough to
pay for a second repository.
The United States should charge each power plant
directly for the production of radioactive waste.
The amount charged at any given time should be equal to
the present cost of disposal.
Only by taxing waste correctly can the US provide the right
incentives for power plants to reduce waste production.
Something has to change. The world must know my
story.
21.
22. Negative or No Growth in Reactors Positive Growth in Reactors
Negative
Slope for
Waste per
Reactor
Curve
Economically unfeasible
Decreasing the amount of waste
produced per reactor is more expensive
per MTU than building a repository.
There is no reason to do this when long
term waste disposal is not an issue.
Technically unfeasible in long run
Means either fuel is being reprocessed
faster than it is being created or
increasing efficiency over time.
Positive
Slope for
Waste per
Reactor
Curve
Sustainable in long run
Unwilling to accept consequences in
long run
Threshold will be reached beyond which
we are more willing to reprocess or build
more efficient plants at higher cost than
we are to build repositories.
23. Two factors can change total waste per reactor Wr(tot):
More waste is being produced per reactor over time [Wr(pro)].
▪ In the short run Wr(pro) is decreasing because efficiency (power/reactor) is
improving. Efficiency has technical limitations and is constant in the LR. It could
even be positive in LR if there is always room for improvement.
▪ In LR, power per reactor is increasing. Always room for improvement.
▪ Wr(Pro) = P/E
Existing waste is being reprocessed [Wr(rep)]
Wr(tot) is the difference between the waste produced pre reactor
and the waste reprocessed per reactor in a given year.
Wr(tot) = Wr(pro) – Wr(rep)
If either factor prevails, there is pressure for the other to increase. The
pressure is discussed in the last slide.
The Wr(tot) curve is constant in the long run. In the short run it will
fluctuate.
The implementation of technological developments change the
constant, not the fact that it is constant.
24. Largest production capacity of
clean energy sources.
Currently accounts for 19.6% of
total electricity generated in U.S.
No greenhouse gases.
Much more pleasant than burning
coal.
Technology is available now.
▪ Don’t need to wait for improvements
to capitalize.
Waste is limited and
manageable.
Electricity can be produced near
where it is needed.
25. Waste has been uncorrelated with demand
over the last 25 years.
This means that the growth in demand:
…does not indicate that more reactors will be
built.
…does indicate that if we decide to build a new
reactor, we can sell its electricity.
…is completely neutral in my analysis, and will not
be used as a predictive variable.
26. Total waste
57,830 MTU currently being stored in U.S. as of 9/08
98.4% of this is stored on the site at which it was produced.
Number of Reactors
Reactors operational in a given year.
Power
Average Electricity output per Reactor
Measured in TWh of electricity produced per reactor in a given year.
Intensity
Average Waste per Reactor.
Measured in MTU produced per reactor in a given year.
Efficiency
Average Waste per unit of Power.
Measured in MTU produced per TWh of electricity generated in a
given year.
27.
28. Rate of Growth -1.5% -0.5% 0 .5% 1.5%
Year to Reach Yucca Capacity 2050 2042 2039 2037 2034
Reactors Operational in 2050 56 69 104 128 191
Nuclear Share 2050 9.3% 14.1% 17.3% 21.2% 31.8%
Reactors Operational in 2133 16 30 104 193 659
Yucca Mountain Equivalents Full by 2133 1.44 2.06 2.60 3.42 6.64
29. I(pro) = 1/E * P
Waste/reactor = waste/electricty* electricity/reactor
Electricity/reactor will increase for foreseeable future.
Electricity/waste has a technical capacity that has not been
reached. (high burnup).
In the long run e/w should level off.
I(pro) = P/E will increase for foreseeable future.
I(rep) will begin increase if total amount of waste becomes
unreasonable. (reprocessing)
In the long run, total intensity is balanced by the increase in
intensity from increasing power and the decreasing intensity from
using existing waste as fuel for reactors
I(tot) = I(pro)-I(rep)
I(tot) is constant in the long run and is a stable equilibrium. If
either variable strays too far, the other brings it back to baseline.