This document summarizes the history of graffiti art from its origins in Philadelphia in the 1960s to its peak popularity in New York City in the 1970s. It describes how early pioneers like TAKI 183 and CORNBREAD helped establish graffiti art and gain it recognition outside of its underground subculture. Key developments included styling tags with unique flourishes, increasing tag sizes, and the creation of "masterpieces" using thicker letters filled with intricate designs. The height of graffiti occurred from 1975-1977 when whole subway cars were covered and different bombing and piecing styles emerged. Challenging laws and crackdowns threatened graffiti in the 1980s, but some writers continued bombing with determination as the art form
Norman Rockwell is beyond doubt the most popular painter of the United States of the 20C, not just in America but elsewhere as well. His popularity probably lies in his ability to tell a story, supported by a wealth of details for viewers to discover and his skill to capture moods and expressions. Often his painting is humorous too, the awkwardness of youth, the embarrassment of courting couples, pride in country, history and heritage, reverence, loyalty and compassion. He painted the American Dream. He also has the skills of accuracy and of observation, as the old masters did. Like the Durer, Titan and the Rubens, he is also very successful commercially. Like Michelangelo throughout all his professional career, awarded with many private and public commissions. Like the Van Dyck, Gainsborough, Holbien, he painted the rich and famous. Because of his longevity, he had painted the Boy Scout movement, the technological advances, social developments, the Civil Rights movement and wars of the 20C. Norman Rockwell was demonized by a generation of critics who not only saw him as an enemy of modern art, but of all art. He was an outside the art establishment. The most common criticism of his works is that he chose to depict only the good side of the American experience. This is not altogether true, his works on the Civil Movement, bear witness to that. At times he acted as a social campaigning artist. His used the ordinary American as his subject. He genuinely like people and painted them with benevolent affection. Today a mosaic of one of his painting (Golden Rule, 1961) is hung at the entrance to the Headquarter of the United Nations, in New York. A recognition of his dream of a peaceful world between all races. Using achievements and compare to those achievements made by the old masters, I come see why Norman Rockwell as the greatest American artist of the 20th Century. Centuries from today, his works will still be remembered while others have long been forgotten. This is part of a Powerpoint series on the American painters.
Lecture 02 - Days of Swine and Roses (4 April 2012)Patrick Mooney
Second lecture for my students in English 104A, UC Santa Barbara, spring 2012. Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/s12/index.html
Appendix B: Erin Riggins, “Stateside Modern: Marguerite Zorach and the American Modernists,” Visual Essay Exhibition Project for American Modernism: Alfred Stieglitz’s America, Fall 2017
Enter the kaleidoscopic fantasy world of Hollywood's chief architect of the American movie musical - Busby Berkeley. An extensive look at his Warner Brothers career.
Norman Rockwell is beyond doubt the most popular painter of the United States of the 20C, not just in America but elsewhere as well. His popularity probably lies in his ability to tell a story, supported by a wealth of details for viewers to discover and his skill to capture moods and expressions. Often his painting is humorous too, the awkwardness of youth, the embarrassment of courting couples, pride in country, history and heritage, reverence, loyalty and compassion. He painted the American Dream. He also has the skills of accuracy and of observation, as the old masters did. Like the Durer, Titan and the Rubens, he is also very successful commercially. Like Michelangelo throughout all his professional career, awarded with many private and public commissions. Like the Van Dyck, Gainsborough, Holbien, he painted the rich and famous. Because of his longevity, he had painted the Boy Scout movement, the technological advances, social developments, the Civil Rights movement and wars of the 20C. Norman Rockwell was demonized by a generation of critics who not only saw him as an enemy of modern art, but of all art. He was an outside the art establishment. The most common criticism of his works is that he chose to depict only the good side of the American experience. This is not altogether true, his works on the Civil Movement, bear witness to that. At times he acted as a social campaigning artist. His used the ordinary American as his subject. He genuinely like people and painted them with benevolent affection. Today a mosaic of one of his painting (Golden Rule, 1961) is hung at the entrance to the Headquarter of the United Nations, in New York. A recognition of his dream of a peaceful world between all races. Using achievements and compare to those achievements made by the old masters, I come see why Norman Rockwell as the greatest American artist of the 20th Century. Centuries from today, his works will still be remembered while others have long been forgotten. This is part of a Powerpoint series on the American painters.
Lecture 02 - Days of Swine and Roses (4 April 2012)Patrick Mooney
Second lecture for my students in English 104A, UC Santa Barbara, spring 2012. Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/s12/index.html
Appendix B: Erin Riggins, “Stateside Modern: Marguerite Zorach and the American Modernists,” Visual Essay Exhibition Project for American Modernism: Alfred Stieglitz’s America, Fall 2017
Enter the kaleidoscopic fantasy world of Hollywood's chief architect of the American movie musical - Busby Berkeley. An extensive look at his Warner Brothers career.
This presentation gives brief description of Wi-Fi Technolgy, standards, applications,topologies, how Wi-Fi network works, security,advantages and innovations.
Drawing on 4 years of fieldwork inside the Denver, Colorado, graffiti underground and on research
in other American and European cities, Ferrell explores the various ways in which graffiti writers
attempt to resist the controls of the legal and political authorities. Ferrell, after careful examination
of hip hop graffiti, concludes that when youthful writers resist authority, their graffiti becomes
confrontational in nature and they counterattack, which transforms pressure from official authorities
to that of illegal pleasure through their writings.
Graffiti used to have a negative connotation to it, but it actually is art. From Banksy to Sever to Lady Pink, there are world-renowned street artists who have left their stamp on the world.
Cities such as New York, Melbourne and Moscow boast some of the most extravagant street art murals. It has become a cultural phenomenon and here are our favorites.
The Chicago Renaissance turn of 20th c.-1960s(ish)a ga.docxmamanda2
The Chicago Renaissance: turn of 20th c.-1960s(ish)
“a gathering of writers, a flowering of institutions that supported and guided them, and the outpouring of writing they produced”
http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/257.html
*
Chicago in the 1890s—Setting the Stage for the Renaissance
*
Historical significance of the World's Columbian Exposition
The second half of the 19th century was an age of fairs and expositions held in London, Paris, and other great cities throughout the world. The World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893, was the first critically and economically successful U.S. world's fair. Conceived as a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Columbus' landing in the new world, the Exposition held a near-mythological appeal for people of the time.
The Columbian Exposition showcased a city just 60 years old, a city magnificently reborn just 22 years after the Chicago Fire. It also placed before the world the genius of Chicago architects Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, and Louis Sullivan. In effect, the Columbian Exposition was Chicago's debut on a world stage as a locus of great architecture and burgeoning economic power.
http://columbus.gl.iit.edu/index.html
*
"The exterior of the gigantic bubble of glass and iron that rises over the central pavilion of Horticultural Hall has already been shown in these plates, and here we are admitted into the luxurious tropical garden that flourishes in the interior. Here in a great space of light and air may be seen a miniature mountain covered with strange foliage and with a little stream dashing down its sides, great tubs of palms and tree ferns, bamboos, century plants, "elk horns," a miniature Japanese garden, bridges and all, and shady, inviting nooks, in which the tourisht may find picturesque rest - much as the painter has here shown." Art & Architecture (the White City Edition)
*
The Chicago Defender, 1905
The Chicago Defender, which was founded by Robert S. Abbott on May 5, 1905, once heralded itself as "The World's Greatest Weekly." The newspaper was the nation's most influential black weekly newspaper by the advent of World War I, with more than two thirds of its readership base located outside of Chicago.
As a northern paper, The Defender had more freedom to denounce issues outright, and its editorial position was very militant, attacking racial inequities head-on. The Defender did not use the words "Negro" or "black" in its pages. Instead, African Americans were referred to as "the Race" and black men and women as "Race men and Race women.“
During World War I The Chicago Defender waged its most aggressive (and successful) campaign in support of "The Great Migration" movement. This movement resulted in over one and a half million southern blacks migrating to the North between 1915-1925.
*
,
Richard Wright, born 1908
Native Son, 1940
Black Boy, 1945
*
Harriet Monroe and Poetry, 1912
The word "Imagiste" a.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Graffiti was used primarily by political activists to make statements and street gangs to mark territory
1. Graffiti was used primarily by political activists to make statements and street gangs to
mark territory. Though graffiti movements such as the Cholos of Los Angeles in the
1930s and the hobo signatures on freight trains predate the New York School, it wasn't
till the late 1960s that writing's current identity started to form.
The history of the underground art movement known by many names, most commonly
termed graffiti begins in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during the mid to late '60s and is
rooted in bombing. (writing as much as possible)The writers who are credited with the
first conscious bombing effort are CORNBREAD and COOL EARL. They wrote their
names all over the city gaining attention from the community and local press. It is unclear
whether this concept made its way to New York City via deliberate efforts or if was a
spontaneous occurrence.
PIONEERING 1971-74
Shortly after CORNBREAD, the Washington Heights section of Manhattan was giving
birth to writers. In 1971 The New York Times published an article on one of these writers.
TAKI 183 was the alias of a kid from Washington Heights. TAKI was the nickname for
his given name Demetrius and 183 was the number of the street where he lived. He was
employed as a foot messenger, so he was on the subway frequently and took advantage of
it, doing motion tags. The appearance of this unusual name and numeral sparked public
curiosity prompting the Times article. He was by no means the first writer or even the
first king. He was however the first to be recognized outside the newly formed
subculture. Most widely credited, as being one of the first writers of significance is
JULIO 204. FRANK 207 and JOE 136 were also early writers.
On the streets of Brooklyn a movement was growing as well. Scores of writers were
active. FRIENDLY FREDDIE was an early Brooklyn writer to gain fame. The subway
system proved to be a line of communication and a unifying element for all these separate
movements. People in all the five boroughs became aware of each other's efforts. This
established the foundation of inter-borough competition.
Tag Style
After a while there were so many people writing so much that writers needed a new way
to gain fame. The first way was to make your tag unique. Many script and calligraphic
styles were developed. Writers enhanced their tags with flourishes, stars and other
designs. Some designs were strictly for visual appeal while others had meaning. For
instance, crowns were used by writers who proclaimed themselves king. Probably the
most famous tag in the culture's history was STAY HIGH 149. He used a smoking joint
as the cross bar for his "H" and a stick figure from the television series The Saint.
2. Lay-up
Writing started moving from the streets to the subways and quickly became competitive.
At this point writing consisted of mostly tags and the goal was to have as many as
possible. Writers would ride the trains hitting as many subway cars as possible. It wasn't
long before writers discovered that in a train yard or LAY-UP A single or double track
where trains are parked during off-peak hours.) they could hit many more subway cars in
much less time and with less chance of getting caught. The concept and method of
bombing had been established.
Tag Scale
The next development was scale. Writers started to render their tags in larger scale. The
standard nozzle width of a spray paint can is narrow so these larger tags while drawing
more attention than a standard tag, did not have much visual weight. Writers began to
increase the thickness of the letters and would also outline them with an additional color.
Writers discovered that caps from other aerosol products could provide a larger width of
spray. This led to the development of the masterpiece. It is difficult to say who did the
first masterpiece, but it is commonly credited to SUPER KOOL 223 of the Bronx and
WAP of Brooklyn. The thicker letters provided the opportunity to further enhance the
name. Writers decorated the interior of the letters with what are termed "designs." First
with simple polka dots, later with crosshatches, stars, checkerboards. Designs were
limited only by an artist's imagination.
Competitive development
The competitive atmosphere led to the development of actual styles, which would depart
from the tag styled pieces. These letters would evolve in to block letters, leaning letters,
and blockbusters. PHASE 2 later developed Softie letters, more commonly referred to as
Bubble letters. Bubble letters and Broadway style were the earliest forms of actual pieces
and therefore the foundation of many styles. Soon arrows, curls, connections and twists
adorned letters. These additions became increasing complex and would become the basis
for Mechanical or Wild style lettering.
This early period of creativity did not go unrecognized. Hugo Martinez, a sociology
major at City College in New York took notice of the legitimate artistic potential of this
generation. Martinez went on to found United Graffiti Artists. UGA selected top subway
artists from all around the city and presented their work in the formal context of an art
3. gallery. UGA provided opportunities once inaccessible to these artists. The Razor Gallery
was a successful effort of Mr. Martinez and the artists he represented
THE PEAK 75-77
For the most part innovation in writing hit a plateau after 1974. All the standards had
been set and a new school was about to reap the benefits of the artistic foundations
established by prior generations and a city in the midst of a fiscal crisis. New York City
was broke and therefore the transit system was poorly maintained. This led to the
heaviest bombing in history.
At this time bombing and style began to further distinguish themselves. Whole cars
became a standard practice rather than an event, and the definitive form of bombing
became the throw up. The throw up is a piecing style derived from the bubble letter. The
throw up is hastily rendered piece consisting of a simple outline and is barely filled in.
That is what you see mostly around the city.
Female writers
Females to gain attention during the early 1970s were writers like Brooklyn's COWBOY.
GRAPE and CHARMINE were also early female writers. Probably the most prolific of
the time period were Manhattan's BARBARA 62 and EVA 62. These women hit streets,
public parks and subway stations with as much vigor as their male counter parts. KIVU,
POONIE 1 and SUKI were also active around this time.
In aerosol art culture women face many obstacles not encountered by men. The late hours
and desolate locations in which most writing is done can be particularly dangerous for
women. As with many male-dominated fields the social atmosphere can be extremely
harsh. Female writers are often subjected to all kinds of harassment. They are frequently
the subjects of rumors such as "She sleeps around to get style." or "Her boyfriend writes
for her". In general women have to struggle for respect for their accomplishments.
Another barrier frequently encountered was possessive boyfriends who discouraged
participation in a male-dominated field.
In 1979 PINK also known as LADY PINK came into prominence. She would become the
most enduring and accomplished female figure in the history of writing to date. Since that
time PINK has been an ever-present creative force in aerosol art.
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST 1982-1985
During the early to mid 1980s the writing culture deteriorated dramatically due to several
factors. Some related directly to the graffiti culture itself and others to the greater society
4. in general. The crack cocaine epidemic was taking its toll on the inner city. Due to the
drug trade powerful firearms were readily available. The climate on the street became
increasingly tense. Laws restricting the sale of paint to minors and requiring merchants to
place spray paint in locked cages made shoplifting more difficult. Legislation was in the
works to make penalties for graffiti more severe.
The major change was the increase in the Metropolitan Transit Authority's MTA anti-
graffiti budget of $300,000, which equaled 80,000 hours of paid graffiti removal. Yards
and lay-ups were more closely guarded. Many favored painting areas became almost
inaccessible. New more sophisticated fences were erected and were quickly repaired
when damaged. Graffiti removal was stronger and more consistent than ever, making the
life span of many paintings months if not days. This frustrated many writers causing them
to quit.
Many others were not so easily discouraged, yet they were still affected. They perceived
the new circumstances as a challenge; it reinforced their determination not to be defeated
by the MTA. Due to the lack or resources they became extremely territorial and
aggressive, claiming ownership to yards and lay-ups. Claiming territory was nothing new
in writing, but the difference at this time was that threats were enforced. If a writer went
to lay-up unarmed he could almost be guaranteed to be beaten and robbed of his painting
supplies.
At this point, physical strength and unity as in street gangs became a major part of the
writing experience. The One Tunnel and the Ghost yard were the back drops many for
legendary conflicts. In addition to the pressure from the MTA, cross out wars among
writers broke out
THE DIE HARDS 1985-1989
On certain subway lines graffiti removal significantly decreased because the cars
servicing those lines were headed for the scrap yards. This provided a last shot for
writers.
The last big surge on the 2 and 5 lines came from writers like WANE, WIPS, TKID,
CAVS, and M KAY who hit the white 5s with burners (meaning a highly stylistic piece
done in bright colors). Marker tags that soaked through the paint often blemished these
burners. A trend had developed that was a definite step back for writing. Due to a lack of
paint and courage to stay in a lay up for prolonged periods of time, many writers were
tagging with markers on the outside of subway cars. These tags were generally poor
artistic efforts. The days when writers took pride in their hand style (signature) were long
gone. If it wasn't for the aforementioned writers and a few others, the art form in New
York City could have officially been deemed dead.
By mid '86 the MTA was gaining the upper hand. Many writers quit and the violence
subsided. Most lines were completely free of writing. The Ds, Bs, LLs, Js, Ms were
among the last of the lines with running pieces. MAGOO, DOC TC5, DONDI, TRAK,
5. DOME and DC were all highly visible writers.
Security was high and the Transit Police's new vandal squad was in full force. What was
left was a handful of diehards. GHOST, SENTO, CAVS, KET, JA, VEN, REAS, SANE,
SMITH were prominent figures and would keep transit writing alive.
THE CLEAN TRAIN MOVEMENT 1989- present
On May 12, 1989 the MTA declared a victory over graffiti. The MTA set in effect a
policy of removing all marked subway cars from service. The objective being no graffiti
will run. This was the birth of what is known as the Clean Train movement. There are
many writers who believe subway painting is the defining act in being a writer. Walls,
freights, scraps, and canvas are for fake writers. These writers refuse to give up the battle
against the MTA. Even though works do not run or only run for one trip many people still
write.
Short list of clean train writers: COPE2, SENTO TFP, POEM, YES2
FREIGHTS-The North American Movement*
Hip Hop exploded in popularity the early '80s. Music videos featuring various aspects of
NYC street culture proved very appealing. Overnight every American teenager wanted to
be a New York City B Boy. MCs, breakers and writers were springing up all over the
place. Outside of New York City there aren't many major urban transportation systems,
but writers wanted to paint steel and have their name move. With accessibility and
minimal security freight trains became a natural target. Currently writers from all over the
United States and Canada bomb freight trains. The geographic roots of the freight
movement are difficult to pin point but are widely thought of as a West Coast
phenomenon. Active NYC based freight writers are CAVS, SEIN 5, SENTO, CAVS,
CASE2, ZEPHYR and MONE
THE GLOBAL MOVEMENT
During the early '80s American writers were touring European art galleries and Hip Hop
was gaining international popularity. European youth fell in love with New York City
street culture. Henry Chalfant and Martha Cooper's book Subway Art and the films Style
Wars by Tony Silver and Henry Chalfant and Wild Style by Charlie Ahearn became the
foundation for European ambition. The NYC culture was being mimicked and expanded
upon. Henry Chalfant and James Prigoff's book Spray Can Art documented early
movements across the globe. The book proved to be an additional catalyst for the
expansion of aerosol art world-wide.
By the late '80s the European movement was long established and was in full force. The
second generation Europeans were forging friendships with their American idols. The
Europeans thirsted to paint in the birthplace of the art. The Americans hosted
6. "Pilgrimages to Mecca". Many European writers bomb New York so effectively, that
people believe they are from New York.
Many New York writers also went to Europe. Some European were so willing to cater to
American writers that they would provide airfare, accommodations, and paint. The
bragging rights for painting with an American were priceless. For some Americans going
to hit trains in Italy or Germany has become just like a trip form Brooklyn to the Bronx