This document provides instructions and questions for an internal assessment test in Green Chemistry for a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry (Honours) program. It lists 7 questions related to topics in green chemistry, including examples of atom-economical and uneconomical reactions, calculating atom economy, limitations of using yields and atom economy as efficiency measures, examples of green organic reactions using microwave irradiation, the relationship between green chemistry and sustainable development, green syntheses of specific compounds highlighting green chemistry principles, and assessing whether a given conversion follows green chemistry principles. Students are instructed to answer any 5 of the 7 questions in their own words within the allotted time and provide their name, registration details, and university on the answer paper.
This document contains a chemistry exam from Tamluk Mahavidyalaya with 9 short answer questions covering various topics in green chemistry. The exam is for B.Sc. Chemistry (Hons.) students in their 6th semester, to be held on May 28th, 2022 from 11:30 AM to 12:00 PM. It will be out of 10 total marks, with students to attempt any 5 of the questions. The questions cover topics like the working mechanism of CO2 surfactants, the waste prevention hierarchy diagram, properties of ionic liquids as designer solvents, immobilized solvents, drawing chemical structures of ionic liquids, antifoulants and their adverse effects, schematically representing the green production of
The document outlines 12 principles of green chemistry, beginning with a brief history of environmental protection efforts leading to the development of green chemistry. It then details each of the 12 principles, which focus on preventing waste, maximizing atom economy in chemical processes, designing safer chemicals and chemical processes, encouraging renewable resources and energy efficiency, and enabling chemical reactions and processes to be less hazardous. The principles provide a framework for chemists to consider the environmental impacts of their work.
BET theory seeks to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules onto solid surfaces and extends the Langmuir theory of monolayer adsorption to multilayer adsorption. The BET equation is used to determine the monolayer absorbed gas volume from which the total and specific surface area of a material can be calculated. A multipoint BET analysis involves measuring adsorption and desorption of nitrogen gas over a sample at different equilibrium pressures and plotting the data to determine the BET constant and monolayer volume.
Green Chemistry is about:
1. Waste minimization of source
2. Use of catalysts in place of reagents
3. Using non-toxic reagents
4. Use of renewable resources
5. Improved atom efficiency
The document discusses organic electrochemistry and its applications in fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industry. Some key points:
1) Organic electrochemistry enables the production of chemicals like chlorine and sodium hydroxide through processes like the chlor-alkali process. It is also used in aluminum production and synthesis of adiponitrile.
2) Reactions in organic electrochemistry have advantages like reaction economy, direct control of electron energy, and use of electrons/protons as sole reagents. It allows generation of reactive intermediates and inversion of functional group polarity.
3) Early applications included the umpolung benzoin condensation. Industrial processes now include chlor-alkali, aluminum production, and
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry. It provides 10 principles of green chemistry including prevention of waste, increasing atom economy in chemical processes, designing safer chemical syntheses, safer solvents and auxiliaries, use of renewable feedstocks, reducing unnecessary derivatization, use of catalysis, design for energy efficiency, and design of chemicals for degradation. Each principle is explained with examples to illustrate how it can be applied to make chemistry more sustainable.
This document provides an outline for an industrial chemistry module. It begins with an introduction to industrial chemistry and the chemical industry. It then outlines 6 units that make up the module: 1) Introduction to industrial chemistry, 2) Unit operations and processes, 3) Extractive metallurgy, 4) Inorganic chemical industries, 5) Organic chemical industries I, and 6) Organic chemical industries II. The module aims to classify the chemical industry, describe selected industrial processes, and explain the production of various inorganic and organic chemicals. Students will learn about topics such as petroleum refining, metal extraction, fertilizer production, and how chemicals like ammonia, polymers, and pharmaceuticals are synthesized industrially.
This document provides instructions and questions for an internal assessment test in Green Chemistry for a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry (Honours) program. It lists 7 questions related to topics in green chemistry, including examples of atom-economical and uneconomical reactions, calculating atom economy, limitations of using yields and atom economy as efficiency measures, examples of green organic reactions using microwave irradiation, the relationship between green chemistry and sustainable development, green syntheses of specific compounds highlighting green chemistry principles, and assessing whether a given conversion follows green chemistry principles. Students are instructed to answer any 5 of the 7 questions in their own words within the allotted time and provide their name, registration details, and university on the answer paper.
This document contains a chemistry exam from Tamluk Mahavidyalaya with 9 short answer questions covering various topics in green chemistry. The exam is for B.Sc. Chemistry (Hons.) students in their 6th semester, to be held on May 28th, 2022 from 11:30 AM to 12:00 PM. It will be out of 10 total marks, with students to attempt any 5 of the questions. The questions cover topics like the working mechanism of CO2 surfactants, the waste prevention hierarchy diagram, properties of ionic liquids as designer solvents, immobilized solvents, drawing chemical structures of ionic liquids, antifoulants and their adverse effects, schematically representing the green production of
The document outlines 12 principles of green chemistry, beginning with a brief history of environmental protection efforts leading to the development of green chemistry. It then details each of the 12 principles, which focus on preventing waste, maximizing atom economy in chemical processes, designing safer chemicals and chemical processes, encouraging renewable resources and energy efficiency, and enabling chemical reactions and processes to be less hazardous. The principles provide a framework for chemists to consider the environmental impacts of their work.
BET theory seeks to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules onto solid surfaces and extends the Langmuir theory of monolayer adsorption to multilayer adsorption. The BET equation is used to determine the monolayer absorbed gas volume from which the total and specific surface area of a material can be calculated. A multipoint BET analysis involves measuring adsorption and desorption of nitrogen gas over a sample at different equilibrium pressures and plotting the data to determine the BET constant and monolayer volume.
Green Chemistry is about:
1. Waste minimization of source
2. Use of catalysts in place of reagents
3. Using non-toxic reagents
4. Use of renewable resources
5. Improved atom efficiency
The document discusses organic electrochemistry and its applications in fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industry. Some key points:
1) Organic electrochemistry enables the production of chemicals like chlorine and sodium hydroxide through processes like the chlor-alkali process. It is also used in aluminum production and synthesis of adiponitrile.
2) Reactions in organic electrochemistry have advantages like reaction economy, direct control of electron energy, and use of electrons/protons as sole reagents. It allows generation of reactive intermediates and inversion of functional group polarity.
3) Early applications included the umpolung benzoin condensation. Industrial processes now include chlor-alkali, aluminum production, and
The document discusses the principles of green chemistry. It provides 10 principles of green chemistry including prevention of waste, increasing atom economy in chemical processes, designing safer chemical syntheses, safer solvents and auxiliaries, use of renewable feedstocks, reducing unnecessary derivatization, use of catalysis, design for energy efficiency, and design of chemicals for degradation. Each principle is explained with examples to illustrate how it can be applied to make chemistry more sustainable.
This document provides an outline for an industrial chemistry module. It begins with an introduction to industrial chemistry and the chemical industry. It then outlines 6 units that make up the module: 1) Introduction to industrial chemistry, 2) Unit operations and processes, 3) Extractive metallurgy, 4) Inorganic chemical industries, 5) Organic chemical industries I, and 6) Organic chemical industries II. The module aims to classify the chemical industry, describe selected industrial processes, and explain the production of various inorganic and organic chemicals. Students will learn about topics such as petroleum refining, metal extraction, fertilizer production, and how chemicals like ammonia, polymers, and pharmaceuticals are synthesized industrially.
Some past incidents show the dangers of pollution, such as the Cuyahoga River catching fire due to chemical pollution. Green chemistry aims to reduce hazardous waste and pollution through principles like preventing waste, using renewable resources, safer solvents and feedstocks, and designing chemicals and processes to be less toxic and hazardous. The principles emphasize safer and more environmentally friendly chemical synthesis and products. Examples show how green chemistry has helped reduce pollution through alternatives like supercritical carbon dioxide for dry cleaning and replacing toxic additives like tetraethyl lead in gasoline.
Ultrasound In organic reaction and Supercritical Liquidsal mamun
This document discusses various applications of ultrasound and supercritical fluids in organic chemistry. It begins by defining ultrasound and describing how it is used to accelerate organic reactions by increasing reaction rates and product yields. Specific examples of heterocycle synthesis and other reaction types improved by ultrasound are provided. The document then defines supercritical fluids as substances above their critical point where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. Common supercritical fluids of carbon dioxide and water are noted. Applications of supercritical fluids discussed include extraction, dry cleaning, chromatography, chemical reactions, and biodiesel production.
Synthesis of Longifolene through retrosynthestic analysis. Pragati Shah
These slides will introduce you readers about synthesis of Longifolene through its retrosynthestic analysis. It consist of synthetic and retrosynthetic module of Longifolene given by different scientists
Atom economy - "Green Chemistry Project"classe4ach
This document discusses the concept of atom economy, which is a measure of efficiency in chemical reactions. It is defined as the ratio of the total weight of atoms in the products to the total weight of atoms in the reactants. A higher atom economy means more of the reactants are incorporated into the desired products and less is wasted. The document provides an example reaction and calculations to show how atom economy is determined. It explains that both yield and atom economy should be considered when designing green chemical processes in order to minimize waste.
This document discusses microwave-assisted organic chemistry (MORE chemistry) as an eco-friendly technology. It provides advantages of MORE chemistry such as being easy, effective, and economic while requiring less solvents. The document then discusses how microwaves affect molecular rotation but not structure in organic molecules. It also outlines benefits of microwave-assisted organic synthesis like faster reactions, higher temperatures, and energy efficiency. Examples of reactions that can be conducted include hydrolysis, oxidation, esterification, and decarboxylation. In conclusion, the document discusses how MORE chemistry can improve industrial organic synthesis in a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly manner.
Deactivation and regeneration of catalysts and heterogeneous reaction kinetic...Bapi Mondal
In this Assignment file i try to easily describe the Deactivation mechanism of any catalysis reaction .Furthermore i will describe some Regeneration and prevention method of deactivated catalysts. and in the last part of this assignment i will show very easily the heterogeneous reaction kinetics.
The document discusses continuous flow chemistry as an alternative to traditional batch chemistry. It provides advantages of flow chemistry such as improved safety, mixing, heat and mass transfer. Key aspects of flow systems like pumps, reactors and instrumentation are described. Examples of applications in active pharmaceutical ingredient synthesis are presented. Challenges include potential for clogging and catalytic deactivation but flow allows extreme conditions and automation compared to batch.
This document discusses selectivity in chemical reactions, specifically focusing on chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. It provides examples of reducing agents that demonstrate these types of selectivity. For chemoselectivity, it describes reducing agents such as K[BH(OAc)3] and Zn(BH4)2 that selectively reduce aldehydes over ketones. For regioselectivity, it discusses NaBH4.CeCl3 and K[BH(s-Bu)3] which control whether reductions of unsaturated carbonyls proceed by 1,2- or 1,4-addition. For stereoselectivity, it describes enantioselective agents like BINAL-H and
This document discusses asymmetric synthesis, which produces unequal amounts of stereoisomers from achiral precursors. It can be enantioselective or diastereoselective. There are two types: partial asymmetric synthesis, which forms a new chiral center from an achiral precursor using a chiral substrate, auxiliary, reagent, or catalyst; and absolute asymmetric synthesis, which uses no chiral precursors but instead relies on physical chirality like circularly polarized light. Common approaches include using a chiral pool substrate, chiral auxiliary, chiral reagent, or chiral catalyst. The mechanisms and examples of various methods are explained in detail.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
This document discusses green synthesis techniques, which aim to minimize environmental impact and waste. It defines green synthesis and lists its objectives such as waste minimization and use of renewable resources. Techniques described include physical methods like ball milling and microwave-assisted synthesis, and biological methods using plant extracts to synthesize nanoparticles. Advantages are preventing unnecessary waste and using less toxic chemicals.
This document discusses organometallic compounds and their uses as catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. It provides examples of homogeneous catalysis using organometallic compounds like cobalt carbonyl and rhodium complexes. The mechanisms involve steps like oxidative addition, CO insertion, 1,2-insertion, and reductive elimination. Examples of heterogeneous catalysis on titanium surfaces are also provided. Finally, the document lists references used.
Phase Transfer Catalysis and Ionic liquids Gopika M G
Mechanism of Phase Transfer Catalysis, Examples of Phase Transfer Catalysts, Catalysis by Ionic Liquids, Examples of Ionic Liquids, Reactions involving Ionic Liquids.
Chemistry it is the study of matter. Also, It is an important part of our understanding of the universe. Let us talk about a career in Chemistry.
Today, people can pursue and build upon the past knowledge of famous scientists through the B.Sc. in Chemistry. Therefore, it attracts people from all backgrounds. It has a wide range of scope in terms of jobs.
Know more : https://www.cheggindia.com/career-guidance/what-to-do-after-graduation-and-career-in-chemistry/#h-career-opportunities-for-graduates
This document discusses industrial chemistry and the chemical industry. It defines industrial chemistry as applying chemical processes to natural resources to create products that benefit humanity. It notes that the chemical industry can be divided into commodity chemicals, specialty chemicals, and fine chemicals. Commodity chemicals make up 80% of the market and include basic inorganic and organic chemicals. The chemical industry obtains raw materials from the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. The document outlines safety considerations for process industries, including process safety management guidelines and elements of a process safety management program.
This document provides an overview of asymmetric synthesis and stereochemistry. It begins with definitions of stereoisomers including enantiomers and diastereomers. It then discusses how asymmetric synthesis creates new chiral centers, giving unequal amounts of stereoisomers. Key terms like enantiomeric excess and methods for determining ee are explained. The document outlines different types of asymmetric synthesis controlled by the substrate, auxiliary, reagent or catalyst. It also defines stereoselective and stereospecific reactions. The principles of asymmetric induction and double diastereoselection/asymmetric induction are covered. Recommended books on the topic are provided.
Because of the adverse health effects, stringent legislation and voluntary control measures have been introduced to avoid the use of conventional toxic solvents (thereby reduce VOC emission), and to encourage academicians, researchers, and industries to use alternative solvents. Therefore, it is necessary that the alternative solvents should meet certain specifications: they should be low in or have no toxicity; be easily retrievable; be stable in reaction conditions; have chemical inertness; avoid product contamination; and be environment friendly during production, use, and disposal.
Some past incidents show the dangers of pollution, such as the Cuyahoga River catching fire due to chemical pollution. Green chemistry aims to reduce hazardous waste and pollution through principles like preventing waste, using renewable resources, safer solvents and feedstocks, and designing chemicals and processes to be less toxic and hazardous. The principles emphasize safer and more environmentally friendly chemical synthesis and products. Examples show how green chemistry has helped reduce pollution through alternatives like supercritical carbon dioxide for dry cleaning and replacing toxic additives like tetraethyl lead in gasoline.
Ultrasound In organic reaction and Supercritical Liquidsal mamun
This document discusses various applications of ultrasound and supercritical fluids in organic chemistry. It begins by defining ultrasound and describing how it is used to accelerate organic reactions by increasing reaction rates and product yields. Specific examples of heterocycle synthesis and other reaction types improved by ultrasound are provided. The document then defines supercritical fluids as substances above their critical point where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. Common supercritical fluids of carbon dioxide and water are noted. Applications of supercritical fluids discussed include extraction, dry cleaning, chromatography, chemical reactions, and biodiesel production.
Synthesis of Longifolene through retrosynthestic analysis. Pragati Shah
These slides will introduce you readers about synthesis of Longifolene through its retrosynthestic analysis. It consist of synthetic and retrosynthetic module of Longifolene given by different scientists
Atom economy - "Green Chemistry Project"classe4ach
This document discusses the concept of atom economy, which is a measure of efficiency in chemical reactions. It is defined as the ratio of the total weight of atoms in the products to the total weight of atoms in the reactants. A higher atom economy means more of the reactants are incorporated into the desired products and less is wasted. The document provides an example reaction and calculations to show how atom economy is determined. It explains that both yield and atom economy should be considered when designing green chemical processes in order to minimize waste.
This document discusses microwave-assisted organic chemistry (MORE chemistry) as an eco-friendly technology. It provides advantages of MORE chemistry such as being easy, effective, and economic while requiring less solvents. The document then discusses how microwaves affect molecular rotation but not structure in organic molecules. It also outlines benefits of microwave-assisted organic synthesis like faster reactions, higher temperatures, and energy efficiency. Examples of reactions that can be conducted include hydrolysis, oxidation, esterification, and decarboxylation. In conclusion, the document discusses how MORE chemistry can improve industrial organic synthesis in a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly manner.
Deactivation and regeneration of catalysts and heterogeneous reaction kinetic...Bapi Mondal
In this Assignment file i try to easily describe the Deactivation mechanism of any catalysis reaction .Furthermore i will describe some Regeneration and prevention method of deactivated catalysts. and in the last part of this assignment i will show very easily the heterogeneous reaction kinetics.
The document discusses continuous flow chemistry as an alternative to traditional batch chemistry. It provides advantages of flow chemistry such as improved safety, mixing, heat and mass transfer. Key aspects of flow systems like pumps, reactors and instrumentation are described. Examples of applications in active pharmaceutical ingredient synthesis are presented. Challenges include potential for clogging and catalytic deactivation but flow allows extreme conditions and automation compared to batch.
This document discusses selectivity in chemical reactions, specifically focusing on chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. It provides examples of reducing agents that demonstrate these types of selectivity. For chemoselectivity, it describes reducing agents such as K[BH(OAc)3] and Zn(BH4)2 that selectively reduce aldehydes over ketones. For regioselectivity, it discusses NaBH4.CeCl3 and K[BH(s-Bu)3] which control whether reductions of unsaturated carbonyls proceed by 1,2- or 1,4-addition. For stereoselectivity, it describes enantioselective agents like BINAL-H and
This document discusses asymmetric synthesis, which produces unequal amounts of stereoisomers from achiral precursors. It can be enantioselective or diastereoselective. There are two types: partial asymmetric synthesis, which forms a new chiral center from an achiral precursor using a chiral substrate, auxiliary, reagent, or catalyst; and absolute asymmetric synthesis, which uses no chiral precursors but instead relies on physical chirality like circularly polarized light. Common approaches include using a chiral pool substrate, chiral auxiliary, chiral reagent, or chiral catalyst. The mechanisms and examples of various methods are explained in detail.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
This document discusses green synthesis techniques, which aim to minimize environmental impact and waste. It defines green synthesis and lists its objectives such as waste minimization and use of renewable resources. Techniques described include physical methods like ball milling and microwave-assisted synthesis, and biological methods using plant extracts to synthesize nanoparticles. Advantages are preventing unnecessary waste and using less toxic chemicals.
This document discusses organometallic compounds and their uses as catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. It provides examples of homogeneous catalysis using organometallic compounds like cobalt carbonyl and rhodium complexes. The mechanisms involve steps like oxidative addition, CO insertion, 1,2-insertion, and reductive elimination. Examples of heterogeneous catalysis on titanium surfaces are also provided. Finally, the document lists references used.
Phase Transfer Catalysis and Ionic liquids Gopika M G
Mechanism of Phase Transfer Catalysis, Examples of Phase Transfer Catalysts, Catalysis by Ionic Liquids, Examples of Ionic Liquids, Reactions involving Ionic Liquids.
Chemistry it is the study of matter. Also, It is an important part of our understanding of the universe. Let us talk about a career in Chemistry.
Today, people can pursue and build upon the past knowledge of famous scientists through the B.Sc. in Chemistry. Therefore, it attracts people from all backgrounds. It has a wide range of scope in terms of jobs.
Know more : https://www.cheggindia.com/career-guidance/what-to-do-after-graduation-and-career-in-chemistry/#h-career-opportunities-for-graduates
This document discusses industrial chemistry and the chemical industry. It defines industrial chemistry as applying chemical processes to natural resources to create products that benefit humanity. It notes that the chemical industry can be divided into commodity chemicals, specialty chemicals, and fine chemicals. Commodity chemicals make up 80% of the market and include basic inorganic and organic chemicals. The chemical industry obtains raw materials from the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. The document outlines safety considerations for process industries, including process safety management guidelines and elements of a process safety management program.
This document provides an overview of asymmetric synthesis and stereochemistry. It begins with definitions of stereoisomers including enantiomers and diastereomers. It then discusses how asymmetric synthesis creates new chiral centers, giving unequal amounts of stereoisomers. Key terms like enantiomeric excess and methods for determining ee are explained. The document outlines different types of asymmetric synthesis controlled by the substrate, auxiliary, reagent or catalyst. It also defines stereoselective and stereospecific reactions. The principles of asymmetric induction and double diastereoselection/asymmetric induction are covered. Recommended books on the topic are provided.
Because of the adverse health effects, stringent legislation and voluntary control measures have been introduced to avoid the use of conventional toxic solvents (thereby reduce VOC emission), and to encourage academicians, researchers, and industries to use alternative solvents. Therefore, it is necessary that the alternative solvents should meet certain specifications: they should be low in or have no toxicity; be easily retrievable; be stable in reaction conditions; have chemical inertness; avoid product contamination; and be environment friendly during production, use, and disposal.
the mission of introducing “Green Chemistry” is to eradicate the “Grey Chemistry” by designing chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and production of toxic or hazardous substances, and to play leading role in bringing about a sustainable Society. The green chemistry is in no way different from gray chemistry except the approach toward a chemical process, may be manufacture, design, and applications. By this course, we will be capable of learning how these green approaches must efficiently and effectively utilize our renewable natural resources in a cyclical manner, reduce our energy demands, and eliminate the use and production of toxic materials to promote a strategy towards sustainable development with an aim to create a ‘Greener World’.
, the mission of introducing “Green Chemistry” is to eradicate the “Grey Chemistry” by designing chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and production of toxic or hazardous substances, and to play leading role in bringing about a sustainable Society. The green chemistry is in no way different from gray chemistry except the approach toward a chemical process, may be manufacture, design, and applications. By this course, we will be capable of learning how these green approaches must efficiently and effectively utilize our renewable natural resources in a cyclical manner, reduce our energy demands, and eliminate the use and production of toxic materials to promote a strategy towards sustainable development with an aim to create a ‘Greener World’.
The document contains an internal assessment test for 5th semester undergraduate chemistry students. It includes 8 questions testing students' knowledge of amino acid structures, synthesis of phenylalanine from glycine, reaction mechanisms and stereochemistry, stability of Dewar benzene and its conversion to benzene, reaction of D-glucose with phenylhydrazine, equilibrium of D-glucose forms in different solvents, and synthesis of phenanthrene via the Bardhan-Sengupta method. Students must answer any 5 of the 8 questions in 30 minutes as part of their coursework evaluation.
This document provides study material and homework questions for an undergraduate organic chemistry course. The homework asks students to compare the stability of various carbanion intermediates and explain their reasoning. Students are asked to consider factors like inductive effects, resonance stabilization, and ring stability in determining which species in several pairs of carbanions would be more stable.
1. A sigmatropic reaction is a rearrangement where a σ bond migrates within a conjugated π system, either suprafacially (same face) or antarafacially (opposite faces).
2. [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements include Cope and oxy-Cope rearrangements, where two π systems interact, as well as Claisen and Claisen-Cope rearrangements, where a π system interacts with an oxygen π system.
3. Cope, oxy-Cope and Claisen rearrangements can proceed with stereochemical inversion or retention, depending on the order and conditions, while Claisen-Cope rearrange
1. Pericyclic reactions involve concerted bonding changes through a cyclic transition state involving pi and sigma orbitals.
2. They include electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic shifts.
3. Frontier molecular orbital theory is used to predict the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions based on the symmetry of the highest occupied molecular orbital.
Cycloaddition reactions involve the formation of a ring through the creation of two new sigma bonds between the termini of two pi systems. This document discusses different types of cycloaddition reactions like Diels-Alder reactions. It explains the frontier molecular orbital theory and how it can be used to understand the stereochemistry, rates, and regiochemistry of cycloadditions. Specific features of Diels-Alder reactions are also outlined like reversibility, stereoselectivity, and factors affecting endo-exo selectivity. Examples of other cycloadditions like [2+2] and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions are also presented.
The document discusses aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions including the Vilsmeier-Haack formylation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Gattermann-Koch formylation, and diazo coupling reactions. It provides background on the reactions, their mechanisms, substrates used, and factors that influence product distribution. Examples and problems are also given to illustrate the application of these reactions in synthesis.
This document discusses study material for an undergraduate fourth semester paper. The paper is for an undergraduate course in the fourth semester. The document labels the paper as C10T but does not provide any other context or details about the course, topics covered in the paper, or expected learning outcomes.
This document provides guidance on various chemical reaction routes and reagents for converting functional groups. It recommends using LiAlH4 in ether for the direct conversion of a nitrile to an aldehyde. For a short route to convert a nitrile to an amide, it suggests NaNH2/Liq. NH3. It advises against using a-halogenation due to special precaution and reaction conditions required, and notes mixed aldol products would form. It recommends LiI in moist DMSO for elimination of an ester group.
1. The document discusses reagents, solvents, reaction conditions, and time needed for synthesis questions. It notes to provide this information if possible.
2. It advises to avoid heating with acid as it can facilitate dehydration and instead protect using Me3SiCl or bezyl protection with deprotection using hydrogenation with H2 and a metal catalyst.
3. Going through a protection-deprotection path is an option mentioned but it notes that is thermodynamically more stable to directly obtain the product discussed.
The document discusses various retrosynthetic analysis pathways for constructing 1,3-dicarbonyl and 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds. These include retro-aldol, retro-Michael, retro-Claisen, and retro-Diels-Alder reactions. It also notes that using a Cr(VI) reagent should be avoided as it can produce cyclohexenone as a side product, and recommends a route that uses a methylvinyl ketone, methyl iodide, and an aldol reaction.
This document discusses different methods for conducting a Darzens reaction, specifically comparing using proton exchange versus going through an enamine or silyl enol ether intermediate. It recommends using the enamine or silyl enol ether method, or sodium hydride as a base instead of lithium diisopropylamide. Avoiding protection and deprotection is suggested to reduce steps and costs, and using a selective reducing agent like sodium borohydride is proposed.
Question paper of 1st & 2nd internal assessment test for chemistry hons s...Tamralipta Mahavidyalaya
This document contains information about an organic chemistry exam for Bachelor of Science Chemistry (Hons.) students during their 4th semester in January-June 2021. It provides details about two internal assessment tests on the topics of Nitrogen Compounds and Rearrangements (Test 1 on 17-07-2021) and The Logic of Organic Synthesis and Organic Spectroscopy (Test 2 on 22-07-2021). It instructs students to answer 5 out of the 8 questions for each 2-hour exam and submit their answer papers as PDF files to the provided email address by the mentioned deadlines.
This document provides information on the synthesis and properties of several pharmaceutical drugs. It discusses the retrosynthetic analysis and synthesis of aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen, chloramphenicol, sulphacetamide, sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, dapsone, acyclovir, phenobarbital, diazepam, glyceryl trinitrate and zidovudine. For each drug, it describes their medicinal uses and common side effects. The document also provides sample questions for learning pharmaceutical chemistry.
Green Chemistry question SEM-VI Gen for internal assessment.pdf
1. Page
1
B. Sc. Chemistry (General) Semester-VI (Jan.— June, 2022)
Internal Assessment Test: 28-05-2022
Subject: Green Chemistry Paper: DSE1B
Full Marks: 10 Time: 11:30 AM to 12:00 AM
Candidates are required to give answers in their own words and briefly as far as
practicable. Questions are of equal value. All parts of a question must be attempted
together.
• Please Write the following on top of the first page of the Answer Papers:
Name: ______________________________Sem-VI Chemistry (General)
Univ. Roll____________No._______________
Regn. No._______________Session___________
Answer any five questions 2 x 5 = 10
Q.1 What is the difference between conventional chemistry and green chemistry?
Q.2 What are the barriers to the implementation of green chemistry?
Q.3 Give one example each of an atom-economical reaction and an atom-uneconomical reaction.
Q.4 What do you mean by atom economy?
Q.5 What are VOCs?
Q.6 Calculate % atom economy and E-factor for the following reaction:
Q.7 Explain why a chemical reaction with 100% yield is not always considered green?
Q.8 What are two factors that go into assessing risk?
(বাাংলা সাংস্করণ)
যেক োক ো পোাঁচটি প্রকের উত্তর দোও 5 x 2 = 10
1. প্রচলিত রসোয় এবং সবুজ রসোয়ক র মকযে পোর্থ ে ী?
2. সবুজ রসোয় বোস্তবোয়ক বোযোগুকিো ী ী?
3. এ টি পরমোণু-অর্থন লত লবলিয়ো এবং এ টি পরমোণু অ-অর্থন লত লবলিয়োর এ টি উদোহরণ লদ ।
4. পরমোণু অর্থ ীলত বিকত ল যবোঝ?
5. VOCs ল ?
6. ল ম্নলিলিত প্রলতলিয়োর জ ে % পরমোণু অর্থ ীলত এবং E-ফ্েোক্টর গণ ো র:
7. 100% ফ্ি সহ এ টি রোসোয়ল লবলিয়োক সবসময় সবুজ বকি মক রো হয় ো য বেোিেো র?
8. ঝুাঁ ল মূিেোয় রকত যেকত দুটি োরণ ল ?
***End***
TAMRALIPTA MAHAVIDYALAYA
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Tamluk :: Purba Medinipur :: 721636