Greensulate and Poplar Network present "Introduction to Green Roofs".
Learn how green roofs work and why they are beneficial to both the indoor and outdoor environment, green buildings and the newest version of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating system, LEED v4.
This presentation will also provide you with the information necessary to understand how to differentiate types of green roofs and their respective benefits, and learn how green roofs have been successful in real life case studies.
Finally, you'll get unbiased tips on what to look for in a green roof installer.
The document discusses green building principles and materials. It defines green building as construction practices that are environmentally responsible and efficient over a building's entire lifecycle. Green buildings aim to reduce energy and water usage, minimize waste, and promote health. Key principles include sustainable site design, water conservation, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and use of green materials like recycled steel and dimension stone. The case study highlights the CII Godrej Green Building Center in India, which uses strategies like solar power, natural ventilation, water recycling, and earth sheltering to achieve high resource efficiency.
Analysis of Upgradation of a Convectional Building into Green BuildingIJSRD
The phenomenon of global warming or climate change has led to many environmental issues including higher atmospheric temperatures, intensive precipitation, and increased Greenhouse gaseous emission and of course increased indoor discomfort condition. Researchers worldwide collectively agreed that one way of reducing the impact of global warming is by implementing Green Roof Technology which integrates vegetation, growing medium and water proofing membrane on top of the roof surface. This study emphasized to first analysis a convectional Building than upgrade it to a Green Building by the use of some Eco- Friendly materials. In addition to this by the use of some smart electrification work we can also conserve an ample amount of energy in a Convectional Building. Than by the use of different agencies which would provide checklist for Green Building we can rate a Convectional Building which is been upgraded into a Green Building..The objectives of this research were is Reduction in the indoor temperature of the room contributes reduction in energy consumption in the building. By the use of smart electrification an ample amount of energy can also be conserved. By the use of eco- friendly materials and waste products an ample amount of money can also be saved. Although by the up gradation of convectional building the initial cost will be high because of the use of some special material such as solar panel, rain water harvesting system but their application will return 10 times of what we invested
The document discusses green roofs and their implementation in Erbil City. It provides background on green roofs, their history and types. The document finds that Erbil has a low percentage of green areas at 6.5% compared to an international standard of 30%. It recommends implementing extensive and semi-intensive green roofs on individual building projects in Erbil to increase green space. On a city scale, the document suggests leaders support green roof laws and increase public awareness of their environmental benefits.
Green roofs, external and internal walls - Hulfarin Keren & Nbewany SallyTagit Klimor
This document provides an introduction and literature review on green roofs and walls. It begins with background on the need for more sustainable building practices given issues like the urban heat island effect. It then defines green roofs and walls, describing their benefits such as improved thermal regulation of buildings, reduced air and water pollution, and decreased energy demands. The document reviews literature on green roof retrofitting around the world and their performance in different climates. It presents case studies and a discussion of the topic, ultimately concluding that green roofs and walls can help address sustainability challenges in cities if their long term environmental and economic benefits are considered.
Green architecture aims to minimize environmental impacts and prioritize sustainability. It focuses on efficient energy and water usage, non-toxic materials, and passive solar design. Green buildings provide environmental benefits like pollution reduction and conservation of resources, as well as economic benefits from reduced utility costs and improved occupant productivity. Sustainable design principles include considerations for site development, materials selection, energy efficiency, and indoor air quality.
grenn architecture, concept of sustainability, green architecture journalism, introduction of green architecture, principle of green building design, natural buildings, passive solar design, green building material, living architecture, green walls, green building benefits, methodology of green architecture.
This document discusses green buildings. It defines green buildings as structures that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout their lifecycle. It outlines the benefits of green buildings, which include social, environmental and economic benefits like enhanced occupant health and comfort, conservation of natural resources, and reduced operating costs. It also discusses factors to consider in green building like location, daylighting, orientation, materials used, and merits and demerits. Examples of green buildings in India that have received LEED certification are provided.
Greensulate and Poplar Network present "Introduction to Green Roofs".
Learn how green roofs work and why they are beneficial to both the indoor and outdoor environment, green buildings and the newest version of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating system, LEED v4.
This presentation will also provide you with the information necessary to understand how to differentiate types of green roofs and their respective benefits, and learn how green roofs have been successful in real life case studies.
Finally, you'll get unbiased tips on what to look for in a green roof installer.
The document discusses green building principles and materials. It defines green building as construction practices that are environmentally responsible and efficient over a building's entire lifecycle. Green buildings aim to reduce energy and water usage, minimize waste, and promote health. Key principles include sustainable site design, water conservation, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and use of green materials like recycled steel and dimension stone. The case study highlights the CII Godrej Green Building Center in India, which uses strategies like solar power, natural ventilation, water recycling, and earth sheltering to achieve high resource efficiency.
Analysis of Upgradation of a Convectional Building into Green BuildingIJSRD
The phenomenon of global warming or climate change has led to many environmental issues including higher atmospheric temperatures, intensive precipitation, and increased Greenhouse gaseous emission and of course increased indoor discomfort condition. Researchers worldwide collectively agreed that one way of reducing the impact of global warming is by implementing Green Roof Technology which integrates vegetation, growing medium and water proofing membrane on top of the roof surface. This study emphasized to first analysis a convectional Building than upgrade it to a Green Building by the use of some Eco- Friendly materials. In addition to this by the use of some smart electrification work we can also conserve an ample amount of energy in a Convectional Building. Than by the use of different agencies which would provide checklist for Green Building we can rate a Convectional Building which is been upgraded into a Green Building..The objectives of this research were is Reduction in the indoor temperature of the room contributes reduction in energy consumption in the building. By the use of smart electrification an ample amount of energy can also be conserved. By the use of eco- friendly materials and waste products an ample amount of money can also be saved. Although by the up gradation of convectional building the initial cost will be high because of the use of some special material such as solar panel, rain water harvesting system but their application will return 10 times of what we invested
The document discusses green roofs and their implementation in Erbil City. It provides background on green roofs, their history and types. The document finds that Erbil has a low percentage of green areas at 6.5% compared to an international standard of 30%. It recommends implementing extensive and semi-intensive green roofs on individual building projects in Erbil to increase green space. On a city scale, the document suggests leaders support green roof laws and increase public awareness of their environmental benefits.
Green roofs, external and internal walls - Hulfarin Keren & Nbewany SallyTagit Klimor
This document provides an introduction and literature review on green roofs and walls. It begins with background on the need for more sustainable building practices given issues like the urban heat island effect. It then defines green roofs and walls, describing their benefits such as improved thermal regulation of buildings, reduced air and water pollution, and decreased energy demands. The document reviews literature on green roof retrofitting around the world and their performance in different climates. It presents case studies and a discussion of the topic, ultimately concluding that green roofs and walls can help address sustainability challenges in cities if their long term environmental and economic benefits are considered.
Green architecture aims to minimize environmental impacts and prioritize sustainability. It focuses on efficient energy and water usage, non-toxic materials, and passive solar design. Green buildings provide environmental benefits like pollution reduction and conservation of resources, as well as economic benefits from reduced utility costs and improved occupant productivity. Sustainable design principles include considerations for site development, materials selection, energy efficiency, and indoor air quality.
grenn architecture, concept of sustainability, green architecture journalism, introduction of green architecture, principle of green building design, natural buildings, passive solar design, green building material, living architecture, green walls, green building benefits, methodology of green architecture.
This document discusses green buildings. It defines green buildings as structures that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout their lifecycle. It outlines the benefits of green buildings, which include social, environmental and economic benefits like enhanced occupant health and comfort, conservation of natural resources, and reduced operating costs. It also discusses factors to consider in green building like location, daylighting, orientation, materials used, and merits and demerits. Examples of green buildings in India that have received LEED certification are provided.
This document discusses green roofs and their benefits. It begins by defining green roofs as roofs covered in vegetation rather than just a waterproof membrane. There are two main types of green roofs - extensive and intensive. Extensive green roofs are lighter and require less maintenance while intensive green roofs can support a wider variety of plants. Green roofs provide multiple benefits such as absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating wildlife habitats, and reducing the urban heat island effect. They can also improve air quality, increase energy efficiency, and extend the lifespan of roofs. The document examines these benefits in further detail.
This document provides guidance for developing a green roof policy in Dublin. It defines different types of green roofs, including intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive green roofs. Extensive green roofs are the lightest type, using a shallow substrate layer and low-maintenance plants. The document examines benefits of green roofs like stormwater management, biodiversity and climate change adaptation. It reviews green roof policies in other cities and makes recommendations for Dublin, including developing incentives and awareness programs, and establishing an interdepartmental task force and green roof research.
This document provides an overview of green building seminar report that discusses key elements of green buildings including siting, energy efficiency, passive solar design, renewable energy, and material efficiency. It describes various methods and materials used in green construction for sites, structures, floors, roofs, insulation, and more. Indoor environmental quality guidelines are also covered, focusing on durability, reusability, and reducing indoor pollutants. The conclusion emphasizes that green building design is important for environmental protection and benefits owners through reduced costs.
Green buildings are Eco-friendly, resource efficient and are very energy efficient. They are more comfortable and easier to live with due to low operating and owning costs.
This presentation consists of brief introduction about green buildings, their design and benefits.
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Green roof technology covers buildings with vegetation layers, providing environmental and economic benefits. It helps reduce energy costs by insulating buildings, improves air quality by filtering pollutants, and prevents stormwater runoff. Green roofs are becoming more popular due to their ability to beautify cities while enhancing sustainability through reduced carbon emissions and increased biodiversity. Advancements have made green roofs more effective and affordable.
Green buildings aim to reduce negative environmental impacts through features like increased energy and water efficiency. They utilize materials and technologies that conserve natural resources and generate less waste. Some key characteristics of green buildings include using renewable energy sources, optimizing daylighting, and employing water recycling systems. Common green building materials are fly ash bricks, bamboo boards, and solar panels. Benefits include lower utility costs, reduced pollution, and improved occupant health. While initial costs may be higher, green buildings can provide long-term economic and environmental returns.
It was a Group-Presentation on "Tree Plantation on Rooftop" in North South University, Bangladesh. Prepared by MD. Arif Hossain, Shoaib Siddique Bappy and Arif Faisal Emon
This document provides an overview of skyrise greenery and sustainable high-rise gardens. It discusses the evolution of skyrise greening from an emphasis on aesthetics to recognizing its environmental and wellness benefits. It describes different forms of skyrise greenery like vertical greenery, roof gardens, and green roofs. The document outlines considerations for skyrise greenery projects including structural, safety, maintenance and planting factors. Examples of skyrise greenery initiatives in Singapore are also highlighted.
This document provides an overview of green building technology. It defines green building as environmentally-conscious construction that uses less energy, water and resources and creates less waste. Green building technology covers features like geothermal heating and energy-efficient appliances. The key objectives of green building include protecting occupant health, improving productivity, conserving resources, reducing carbon footprint, and achieving better indoor air quality. Materials selection is an important part of green building, focusing on criteria like resource efficiency, energy efficiency, affordability, recyclability, and water conservation. Green buildings provide benefits like reduced costs, energy conservation, improved health, and increased productivity.
Renolit is a leading European producer of synthetic waterproofing membranes that has been in the market for over 30 years. Their Alkorgreen product is a quality green roof system that provides various environmental and economic benefits such as reducing heating/cooling costs, improving soundproofing, and creating habitat for flora and fauna. Alkorgreen can be installed on new and existing buildings to serve as an extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive green roof depending on the type of plants and substrate depth. It provides an all-in-one solution for waterproofing and constructing green roofs with just one contact.
The document discusses Renolit's AlkorGreen roofing system and the benefits of green roofs. It provides background on Renolit's 30+ years of experience and describes the key components of the AlkorGreen system, including waterproofing membranes, drainage layers, and sedum/substrate layers. It then outlines the different types of extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive green roofs and their characteristics. Finally, it summarizes the environmental, economic, and development benefits of green roofs, such as reduced energy costs, increased roof lifespan, stormwater management, and aesthetic value.
Green building, also known as sustainable construction, aims to reduce environmental impact through resource efficient design and construction practices. It includes techniques like optimizing energy efficiency, using renewable materials, and generating less waste. The key goals of green building are to efficiently use energy, water and other resources; improve occupant health; and reduce pollution and degradation. Some benefits include reduced operating costs, improved productivity, and protection of natural environments and human health. While green buildings have advantages, there can also be challenges like higher initial costs, longer construction timelines, and ensuring proper indoor air quality.
Green building seminar presentation by Pirpasha UjedePirpasha Ujede
The document discusses green building practices including reducing negative environmental impacts of construction through efficient water and energy use, promoting renewable resources, and indoor environmental quality. It provides examples of green building materials like insulated concrete forms that are energy efficient and prevent mold. Green cement uses industrial waste like fly ash instead of producing emissions. Cavity walls and green fibers/wood also improve insulation and sustainability. The document outlines certification programs like LEED and GRIHA that rate buildings based on their green features and environmental benefits like energy, water, and resources savings.
IRJET - Advantages of Green Material Used ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the advantages of using green materials in construction as an alternative to conventional materials like brick and concrete. Green building materials are more sustainable because they are recycled, require less energy to produce, and minimize environmental impacts. Examples of green materials mentioned include wool brick made from wool and seaweed, solar tiles integrated into roofing to generate electricity, and GFRG panels made from recycled phosphogypsum that provide insulation and are cheaper and faster to install than other materials. The document argues that using sustainable green materials in construction can help reduce pollution, waste, and the depletion of natural resources.
In this time of rising temperatures, abundant rain and socioeconomic imbalance, this seminar will suggest that green roofs are a powerful green building Best Management Practices (BMPs).
This presentation will outline the application, feasibility, benefits and challenges of green roofs in commercial application and put several widely debated questions into perspective: modular trays v. contiguous installations, upfront cost v. long-term investment, green roof v. other options, public access v. limited access, etc. Using local, national and international examples, she will explore green roof issues re: longevity, energy savings, stormwater management, maintenance, incentives and LEED points.
The three learning objectives are a) to understand green roof ROI for commercial buildings, b) to compare stormwater strategies of green roofs v underground cisterns and porous pavers and c) to compare green roofs to a solar roof or a white reflective roof.
Green roofs are a means to lowering the overall ambient temperature, reducing longterm costs on our buildings, sequestering CO2 and producing O2, improving the quality of life in our cities and boosting our green economy. Come learn more about green roofs at this seminar on May 7th.
Sustainable housing aims to be healthy, durable, safe, affordable, and environmentally friendly. It uses efficient and renewable materials, connects to utilities efficiently, and minimizes pollution and energy usage. Sustainable design considers location, indoor quality, materials, energy usage, and innovation. Passive solar features like orientation, daylighting, and ventilation help harness the sun's energy. Using recycled materials, compact designs, and earth sheltering can boost efficiency and lessen environmental impact. While upfront costs may be higher, sustainable housing saves on utilities and maintenance over time.
Development of Modular Green Roofs for High-density Urban CitiesFarrah85p
This document discusses the development of modular green roof systems for high-density urban cities. It presents research findings on three types of modular green roof systems: mat, tray, and sack systems. The research evaluated these systems' designs and characteristics. It also studied typical buildings and the urban environment in Hong Kong to identify key factors for planning and designing green roofs. The research aims to provide information to help design modular green roofs that are suitable for high-density urban environments by considering factors such as flexibility, weight constraints, and costs.
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the stormwater and thermal performance of an extensive green roof system in Malaysia. The study found that the green roof reduced peak stormwater discharge by up to 26% compared to a concrete tile roof. It also increased stormwater pH levels and improved water quality. However, the green roof's ability to reduce discharge decreased for intense rainfall events. Indoor temperatures near the green roof were also up to 5% lower after installation. The study aims to provide data to help develop green roof design guidelines for Malaysia's tropical climate.
Shelter is a fundamental human need, and humans have evolved their housing over time from caves to modern buildings. However, modern construction causes environmental issues like energy and resource consumption. Green buildings aim to reduce these impacts through principles like efficient design, natural ventilation, renewable energy and water recycling. Planning elements for green buildings include site selection for sunlight and drainage, reducing the urban heat island effect, and implementing water and energy efficiency measures like rainwater harvesting, low-flow fixtures, passive solar design, and renewable energy sources.
This document discusses green roofs, which are roofs that are fitted with vegetation. It outlines several environmental problems such as air pollution and flooding. It then defines green roofs and describes the main types: extensive, intensive, and semi-intensive. Benefits of green roofs include reducing air pollution by absorbing minerals and producing oxygen, attenuating storm water runoff, providing insulation to reduce energy costs, and creating a cooler environment. The document also gives an example of a green roof on an apartment building in Parnell Street and envisions greater use and research on green roofs in the future.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
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This document discusses green roofs and their benefits. It begins by defining green roofs as roofs covered in vegetation rather than just a waterproof membrane. There are two main types of green roofs - extensive and intensive. Extensive green roofs are lighter and require less maintenance while intensive green roofs can support a wider variety of plants. Green roofs provide multiple benefits such as absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating wildlife habitats, and reducing the urban heat island effect. They can also improve air quality, increase energy efficiency, and extend the lifespan of roofs. The document examines these benefits in further detail.
This document provides guidance for developing a green roof policy in Dublin. It defines different types of green roofs, including intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive green roofs. Extensive green roofs are the lightest type, using a shallow substrate layer and low-maintenance plants. The document examines benefits of green roofs like stormwater management, biodiversity and climate change adaptation. It reviews green roof policies in other cities and makes recommendations for Dublin, including developing incentives and awareness programs, and establishing an interdepartmental task force and green roof research.
This document provides an overview of green building seminar report that discusses key elements of green buildings including siting, energy efficiency, passive solar design, renewable energy, and material efficiency. It describes various methods and materials used in green construction for sites, structures, floors, roofs, insulation, and more. Indoor environmental quality guidelines are also covered, focusing on durability, reusability, and reducing indoor pollutants. The conclusion emphasizes that green building design is important for environmental protection and benefits owners through reduced costs.
Green buildings are Eco-friendly, resource efficient and are very energy efficient. They are more comfortable and easier to live with due to low operating and owning costs.
This presentation consists of brief introduction about green buildings, their design and benefits.
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Green roof technology covers buildings with vegetation layers, providing environmental and economic benefits. It helps reduce energy costs by insulating buildings, improves air quality by filtering pollutants, and prevents stormwater runoff. Green roofs are becoming more popular due to their ability to beautify cities while enhancing sustainability through reduced carbon emissions and increased biodiversity. Advancements have made green roofs more effective and affordable.
Green buildings aim to reduce negative environmental impacts through features like increased energy and water efficiency. They utilize materials and technologies that conserve natural resources and generate less waste. Some key characteristics of green buildings include using renewable energy sources, optimizing daylighting, and employing water recycling systems. Common green building materials are fly ash bricks, bamboo boards, and solar panels. Benefits include lower utility costs, reduced pollution, and improved occupant health. While initial costs may be higher, green buildings can provide long-term economic and environmental returns.
It was a Group-Presentation on "Tree Plantation on Rooftop" in North South University, Bangladesh. Prepared by MD. Arif Hossain, Shoaib Siddique Bappy and Arif Faisal Emon
This document provides an overview of skyrise greenery and sustainable high-rise gardens. It discusses the evolution of skyrise greening from an emphasis on aesthetics to recognizing its environmental and wellness benefits. It describes different forms of skyrise greenery like vertical greenery, roof gardens, and green roofs. The document outlines considerations for skyrise greenery projects including structural, safety, maintenance and planting factors. Examples of skyrise greenery initiatives in Singapore are also highlighted.
This document provides an overview of green building technology. It defines green building as environmentally-conscious construction that uses less energy, water and resources and creates less waste. Green building technology covers features like geothermal heating and energy-efficient appliances. The key objectives of green building include protecting occupant health, improving productivity, conserving resources, reducing carbon footprint, and achieving better indoor air quality. Materials selection is an important part of green building, focusing on criteria like resource efficiency, energy efficiency, affordability, recyclability, and water conservation. Green buildings provide benefits like reduced costs, energy conservation, improved health, and increased productivity.
Renolit is a leading European producer of synthetic waterproofing membranes that has been in the market for over 30 years. Their Alkorgreen product is a quality green roof system that provides various environmental and economic benefits such as reducing heating/cooling costs, improving soundproofing, and creating habitat for flora and fauna. Alkorgreen can be installed on new and existing buildings to serve as an extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive green roof depending on the type of plants and substrate depth. It provides an all-in-one solution for waterproofing and constructing green roofs with just one contact.
The document discusses Renolit's AlkorGreen roofing system and the benefits of green roofs. It provides background on Renolit's 30+ years of experience and describes the key components of the AlkorGreen system, including waterproofing membranes, drainage layers, and sedum/substrate layers. It then outlines the different types of extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive green roofs and their characteristics. Finally, it summarizes the environmental, economic, and development benefits of green roofs, such as reduced energy costs, increased roof lifespan, stormwater management, and aesthetic value.
Green building, also known as sustainable construction, aims to reduce environmental impact through resource efficient design and construction practices. It includes techniques like optimizing energy efficiency, using renewable materials, and generating less waste. The key goals of green building are to efficiently use energy, water and other resources; improve occupant health; and reduce pollution and degradation. Some benefits include reduced operating costs, improved productivity, and protection of natural environments and human health. While green buildings have advantages, there can also be challenges like higher initial costs, longer construction timelines, and ensuring proper indoor air quality.
Green building seminar presentation by Pirpasha UjedePirpasha Ujede
The document discusses green building practices including reducing negative environmental impacts of construction through efficient water and energy use, promoting renewable resources, and indoor environmental quality. It provides examples of green building materials like insulated concrete forms that are energy efficient and prevent mold. Green cement uses industrial waste like fly ash instead of producing emissions. Cavity walls and green fibers/wood also improve insulation and sustainability. The document outlines certification programs like LEED and GRIHA that rate buildings based on their green features and environmental benefits like energy, water, and resources savings.
IRJET - Advantages of Green Material Used ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the advantages of using green materials in construction as an alternative to conventional materials like brick and concrete. Green building materials are more sustainable because they are recycled, require less energy to produce, and minimize environmental impacts. Examples of green materials mentioned include wool brick made from wool and seaweed, solar tiles integrated into roofing to generate electricity, and GFRG panels made from recycled phosphogypsum that provide insulation and are cheaper and faster to install than other materials. The document argues that using sustainable green materials in construction can help reduce pollution, waste, and the depletion of natural resources.
In this time of rising temperatures, abundant rain and socioeconomic imbalance, this seminar will suggest that green roofs are a powerful green building Best Management Practices (BMPs).
This presentation will outline the application, feasibility, benefits and challenges of green roofs in commercial application and put several widely debated questions into perspective: modular trays v. contiguous installations, upfront cost v. long-term investment, green roof v. other options, public access v. limited access, etc. Using local, national and international examples, she will explore green roof issues re: longevity, energy savings, stormwater management, maintenance, incentives and LEED points.
The three learning objectives are a) to understand green roof ROI for commercial buildings, b) to compare stormwater strategies of green roofs v underground cisterns and porous pavers and c) to compare green roofs to a solar roof or a white reflective roof.
Green roofs are a means to lowering the overall ambient temperature, reducing longterm costs on our buildings, sequestering CO2 and producing O2, improving the quality of life in our cities and boosting our green economy. Come learn more about green roofs at this seminar on May 7th.
Sustainable housing aims to be healthy, durable, safe, affordable, and environmentally friendly. It uses efficient and renewable materials, connects to utilities efficiently, and minimizes pollution and energy usage. Sustainable design considers location, indoor quality, materials, energy usage, and innovation. Passive solar features like orientation, daylighting, and ventilation help harness the sun's energy. Using recycled materials, compact designs, and earth sheltering can boost efficiency and lessen environmental impact. While upfront costs may be higher, sustainable housing saves on utilities and maintenance over time.
Development of Modular Green Roofs for High-density Urban CitiesFarrah85p
This document discusses the development of modular green roof systems for high-density urban cities. It presents research findings on three types of modular green roof systems: mat, tray, and sack systems. The research evaluated these systems' designs and characteristics. It also studied typical buildings and the urban environment in Hong Kong to identify key factors for planning and designing green roofs. The research aims to provide information to help design modular green roofs that are suitable for high-density urban environments by considering factors such as flexibility, weight constraints, and costs.
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated the stormwater and thermal performance of an extensive green roof system in Malaysia. The study found that the green roof reduced peak stormwater discharge by up to 26% compared to a concrete tile roof. It also increased stormwater pH levels and improved water quality. However, the green roof's ability to reduce discharge decreased for intense rainfall events. Indoor temperatures near the green roof were also up to 5% lower after installation. The study aims to provide data to help develop green roof design guidelines for Malaysia's tropical climate.
Shelter is a fundamental human need, and humans have evolved their housing over time from caves to modern buildings. However, modern construction causes environmental issues like energy and resource consumption. Green buildings aim to reduce these impacts through principles like efficient design, natural ventilation, renewable energy and water recycling. Planning elements for green buildings include site selection for sunlight and drainage, reducing the urban heat island effect, and implementing water and energy efficiency measures like rainwater harvesting, low-flow fixtures, passive solar design, and renewable energy sources.
This document discusses green roofs, which are roofs that are fitted with vegetation. It outlines several environmental problems such as air pollution and flooding. It then defines green roofs and describes the main types: extensive, intensive, and semi-intensive. Benefits of green roofs include reducing air pollution by absorbing minerals and producing oxygen, attenuating storm water runoff, providing insulation to reduce energy costs, and creating a cooler environment. The document also gives an example of a green roof on an apartment building in Parnell Street and envisions greater use and research on green roofs in the future.
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The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
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Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
Green roof one of the passive design technique
1. ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT
STUDY ON GREEN ROOF APPLICATION IN HONG KONG
FINAL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
URBIS LIMITED
16 February 2007
Prepared by : 16 February 2007
Derek Townshend Date
Checked by : 16 February 2007
Alexander Duggie Date
Approved for Issue by: 16 February 2007
Alexander Duggie Date
2. 1 GREEN ROOFS OVERVIEW.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND AND GREEN ROOF DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................................................1
1.2 GREEN ROOF BENEFITS................................................................................................................................................................2
1.3 GREEN ROOF OPPORTUNITIES IN HONG KONG ........................................................................................................................4
1.4 GREEN ROOF CONSTRAINTS & CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN HONG KONG..............................................4
2 DESIGN & TECHNICAL GUIDELINES .........................................................................................................................5
2.1 ROOF TYPE SCENARIOS IN HONG KONG....................................................................................................................................5
2.2 DESIGN & TECHNICAL GUIDELINES .............................................................................................................................................5
2.3 MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................8
2.4 GREEN ROOF COST ESTIMATES FOR HONG KONG ..................................................................................................................9
3 RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................................................................9
3.1 GREEN ROOF DIRECTIONS FOR HONG KONG ...........................................................................................................................9
3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE WAY FORWARD......................................................................................................................10
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1.1.3 The Study finds that the green roof industry is well established in Europe, particularly Germany and is
rapidly becoming popular in North America and in some parts of Asia.
1.1.4 In Hong Kong Intensive Green Roofs are already well-established in the form of podium gardens.
Extensive Green Roofs, on the other hand, are better-suited to retro-fitting projects which have their own
technical constraints, and are not yet well-established in Hong Kong. Despite Intensive Green Roofs
being well-established, a consolidated approach to green roof techniques and standards is still needed.
1.2 GREEN ROOF BENEFITS
1.2.1 The benefits of Green Roofs are numerous and well-researched overseas. All of the benefits are of some
value to Hong Kong, in varying degrees. These benefits can be grouped as 1) Amenity and Aesthetic, 2)
Environmental, and 3) Economic benefits.
Amenity and Aesthetic Benefits
♦ Leisure and Functional Open Space - In a dense urban environment with limited areas of ground
level open space flat roofs present enormous potential in providing urban dwellers with the
amenity and recreational space essential for healthy living. In Hong Kong this benefit is deemed
highly significant.
♦ Visual Amenity Value - An obvious and significant benefit of a green roof is the potentially
attractive view offered to overlooking buildings. This is of great importance in a dense urban
environment such as Hong Kong, where it is considered to have a high significance if a large
number of green roofs are established.
♦ Health and Therapeutic Value - Psychological studies have demonstrated that the restorative
effect of natural scenery holds the viewer’s attention, diverts their awareness away from
themselves and worrisome thoughts and elicits a meditation-like state1. This is deemed to have
only a moderate significance in the Hong Kong context and largely depends on the location and
use of any particular green roof.
Environmental Benefits
♦ Air Quality - Vegetation has a large surface area and is able to filter out fine air-borne particles.
Studies have shown that 1 sq.m. of grass can remove 0.2 kg of airborne particles per year.2
Foliage can also absorb significant amounts gaseous pollutants lodging the material in their
tissue. This benefit is deemed to be of moderate significance but only if large areas are
covered.
♦ Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect - Hong Kong is no exception to the Urban Heat Island
effect, a phenomenon caused by the many hard surfaces which trap latent heat, poor air
circulation and a pollution cover which blankets and keeps heat within the city. The addition of
green roofs is deemed to be of moderate significance in dealing with this problem, but only if
large areas are covered.
♦ Ecological and Wildlife Value - The enhancement of biodiversity through the use of green roofs is
closely linked to the type of vegetation being used. This will probably have a low to moderate
significance for Hong Kong and depends on the location and species used.
♦ Water Management - In urban areas, man-made hard surfaces (roads, paving, roofs, etc.) are
impermeable and drainage schemes for these surfaces are devised to remove rainwater from
(1) 1 Ulrich (1992), pp96 & 94
(2) 2 Green Roofs for Healthy Cities Coalition (2002).
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them as fast and efficiently as possible. Green roofs slow this process down by reducing the total
run-off and by spreading the residual run-off over a longer period, which can dramatically
influence a city’s infrastructure and maintenance costs. However, unlike many cities where this
benefit is a significant incentive for green roofs, Hong Kong’s urban form and close proximity to
the sea makes benefit of low to moderate significance to Hong Kong.
Economic Benefits
♦ Building Insulation & Energy Efficiency - One of the most important tangible benefits that green
roofs offer the private sector is reduced maintenance and cooling costs due to increased building
insulation and energy efficiency. Singaporean studies have measured roof temperatures on a
range of materials and vegetation. The conclusions were dramatic - conventional roof day-night
temperature fluctuations were as high as 30°C (with peak roof temperatures reaching 57°C).
Temperature fluctuations of a green roof, on the other hand, were only around 3°C. Other
research in Shanghai shows that room temperature reductions of 2°C can be expected with the
addition of a green roof, at least on the top floor of any building.3 This research also states that
other studies have found room temperature reductions to be as much as 4-5°C. Similar
supporting research in Singapore translates this into a net annual energy savings of around 15%
(results applicable to a five-storey commercial building – the closest available model and climate
equivalent to Hong Kong).4 Local studies have confirmed the findings, showing that roof surface
temperatures in Hong Kong can be dramatically reduced by about 18° to 26°C during August 5
and by 10° to 15°C during sunny days in November and December.6 In Hong Kong, this benefit
is considered to have a high significance though the benefits are likely to be appreciated by
upper floors only.
♦ Green Building Assessment & Public Relations - Green building assessment schemes exist in
several countries, including Hong Kong (under the HK-BEAM system). Their purpose is to
encourage environmentally sound building practice. There is also considerable public relations
value in projecting an environmentally conscious image for a building development or
organisation. Green roofs can contribute to the credit rating of developments assessed under
such schemes and can be a highly visible way in which a development can draw attention to its
environmental ‘credentials’, which may contribute to increased property value. In Hong Kong this
benefit is deemed to be of moderate significance.
♦ Increased Roof Life - Studies have demonstrated that green roofs, when properly constructed,
can extend the life of a roof. Degradation by ultraviolet light and the constant expansion and
contraction caused by daily extremes of temperature are the prime cause of the disintegration,
cracking, delamination and splitting of roofing materials. Green roofs insulate the materials from
ultraviolet light and reduce the thermal extremes, thus prolonging roof life. In Hong Kong most
developers build to sell immediately, and would thus not reap the long term benefits. This benefit
is therefore generally considered to be of low significance in Hong Kong. However, for
government owned buildings this benefit would be appreciated and its significance is considered
to be moderate.
(3) 3 ZHAO Ding-guo & XUE Wei-cheng (2005)
(4) 4 Wong (2002)
(5) 5 Oriental Daily 25 September 2006, reporting on research findings at HKU by Prof. Jim
(6) 6 Report on Thermal Performance of Roof Green Features at EMSD Headquarters Building, Energy Efficiency Office, EMSD December 2006
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Root Barrier
2.2.3 In lightweight extensive green roofs root-barrier protection is often part of the waterproofing. A separate
root protection barrier is needed if the waterproofing layer contains bitumen, asphalt, or any other organic
material because any penetration by roots also provides access for micro-organisms which can attack
these organic oil-based materials. Intensive green roofs may need a far more robust root protection
system capable of withstanding the penetration of tree roots. These are often thick hard plastic sheets or
even metal sheets (usually copper) for exceptionally vigorous roots.
Protection Layer
2.2.4 Protection layers are usually a non-woven geo-textile that protects the waterproofing from mechanical
damage. The application of protection layers is more critical if the drainage layer uses a more primitive
granular mix. Protective screeds are conventionally used in intensive green roofs.
Drainage Layer and Filter Layers
2.2.5 The main purpose of the drainage layer is to drain excess water or underflow as rapidly as possible to
prevent prolonged saturation. The operative word is excess, meaning that drainage is only necessary if
the growing medium has reached saturation point. The drainage layer also helps to aerate the substrate.
Providing internal airflow, below and through the substrate, the drainage layer also helps to reduce the
vacuum which occurs due to wind uplift along the edges of an extensive green roof that has no parapet
edge. There are three main types of drainage materials: 1) Granular Materials (gravel, stone chips,
broken clay tiles, clinker, scoria (lava rock), pumice, expanded shale, or LECA), 2) Porous mats (made
from numerous materials including recycled materials such as clothing and car seats, and behaving much
like sponges), and 3) Lightweight plastic or polystyrene drainage modules (made of High Density
Polyethylene or High Impact Polystyrene, some designs store reserve water allowing plants to derive
additional moisture).
2.2.6 The filter layer prevents fine material being washed down into the drainage layer. Non-woven filter layers
are ideal for most circumstances (having superior filtration) though woven versions may be considered for
heavy duty applications.
Growing Medium / Substrate / Soils
2.2.7 The general requirements of all growing media are the same, namely: 1) efficient moisture retention, 2)
excess water easily drained, 3) well aerated 4) able to absorb and supply nutrients, 5) retains its volume
over time; and 6) provides adequate anchorage for plants. Additional requirements important for green
roofs include: 1) being light weight, 2) having adequate water retention capacity; 3) being inert in a sub-
tropical climate; and 4) having fire resistant properties. Lightweight growing media may be created using
natural, artificial, or waste minerals. Lava (scoria) & pumice, perlite, vermiculite, light expanded clay
aggregate (LECA), rockwool, and numerous other materials are typically used.
Lightweight Fills and Thermal Insulating Layers
2.2.8 Lightweight fills are used primarily on Intensive Green Roofs to create differences in level. Another use
may be to create sculptural contours to hide utilities or to liven up the flat surfaces commonly associated
with extensive green roofs. Lightweight fills are usually made of some expanded material which has air in
it. As such they are often very good thermal and acoustic insulators. In extensive green roofs they are
sometimes used only for these reasons - as a thermal insulating layer. Lightweight fills include: 1)
Extruded Polystyrene Sheets, 2) Polystyrene Cement 3) Autoclaved Aerated Concrete, 4) Foamed
Concrete and 5) Other Cements (perlite, vermiculite, and LECA).
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Irrigation
2.2.9 There are three principal ways of irrigating green roofs: 1) Manual Hose Irrigation – typically a 20m hose
pipe connected to water points every 40 metres, 2) Fully Automatic Irrigation Systems - a programmed
system that irrigates at set times, running continuously with minimal supervision; and 3) Semi-Automatic
Irrigation Systems - a programmed system with various manual override options that are activated as
needs require. Manual watering (with hose) is reliable, robust and tried-and-tested. Its main draw-back is
its high labour costs. Automatic irrigation systems are controlled (usually electrically) to irrigate areas of
planting without human intervention. They are able to deliver precise water quantities at very specific
times. For automated irrigation systems there are two major dispersal categories:
♦ Sprinkler Head Systems which are more robust but not as accurate as other dispersal systems
with water being lost due to wind and evaporation (a constraint on many green roofs).
♦ Drip Irrigation Systems deliver a more efficient use of water but are more expensive and are
prone to deterioration under UV light (a constraint often associated with many green roofs).
2.3 MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS
2.3.1 Extensive green roofs have been developed specifically to be low-maintenance. Intensive green roofs,
on the other hand, are built for human usage and have maintenance considerations directly comparable
to the maintenance of amenity planting at ground level locations.
2.3.2 Maintenance requirements of green roofs are determined by many factors – height, micro-climate, soil
types, soil depth, irrigation, species used and access.
2.3.3 (Access is most often the most crucial factor influencing maintenance costs). Hong Kong’s sub-tropical
climate (high rainfall and humidity) necessitates higher maintenance requirements than in temperate
climes. It remains to be determined whether the almost-zero maintenance achieved on some extensive
green roofs in Europe can be achieved in Hong Kong. Maintenance operations include:
♦ Waterproof Inspections
♦ Drainage Inspections
♦ Removal of Litter
♦ Electricity and Lighting
♦ Plant Health Inspections
♦ Replacement planting
♦ Irrigation
♦ Pruning
♦ Mowing & Grass Cutting
♦ Fertilizing
♦ Disease & Pest Control
♦ Weeding
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2.4 GREEN ROOF COST ESTIMATES FOR HONG KONG
2.4.1 Other major considerations are capital and recurrent costs. In Hong Kong, the “extra over” capital costs
associated with Green Roofs (for both Extensive and Intensive Green Roofs) are not high relative to total
building costs.
♦ Intensive Green Roofs usually range from $ 1,000 /m² to $ 5,000 /m² (market average:
$2,000/m²)7
♦ Extensive Green Roofs usually range from $ 400 /m² to $ 1,000 /m² (market average: $500/m²) 8
2.4.2 Recurrent costs are also not high. The maintenance labour requirements associated with intensive green
roofs are directly comparable with those associated with at-grade park operations, which vary widely
between easily accessed sites to very inaccessible or remote sites. The maintenance requirements for
extensive green roofs are untested in Hong Kong. Beijing and Shanghai experience shows that as little as
1 to 3 minutes per m² per year is needed for extensive green roofs (if designed correctly and with low-
maintenance plants). These facts translate into the following recurrent costs:
♦ Intensive Green Roofs usually range from $ 6.5 /m²/year to $ 44 /m²/year (average: $20/m²/year) 9
♦ Extensive Green Roofs are estimated to range from $ 0.8 /m²/year to $2.25 /m²/year.
3 RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 GREEN ROOF DIRECTIONS FOR HONG KONG
3.1.1 The most significant Green Roof benefits for Hong Kong are: A) to increase the amenity of the city, B) to
increase the usable green space, and C) to improve building energy savings. Consequently, it is
considered that Intensive Green Roofs should continue to be promoted as the prime direction for the
future of green roofs in Hong Kong. Extensive Green Roofs could be considered for retro-fitting projects,
after assessing technical, management and maintenance constraints, for situations where intensive green
roofs are not practical.
3.1.2 The long term objective of green roofs is to achieve collective environmental benefits through city-wide
application. Various steps are needed to achieve this. They are divided below into Short, Medium and
Long Term Goals.
(7) 7 Capital costs for intensive green roofs include all components above the roof slab. Conventional Quantity Surveying methods are not done in a manner
which allows for discrete isolation of total green roof costs from other building costs. The range of figures provided ($1000/m² to $5000/m²) should be used
as a rough guide only having been derived from a small sample size. The average capital costs of $2000/m² is based on two publicly accessible roof
gardens currently being built above new KCRC and MTR stations in Hong Kong (assessed independently). These sites are easily accessible with
components and finishes that are not overly costly (soft-landscaping components are estimated to cost around $800/m² and hard-landscaping costs around
$3200/m²). The highest end of the typical green roof range is estimated to be around $5000/m² and is based on a roof garden currently being built as part of
a Macau casino complex. It has elaborate and thematic designs and finishes, is more difficult to access on a 5 storey podium, and has a separate
landscaping contract resulting in very expensive crane operations being hired separately. Higher costs are theoretically possible but the practical range of
$1000/m²-$5000/m² is currently based on real projects.
(8) 8 Capital costs for extensive green roofs are usually built as retro-fit projects and are therefore easily isolated into discrete green roof costs. The range of
$400/m² to $1000m² is based on several local quotations and on the prices available for a variety of materials that may be used. Capital costs include all
components above the roof slab.
(9) 9 Recurrent costs for intensive green roofs are highly dependant on access and costs associated with the type of green roof being installed (i.e. its usage).
Typical podium roof garden horticultural costs are estimated to be around 30% higher than at-grade costs. The horticultural costs are estimated to cost
between $6.5/m²/year to $20/m²/year. Additional costs may push this value up to $44/m²/year if: 1) the site is difficult to access, 2) there are dangerous
working conditions, 3) small areas are covered, 4) refuse collection is expected in high traffic areas, 5) problematic pests are encountered, 6) if high
maintenance plants are used and 7) if electricity and lighting costs are included. The average recurrent cost for intensive green roofs (all-inclusive) is
therefore estimated to be around $20/m²/year.
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3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE WAY FORWARD
Short Term Recommendations
3.2.1 Dissemination of information through the media is recommended to actively promote green roofs and to
foster better understanding of their potential benefits.
3.2.2 Trade Shows demonstrating green roof technologies are recommended for Hong Kong.
3.2.3 Engaging with stakeholders (including real estate professionals, construction industry representatives,
developers and suppliers) is recommended to encourage green roof development in Hong Kong.
3.2.4 Government should lead by example by continuing to implement green roofs on all new buildings, and to
review the retro-fitting of green roofs for existing roofs.
3.2.5 Introducing rating systems and elements of competition should be maintained and strengthened by
expanding the role of green roofs in CEPAS and HK-BEAM labelling systems, especially after local data
and research on building efficiencies is available.
3.2.6 Pilot schemes and further research is needed to fulfil the need for more local information on green roofs.
Information is needed to more accurately determine: 1) changes to ambient temperature, building surface
and interior temperatures; 2) changes in pollution and particulate levels; and 3) changes in water runoff.
The goal is to accurately determine building energy efficiencies applicable to Hong Kong’s unique climate
and building forms. Further horticultural research is also needed to determine the viability of different
species for extensive green roofs.
Medium and Long Term Recommendations
3.2.7 Collating citywide scientific data on green roofs is recommended. This would involve doing cost-benefit
analysis studies to establish the geographical extent to which green roofing could be achieved in Hong
Kong, and the resultant benefits that would be enjoyed by the community. This could take the form of a
G.I.S. study. Monitoring of green roofs on a regular basis is also recommended. This would provide
knowledge of the progress over time and would assist the formulation of effective policies and incentives
to promote green roofs.
3.2.8 Developing reliable standards (e.g. similar to Germany’s FLL Guidelines) is suggested to promote
industry confidence and to prevent low-quality products and construction from entering the market.
Although podium gardens are well-established in Hong Kong, there are still no standards ensuring quality
in this field. The development of standards should cover extensive and intensive green roofs.
3.2.9 Reviewing Government policy is suggested to maximise the amount of greening possible in the city, after
collective environmental/economic benefits have been proven and are supported by public consultations.
There are numerous green roof policies around the world that may be considered and adapted for Hong
Kong’s needs. These policies used abroad should always be viewed in the context of each city’s physical
composition, social values and individual case settings. The approaches adopted elsewhere should not
necessarily be copied directly in Hong Kong. Also, Hong Kong requires a thorough understanding of the
costs and benefits, technical standards, horticultural requirements and unique market forces before
evaluating the need and direction of policy and regulations. It is therefore premature, at this stage, to
make recommendations on policy. There are many concepts tried elsewhere that may be considered.
These include: 1) Direct Incentives to the Private Sector, such as cash grants towards capital costs, 2)
Indirect Incentives to the Private Sector, such as GFA bonuses for the provision of green roofs, or even 3)
the introduction of the Polluters Pay Concept, based on the “eco-tax/carbon tax” concept against
polluters, where the provision of a green roof might be used to reduce this tax because of its contribution
towards energy efficiency.