The document describes the Circulating Cell-free Genome Atlas (CCGA) study, which is a prospective longitudinal cohort study that aims to develop a blood test for early detection of multiple cancers. It includes over 15,000 participants with and without cancer who provide blood and tissue samples. The study has 3 substudies: 1) a discovery study comparing sequencing approaches, 2) training and validating a targeted methylation assay, and 3) further refining and clinically validating the assay. Substudy 2 developed a targeted methylation assay and classifier that demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting various cancer types using cell-free DNA, especially for cancers that currently lack recommended screening tests. Substudy 3 aims to further evaluate the assay's performance in over 5,
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has various applications in livestock genetics and breeding including:
1. Whole genome sequencing to identify genetic variations within and between species and quantify introgression.
2. RNA sequencing to detect differentially expressed genes between control and infected/challenged animals and identify genes related to disease resistance.
3. Genome-wide association studies using SNPs identified through NGS to map quantitative trait loci and guide marker-assisted selection for improved traits.
The document discusses selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) for the treatment of HR+/HER2- breast cancer. It provides background on HR+/HER2- breast cancer and how SERDs work as a novel class of anti-estrogen drugs that degrade the estrogen receptor. Several key SERDs in clinical development are discussed, including elacestrant by Radius Pharmaceuticals and AZD9833 by AstraZeneca. Clinical strategies being evaluated for SERDs include combinations with CDK4/6 inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors. Many ongoing clinical trials are in phases 2 and 3, focusing on SERDs for the first and second line of therapy against breast cancer.
MICROSATELLITE INSTABILTY - CLINICAL RELEVANCE IN COLO RECTAL CANCERravi jaiswal
1. Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs when the number of DNA repeats within microsatellites changes between tumor and normal cells, and can be detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing.
2. Approximately 15% of colorectal cancers exhibit high-frequency MSI (MSI-H), which is a marker of defective mismatch repair genes and proteins. MSI-H occurs in Lynch syndrome-associated cancers and 12% of sporadic cancers.
3. IHC testing identifies loss of mismatch repair proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, which suggests MSI. Concordance between MSI testing and IHC is over 92%,
The document discusses immunotherapy and the role of pathologists in assessing tumor samples. It describes how certain tumors express PD-L1 antigens that can be recognized by the immune system, but the tumors also engage immune checkpoint pathways like PD-1 and CTLA-4 to evade the immune response. Immunotherapy drugs target these checkpoint pathways to enhance the immune response. The document outlines the FDA-approved PD-L1 immunohistochemistry assays and biomarkers used to identify cancer patients most likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors for various cancer types including NSCLC, melanoma, bladder cancer, and colorectal cancer.
The quality of data is very important for various downstream analyses, such as sequence assembly, single nucleotide polymorphisms identification this ppt show parameters for
NGS Data quality check and Dataformat of top sequencing machine
Next-generation sequencing and quality control: An Introduction (2016)Sebastian Schmeier
This lecture is part is an introductory bioinformatics workshop. It gives a background to what sequencing is, what the results of a sequencing experiment are, how to assess the quality of a sequencing run, what error sources exist and how to deal with errors. The accompanying websites are available at http://sschmeier.com/bioinf-workshop/
The document describes the Circulating Cell-free Genome Atlas (CCGA) study, which is a prospective longitudinal cohort study that aims to develop a blood test for early detection of multiple cancers. It includes over 15,000 participants with and without cancer who provide blood and tissue samples. The study has 3 substudies: 1) a discovery study comparing sequencing approaches, 2) training and validating a targeted methylation assay, and 3) further refining and clinically validating the assay. Substudy 2 developed a targeted methylation assay and classifier that demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting various cancer types using cell-free DNA, especially for cancers that currently lack recommended screening tests. Substudy 3 aims to further evaluate the assay's performance in over 5,
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has various applications in livestock genetics and breeding including:
1. Whole genome sequencing to identify genetic variations within and between species and quantify introgression.
2. RNA sequencing to detect differentially expressed genes between control and infected/challenged animals and identify genes related to disease resistance.
3. Genome-wide association studies using SNPs identified through NGS to map quantitative trait loci and guide marker-assisted selection for improved traits.
The document discusses selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) for the treatment of HR+/HER2- breast cancer. It provides background on HR+/HER2- breast cancer and how SERDs work as a novel class of anti-estrogen drugs that degrade the estrogen receptor. Several key SERDs in clinical development are discussed, including elacestrant by Radius Pharmaceuticals and AZD9833 by AstraZeneca. Clinical strategies being evaluated for SERDs include combinations with CDK4/6 inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors. Many ongoing clinical trials are in phases 2 and 3, focusing on SERDs for the first and second line of therapy against breast cancer.
MICROSATELLITE INSTABILTY - CLINICAL RELEVANCE IN COLO RECTAL CANCERravi jaiswal
1. Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs when the number of DNA repeats within microsatellites changes between tumor and normal cells, and can be detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing.
2. Approximately 15% of colorectal cancers exhibit high-frequency MSI (MSI-H), which is a marker of defective mismatch repair genes and proteins. MSI-H occurs in Lynch syndrome-associated cancers and 12% of sporadic cancers.
3. IHC testing identifies loss of mismatch repair proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, which suggests MSI. Concordance between MSI testing and IHC is over 92%,
The document discusses immunotherapy and the role of pathologists in assessing tumor samples. It describes how certain tumors express PD-L1 antigens that can be recognized by the immune system, but the tumors also engage immune checkpoint pathways like PD-1 and CTLA-4 to evade the immune response. Immunotherapy drugs target these checkpoint pathways to enhance the immune response. The document outlines the FDA-approved PD-L1 immunohistochemistry assays and biomarkers used to identify cancer patients most likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors for various cancer types including NSCLC, melanoma, bladder cancer, and colorectal cancer.
The quality of data is very important for various downstream analyses, such as sequence assembly, single nucleotide polymorphisms identification this ppt show parameters for
NGS Data quality check and Dataformat of top sequencing machine
Next-generation sequencing and quality control: An Introduction (2016)Sebastian Schmeier
This lecture is part is an introductory bioinformatics workshop. It gives a background to what sequencing is, what the results of a sequencing experiment are, how to assess the quality of a sequencing run, what error sources exist and how to deal with errors. The accompanying websites are available at http://sschmeier.com/bioinf-workshop/
Prognostic & predictive factors of breast cancerMohammed Fathy
1) Prognostic factors provide information about a patient's outcome without treatment, while predictive factors provide information about how a patient may respond to a specific treatment.
2) Many clinical factors, pathological features, tissue markers, and genomic expression profiles can provide prognostic and predictive information for breast cancer patients.
3) Key prognostic factors include age, tumor stage, tumor size, nodal involvement, histological grade, hormone receptor status, and intrinsic subtypes. Predictive factors include hormone receptor and HER2 status.
Digital DNA-seq Technology: Targeted Enrichment for Cancer ResearchQIAGEN
Targeted DNA sequencing has become a powerful approach by achieving high coverage of the region of interest while keeping the cost of sequencing and complexity of data interpretation manageable. However, existing PCR-based target enrichment approaches introduce errors due to PCR amplification bias and artifacts, which significantly affects quantification accuracy and limit the ability to confidently detect low-frequency DNA variants. This webinar introduces a new digital sequencing approach that is based on the use of unique molecular indices (UMIs) - QIAseq Targeted DNA Panels. With UMIs, each unique DNA molecule is barcoded before any amplification takes place to correct for PCR errors. Detailed workflow and applications in cancer research will be presented. Join us and learn about this exciting novel digital DNAseq technology
Nivolumab, a programmed death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor, was associated with encouraging overall survival in uncontrolled studies involving previously treated patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma. This randomized, open-label, phase 3 study compared nivolumab with everolimus in patients with renal-cell carcinoma who had received previous treatment.
This document discusses the role of β-catenin in cancer therapy. It describes β-catenin as a dual function protein involved in cell adhesion and gene transcription. Mutations and overexpression of β-catenin are associated with many cancers. β-catenin is regulated by the destruction complex containing APC, and mutations in these genes lead to β-catenin accumulation and cancer development. The document reviews potential cancer therapeutic approaches targeting β-catenin, including inhibitors of its binding sites and upstream regulators in the WNT pathway.
Alphabet Soup - Biomarker testing for colon and rectal cancer patients - KRAS...Fight Colorectal Cancer
- The document discusses biomarkers such as KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and their roles in predicting response to targeted therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer.
- The PRIME study showed that testing for additional RAS mutations beyond KRAS exon 2 identified more patients unlikely to benefit from anti-EGFR therapy. Around 17% of mCRC patients had non-KRAS exon 2 RAS mutations.
- The FIRE-3 study found that for patients with wild-type RAS, frontline FOLFIRI plus cetuximab resulted in improved progression-free survival and overall survival compared to FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab. Testing for all RAS mutations is
What's the latest in breast cancer treatment and research? Erica Mayer, MD, MPH, a medical oncologist in the Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers, shares the latest breast cancer news.
This presentation was originally given on Oct. 16, 2015, at the annual Young Women with Breast Cancer Forum, hosted by the Program for Young Women with Breast Cancer in the Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, in Boston, Mass.
Learn more: http://www.susanfsmith.org
Screening for prostate cancer using PSA has several limitations. It It is an organ specific marker, however, pathology specificity is low (elevated in all, prostatitis, prostatomegaly, prostate cancer, prostate manipulation). Attempts have been made to improve specificity while retaining its sensitivity, e.g. PSA density, PSA % free, PSA velocity, prostate health index (which takes into account p2PSA as well).
after diagnosis of prostate cancer, PSA doubling time is used for assessment of indication of treatment for patients on active surveillance as well as that for indication of salvage treatment for patients with biochemical recurrence after initial treatment.
Next-generation sequencing format and visualization with ngs.plotLi Shen
Lecture given at the department of neuroscience, Icahn school of medicine at Mount Sinai. ngs.plot has been published in BMC genomics. Link: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/15/284
Each January, the best and brightest minds in colorectal cancer research meet at the Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. Fight Colorectal Cancer and the Colon Cancer Alliance are partnering to bring you the big news in colorectal cancer from the 2013 symposium.
Join us to learn more about these topics:
- Can aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) keep cancer from returning?
- The relationship of body mass index (BMI) and exercise in colorectal cancer
- What scientists are learning about how your immune system can fight cancer
- The latest on what biomarkers can tell us about your cancer
- Rectal cancer treatment that is based on your biological make-up
The webinar will be led by Dr. Richard Goldberg, an internationally renowned gastrointestinal oncologist who specializes in colorectal cancer. He is a tenured professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at The Ohio State University and serves as physician-in-chief at Ohio State’s Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC – James).
In this lecture tried to introduce some basic methods of DNA sequencing like pyrosequencing, sequencing by ligation, sequencing by synthesis and Ion Semiconductor Sequencing
and describe them. Also introduced some new sequencing method (third generation sequencing) like SMRT (Single Molecule Real-Time Sequencing) and GridION.
Scans and Ovarian Cancer: Everything You Want to Knowbkling
When you’re diagnosed with ovarian cancer, scans become an inevitable part of life. But what are the differences between the imaging tests? When should which scans be used? What about the pros and cons of each test? Join Dr. Kevin Holcomb, Vice-Chair of Gynecology and member of the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at Weill Cornell Medicine, and Dr. Elisabeth O’Dwyer, Instructor in Radiology at Weill Cornell Medicine and Assistant Attending Radiologist at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Campus, as they help make sense of it all.
Management Of Recurrent Ovarian Ca (ROC)
The document discusses the management of recurrent ovarian cancer. It provides details on the incidence and patterns of recurrence for ovarian cancer. For patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer, the standard treatment is second line chemotherapy. Several chemotherapy regimens are discussed including carboplatin with paclitaxel, gemcitabine, or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. For partially platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer, the OVA-301 trial showed improved overall survival with the combination of carboplatin and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin compared to carboplatin alone. Management of recurrent ovarian cancer aims to prolong survival, delay progression,
Original StudyType of Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Screening,a.docxvannagoforth
Original Study
Type of Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Screening,
and Survival
Carla Cedolini,1 Serena Bertozzi,1 Ambrogio P. Londero,2 Sergio Bernardi,3,4
Luca Seriau,1 Serena Concina,1 Federico Cattin,1 Andrea Risaliti1
Abstract
Organized, invitational breast cancer screening in our population succeeded in detecting early-stage tumors,
which have been consequently treated more frequently with breast and axillary conservative surgery, com-
plementary breast irradiation, and eventual hormonal therapy. The diagnosis of invasive cancer with screening
in our population resulted in a survival gain at 5 years from the diagnosis.
Introduction: Breast cancer screening is known to reduce mortality. In the present study, we analyzed the prevalence
of breast cancers detected through screening, before and after introduction of an organized screening, and we
evaluated the overall survival of these patients in comparison with women with an extrascreening imaging-detected
breast cancer or those with palpable breast cancers. Materials and Methods: We collected data about all women
who underwent a breast operation for cancer in our department between 2001 and 2008, focusing on type of tumor
diagnosis, tumor characteristics, therapies administered, and patient outcome in terms of overall survival, and re-
currences. Data was analyzed by R (version 2.15.2), and P < .05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 2070
cases of invasive breast cancer we considered, 157 were detected by regional mammographic screening (group A),
843 by extrascreening breast imaging (group B: 507 by mammography and 336 by ultrasound), and 1070 by extra-
screening breast objective examination (group C). The 5-year overall survival in groups A, B, and C were, respectively,
99% (95% CI, 98%-100%), 98% (95% CI, 97%-99%), and 91% (95% CI, 90%-93%), with a significant difference
between the first 2 groups and the third (P < .05) and a trend between groups A and B (P ¼ .081). Conclusion: The
diagnosis of invasive breast cancer with screening in our population resulted in a survival gain at 5 years from the
diagnosis, but a longer follow-up is necessary to confirm this data.
Clinical Breast Cancer, Vol. 14, No. 4, 235-40 ª 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Breast cancer, Breast cancer screening, Invasive breast cancer, Mammographic screening, Overall survival
Introduction
Because of the detection of early-stage tumors, breast cancer
screening reduced breast cancer mortality in Europe by 25%-31%
in patients who were invited for screening and by 38%-48% in
those who were actually screened during the last decade of the
twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first.1 In our
region of Italy, an organized breast cancer screening was firstly intro-
duced in 2005, but despite the high compliance of invited women
1Clinic of Surgery
2Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Udine, Udine, Italy
3Department of Surgery, Ospedale Civile di Latisana, Udine, Italy
4 ...
The document provides an overview of genomics in breast cancer and summarizes the Oncotype DX genomic assay. It discusses how the assay analyzes the expression levels of 21 genes in breast tumor tissue to provide a Recurrence Score that quantifies a patient's risk of recurrence and predicts who will benefit from chemotherapy. Clinical studies have shown the assay stratifies patients into low, intermediate, and high risk groups and identifies those unlikely to benefit from chemotherapy while high risk patients see significant reduction in recurrence with chemotherapy. The assay is recommended in clinical guidelines and widely covered by insurance.
This document provides updates to guidelines for several types of cancer screening, including breast, colorectal, cervical, prostate, lung, and ovarian cancer. For each cancer, it discusses what screening tests are recommended, for which populations and age groups, and how frequently screening should occur. It also notes some controversial issues and new recommendations from groups like the US Preventive Services Task Force.
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis because it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Screening average risk women is not recommended as randomized trials found no decrease in mortality. Screening high risk women with annual CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound may detect some early stage cancers but also has many false positives. The UKCTOCS trial found the multimodal screening strategy of combining CA-125 interpreted through ROCA and ultrasound had higher sensitivity and positive predictive value than ultrasound alone. Final mortality data from this large trial is still pending in 2015.
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis because it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Screening average risk women is not recommended as randomized trials found no decrease in mortality. Screening high risk women with annual CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound may detect some early stage cancers but also has many false positives. The UKCTOCS trial found the multimodal screening strategy of combining CA-125 interpreted through ROCA and transvaginal ultrasound had higher sensitivity and positive predictive value than ultrasound alone, but mortality results are still pending. Periodic screening of high risk women who have not had risk reducing surgery may be recommended starting at age 35 or earlier based on family history.
Hear about the latest breaking colorectal cancer research! Fight CRC will be joined by Dr. Axel Grothey who will spend the hour detailing the research presented at the 2020 Gastrointestinal (GI) Cancers Symposium hosted by the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
1. Gastrointestinal tumor markers can be used for diagnosis, staging, prognosis, monitoring treatment, and detecting cancer recurrence. However, they lack specificity and sensitivity for early-stage cancers.
2. CEA is the most useful marker for colorectal cancer, correlating with disease stage and prognosis. It can detect recurrence earlier than other methods but lacks sensitivity for early-stage disease.
3. CA19-9 is the best marker for pancreatic cancer but lacks sensitivity for early tumors. It and other markers are not proven for prognosis or monitoring.
Prognostic & predictive factors of breast cancerMohammed Fathy
1) Prognostic factors provide information about a patient's outcome without treatment, while predictive factors provide information about how a patient may respond to a specific treatment.
2) Many clinical factors, pathological features, tissue markers, and genomic expression profiles can provide prognostic and predictive information for breast cancer patients.
3) Key prognostic factors include age, tumor stage, tumor size, nodal involvement, histological grade, hormone receptor status, and intrinsic subtypes. Predictive factors include hormone receptor and HER2 status.
Digital DNA-seq Technology: Targeted Enrichment for Cancer ResearchQIAGEN
Targeted DNA sequencing has become a powerful approach by achieving high coverage of the region of interest while keeping the cost of sequencing and complexity of data interpretation manageable. However, existing PCR-based target enrichment approaches introduce errors due to PCR amplification bias and artifacts, which significantly affects quantification accuracy and limit the ability to confidently detect low-frequency DNA variants. This webinar introduces a new digital sequencing approach that is based on the use of unique molecular indices (UMIs) - QIAseq Targeted DNA Panels. With UMIs, each unique DNA molecule is barcoded before any amplification takes place to correct for PCR errors. Detailed workflow and applications in cancer research will be presented. Join us and learn about this exciting novel digital DNAseq technology
Nivolumab, a programmed death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor, was associated with encouraging overall survival in uncontrolled studies involving previously treated patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma. This randomized, open-label, phase 3 study compared nivolumab with everolimus in patients with renal-cell carcinoma who had received previous treatment.
This document discusses the role of β-catenin in cancer therapy. It describes β-catenin as a dual function protein involved in cell adhesion and gene transcription. Mutations and overexpression of β-catenin are associated with many cancers. β-catenin is regulated by the destruction complex containing APC, and mutations in these genes lead to β-catenin accumulation and cancer development. The document reviews potential cancer therapeutic approaches targeting β-catenin, including inhibitors of its binding sites and upstream regulators in the WNT pathway.
Alphabet Soup - Biomarker testing for colon and rectal cancer patients - KRAS...Fight Colorectal Cancer
- The document discusses biomarkers such as KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and their roles in predicting response to targeted therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer.
- The PRIME study showed that testing for additional RAS mutations beyond KRAS exon 2 identified more patients unlikely to benefit from anti-EGFR therapy. Around 17% of mCRC patients had non-KRAS exon 2 RAS mutations.
- The FIRE-3 study found that for patients with wild-type RAS, frontline FOLFIRI plus cetuximab resulted in improved progression-free survival and overall survival compared to FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab. Testing for all RAS mutations is
What's the latest in breast cancer treatment and research? Erica Mayer, MD, MPH, a medical oncologist in the Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers, shares the latest breast cancer news.
This presentation was originally given on Oct. 16, 2015, at the annual Young Women with Breast Cancer Forum, hosted by the Program for Young Women with Breast Cancer in the Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, in Boston, Mass.
Learn more: http://www.susanfsmith.org
Screening for prostate cancer using PSA has several limitations. It It is an organ specific marker, however, pathology specificity is low (elevated in all, prostatitis, prostatomegaly, prostate cancer, prostate manipulation). Attempts have been made to improve specificity while retaining its sensitivity, e.g. PSA density, PSA % free, PSA velocity, prostate health index (which takes into account p2PSA as well).
after diagnosis of prostate cancer, PSA doubling time is used for assessment of indication of treatment for patients on active surveillance as well as that for indication of salvage treatment for patients with biochemical recurrence after initial treatment.
Next-generation sequencing format and visualization with ngs.plotLi Shen
Lecture given at the department of neuroscience, Icahn school of medicine at Mount Sinai. ngs.plot has been published in BMC genomics. Link: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/15/284
Each January, the best and brightest minds in colorectal cancer research meet at the Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. Fight Colorectal Cancer and the Colon Cancer Alliance are partnering to bring you the big news in colorectal cancer from the 2013 symposium.
Join us to learn more about these topics:
- Can aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) keep cancer from returning?
- The relationship of body mass index (BMI) and exercise in colorectal cancer
- What scientists are learning about how your immune system can fight cancer
- The latest on what biomarkers can tell us about your cancer
- Rectal cancer treatment that is based on your biological make-up
The webinar will be led by Dr. Richard Goldberg, an internationally renowned gastrointestinal oncologist who specializes in colorectal cancer. He is a tenured professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at The Ohio State University and serves as physician-in-chief at Ohio State’s Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC – James).
In this lecture tried to introduce some basic methods of DNA sequencing like pyrosequencing, sequencing by ligation, sequencing by synthesis and Ion Semiconductor Sequencing
and describe them. Also introduced some new sequencing method (third generation sequencing) like SMRT (Single Molecule Real-Time Sequencing) and GridION.
Scans and Ovarian Cancer: Everything You Want to Knowbkling
When you’re diagnosed with ovarian cancer, scans become an inevitable part of life. But what are the differences between the imaging tests? When should which scans be used? What about the pros and cons of each test? Join Dr. Kevin Holcomb, Vice-Chair of Gynecology and member of the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at Weill Cornell Medicine, and Dr. Elisabeth O’Dwyer, Instructor in Radiology at Weill Cornell Medicine and Assistant Attending Radiologist at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Campus, as they help make sense of it all.
Management Of Recurrent Ovarian Ca (ROC)
The document discusses the management of recurrent ovarian cancer. It provides details on the incidence and patterns of recurrence for ovarian cancer. For patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer, the standard treatment is second line chemotherapy. Several chemotherapy regimens are discussed including carboplatin with paclitaxel, gemcitabine, or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. For partially platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer, the OVA-301 trial showed improved overall survival with the combination of carboplatin and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin compared to carboplatin alone. Management of recurrent ovarian cancer aims to prolong survival, delay progression,
Original StudyType of Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Screening,a.docxvannagoforth
Original Study
Type of Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Screening,
and Survival
Carla Cedolini,1 Serena Bertozzi,1 Ambrogio P. Londero,2 Sergio Bernardi,3,4
Luca Seriau,1 Serena Concina,1 Federico Cattin,1 Andrea Risaliti1
Abstract
Organized, invitational breast cancer screening in our population succeeded in detecting early-stage tumors,
which have been consequently treated more frequently with breast and axillary conservative surgery, com-
plementary breast irradiation, and eventual hormonal therapy. The diagnosis of invasive cancer with screening
in our population resulted in a survival gain at 5 years from the diagnosis.
Introduction: Breast cancer screening is known to reduce mortality. In the present study, we analyzed the prevalence
of breast cancers detected through screening, before and after introduction of an organized screening, and we
evaluated the overall survival of these patients in comparison with women with an extrascreening imaging-detected
breast cancer or those with palpable breast cancers. Materials and Methods: We collected data about all women
who underwent a breast operation for cancer in our department between 2001 and 2008, focusing on type of tumor
diagnosis, tumor characteristics, therapies administered, and patient outcome in terms of overall survival, and re-
currences. Data was analyzed by R (version 2.15.2), and P < .05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 2070
cases of invasive breast cancer we considered, 157 were detected by regional mammographic screening (group A),
843 by extrascreening breast imaging (group B: 507 by mammography and 336 by ultrasound), and 1070 by extra-
screening breast objective examination (group C). The 5-year overall survival in groups A, B, and C were, respectively,
99% (95% CI, 98%-100%), 98% (95% CI, 97%-99%), and 91% (95% CI, 90%-93%), with a significant difference
between the first 2 groups and the third (P < .05) and a trend between groups A and B (P ¼ .081). Conclusion: The
diagnosis of invasive breast cancer with screening in our population resulted in a survival gain at 5 years from the
diagnosis, but a longer follow-up is necessary to confirm this data.
Clinical Breast Cancer, Vol. 14, No. 4, 235-40 ª 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Breast cancer, Breast cancer screening, Invasive breast cancer, Mammographic screening, Overall survival
Introduction
Because of the detection of early-stage tumors, breast cancer
screening reduced breast cancer mortality in Europe by 25%-31%
in patients who were invited for screening and by 38%-48% in
those who were actually screened during the last decade of the
twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first.1 In our
region of Italy, an organized breast cancer screening was firstly intro-
duced in 2005, but despite the high compliance of invited women
1Clinic of Surgery
2Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Udine, Udine, Italy
3Department of Surgery, Ospedale Civile di Latisana, Udine, Italy
4 ...
The document provides an overview of genomics in breast cancer and summarizes the Oncotype DX genomic assay. It discusses how the assay analyzes the expression levels of 21 genes in breast tumor tissue to provide a Recurrence Score that quantifies a patient's risk of recurrence and predicts who will benefit from chemotherapy. Clinical studies have shown the assay stratifies patients into low, intermediate, and high risk groups and identifies those unlikely to benefit from chemotherapy while high risk patients see significant reduction in recurrence with chemotherapy. The assay is recommended in clinical guidelines and widely covered by insurance.
This document provides updates to guidelines for several types of cancer screening, including breast, colorectal, cervical, prostate, lung, and ovarian cancer. For each cancer, it discusses what screening tests are recommended, for which populations and age groups, and how frequently screening should occur. It also notes some controversial issues and new recommendations from groups like the US Preventive Services Task Force.
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis because it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Screening average risk women is not recommended as randomized trials found no decrease in mortality. Screening high risk women with annual CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound may detect some early stage cancers but also has many false positives. The UKCTOCS trial found the multimodal screening strategy of combining CA-125 interpreted through ROCA and ultrasound had higher sensitivity and positive predictive value than ultrasound alone. Final mortality data from this large trial is still pending in 2015.
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis because it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Screening average risk women is not recommended as randomized trials found no decrease in mortality. Screening high risk women with annual CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound may detect some early stage cancers but also has many false positives. The UKCTOCS trial found the multimodal screening strategy of combining CA-125 interpreted through ROCA and transvaginal ultrasound had higher sensitivity and positive predictive value than ultrasound alone, but mortality results are still pending. Periodic screening of high risk women who have not had risk reducing surgery may be recommended starting at age 35 or earlier based on family history.
Hear about the latest breaking colorectal cancer research! Fight CRC will be joined by Dr. Axel Grothey who will spend the hour detailing the research presented at the 2020 Gastrointestinal (GI) Cancers Symposium hosted by the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
1. Gastrointestinal tumor markers can be used for diagnosis, staging, prognosis, monitoring treatment, and detecting cancer recurrence. However, they lack specificity and sensitivity for early-stage cancers.
2. CEA is the most useful marker for colorectal cancer, correlating with disease stage and prognosis. It can detect recurrence earlier than other methods but lacks sensitivity for early-stage disease.
3. CA19-9 is the best marker for pancreatic cancer but lacks sensitivity for early tumors. It and other markers are not proven for prognosis or monitoring.
This seminar discussed screening for carcinoma of the prostate. It was chaired by Prof. C. S. Ratkal and co-chaired by Dr. M. Shivalingaiah. Dr. Prakash H. S. presented on various screening modalities including digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, prostate biopsy, and imaging. PSA testing combined with DRE is the most useful first-line screening approach. While screening can detect early-stage cancers, it also risks overdiagnosis and overtreatment of indolent tumors. The benefits and limitations of prostate cancer screening continue to be debated.
This document discusses the management of intermediate and high risk prostate cancer. It begins by providing background on prostate cancer epidemiology and risk stratification. It then covers various treatment options including observation, active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy. Several studies comparing the efficacy of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy with short or long-term ADT are summarized. For intermediate risk prostate cancer, the document recommends 4-6 months of ADT with radiotherapy based on trial results. For high risk prostate cancer, 2-3 years of ADT with radiotherapy is recommended.
Cancer and Internist - Koronadal Internist Society.pdfLanceCatedral
General internists can participate in cancer care in several ways:
1) They can conduct cancer screening tests for breast, cervical, colorectal, liver, and prostate cancers to detect cancers early.
2) They can educate patients on cancer prevention strategies like maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, not smoking, limiting alcohol, and following dietary recommendations.
3) They can manage cancer patients in a multidisciplinary setting to provide comprehensive care involving screening, prevention, treatment, palliative care, and survivorship support.
This study examined whether there are racial disparities in postoperative outcomes for low-risk prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy in two cohorts. For cohort 1, African American patients had a higher BMI than white patients but no other differences. For cohort 2, African American patients had a higher all-cause mortality rate than white patients but no differences in other cancer-specific outcomes. Overall, the study found little evidence of racial differences in disease control, risk of upgrading, tumor volume, or mortality for low-risk prostate cancer patients after surgery.
From famous actors like Patrick Swayze to America's first woman in space, Sally Ride, the survival rates for pancreatic cancer summarizes grim tales. To date, the overall 5-year-survival rate is 6.7%. Here, I present some of the latest information in the field.
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in western countries. Early detection through screening can prevent over 50% of deaths, but screening rates remain low. Current noninvasive screening methods like fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) have limitations in sensitivity and specificity. Blood markers like CEA, LASA, and CA19-9 are not adequate screening tools. Stool markers show more promise, like immunochemical FOBT, colonocytes, and stool DNA testing which can detect mutations. While promising, stool DNA testing needs more research on cost effectiveness and patient acceptance before being recommended for general screening. Overall, no single marker is sufficient for screening and early detection remains a challenge.
While the role of radiation therapy in carcinoma cervix management is undauntable for all stages. Recurrent carcinoma cervix need a lot of personalisation
Colorectal cancer screening and subsequent incidence of colorectal cancer: re...Cancer Council NSW
Colorectal cancer screening and subsequent incidence of colorectal cancer: results from the 45 and Up Study
Annika Steffen, Marianne F Weber, David M Roder and Emily Banks
This document summarizes highlights from the Ohio Colorectal Cancer Prevention Initiative. The initiative screened over 3,300 colorectal cancer patients and found that 15.9% had defective DNA mismatch repair (dMMR). Further testing identified 4% as having Lynch syndrome (LS) and 2% as having double somatic mutations. Similar results were found in screening over 300 endometrial cancer patients. Cascade genetic testing of relatives identified over 180 additional individuals with LS. The initiative demonstrated the value of universal tumor screening in identifying hereditary cancer cases and facilitating prevention through genetic testing of relatives.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
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Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac CareDr. David Greene Arizona
Explore the groundbreaking work of Dr. David Greene, a pioneer in regenerative medicine, who is revolutionizing the field of cardiology through stem cell therapy in Arizona. This ppt delves into how Dr. Greene's innovative approach is providing non-surgical, effective treatments for heart disease, using the body's own cells to repair heart damage and improve patient outcomes. Learn about the science behind stem cell therapy, its benefits over traditional cardiac surgeries, and the promising future it holds for modern medicine. Join us as we uncover how Dr. Greene's commitment to stem cell research and therapy is setting new standards in healthcare and offering new hope to cardiac patients.
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
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Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
2. CCGA Is A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study
Blood samples
(from all participants)
Tissue samples
(cancer only)
15,000+ participants
70% with cancer
30% without
141 Active Sites
Targeted sequencingcfDNA, WBCs
Whole-genome sequencingcfDNA, WBCs
Targeted & whole-genome bisulfite sequencingcfDNA
Follow-up for 5 yrs
Vital status & cancer
status
Whole Genome Sequencingof tumor tissue
Participants with cancer:Data on treatment, recurrence,
mortality
Participants without cancer:Data on cancer diagnosis +
treatment, recurrence, mortality; or remain cancer-free
FPI: 05/2020; 15,254 enrolled;
Whole transcriptome sequencing cfRNA
cfDNA = Cell-Free Deoxyribonucleic Acid; WBC = White Blood Cell; cfRNA = Cell-Free RibonucleicAcid
4. Substudy 1: Comparison of assays to identify most
suitable assay for further development
• Discovery phase completed 20181
• Compared 3 sequencing approaches
• Targeted sequencing (SNVs)
• WGS (CNVs)
• WGBS (Methylation)
• Demonstrated feasibility of multi-cancer
detection with low false positive rate (~2%)
• Methylation-based assay selected for further
development
3 Substudies
1. Discovery
Training, n=1,785
Validation, n=1,015
2. Training/Validation
Training, n=3,133
Validation, n=1,354
3. Further Validation
~5,000 Participants
CCGA, Circulating Cell-free Genome Atlas study (NCT02889978); CNV, copy-number variation; SNV, single-nucleotide variant; WGBS, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing; WGS, whole-genome
sequencing.
1
Klein EA, et al. J Clin Oncol 2018;36(15_suppl):12021.
5. CCGA Sub study 1
2,800 Participants
Training Set (N=1,792) Test Set (N=1,008)
1,785 Clinically Locked
1,627 Clinically Evaluable
• 878 Cancer
• 580 Non-Cancer
• 169 Non-Cancer assay Controls
1,399 Analyzable with Assay Data
• 841 Cancer
• 437 with tumor tissue
• 558 Non-Cancer
• 52 (3%) excluded based on
eligibility criteria
• 106 (6%) excluded due to
missing stage
• 228 (13%) excluded due to
unevaluable assay data for
one or more assays
• 169 (10%) non-cancer assay
controls excluded 其他:肾癌,子宫癌,胰腺癌,食道癌,淋巴瘤,头颈
癌,卵巢癌,肝癌,黑色素瘤,宫颈癌,多发骨髓瘤,
白血病,甲状腺癌,膀胱癌,胃癌,肛直肠癌,其他原
发性癌症
6. CCGA Has Geographically Diverse Enrollment
Representative of United States Population
Active/Enrolling Training Test Training and Test
142 active sites
representing 24
states in the U.S.
and one site in
Canada
7. Prototype Sequencing Assays Generate Signals
Used by Classifiers for Cancer vs Non-Cancer
All Major Somatic and Epigenetic cfDNA Features Characterized
8. Classification Scores Across Assays Are Highly Correlated and
Proportional to Circulating Tumor DNA Fraction (ctDNA)
Stage
I/II
Stage
III/IV
Stage
I/II
Stage
III/IV
13
34
Cases
Colorectal Cancer Subset
Targeted WGS WGBS
Sensitivity at95% Specificity
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
9. High Biological Signal in Typically Unscreened Cancers
• Subset analysis of 196 CCGA cases with cancer diagnosis associatedwith 5-year
cancer-specific mortality of >50%1
○ Includes lung (118), ovarian (16), pancreatic (25), hepatobiliary (13), and esophageal
(24) cancers
Stage I/II/III
Stage IV
117
79
Cases
1
5-year cancer-specific mortality rates for persons aged 50-79 from SEER18, 2010-2014; https://seer.cancer.gov.
Targeted WGS WGBS
Sensitivity at 95% Specificity
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
10. Substudy 2: Training and Validation of a
Targeted Methylation Assay
• Training and initial validation completed
20201
• A targeted methylation assay was developed
developed targeting key informative
methylation regions
• Training and validation of a targeted
methylation classifier
3 Substudies
1. Discovery
Training, n=1,785
Validation, n=1,015
2. Training/Validation
Training, n=3,133
Validation, n=1,354
3. Further Validation
~5,000 Participants
CCGA, Circulating Cell-free Genome Atlas study (NCT02889978).
1
Liu MC, et al. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(6):745-759.
11. Target Selection Using a Machine Learning Algorithm
4,000 CCGA Cancer
cfDNA Methylation Sequence Data
(+1,000 Tissues)
50+ Cancer Types
Early and Late Stage
2,000 CCGA Non-Cancer
cfDNA Methylation Sequence Data
Matched on age distribution by
gender in CCGA Substudy 1 discovery
cohort
Non-Cancer Conditions: Metabolic,
Hematological, Inflammatory, Auto-
immune
Public Sequence Data
The Cancer Genome Atlas
Oncoviruses
Machine Learning Algorithm
Lung
Colon
Non-Cancer
Lung
Lung
Non-Cancer
Cancer
Tissue Of
Origin
12.
13. Substudy 2: High Clinical Suspicion (HCS)1 of
Cancer Subgroup Analysis
Participants
• Confirmed pathologic diagnosis of cancer,
OR
• High suspicion of diagnosis of cancer
Objective
• Evaluate test performance in participants
with HCS of cancer but without a conformed
conformed pathologic diagnosis at the time
of enrollment
3 Substudies
1. Discovery
Training, n=1,785
Validation, n=1,015
2. Training/Validation
Training, n=3,133
Validation, n=1,354
3. Further Validation
~5,000 Participants
1
High suspicion for a cancer diagnosis by clinical and/or radiological assessment, with planned biopsy or surgical resection to establish a definitive diagnosis within 6 weeks (42 days) after study blood
draw.
HCS subgroup
Training, n=213
Validation, n=90
14. Substudy 2 performance testing – Participant
Disposition
CCGA Substudy 2
{N = 4841, 2836 cancer, 2005 non-cancer}
STRIVE
(N = 2202, all non cancer)
Analysis Population
Training, n = 3052 (1531 Cancer, 1521 Non-Cancer [892 non-cancer samples from STRIVE])
Validation, n = 1264 (654 Cancer, 610 Non-Cancer [337 non-cancer samples from STRIVE])
354 reserved for tissue
reference set
Training, n = 3,133 (1742 cancer, 1391 non-cancer)
Validation, n = 1354 (740 cancer, 614 non-cancer)
Clinically Locked and Evaluable
Training, n = 3032, (1654 Cancer, 1378 Non-Cancer)
Validation, n = 1316 (708 Cancer, 608 Non-Cancer)
Analyzable
Training, n = 3021, (1646 Cancer, 1375 Non-Cancer)
Validation, n = 1308 (703 Cancer, 605 Non-Cancer)
5 (< 1%) ineligible
5 (<1%) unlocked
13 (<1%) prior cancer dx/tx
78 (2%) unconfirmed
cancer/tx status
Excluded From Training
11 (<1%) non-evaluable
606 (20%) reserved for
future analysis
255 (8%) follow-up NA
Excluded From Validation Excluded From Training Excluded From Validation
Training, n = 1587
Validation, n = 615
Clinically Locked and Evalable
Training, n = 1460
Validation, n = 592
Analyzable
Training, n = 1460
Validation, n = 592
2 (<1%) unlocked
1 (<1%) prior cancer dx/tx
28 (2.1%) unconfirmed
cancer/tx status
8 (<1%) non-evaluable
606 (20%) reserved for
future analysis
255 (8%) follow-up NA
2 (<1%) ineligible
86 (5%) unlocked
38 (2%) presence or
suspicion of cancer
318 (22%) prior cancer
history confirmed or
unknown 250 (17%) F/U not
available
5 (<1%) ineligible/not
evaluable
9 (1.5%) clinically unlocked
9 (1.5%) presence or
suspicion of cancer
2 (<1%) non-evaluable
152 (26%) prior cancer
history confirmed or
unknown
101 (17%) F/U not available
15. Substudy 2: Comparable Demographics in
Cancer and Non-Cancer Cohorts
BMI, body-mass index; SD, standard deviation.
1:Cancer status was derived per statistical analysis plan (ie, was confirmed). Cancers by training/validation: anus (13/5), bladder (11/4), breast (247/104), cervix (11/7), colon/rectum (122/53), esophagus (50/21), gallbladder
(11/3), head and neck (62/25), kidney (56/25), liver/bile duct (29/11),
lung (260/111), lymphoid leukemia (38/19), lymphoma (109/50), melanoma (7/1), myeloid neoplasm (4/1), ovary (37/17), pancreas (84/39), plasma cell neoplasm (34/12), prostate (188/84), sarcoma (17/5), stomach (17/8),
thyroid (4/1), urothelial tract (5/0), uterus (84/36), and other (31/12);
“other”: in training included brain (3), Merkel cell carcinoma (1), mesothelioma (6), penis (1), pleura (1), small intestine (3), testis (1), thymus (2), unspecified (1), urethra (1), vagina (1), vulva (9); and in validation included
brain (1), orbit (1), penis (1), skin cancer (not basal cell carcinoma,
squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma) (3), small intestine (1), testis seminoma (1), thymus (1), vagina (1), and vulva (2). 2Includes Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander; American Indian, or Alaska Native; Other;
Missing.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. Substudy 3: Further Assay Refinement and
Clinical Validation
Participants
• Confirmed pathologic diagnosis of cancer,
OR
• High suspicion of diagnosis of cancer
Objective
• Evaluate test performance in participants
with HCS of cancer but without a conformed
conformed pathologic diagnosis at the time
of enrollment
3 Substudies
1. Discovery
Training, n=1,785
Validation, n=1,015
2. Training/Validation
Training, n=3,133
Validation, n=1,354
3. Further Validation
~5,000 Participants
1
High suspicion for a cancer diagnosis by clinical and/or radiological assessment, with planned biopsy or surgical resection to establish a definitive diagnosis within 6 weeks (42 days) after study blood
draw.
HCS subgroup
Training, n=213
Validation, n=90