The Golden Grove Plantation dates from the 17th Century with links to the famous slave rebellion in 1816
The coral rock of the Golden Grove Terrace has been dated to c. 220,000 years ago and evidence of Amerindian settlement has been found by Three Houses stream, which borders Golden Grove.
The great house is thought to have been largely rebuilt after the hurricane of 1831 and exhibits the Georgian style feature staircase, original pine flooring and hurricane shuttered sash windows of the period. Below are photos of the interior of the property.
- Golden Grove in Barbados has a long history dating back 230,000 years when corals formed the underlying geology. Early inhabitants included Amerindians who were attracted to a freshwater spring.
- In the 1600s, British colonists settled the land and Captain Francis Skeete purchased the property in 1638 to establish a plantation. Sugar cane became the dominant crop grown by subsequent owners.
- A pivotal moment was the 1816 slave revolt led by Bussa that began at a neighboring plantation and ended with the rebels fleeing to Golden Grove. While slavery was abolished in 1834, Golden Grove continued operating as a plantation into the 1900s.
Early American history and the importance of Tobacco to the colony of Virginia as well as England. Covers history of Jamestown, Yorktown, Charles City, Gloucester, Lancaster and other areas. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for more incredible content.
This document provides a history of Peng Chau island off the coast of Hong Kong from 1798-1899. It summarizes that the earliest records come from a 1798 tablet commemorating the repair of the local Tin Hau temple, indicating fishermen and others from nearby districts contributed funds. By the late 19th century, Peng Chau supported a population of over 600 and was an important base for various types of fishermen, including over 200 trawling junks. The document outlines the different ethnic groups of fishermen and their fishing practices and organizations, such as the 1857 Peng Wo Tong association of trawlers.
The English established colonies in Virginia in the early 1600s, including the settlement of Jamestown on the James River. Tobacco became a very profitable crop for the Virginia colony, thriving in the hot, humid conditions. However, tensions arose between colonists and Native Americans as the colonists expected the Natives to provide them with food. The Chesapeake colonies, including Virginia, relied heavily on indentured servants and slave labor to work the tobacco fields under harsh conditions for the profitable crop. As slavery became more economically viable, planters began replacing servants with slaves on their plantations.
The document discusses the Lost Colony of Roanoke and early English settlements in North America, including Jamestown. It describes how the Roanoke colony disappeared mysteriously. It then details the founding of Jamestown and the early struggles, including a focus on gold over food that led to famine. John Smith took control and improved relations with the local Powhatan tribe, but tensions rose as colonists demanded tribute and kidnapped Native American children. The discovery of tobacco eventually saved Jamestown. Indentured servitude and slavery arose to supply labor for the tobacco trade. Class divisions worsened over time and led to Bacon's Rebellion against the governor.
England and Spain had disagreements over trade and religion in the late 1500s. In 1588, King Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada to invade England but it was defeated, weakening Spain. England then began establishing colonies in North America but they struggled at first. The earliest colony at Roanoke Island failed after supplies from England did not arrive. The Jamestown colony, founded in 1607, also faced great hardships and loss of life in its early years until tobacco was successfully grown, providing an important cash crop. The colony survived and grew as the relationship with local Native Americans improved and more settlers, including women, arrived.
The document provides background information on the founding of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607. It discusses several key events and figures in the early history of the Jamestown colony, including the founding by the Virginia Company, the leadership of John Smith, the "Starving Time" period, the introduction of tobacco farming by John Rolfe, the marriage of Pocahontas and Rolfe, the arrival of women settlers, the establishment of the House of Burgesses representative assembly, indentured servancy, Bacon's Rebellion, and Virginia becoming a royal colony. The document aims to explain how the establishment of Jamestown impacted the development of the English colonies in North America.
The document summarizes several chapters about the English colonies in North America and their interactions with native populations. It describes the founding of early colonies like Roanoke and Jamestown, as well as conflicts between colonists and tribes like the Powhatan and Pequot. It also discusses the Puritan efforts to convert native peoples to Christianity through the establishment of praying towns, which sought to replace traditional Indian culture and lifestyle. However, these policies ultimately led to conflicts like King Philip's War in the late 1600s, a devastating war between New England colonists and a confederation of Indian tribes.
- Golden Grove in Barbados has a long history dating back 230,000 years when corals formed the underlying geology. Early inhabitants included Amerindians who were attracted to a freshwater spring.
- In the 1600s, British colonists settled the land and Captain Francis Skeete purchased the property in 1638 to establish a plantation. Sugar cane became the dominant crop grown by subsequent owners.
- A pivotal moment was the 1816 slave revolt led by Bussa that began at a neighboring plantation and ended with the rebels fleeing to Golden Grove. While slavery was abolished in 1834, Golden Grove continued operating as a plantation into the 1900s.
Early American history and the importance of Tobacco to the colony of Virginia as well as England. Covers history of Jamestown, Yorktown, Charles City, Gloucester, Lancaster and other areas. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for more incredible content.
This document provides a history of Peng Chau island off the coast of Hong Kong from 1798-1899. It summarizes that the earliest records come from a 1798 tablet commemorating the repair of the local Tin Hau temple, indicating fishermen and others from nearby districts contributed funds. By the late 19th century, Peng Chau supported a population of over 600 and was an important base for various types of fishermen, including over 200 trawling junks. The document outlines the different ethnic groups of fishermen and their fishing practices and organizations, such as the 1857 Peng Wo Tong association of trawlers.
The English established colonies in Virginia in the early 1600s, including the settlement of Jamestown on the James River. Tobacco became a very profitable crop for the Virginia colony, thriving in the hot, humid conditions. However, tensions arose between colonists and Native Americans as the colonists expected the Natives to provide them with food. The Chesapeake colonies, including Virginia, relied heavily on indentured servants and slave labor to work the tobacco fields under harsh conditions for the profitable crop. As slavery became more economically viable, planters began replacing servants with slaves on their plantations.
The document discusses the Lost Colony of Roanoke and early English settlements in North America, including Jamestown. It describes how the Roanoke colony disappeared mysteriously. It then details the founding of Jamestown and the early struggles, including a focus on gold over food that led to famine. John Smith took control and improved relations with the local Powhatan tribe, but tensions rose as colonists demanded tribute and kidnapped Native American children. The discovery of tobacco eventually saved Jamestown. Indentured servitude and slavery arose to supply labor for the tobacco trade. Class divisions worsened over time and led to Bacon's Rebellion against the governor.
England and Spain had disagreements over trade and religion in the late 1500s. In 1588, King Philip II of Spain sent the Spanish Armada to invade England but it was defeated, weakening Spain. England then began establishing colonies in North America but they struggled at first. The earliest colony at Roanoke Island failed after supplies from England did not arrive. The Jamestown colony, founded in 1607, also faced great hardships and loss of life in its early years until tobacco was successfully grown, providing an important cash crop. The colony survived and grew as the relationship with local Native Americans improved and more settlers, including women, arrived.
The document provides background information on the founding of Jamestown in Virginia in 1607. It discusses several key events and figures in the early history of the Jamestown colony, including the founding by the Virginia Company, the leadership of John Smith, the "Starving Time" period, the introduction of tobacco farming by John Rolfe, the marriage of Pocahontas and Rolfe, the arrival of women settlers, the establishment of the House of Burgesses representative assembly, indentured servancy, Bacon's Rebellion, and Virginia becoming a royal colony. The document aims to explain how the establishment of Jamestown impacted the development of the English colonies in North America.
The document summarizes several chapters about the English colonies in North America and their interactions with native populations. It describes the founding of early colonies like Roanoke and Jamestown, as well as conflicts between colonists and tribes like the Powhatan and Pequot. It also discusses the Puritan efforts to convert native peoples to Christianity through the establishment of praying towns, which sought to replace traditional Indian culture and lifestyle. However, these policies ultimately led to conflicts like King Philip's War in the late 1600s, a devastating war between New England colonists and a confederation of Indian tribes.
A look at the settlement of Jamestown and its hardships with a focus on the acts of cannibalism that have been brought to light recently. It has been adapted from another previous presentation.
The document summarizes the early history of European exploration and settlement in North America, focusing on England's first colonies in Virginia. It describes England's first settlement on Roanoke Island under Sir Walter Raleigh. It then discusses the founding of Jamestown in 1607 as the first permanent English settlement, noting the difficulties colonists faced with disease, harsh winters, and lack of food and water. It highlights the roles of John Smith and Pocahontas in establishing relations with local Native Americans and finding food sources. The summary concludes that tobacco eventually became a cash crop and indentured servants were used to meet labor demands, while self-government began through the establishment of the House of Burgesses.
AP U.S. History Presentation for students at the Media Arts Collaborative Charter School.
Based on a presentation created by Susan Pojer of Horace Greeley High School.
The three ships that carried the first English colonists to Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 were the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery. The colonists faced many hardships when they arrived, as the site was located on marshland with brackish water. They struggled with disease, conflicts with native tribes like the Powhatan, and starvation during the harsh winter of 1609-1610 known as the "Starving Time". However, Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America and helped establish the 13 American colonies.
1. The document discusses the early English colonies in North America, including the failed Roanoke colony and the establishment of Jamestown in 1607.
2. It describes the difficult early years of Jamestown with disease, hunger, and conflict with native Powhatan people. Tobacco eventually emerged as a lucrative cash crop.
3. The document also covers the Puritan migration to New England in the 1630s that established towns with family-based small farms and diversified economies rather than plantations. Religion and family life were important cultural aspects.
The West
You can download the powerpoint presentation from my website http://historyteacherheaven.com
This will allow you to see all the clips and present it to your own class. This one is free. If you like it, buy some of my other creations for only $10
The document summarizes the founding and early development of the Jamestown colony in Virginia. It discusses that England established Jamestown in 1607 as an economic venture to obtain raw materials and open new markets. The colony struggled at first but survived due to trading relationships with the local Powhatan people. However, tensions grew as the English settlement expanded and permanently changed the land. The arrival of Africans and women in 1620 helped establish a diverse, permanent colony and economy dependent on tobacco. The Virginia House of Burgesses, founded in 1619, was the first representative legislative body in America.
The document provides details about the settling of the American West in the late 19th century, including the gold rush in Nevada, cattle ranching and drives, farming on the Great Plains, and conflicts with Native Americans. It describes how the discovery of gold and silver in Nevada led to a boomtown of 30,000 people in Virginia City almost overnight in 1859. Cattle drives along trails like the Chisholm Trail brought over 1.5 million head of cattle from Texas to Kansas between 1867 and 1871. Farming on the Great Plains was challenging due to lack of water and trees and threats of fires and grasshoppers but new technologies like barbed wire and steam-powered farming equipment enabled settlement. Conflicts with Native Americans
The document summarizes the early history of Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America. It explains that Jamestown was founded in 1607 as an economic venture by the Virginia Company of London to search for gold and other resources. The settlers faced many hardships in the marshy land but survived through aid from local Powhatan people and the establishment of agriculture, especially tobacco. The relationship with the Powhatans eventually broke down as the colony expanded and encroached on their territory. The document also notes the development of representative government through the Virginia House of Burgesses.
The King of England wanted to establish an American colony to increase England's wealth and power through trade and finding gold and silver. The Virginia Company founded Jamestown in 1607 as an economic venture, hoping to profit from exports of raw materials from the colony to England. The Powhatan people initially helped the settlers by trading food and introducing new crops, but tensions rose as the English settlement continued to grow and the Powhatans saw the colonists as invading their land. The system of government established at Jamestown was modeled after the English system and eventually became the Virginia House of Burgesses, the oldest legislative body in the Americas.
1) The document discusses the English colonial settlements in North America, focusing on the colony of Virginia established in 1607 and relations with the Powhatan Native American chiefdom.
2) It describes how the Powhatan chiefdom led by Chief Powhatan initially encountered the English settlers, but violence erupted as the settlers expanded and destroyed Native villages and crops.
3) The document also discusses the Puritan settlements in New England in the 1600s-1700s, describing how the Puritans sought to dominate and convert the Native populations but ultimately defeated them in wars like King Philip's War, leading the Native peoples to become minorities on their own lands.
Chapter 13 Looking to the West PresentationThomas Melhorn
The document provides an overview of the settlement of the American West. It describes how (1) the government offered incentives like the Homestead Act to encourage farming on the Great Plains, while railroads advertised to bring settlers; (2) many groups migrated west including former Confederate soldiers and European immigrants; and (3) new farming techniques such as dryland farming and irrigation projects evolved to cultivate the land of the West.
The document summarizes the early settlement and development of the Chesapeake Bay colonies of Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century. It describes the founding of Jamestown in 1607, the difficult early years of disease and starvation, the growing tobacco industry, the introduction of slavery and indentured servitude, conflicts with Native Americans, the establishment of representative government, and the growth of racial slavery and the plantation system. It also discusses the founding of Maryland for Catholic settlers in 1634 and its policy of religious toleration.
The Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown colony in 1607 as a joint stock company to try to establish an English colony along the Atlantic coast of North America. The colony struggled at first due to being located in a swampland, lack of skills, disease, and attacks from Native Americans, but was saved by adopting tobacco as a cash crop and the leadership of John Smith in making friendly relations with local tribes.
The Jamestown settlement was established in 1607 by the Virginia Company as the first permanent English colony in North America. The original 104 colonists struggled greatly, with over 60% dying in the first winter from famine, disease, and conflicts with local Native Americans. John Smith emerged as a leader and instituted policies that helped the colony survive. Tobacco was introduced as a cash crop in 1611 and greatly boosted the colony's prosperity. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 after criticism of its mismanagement led to many colonist deaths. However, the colony survived and became economically viable due to the lucrative tobacco trade.
The document summarizes the history of the Chesapeake and Carolina colonies in North America. In the Chesapeake colonies, power was concentrated among wealthy planters involved in tobacco cultivation. Settlements were small and the population was predominantly male, with few women. Most emigrants were English indentured servants, while African slaves made up a small minority. Conditions were difficult. In Carolina, the land was officially owned by English lords but attracted settlers from Barbados. The colony relied on trading with and enslaving local Native Americans, and began cultivating rice and later indigo with slave labor on large plantations.
The document provides information on various topics related to European colonization of North America, including the international slave trade to Brazil, the Dutch and Portuguese empires, English and French colonies, and Native Americans. Specifically, it discusses how between 3.6-5 million slaves were transported to Brazil over centuries, how the Dutch supplanted the Portuguese in Asian trade routes, the founding and growth of English colonies in North America, the slow colonization of New France compared to English colonies, and that Native Americans lived in independent nations across North America when Europeans first arrived.
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, hypothesizing that around 200 million years ago, all the Earth's land masses were joined together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the late Triassic period, separating into the supercontinents of Laurasia and Gondwanaland. By the end of the Cretaceous period, the continents had separated into their modern positions.
The document discusses the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. It describes his hypothesis that all the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart around 200 million years ago. As the continents drifted apart, they formed the landmasses that exist today. The document also provides background on the Bering Land Bridge that connected Asia and North America during the last ice age, allowing humans, plants and animals to migrate between the continents.
Industrial Archaeology of Bere Ferrers and Bere AlstonJames Ronan
Bere Ferrers and Bere Alston are villages in West Devon, England located on the Bere Peninsula between the Rivers Tavy and Tamar. Bere Ferrers originated as the estate of Henry de Ferrers after the Norman conquest, while Bere Alston developed as a silver mining settlement in the 13th century. Both villages grew during the industrial era, with Bere Alston becoming the larger settlement and center of mining activity in the 19th century. The landscape and communities of the Bere Peninsula were shaped by its agricultural, mining, and maritime industries over the centuries.
A look at the settlement of Jamestown and its hardships with a focus on the acts of cannibalism that have been brought to light recently. It has been adapted from another previous presentation.
The document summarizes the early history of European exploration and settlement in North America, focusing on England's first colonies in Virginia. It describes England's first settlement on Roanoke Island under Sir Walter Raleigh. It then discusses the founding of Jamestown in 1607 as the first permanent English settlement, noting the difficulties colonists faced with disease, harsh winters, and lack of food and water. It highlights the roles of John Smith and Pocahontas in establishing relations with local Native Americans and finding food sources. The summary concludes that tobacco eventually became a cash crop and indentured servants were used to meet labor demands, while self-government began through the establishment of the House of Burgesses.
AP U.S. History Presentation for students at the Media Arts Collaborative Charter School.
Based on a presentation created by Susan Pojer of Horace Greeley High School.
The three ships that carried the first English colonists to Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 were the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery. The colonists faced many hardships when they arrived, as the site was located on marshland with brackish water. They struggled with disease, conflicts with native tribes like the Powhatan, and starvation during the harsh winter of 1609-1610 known as the "Starving Time". However, Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America and helped establish the 13 American colonies.
1. The document discusses the early English colonies in North America, including the failed Roanoke colony and the establishment of Jamestown in 1607.
2. It describes the difficult early years of Jamestown with disease, hunger, and conflict with native Powhatan people. Tobacco eventually emerged as a lucrative cash crop.
3. The document also covers the Puritan migration to New England in the 1630s that established towns with family-based small farms and diversified economies rather than plantations. Religion and family life were important cultural aspects.
The West
You can download the powerpoint presentation from my website http://historyteacherheaven.com
This will allow you to see all the clips and present it to your own class. This one is free. If you like it, buy some of my other creations for only $10
The document summarizes the founding and early development of the Jamestown colony in Virginia. It discusses that England established Jamestown in 1607 as an economic venture to obtain raw materials and open new markets. The colony struggled at first but survived due to trading relationships with the local Powhatan people. However, tensions grew as the English settlement expanded and permanently changed the land. The arrival of Africans and women in 1620 helped establish a diverse, permanent colony and economy dependent on tobacco. The Virginia House of Burgesses, founded in 1619, was the first representative legislative body in America.
The document provides details about the settling of the American West in the late 19th century, including the gold rush in Nevada, cattle ranching and drives, farming on the Great Plains, and conflicts with Native Americans. It describes how the discovery of gold and silver in Nevada led to a boomtown of 30,000 people in Virginia City almost overnight in 1859. Cattle drives along trails like the Chisholm Trail brought over 1.5 million head of cattle from Texas to Kansas between 1867 and 1871. Farming on the Great Plains was challenging due to lack of water and trees and threats of fires and grasshoppers but new technologies like barbed wire and steam-powered farming equipment enabled settlement. Conflicts with Native Americans
The document summarizes the early history of Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America. It explains that Jamestown was founded in 1607 as an economic venture by the Virginia Company of London to search for gold and other resources. The settlers faced many hardships in the marshy land but survived through aid from local Powhatan people and the establishment of agriculture, especially tobacco. The relationship with the Powhatans eventually broke down as the colony expanded and encroached on their territory. The document also notes the development of representative government through the Virginia House of Burgesses.
The King of England wanted to establish an American colony to increase England's wealth and power through trade and finding gold and silver. The Virginia Company founded Jamestown in 1607 as an economic venture, hoping to profit from exports of raw materials from the colony to England. The Powhatan people initially helped the settlers by trading food and introducing new crops, but tensions rose as the English settlement continued to grow and the Powhatans saw the colonists as invading their land. The system of government established at Jamestown was modeled after the English system and eventually became the Virginia House of Burgesses, the oldest legislative body in the Americas.
1) The document discusses the English colonial settlements in North America, focusing on the colony of Virginia established in 1607 and relations with the Powhatan Native American chiefdom.
2) It describes how the Powhatan chiefdom led by Chief Powhatan initially encountered the English settlers, but violence erupted as the settlers expanded and destroyed Native villages and crops.
3) The document also discusses the Puritan settlements in New England in the 1600s-1700s, describing how the Puritans sought to dominate and convert the Native populations but ultimately defeated them in wars like King Philip's War, leading the Native peoples to become minorities on their own lands.
Chapter 13 Looking to the West PresentationThomas Melhorn
The document provides an overview of the settlement of the American West. It describes how (1) the government offered incentives like the Homestead Act to encourage farming on the Great Plains, while railroads advertised to bring settlers; (2) many groups migrated west including former Confederate soldiers and European immigrants; and (3) new farming techniques such as dryland farming and irrigation projects evolved to cultivate the land of the West.
The document summarizes the early settlement and development of the Chesapeake Bay colonies of Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century. It describes the founding of Jamestown in 1607, the difficult early years of disease and starvation, the growing tobacco industry, the introduction of slavery and indentured servitude, conflicts with Native Americans, the establishment of representative government, and the growth of racial slavery and the plantation system. It also discusses the founding of Maryland for Catholic settlers in 1634 and its policy of religious toleration.
The Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown colony in 1607 as a joint stock company to try to establish an English colony along the Atlantic coast of North America. The colony struggled at first due to being located in a swampland, lack of skills, disease, and attacks from Native Americans, but was saved by adopting tobacco as a cash crop and the leadership of John Smith in making friendly relations with local tribes.
The Jamestown settlement was established in 1607 by the Virginia Company as the first permanent English colony in North America. The original 104 colonists struggled greatly, with over 60% dying in the first winter from famine, disease, and conflicts with local Native Americans. John Smith emerged as a leader and instituted policies that helped the colony survive. Tobacco was introduced as a cash crop in 1611 and greatly boosted the colony's prosperity. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 after criticism of its mismanagement led to many colonist deaths. However, the colony survived and became economically viable due to the lucrative tobacco trade.
The document summarizes the history of the Chesapeake and Carolina colonies in North America. In the Chesapeake colonies, power was concentrated among wealthy planters involved in tobacco cultivation. Settlements were small and the population was predominantly male, with few women. Most emigrants were English indentured servants, while African slaves made up a small minority. Conditions were difficult. In Carolina, the land was officially owned by English lords but attracted settlers from Barbados. The colony relied on trading with and enslaving local Native Americans, and began cultivating rice and later indigo with slave labor on large plantations.
The document provides information on various topics related to European colonization of North America, including the international slave trade to Brazil, the Dutch and Portuguese empires, English and French colonies, and Native Americans. Specifically, it discusses how between 3.6-5 million slaves were transported to Brazil over centuries, how the Dutch supplanted the Portuguese in Asian trade routes, the founding and growth of English colonies in North America, the slow colonization of New France compared to English colonies, and that Native Americans lived in independent nations across North America when Europeans first arrived.
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, hypothesizing that around 200 million years ago, all the Earth's land masses were joined together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the late Triassic period, separating into the supercontinents of Laurasia and Gondwanaland. By the end of the Cretaceous period, the continents had separated into their modern positions.
The document discusses the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. It describes his hypothesis that all the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart around 200 million years ago. As the continents drifted apart, they formed the landmasses that exist today. The document also provides background on the Bering Land Bridge that connected Asia and North America during the last ice age, allowing humans, plants and animals to migrate between the continents.
Industrial Archaeology of Bere Ferrers and Bere AlstonJames Ronan
Bere Ferrers and Bere Alston are villages in West Devon, England located on the Bere Peninsula between the Rivers Tavy and Tamar. Bere Ferrers originated as the estate of Henry de Ferrers after the Norman conquest, while Bere Alston developed as a silver mining settlement in the 13th century. Both villages grew during the industrial era, with Bere Alston becoming the larger settlement and center of mining activity in the 19th century. The landscape and communities of the Bere Peninsula were shaped by its agricultural, mining, and maritime industries over the centuries.
Saint Brendan was an Irish monk who may have traveled to the Americas in the 5th century, though this is considered a myth without physical evidence. Columbus obtained information about lands across the Atlantic from fishermen in England and Portugal who likely explored the waters off Canada and the Caribbean. While we don't know if Saint Brendan or others like the Welsh or Phoenicians reached America, Columbus appeared to have knowledge from European sailors.
The McInnis Site in Orange Beach, Alabama was excavated between 2013-2015. Archaeological investigations uncovered evidence of prehistoric Mississippian and Protohistoric occupations from 1200-1700 AD. Artifacts recovered included shell-tempered pottery, lithics, faunal remains, and some historic Native American and European materials. The site provides information about Native American lifeways in this region during this time period.
Barbados was named after the bearded fig trees that used to cover the island. English settlers arrived in 1627 and established the slave trade, bringing Africans to the island. By the mid-1600s, the population included around 6,000 English and 5,680-6,400 slaves. Sugar cane became the main crop. In 1816, the Bussa Rebellion broke out during a period of economic decline, with up to 2,000 slaves rebelling against their masters. Today, Barbados faces issues such as unemployment around 10% and a large fiscal deficit due to the global recession.
The Galápagos Islands are a volcanic archipelago located in the Pacific Ocean that are home to many endemic species. The islands have a population of over 25,000 people and are a national park known for vast biodiversity including marine iguanas, sea lions, tortoises, and more. Europeans first discovered the islands in 1535 and they have since been impacted by whaling/hunting which reduced tortoise and seal populations. The islands are now a popular tourism destination that strives to protect wildlife while supporting the local population.
Hernando De Soto explored Georgia in 1540 searching for gold but found none. He and his men overwhelmed native peoples with weapons and horses, introducing smallpox that killed thousands. In the late 1600s, England began establishing colonies along the Atlantic coast and wanted a buffer colony between Spanish Florida and their other colonies, leading to the founding of Georgia in the 1730s. James Oglethorpe and others established the colony, founding the city of Savannah along a planned grid. Early colonists struggled but more immigrants arrived, and the colony grew and transitioned to practices like slavery and large plantations.
1. Various European powers explored and colonized different parts of the Americas beginning in the late 15th century. Explorers like Christopher Columbus and Leif Eriksson sought wealth and trade routes but their arrivals led to widespread effects.
2. Native American populations declined dramatically due to exposure to European diseases as well as violence during European settlement and fighting over land. Europeans established profitable trade networks involving crops, commodities, and eventually slaves.
3. The interactions between explorers, colonists, native peoples, and brought people led to significant political, economic, and demographic changes on both sides of the Atlantic. It marked the beginning of sustained connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
The document summarizes the history and culture of Easter Island. It discusses how Polynesian settlers arrived around 400 AD and developed a civilization with large stone statues called Moai. By the 18th century, the population declined to 2000-3000 due to overexploitation of resources. Later, Western contact in the 19th century further reduced the population to just 111 inhabitants. The Moai statues, which were carved between 1600-1730, have become an iconic symbol of Easter Island and its once flourishing civilization.
Before there was carolina there was barbadoscapesociology
The early settlers of Carolina came from Barbados. Barbados was initially settled in the 1600s by the English, who established large sugar plantations that were worked by enslaved Africans. Many settlers and the plantation system were later transported from Barbados to Carolina. Place names, political systems like the parish divisions, and crops like sugar cane that were important in Barbados were also established in Carolina by these early settlers. The connections between the settlements of Barbados and Carolina shaped them both culturally and economically in their early years.
The document summarizes archaeological evidence from four Neolithic sites in the UAE - Al Buhais 18, Al Akab Island, Dalma, and Marawah. It finds that the inhabitants at Al Buhais 18 around the 5th millennium BCE were a settled community that relied primarily on domesticated herd animals like sheep and goats for subsistence. Ritual practices are also indicated at Al Akab Island, where a large mound of carefully arranged dugong bones was discovered. Dietary remains show coastal sites depended more on marine sources, while inland populations relied more on domestic fauna.
1. The document discusses Neolithic sites in the UAE, including Al Buhais 18, Al Akab Island, Dalma, and Marawah, that were occupied between the 5th millennium BCE.
2. At Al Buhais 18, excavations found over 280 burials indicating a settled community, as well as fire pits and artifacts showing reliance on domesticated animals like sheep and goats for meat.
3. At Al Akab Island, a mound of carefully arranged dugong bones and beads suggests the site had spiritual significance, though its inhabitants also relied on fishing and herding of domesticated animals.
The document provides an overview of early European exploration and settlement in Canada from the Vikings in 1000 AD to the late 1700s when Britain gained control over the vast area. Some of the key events summarized are:
- Vikings like Leif Ericson were likely the first Europeans to reach North America around 1000 AD, establishing settlements in places like Newfoundland.
- French exploration in the 1500s-1600s by figures like Cartier and the establishment of Quebec colony in 1608 by Champlain, marking the beginning of New France.
- Growing tensions and conflicts between the French and British in the 1700s over territory and the fur trade, culminating in the French and Indian War where Britain took control of New
Freemasonry 201 the lost treasure of the knights templarColinJxxx
The document discusses a theory that the fabled treasure of the Knights Templar, which went missing in the 14th century after the order was suppressed, may be buried on Oak Island off the coast of Nova Scotia. Extensive excavation efforts over two centuries have found booby traps and tunnels designed to flood the excavation site with water, suggesting the treasure is well protected. The Knights Templar had the means, motive and engineering skills to construct such an elaborate system, and may have buried the treasure on Oak Island before fleeing persecution.
The document provides a summary of the history of Canada. It details that the ancestors of indigenous peoples migrated to North America over land bridges thousands of years ago. When Europeans arrived in the 16th century, there were about 300,000 indigenous peoples scattered across Canada. The document then outlines the major European explorations of Canada beginning with the Vikings, and the later French and British colonial efforts to establish settlements and control the fur trade. It discusses the back-and-forth struggle between the French and British for control of Canada that culminated in the British victory in the French and Indian War and their acquisition of most of New France by the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
The document provides details on each of the original 13 colonies in British America, including the date each was founded, who founded it, the key industries and crops, and the date it became a US state. The colonies are grouped into the New England colonies (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire), the Middle colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware), and the Southern colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia). It notes the founding dates ranged from 1607 (Virginia) to 1732 (Georgia).
The document summarizes England's early attempts to establish colonies in North America in the late 1500s. It describes how Sir Walter Raleigh led the first English expedition to the coast of present-day North Carolina in 1584. A second expedition in 1585 established the Roanoke colony, but the colonists had difficulties with the local Native Americans and lacked supplies, and the colony disappeared by the following year. The document provides context on English and Spanish rivalry in the Americas and perspectives on Native Americans.
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2. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
GOLDEN
GROVE
AND
ITS
LOCATION
THROUGH
THE
AGES
Barbados
is
a
cluster
of
coral
rocks
set
on
the
far
east
of
the
Caribbean,
bordered
by
the
vast
Atlantic
Ocean.
From
Golden
Grove
you
can
glimpse
the
lighthouse
marking
the
easterly
point
of
Barbados.
The
story
of
who
came
here,
and
why,
is
told
in
the
following
pages,
unfolding
the
“history
within
a
house”.
We
start
with
2
Geology
and
the
supporting
rock
itself-‐
the
“Golden
Grove
Terrace”-‐
which
has
been
scientifically
dated.
Human
“Pre-‐history”
follows.
The
earliest
known
inhabitants
of
Barbados-‐
Amerindians-‐
have
been
discovered
to
have
lived
in
the
vicinity
of
Golden
Grove-‐
attracted
by
the
water
of
the
Three
Houses
spring
and
stream.
Recorded
history
follows
British
colonial
settlement.
The
story
of
the
area
around
Golden
Grove
unfolds
very
quickly
after
first
arrivals
on
the
island.
Glimpses
of
plantation
life,
slavery
and
insurrection
emerge
from
historical
fragments
relating
directly
to
Golden
Grove
and
its
neighbours,
including
a
pivotal
moment
for
the
island
of
the
slave
insurrection
in
1816.
Our
focus
then
turns
to
the
life
of
a
noted
Barbadian,
Florence
Daysh,
who
was
born
at
Golden
Grove
in
1908.
Her
life
provides
a
fascinating
catalogue
of
a
country
in
transition.
The
Great
House
today
is
structurally
very
similar
to
when
she
was
born
so
that
a
visit
to
Golden
Grove
echoes
the
gentility
of
that
era.
Despite
the
end
of
sugar
in
the
plantation
lands
of
Golden
Grove,
the
character
of
the
house
and
gardens
remain,
albeit
in
a
new
way,
supplemented
by
a
sense
of
beauty
from
a
collection
of
contemporary
Barbadian
artwork.
We
hope
the
pages
below
encourage
you
to
visit
Golden
Grove,
less
than
a
century
after
Florence
left
(her
father
purchased
neighbouring
Thicketts
plantation
in
1918).
3. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
Geology
Time
has
a
geologic
scale.
The“Quaternary”
period
began
c.
2.5
million
years
ago
and
developed
into
a
warmer
or
“interglacial”
period
called
the
Holocene
epoch
around
11,000
years
ago,
enabling
the
rise
of
human
civilisation.
The
epoch
prior
to
this
is
known
as
the
“Pleistocene”.
The
rocky
area
around
Golden
Grove
was
created
in
the
Middle
Pleistocene.
A
team
of
American
scientists
analysed
coral
deposits
from
the
“Golden
Grove
Terrace”
in
1990,
dating
them
as
230,000-‐216,000
years
old
(shown
on
the
map
below).
3
4. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
Geology
(continued)
The
coral
analysed
at
Golden
Grove
was
Acropora
Palmata
(or
“Elkhorn”
–first
below,
once
prolific
but
now
on
the
Endangered
Species
list)
and
Montastrea
Cavernosa
(or
“Great
Star”-‐
next
below,
the
predominant
coral
at
40
to
100
feet
below
sea
level).
Coral
terraces
in
Barbados
like
Golden
Grove
are
in
geological
terms
very
“young”
but
have
been
formed
adjacent
to
rock
that
is
much
older-‐
in
the
Scotland
district
being
perhaps
over
40
4
million
years
old.
5. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
Water
and
Food
:
The
Arrival
of
Humans
Human
settlement
has
two
requirements:
potable
water
and
access
to
food.
The
area
around
Golden
Grove
provides
both:
its
current
northern
boundary
is
Three
Houses
stream,
fed
from
a
spring
nearby.
A
little
further
north-‐east
is
a
bay
where
fishermen
still
set
out
to
sea.
Pre-‐colonial
human
activity
in
this
locality
is
perhaps
no
surprise.
However
archaeological
research
of
Amerindian
settlements
in
Barbados
found
few
remains
inland
so
that
the
site
by
the
spring
of
Three
Houses
is
important.
The
first
exhibition
by
the
Barbados
Museum
at
Golden
Grove
describes
the
many
aspects
of
Amerindian
life
and
culture,
which
will
be
supplemented
by
specific
findings
and
exhibits
from
the
Three
Houses
excavations.
Why
the
Amerindians
left
all
of
their
settlements
in
Barbados
remains
a
mystery-‐
but
the
knowledge
of
Barbados
from
the
Lokono
in
Guyana
remained.
There
can
be
no
doubt
that
they
knew
how
to
navigate
the
difficult
waters
of
the
eastern
shores
of
Barbados
and
indeed
the
ancient
name
for
Barbados,
Ichirouganaim,
may
have
meant
“island
with
white
teeth”
or
reefs.
Unlike
other
Caribbean
islands
Amerindian
problems
were
not
created
by
the
first
colonial
explorers
(the
Spanish
and
Portuguese).
The
Portuguese
map
of
Vaz
Dourado
in
1575
names
“Barbado”
as
the
most
easterly
island
of
the
Caribbean
but
under
the
Treaty
of
Tordesillas
in
1494
the
colonial
world
had
been
divided
between
Portugal
and
Spain,
with
Barbados
falling
on
the
Spanish
side
of
the
demarcation.
So
whilst
the
Portuguese
ships
may
have
landed
for
water,
they
did
not
colonise
Barbados-‐
it
could
not
legally
become
Portuguese.
Spain
it
appears
didn’t
think
Barbados
was
worth
the
bother,
although
Christopher
Columbus
must
have
sailed
close
by
in
his
4th
(and
last)
voyage
to
the
Caribbean
in
1502.
5
6. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
English
Settlement
The
arrival
of
the
British
in
1625
and
first
colonial
settlement
of
Barbados
in
1627
is
well
recorded.
The
island
was
deserted
and
this
may
have
been
an
attraction.
Initial
settlement
took
place
along
the
west
coast,
guided
by
the
sea
captains
who
first
landed
at
Holetown
under
the
business
interests
of
a
London
merchant,
William
Courteen
and
near
Bridgetown,
fostered
by
the
Earl
of
Carlisle.
In
1627
King
Charles
1st
granted
the
Earl
of
Carlisle
an
assignment
of
many
Caribbean
islands,
including
Barbados,
ousting
the
interests
of
Courteen.
Captain
Henry
Hawley
was
sent
back
to
Barbados
by
the
Earl
of
Carlisle
to
protect
his
new
fiefdom
and
in
1630
Hawley
was
made
Governor
of
Barbados.
Hawley
did
his
best
to
monetise
this
opportunity
by
selling
land
to
the
new
English
colonists,
arriving
to
make
their
fortune.
And
it
is
not
long
before
the
story
turns
to
the
land
near
Golden
Grove
and
its
access
to
water.
Records
(The
Hughes/
Queree
Plantation
Files)
in
the
Barbados
Archives
show
how
a
Captain
Francis
Skeete
purchased
4500
acres
of
land
in
eastern
Barbados
from
Governor
Hawley
in
1638-‐
a
very
large
estate;
how
the
legitimacy
of
this
transaction
(amongst
others)
by
Governor
Hawley
was
questioned
in
a
commission
of
1640;
and
how
the
parcel
of
land
that
is
assumed
to
now
include
Three
Houses,
Thicketts,
Wiltshire
and
Golden
Grove
plantations
(
still
substantial
at
1,160
acres)was
found
to
be
legitimate.
Whilst
Skeete
continued
in
occupation,
he
mortgaged
500
acres
to
his
brother-‐in-‐law
William
Hilliard
(son
of
a
Merchant
in
Southampton)
in
1643
shortly
before
his
death.
It
appears
that
William
Hilliard
had
already
owned
land
in
Barbados
prior
to
the
arrival
of
his
sister
and
brother-‐in-‐law
and
likely
bankrolled
them.
Indeed
after
Skeete’s
death
Hilliard
funded
his
sister’s
new
husband
and
her
two
sons
to
take
over
Three
Houses.
Captain
Skeete,
though,
had
the
honour
of
the
local
bay
being
named
after
him
(Skeetes
Bay
is
well
worth
a
visit
with
this
in
mind).
What
these
records
show
is
that
Golden
Grove
was
part
of
land
“colonised”
a
mere
decade
after
the
first
settlement
of
Barbados.
6
7. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
English
Settlement
(continued)
These
very
early
plantations
grew
a
variety
of
crops,
highlighted
in
a
lease
of
Three
Houses
which
has
an
inventory
attached
in
1658
(shown
below).
The
plantation
is
described
as
including
sugar
canes,
indigo
and
cotton.
The
inventory
includes
5
men
&
5
women
negroes,
5
cowes
(sic)
and
1
bull.
The
condescension
to
humanity
is
that
each
negro
is
named
(but
not
the
cattle!).
At
the
end
of
the
lease
the
Negroes
and
Cattle
had
to
be
delivered
back
to
the
Lessor-‐
or
an
equivalent
number
given
any
fatalities.
“Inventory”
at
Three
Houses
7
8. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
Sugar
The
Hughes/
Queree
plantation
files
also
show
when
Golden
Grove
became
an
independent
plantation.
“Ince”
is
shown
as
owner
from
1674-‐
another
Captain-‐
and
his
relations
owned
a
house
and
a
plantation
here
of
136
acres
till
1721.
By
1674
sugar
had
become
the
overwhelming
cash
crop
throughout
Barbados
with
plantations
of
a
similar
size
to
Golden
Grove
(or
even
larger).
The
triangular
trade-‐
guns
and
trinkets
to
Africa,
slaves
to
Barbados,
sugar
to
England-‐
had
taken
over
with
hugely
profitable
results
for
many
landowners
who
consolidated
their
interests
in
larger
plantations.
The
“ten-‐acre”
or
smaller
settlers
largely
disappeared.
Daily
existence
for
the
planters
must
have
included
a
comfortable
“family
life”.
Mary
Ince
was
recorded
as
marrying
Robert
Hackett
in
1702
and
they
must
have
occupied
Golden
Grove
as
the
plantation
became
known
as
“Hacketts”.
The
“widow
Hackett”
sold
the
plantation
to
Henry
Evans
who
in
his
will
of
1743
passed
“Hacketts”
to
his
nephew
Henry
Walker.
Despite
Walker’s
marriage
to
Ann
Clarke
(and
a
mention
in
the
marriage
settlement
of
1777)
the
house
was
sold
to
Elliot
Grasset
in
1785,
a
man
who
seems
unrelated.
The
first
100
years
of
Golden
Grove
as
a
separate
entity
was
probably
trying
at
times
for
the
owners,
with
recorded
hurricanes,
other
climate
challenges
and
sugar
price
fluctuations
resulting
in
financial
pressures,
but
overall
it
must
have
been
a
success-‐
for
the
owner
and
his
family.
For
the
slaves
it
was
a
different-‐
and
largely
unrecorded
story.
A
slave
song
from
the
1770s,
annotated
by
William
Sharp,
the
abolitionist,
from
conversations
with
a
secretary
to
the
Governor
of
Barbados,
includes
an
“optimistic”
line
“Massa
buy
me,
he
no
kill
me”.
Slaves
had
no
rights
and
were
totally
subject
to
the
whims
of
their
masters.
Another
line
is
also
chilling:
“For
I
live
with
a
bad
man,
for
I
would
go
to
the
riverside
regular”.
The
“riverside”
(where
slaves
were
sold
like
cattle)
demonstrates
the
huge
uncertainty
of
slave
life.
An
annotation
By
William
Sharp
is
shown
overleaf.
8
9. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
Sugar
(continued)
The
Grasset
Family
&
Golden
Grove
Elliot
Grasset,
whose
wealth
from
Golden
Grove
allowed
sending
his
son
to
Eton,
was
apparently
borne
illegitimate
but
from
a
family
that
had
owned
Grazettes
plantation
in
St
Michael
.
“Grazette
represented
a
new
elite
group,
earning
a
place
by
dint
of
knowledge
and
hard
work,
rather
than
by
inheritance
over
several
generations
(Bobby
Morris:
The
1816
Uprising-‐
A
Hell-‐broth”).
Hacketts
got
a
new
name
:
“Golden
Grove”-‐
a
popular
name
it
seems
in
the
Caribbean
where
most
islands
have
a
plantation
with
this
title.
No
doubt
it
was
golden,
for
a
time,
for
the
Grazette
family-‐
both
Elliot
Grazette
and
his
son
William
were
members
of
the
Barbados
House
of
Parliament
for
St
Philip,
at
a
time
when
such
honours
were
reserved
for
the
wealthy.
9
10. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
Insurrection
The
Grassets
also
endured
the
largest
uprising
Barbados
has
ever
had.
The
slave
revolt
of
1816
is
popularly
known
as
the
“Bussa
revolt”
after
one
of
its
leaders,
who
was
a
“senior”
slave
at
Baileys,
which
borders
Golden
Grove.
The
insurgents
were
slaves
and
some
coloured
free
men,
with
limited
weapons
and
a
desire
to
overthrow
a
tyrannical
regime.
Bobby
Morris’
article
shows
how
life
at
Baileys
(and
Wiltshires,
both
next
to
Golden
Grove)
had
become
particularly
gruesome
for
its
slaves
under
a
notorious
manager.
A
Private
Letter
from
a
soldier
stationed
at
St
Ann’s
Fort
(fragments
shown
below)
testifies
how
about
400
insurgents
assembled
at
Baileys,
to
be
faced
by
about
150
soldiers,
on
Tuesday
the
16th.
10
11. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
“
with
an
extraordinary
emblematic
flag.
11
They
were
pursued
to
the
house
of
Mr.
Grasset,
which
they
occupied...”
12. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
An
Extraordinary
Emblematic
Flag
What
really
drove
the
insurgents?
The
Private
Letter
mentions
an
“extraordinary
emblematic
flag”
which
they
carried.
An
article
by
Karl
Watson
provides
some
clues
as
indeed
does
the
12
attached
copy
of
the
flag
taken
from
the
British
Library
including
the
words
“Royal
Endeavour”.
Did
the
insurgents
believe
they
had
a
legitimate
claim
authorised
by
the
British
(and
that
the
local
planters
were
simply
denying
a
freedom
granted
by
the
British
government)?
If
so
the
words
in
the
letter
quoting
the
events
at
Golden
Grove
are
poignant:
“The
insurgents
did
not
think
that
our
(Bourbon
Blacks)
men
would
fight
against
black
men,
but
thank
God
they
were
deceived”.
13. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
“the
conduct
of
the
Bourbon
Blacks..
has
been
the
admiration
of
everybody”
It
must
have
been
a
double
disappointment
for
the
rebels-‐
British
soldiers
attacked
the
insurgents
and
included
within
the
ranks
of
the
British
were
local
black
soldiers.
Some
accounts
describe
the
insurgents
as
being
initially
confused
as
they
thought
the
black
soldiers
were
on
their
side!
We
will
not
truly
know
the
motivations
of
the
losers-‐
the
only
records
are
from
the
winners,
including
a
letter
from
the
head
of
the
army,
Colonel
Codd.
He
describes
a
driving
force
for
the
rebellion
being
the
way
the
Registry
Bill
was
misquoted
by
mischievous
parties
to
indicate
emancipation
was
desired
by
the
British
parliament;
how
the
slaves
had
not
been
mistreated,
but
rather
believed
the
island
belonged
to
them
rather
than
white
men
(whom
they
would
destroy,
reserving
the
females!).
In
fact
hardly
any
whites
were
killed,
although
there
was
much
damage
to
property.
And
so
whilst
the
first
reason
rings
true,
the
second
half
does
not
accord
with
ample
opportunity
for
murder.
Many
insurgents
were
rounded
up,
to
be
tried
later,
and
hanged
or
imprisoned.
The
rebellion
was
defeated.
But
its
effect
echoed
into
the
history
of
Barbados
and
was
undoubtedly
a
part
of
the
ending
of
slavery.
13
14. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
Change
and
Chancery
In
the
end,
it
was
indeed
the
British
government
which
outlawed
slavery
in
the
colonies
(but
only
after
intense
domestic
religious
and
moral
pressure).
The
planters-‐
but
not
the
slaves-‐
received
compensation.
In
the
1830s
an
intermediate
stage
of
“apprenticeship”
briefly
kept
former
slaves
locked
to
the
plantation-‐
and
after
a
devastating
hurricane
of
1831
the
rebuilding
no
doubt
benefitted
from
such
free
labour.
It
is
thought
the
hurricane
affected
Golden
Grove,
large
parts
of
which
today
must
date
from
that
time.
The
Grazette
family
owned
Golden
Grove
until
1854,
selling
for
£10,000.
Perhaps
their
luck
had
run
out,
as
13
years
later
the
property
was
sold
again
for
£16,500
(with
the
same
287
acres).
The
second
half
of
the
19th
century
saw
two
registrations
in
the
debtor-‐ridden
Chancery
Court
for
Golden
Grove,
indicating
problems
for
the
estate
as
ownership
again
changed
hands.
Plantations
were
often
heavily
mortgaged
and
the
fall
in
sugar
prices
in
this
period
took
a
heavy
toll.
Three
Houses
also
had
two
Chancery
Court
references
in
these
days
of
cholera
and
hardship.
(below:
a
Photo
of
Golden
Grove
of
uncertain
date)
14
15. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
Resilience
and
Reunion
An
interesting
chapter
for
Golden
Grove
began
in
1905
with
its
purchase
by
Howard
Smith
and
Mr
S.
Browne,
the
latter
appearing
the
principal
financier.
Howard
Smith
was
a
white
planter
who,
against
his
class
and
colour,
married
a
coloured
woman,
Eveline.
It
is
said
that
many
ostracised
him
but
this
did
not
seem
to
hinder
his
progress
in
a
period
when
sugar
prices
took
a
turn
for
the
better
and
the
resilience
of
planters
shone
through.
Howard
and
Eveline
had
a
daughter,
Florence,
who
was
born
at
Golden
Grove
in
1908.
She
was
the
most
influential
woman
politician
of
her
day
in
Barbados.
Florence
grew
up
later
at
Thicketts,
purchased
by
her
father
in
1918.
At
times
he
managed
Golden
Grove,
Thicketts,
Three
Houses
and
Fortescue,
in
a
syndicate
with
Brown
that
also
owned
Three
Houses
factory
which
then
had
a
loading
facility
to
the
functional
Bridgetown:
Bathsheba
railway.
The
size
of
these
various
estates
was
similar
to
the
original
“valid”
interests
purchased
by
Captain
Skeete
and
is
described
in
the
sale
to
a
syndicate
in
an
agricultural
paper
of
1920
as
“the
biggest
plantation
sale
yet”.
Florence
spent
a
life
of
voluntary
service
dedicated
to
the
women
and
children
of
Barbados,
with
numerous
achievements
that
were
rewarded
with
an
OBE
in
1957.
She
married
a
New
Zealand
naval
captain,
Commander
Daysh
in
1947
after
war
duties
with
the
Red
Cross.
Her
life
was
part
of
the
“upper
class”
of
plantation
owners
but
she
was
incredibly
popular.
15
16. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
Florence
Daysh
at
Election
Time
In
1958
Florence
was
elected
to
the
West
Indies
Federal
Parliament,
as
the
only
woman
from
Barbados,
defeating
Errol
Barrow.
Previously
she
had
been
elected
to
the
Vestry
of
St
Philip
and
the
Legislative
Council,
in
both
cases
as
only
the
second
woman
in
a
long
parliamentary
history.
In
her
maiden
speech
to
Parliament
she
declared:
“I
am
a
woman
of
colour,
and
proud
of
it.”
Florence
was
described
an
“indomitable”.
Her
mother
Eveline
is
commemorated
in
the
Eveline
Smith
wing
of
the
St
Philip
District
Hospital,
again
another
charitable
venture.
Care
for
the
community
was
perhaps
the
greatest
legacy
of
a
family
whose
success
could
not
be
questioned.
16
17. HISTORY
OF
GOLDEN
GROVE
The
End
of
Plantation
Life
(at
Golden
Grove)
Messrs
Brown
and
the
syndicate
funding
Three
Houses
et
al
must
have
considered
Golden
Grove
surplus
to
their
requirements
as
it
was
sold
in
1921
for
£16,000.
The
last
chapter
in
Golden
Grove’s
history
as
a
plantation
began.
Herbert
and
then
his
son
Geoffrey
Manning
were
the
last
of
the
planters
here,
still
remembered
by
older
residents
with
some
affection.
They
ran
a
plantation
when
St
Philip
was
still
full
of
sugar
cane
for
about
50
years,
including
the
hardship
period
of
the
1930s.
Geoffrey
Manning
was
known
as
a
keen
sportsman-‐
he
was
one
of
the
founders
of
the
Barbados
Rally
Club
in
1957.
By
1970
the
economic
viability
of
sugar
at
Golden
Grove
was
finally
in
doubt.
This
was
also
the
year
that
the
sugar
factory
at
Three
Houses
closed.
The
land
at
Golden
Grove
was
apportioned
to
create
smaller
farming
interests
and
the
house
became
a
home
for
another
keen
sportsman
and
polo
player;
later
it
passed
to
a
newer
resident
to
the
island,
a
successful
entrepreneur
in
the
up-‐coming
dominant
industry
of
tourism
and
hospitality.
And
it
is
in
this
world
that
Golden
Grove
fits
today.
Of
course
its
history
remains-‐
and
itself
can
be
a
new
lease
of
life
to
attract
visitors
and
so
successfully
maintain
the
house
and
gardens.
As
part
of
this,
the
Barbados
Museum
will
be
showing
a
series
of
exhibitions
at
Golden
Grove
with
reference
to
the
particular
history
here.
The
first
showing
commences,
naturally,
with
an
emphasis
on
the
original
settlers
who
inhabited
close
by,
the
“Amerindians”.
17