This document discusses various methods of providing feedback and correcting errors for language learners. It begins by distinguishing between local errors involving grammar/spelling and global errors involving content/organization. Teachers are encouraged to have students identify incorrect sentences rather than correct ones. The "Garden Path" method introduces rules and exceptions. Holistic techniques involve transcribing oral work or reformulating written work. Writing feedback can include underlining errors, noting error types, or using checklists. "Minigrammar lessons" and answering student questions are also discussed.
The use of correction codes by the teacher instead of giving full correction is a widespread practice, the rationale behind it is that it encourages students to think about their writing and correct themselves.
The teacher also can ask students to exchange their pieces of written work and discuss them in groups so that they can correct each other’s errors.
The use of correction codes by the teacher instead of giving full correction is a widespread practice, the rationale behind it is that it encourages students to think about their writing and correct themselves.
The teacher also can ask students to exchange their pieces of written work and discuss them in groups so that they can correct each other’s errors.
The direct method by beny i.n. nadeak, s.pdBeny Nadeak
The Direct Method
The Direct Method has one very basic rule: No translation is allowed. In fact, the Direct Method receives its name from the fact that meaning is to be conveyed directly in the target language through the use of demonstration and visual aids, with no resource to the students’ native language (Diller 1978).
Here is my simple presentation on how to teach grammar. I believe that the content is so useful and informative especially for those who are interested in the field of ELT.
The direct method by beny i.n. nadeak, s.pdBeny Nadeak
The Direct Method
The Direct Method has one very basic rule: No translation is allowed. In fact, the Direct Method receives its name from the fact that meaning is to be conveyed directly in the target language through the use of demonstration and visual aids, with no resource to the students’ native language (Diller 1978).
Here is my simple presentation on how to teach grammar. I believe that the content is so useful and informative especially for those who are interested in the field of ELT.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Error correction performed by the teacher followed
by a feedback is a usual part of most traditional
and even non-traditional school approaches.
However, if we think about it, our ultimate goal is
to teach the students how to become independent
learners and be able to check their own work. Most
of the time learners concern lies in submitting a
given assignment or exercise without a double
check on the possibility of errors; especially
grammatical ones. For this, specialist suggested
different ways to deal with Grammar errors
correction.
3. Error gravity also called (error judgement) are an
attempt to identify errors which are perceived to be
most serious and/or distracting.
Burt and Kiparsky(1974), in their analysis of error
gravity ,twigged that there are two types of errors
that second language learners tend to fall into:
Local
Errors
Global
Errors
4. Local Errors Global Errors
Local errors refer to minor errors such
as grammar, spelling, or punctuation
happen at the level of a sentence , they
are also called (sentence-level errors)
They do not cause problems with
communication.
They require little attention compared
to global errors.
Ex:
omitted article
I. Let us consider Stevenson’s
invention of the steam engine as Ø
starting point.
Global errors are errors concerning
overall content, ideas, and organization.
They are also called (discourse –level
errors)
They cause problems in
communication; a source of
misunderstanding .
They deserve our closest attention.
Ex:
faulty word order
I. The English language use many
people.
5. There are times during an ESL lesson when the teacher may reasonably ask
the students whether a sentence is grammatically correct and, if not, why.
Teachers need to bear in mind that by doing this learners become better at this
type of exercise as they become more proficient and that beginners are
typically weak at making grammaticality judgments in a second language.
intermediate-level learners can begin to recognize and correct their own
errors, more advanced learners are able to correct the errors of other learners
as well.
Teachers may want to facilitate their students’ ability to locate and recognize
errors, but how can this be done?
The teacher may ask the learners to identify the incorrect
sentence,instead of the correct one, in a set of sentences.
Eg: a.The professor which wrote the book gave the lecture.
b. The professor wrote the book gave the lecture.
c. The professor who wrote the book gave the lecture.
6. Teaching grammar encompass helping learners to
assimilate rules and patterns that they apply generally
in their language use. however, most of these rules
have exceptions.
One method proved to be efficient is the ‘Garden Path’
method .In which the teacher presented regular
examples to induce the rule, and then asked the class to
apply the rule to an exception. This elicited an
erroneous overgeneralization, which the teacher then
immediately corrected.
By doing so, the teacher helped the learners focus their
attention on both the rule and the special features of a
given item that marked it as an exception.
7. Most holistic error correction techniques involve getting students to work with
their own texts:
for instance, the teacher asks learners to transcribe something they said
orally to a written form.They will make several adjustments and try to avoid
all types of errors; especailly grammatical ones.
Reformulation is another holistic technique ; the teacher or tutor takes
a paragraph or short essay written by the learner and instead of correcting the
learner’s mistakes, the teacher/tutor rewrites the passage on another sheet in
his or her own words, which means that vocabulary and overall organization
may change as well as grammar. The learner then compares the original with
the reformulated version to see if the intended message is preserved and, in
consultation with the teacher/tutor, the learner comes to understand why the
changes were made. This process can be very useful but also time-consuming.
“interview analysis” in which the teacher works hand in hand with the
learner and trains him /her to correct using a brightly coloured pen. After
several months of doing this, some improvements will be noticeable.
8. Writing is where most of error correction is done. There are many
feedback techniques that teachers use:
Underlining but not correcting errors.
Indicating error types on a checklist attached to the essay .
Indicating error type and frequency on a note returned with the
essay.
Peer-correction activities .
Prepare composite essays for class/group correction that illustrate
common errors from several students’ written work.
The use of audiocassettes to correct ESL compositions (it is more
useful to the students than either checklists or written notes in the
margin and that it is less time-consuming).
9. Sometimes feedback and correction must be
accomplished quickly and spontaneously. Such a
need arises in the course of an ESL/EFL lesson
when it becomes clear that a particular aspect of
grammar is troubling many students in the class. A
fully professional ESL/EFL teacher should be able
to intervene, and in a few minutes, get students to
focus on the problem, to become aware of both the
error and the correct form, and to practice the
correct form briefly. Celce-Murcia refer to such
interventions as “minigrammar lessons”
10. Another form of feedback that many students
seek is the teacher’s answers to questions they
have about aspects of English that puzzle them.
When a student asks the teacher needs to
provide him /her with an appropriate answer,
one that is understandable and will let the
cloud of puzzles vanish from above his head. If
the teacher wants to make sure that the learner
grasped the provided explanation /answer
given to him /her , he /she should simply give
the student who asked the question follow-up
activities .