The document discusses patient identification and reducing errors related to misidentification. It focuses on using two patient identifiers, which can help reliably identify individuals and match them to the correct service or treatment. Newborns are at higher risk given their inability to communicate and lack of distinguishing features. The document provides examples of methods to prevent misidentification of newborns such as distinct naming systems and standardized identification banding practices.
Identifying and prioritizing chemicals with uncertain burden ossuser47f0be
This document summarizes a study that aimed to prioritize chemicals for biomonitoring that may present health risks to children, as part of the National Institutes of Health's ECHO initiative. The researchers identified over 700 chemicals from environmental media and consumer products databases that had not been measured in the NHANES. They compiled toxicity and exposure data on 155 chemicals and organized them into 8 panels. Based on the data, 36 chemicals were recommended for biomonitoring, 108 were deferred pending more research, and 11 were deemed a low priority. The study identified many chemicals that lack data on biomonitoring methods and health effects, representing opportunities for future research.
The document describes the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy as a recognized leader in pharmacy education, practice, and research. It provides details on its academic programs, research centers focused on drug discovery and development, and partnerships within UNC and with outside organizations. The School has over 100 faculty conducting research across therapeutic areas from discovery through clinical practice, and seeks to enhance its research enterprise through partnerships with industry.
The document summarizes what students can do at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, including joining a top-ranked PharmD program, learning from renowned faculty, and developing skills to provide patient-centered care in various healthcare settings. Students also have opportunities to innovate, pursue research interests, collaborate with organizations, and explore career paths in academia, industry, government, and non-profits.
This document discusses the need for patient-centered clinical trials due to rising complexity, costs and failure rates of traditional trials. It notes delays in enrollment are a major issue, inflating costs and timelines. Protocols have become more complex and burdensome, reducing adherence and retention. The future requires improving recruitment methods, incorporating patient needs, and placing data generation in patients' hands through technologies like social media and ePRO tools. Patient-centered approaches may help address these challenges and better support drug development.
Frank Spinelli, New York City's Cabrini Medical Center - Speaker at the marcus evans PharmaMarketing Summit 2012, held in Wheeling, IL, April 30 - May 2, 2012, delivered his presentation entitled A Doctor’s Perspective on the Future Role of Pharmaceutical-Doctor Relationships and How They Are Evolving through Technology
This document provides an overview of direct access testing (DAT) also known as direct-to-consumer testing. It defines DAT as consumers ordering lab tests directly from a lab without a physician consultation. The document discusses why consumers use DAT, lists major players in the DAT market, and outlines considerations for understanding the costs and value of DAT including downstream costs. It also provides guidance on developing educational programs and assessing learning needs related to DAT.
Patient recruitment & retention is highlighted as the key factor in ensuring study success, the area of patient retention in clinical trials is often overlooked. Retention of patients throughout the life of a clinical trial is however extremely vital from scientific as well as economic point of view. Poor recruitment & retention negatively impacts on the overall evaluable data for regulatory submissions. Dropped participants must be replaced which incurs further expenditures and time delays. Subject dropout rates are estimated to range from 15-40% of enrolled participants in clinical trials.
Drug Utilization in a regulated EnviormentAlok Anand
Tracking drugs across the supply chain in a regulated environment. This white paper brief on would be drug utilization approach of Life Science Industry. This white paper is just a step forward to show future life science industry process automation
Identifying and prioritizing chemicals with uncertain burden ossuser47f0be
This document summarizes a study that aimed to prioritize chemicals for biomonitoring that may present health risks to children, as part of the National Institutes of Health's ECHO initiative. The researchers identified over 700 chemicals from environmental media and consumer products databases that had not been measured in the NHANES. They compiled toxicity and exposure data on 155 chemicals and organized them into 8 panels. Based on the data, 36 chemicals were recommended for biomonitoring, 108 were deferred pending more research, and 11 were deemed a low priority. The study identified many chemicals that lack data on biomonitoring methods and health effects, representing opportunities for future research.
The document describes the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy as a recognized leader in pharmacy education, practice, and research. It provides details on its academic programs, research centers focused on drug discovery and development, and partnerships within UNC and with outside organizations. The School has over 100 faculty conducting research across therapeutic areas from discovery through clinical practice, and seeks to enhance its research enterprise through partnerships with industry.
The document summarizes what students can do at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, including joining a top-ranked PharmD program, learning from renowned faculty, and developing skills to provide patient-centered care in various healthcare settings. Students also have opportunities to innovate, pursue research interests, collaborate with organizations, and explore career paths in academia, industry, government, and non-profits.
This document discusses the need for patient-centered clinical trials due to rising complexity, costs and failure rates of traditional trials. It notes delays in enrollment are a major issue, inflating costs and timelines. Protocols have become more complex and burdensome, reducing adherence and retention. The future requires improving recruitment methods, incorporating patient needs, and placing data generation in patients' hands through technologies like social media and ePRO tools. Patient-centered approaches may help address these challenges and better support drug development.
Frank Spinelli, New York City's Cabrini Medical Center - Speaker at the marcus evans PharmaMarketing Summit 2012, held in Wheeling, IL, April 30 - May 2, 2012, delivered his presentation entitled A Doctor’s Perspective on the Future Role of Pharmaceutical-Doctor Relationships and How They Are Evolving through Technology
This document provides an overview of direct access testing (DAT) also known as direct-to-consumer testing. It defines DAT as consumers ordering lab tests directly from a lab without a physician consultation. The document discusses why consumers use DAT, lists major players in the DAT market, and outlines considerations for understanding the costs and value of DAT including downstream costs. It also provides guidance on developing educational programs and assessing learning needs related to DAT.
Patient recruitment & retention is highlighted as the key factor in ensuring study success, the area of patient retention in clinical trials is often overlooked. Retention of patients throughout the life of a clinical trial is however extremely vital from scientific as well as economic point of view. Poor recruitment & retention negatively impacts on the overall evaluable data for regulatory submissions. Dropped participants must be replaced which incurs further expenditures and time delays. Subject dropout rates are estimated to range from 15-40% of enrolled participants in clinical trials.
Drug Utilization in a regulated EnviormentAlok Anand
Tracking drugs across the supply chain in a regulated environment. This white paper brief on would be drug utilization approach of Life Science Industry. This white paper is just a step forward to show future life science industry process automation
This document provides an overview of biosimilars and their development process according to international guidance. It begins with definitions of biosimilars and their differences compared to generic small molecule drugs. It then describes the two key steps in biosimilar development: 1) Developing a highly similar product through extensive analytical comparison to the reference product, and 2) Confirming biosimilarity through a targeted clinical program. It reviews guidelines from the WHO, EMA, and FDA on evaluating biosimilarity and the need for analytical, nonclinical and clinical comparisons. The document aims to explain the rigorous process of demonstrating biosimilarity that biosimilar developers must undergo to obtain regulatory approval.
BioTech Medical Solutions - Pain RD short 8.5x11William Tillman
- Complete an application to become a member physician and set up your practice profile
- Attend online training for your staff on insurance billing, inventory management, and using the dispensing software
- Begin offering FDA-approved pharmacogenetic test kits and pre-filled injection kits to patients using point-of-care billing
- The company handles insurance credentialing and adjudication of claims, minimizing practice expenses and workload
- With 10% patient penetration, the average practice could earn over $369,000 annually from kit dispensing and testing
Creating a roadmap to clinical trial efficiencySubhash Chandra
The document discusses the increasing complexity of managing clinical trials and the need for life sciences companies to improve efficiency. It notes that companies have built inefficient processes over time and acquired disparate systems through mergers and acquisitions. To meet new challenges, companies must assess their current systems and processes to identify gaps and develop a roadmap to synchronize improvements across operations and systems. Conducting a clinical architecture assessment provides a full picture of current capabilities and a path forward to optimize both systems and operations.
The document summarizes strategies implemented at Cleveland Clinic to reduce unnecessary laboratory testing and associated costs. Key initiatives included (1) implementing "hard stops" in the electronic medical record to prevent duplicate testing orders on the same day, (2) restricting ordering of expensive genetic tests to qualified providers, and (3) utilizing genetic counselors to review testing requests and prevent unnecessary orders. These initiatives helped avoid over $1.9 million in unnecessary testing costs from 2011-2013 through prevention of over 24,000 unnecessary orders. Factors contributing to the success of the strategies included leadership support, multidisciplinary collaboration, and responsiveness of IT to support implementation.
Clinical development, contract & outsourcing in mena & asia pac webinar-l aju...Larry Ajuwon
This document provides a summary of a webinar on clinical development, contracting, and outsourcing in the MENA and Asia-Pacific regions. The webinar covered the clinical development process and landscape in these regions, opportunities and challenges, notable industry partnerships and transactions, and key growth areas. It found that clinical development accounts for a large share of pharmaceutical R&D spending. Both regions are growing markets and R&D is shifting there due to lower costs and other advantages. Outsourcing of clinical activities is increasing to access these markets and improve productivity. The CRO market in Asia-Pacific is more developed with strategic partnerships, while MENA's market is smaller and local.
The Patient-Centered Clinical Trial: A New ParadigmJohn Reites
The document presents a new paradigm for patient-centered clinical trials that aligns the heart, head, and hands. The heart refers to individual motivation and passion for patient care. The head sets the engagement strategy, vision, and measures of success. The hands demonstrate collaboration through processes and behaviors. Positive patient experiences and outcomes result from alignment in all three areas. The paradigm treats patients as whole human beings and listens to understand what patients value. Developing personal connections through relationships with physicians can increase recruitment and retention.
Patient recruitment into clinical trials presentationBeshr Nammouz
Clinical trial managers recruit patients through two primary methods: pull and push. Pull involves physicians who are principal investigators referring their own patients. Push involves encouraging patients to find a particular investigator through advertisements in various media outlets like television, social media, and radio. Issues with patient recruitment and enrollment are the main causes of missed clinical trial timelines, which can cost companies millions of dollars in lost sales per day.
The Integrated Early Drug Development Platform White PaperCovance
Is it possible to deal with the explosion of complexity in the early clinical development space? Is the traditional clinical pharmacology unit obsolete? The answers are yes and no, respectively. The optimal engine for early clinical development in the modern era is an integrated early drug development platform.
The document discusses an electronic clinical trial recruitment system that aims to address the problems of slow clinical research translation, labor-intensive and costly trial recruitment methods. It presents a solution of leveraging existing electronic medical record data across different healthcare systems and practices to more efficiently identify and enroll qualified patients for clinical trials in a networked system. The system could benefit research sponsors, investigators, medical practices, and patients by speeding recruitment times and lowering costs while improving clinical care engagement and outcomes. It analyzes the potential market opportunity and differentiation of this federated network approach to electronic clinical trial recruitment.
The late phase research environment has become more complex due to increased regulatory demands from the FDA and EMA for comprehensive safety data. Sponsors must begin planning late phase studies earlier in the investigative process and work with strategic research partners to effectively plan studies that address therapeutic, regulatory and economic concerns. Failing to take early action can result in costly delays and failure to obtain drug approval. Effective planning is essential to navigating today's complex late phase research landscape.
- Patient recruitment for clinical trials is a major challenge, estimated to be a $1.2-1.8 billion market. Recruitment costs average 6% of trial costs and are a primary factor in delays.
- Less than 5% of patients are aware of clinical trials, and only 2-3% actually enroll. However, over 90% of participants have a positive experience and would participate again.
- There is significant opportunity to improve recruitment through more patient-centric approaches leveraging data, technology, and analytics to identify more eligible patients and improve the recruitment process. However, this will require changes to traditional models.
IMS Health Clinical Trial Optimization SolutionsQuintilesIMS
IMS Health's Linda T. Drumright, general manager, Clinical Trial Optimization Solutions presents at the 3rd Annual Patient Recruitment & Retention Summit 2014 - San Francisco, CA
MTM Healthcare Solutions Inc. is a full-service pharmacy that provides multi-dose packaging of prescription medications directly to consumers. Their solution aims to reduce medication mismanagement, which costs $317 billion annually and is the fifth leading cause of death in the US. MTM's patented technology dispenses medications in easy-to-use packets labeled by date and time. This eliminates errors from sorting pills and improves medication adherence. MTM sees significant growth opportunities from the aging population and healthcare reform driving prescription drug use. Their solution fills an unmet need and has the potential to save tens of thousands of lives and billions in healthcare costs each year.
Results of an Online Survey of Stakeholders Regarding Barriers and Solutions ...John Reites
The survey found that the most significant barrier to clinical trial recruitment according to stakeholders was finding patients who meet eligibility criteria. The next most significant barriers were insufficient staff time for recruitment activities, followed by the length and complexity of consent forms, and protocol requirements other than eligibility criteria. Suggestions to overcome barriers included broadening eligibility criteria, improving planning, using effective recruitment methods and technology, simplifying processes, and improving staff support. Most stakeholders were optimistic that national recruitment rates would increase over the next 5-10 years if effective partnerships were formed between sectors like patient advocates, researchers, sponsors, and regulators.
Our main involvement with your clinical research recruitment program concludes with processing the responses to your mailer. As our staff members direct the respondents to your site, you can begin conducting final interviews to complete the clinical trial recruitment process.
This document discusses workplace substance abuse and drug testing programs. It emphasizes that a comprehensive substance abuse prevention program includes multiple components like needs assessment, employee education, supervisor training, drug screening, employee assistance, and documented policies and procedures. Drug testing is an important part of protecting a workplace from the negative effects of drug and alcohol abuse by deterring their use and discouraging abusers from joining an organization. A written policy lays the foundation for a drug-free workplace program by outlining reasons for testing, procedures, employee responsibilities, and consequences of violations.
Mosio's Clinical Trial Patient Recruitment and Retention Ebook (First Edition)Mosio
The first edition of Mosio's patient recruitment and retention ebook contains 68 tips and examples from clinical research industry professionals on ways to improve efforts to recruit, retain and engage clinical trial patients.
To get access to a free download of the 2nd Edition, visit http://www.mosio.com/prebook
For more information on how you can improve patient engagement while increasing workflow efficiencies in communicating with study participants using two-way text messaging, please visit us at http://www.mosio.com
Pharmacovigilance and Materiovigilance, Drugs and Cosmetics Actshashi sinha
Due to side effects of Medicines and Medical Devices increasing day by day it is important to monitor the Adverse Events arising out of use of Medicines and Medical Devices. The Pharmacovigilance and Materiovigilance monitors adverse events arising our of usage of Drugs and Medical Devices respectively. This chapter also deals with Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and their important provisions.
This document summarizes the key points from a document about patient safety goals for 2010. It discusses goals around improving patient identification, communication among caregivers, medication safety, reducing healthcare associated infections, medication reconciliation, and identifying patients at risk for suicide. The goals cover topics like using two patient identifiers, reporting critical test results in a timely manner, properly labeling medications, implementing best practices to prevent infections from multi-drug resistant organisms and central lines, and reconciling medications when patients transfer between care settings.
This document provides an overview of biosimilars and their development process according to international guidance. It begins with definitions of biosimilars and their differences compared to generic small molecule drugs. It then describes the two key steps in biosimilar development: 1) Developing a highly similar product through extensive analytical comparison to the reference product, and 2) Confirming biosimilarity through a targeted clinical program. It reviews guidelines from the WHO, EMA, and FDA on evaluating biosimilarity and the need for analytical, nonclinical and clinical comparisons. The document aims to explain the rigorous process of demonstrating biosimilarity that biosimilar developers must undergo to obtain regulatory approval.
BioTech Medical Solutions - Pain RD short 8.5x11William Tillman
- Complete an application to become a member physician and set up your practice profile
- Attend online training for your staff on insurance billing, inventory management, and using the dispensing software
- Begin offering FDA-approved pharmacogenetic test kits and pre-filled injection kits to patients using point-of-care billing
- The company handles insurance credentialing and adjudication of claims, minimizing practice expenses and workload
- With 10% patient penetration, the average practice could earn over $369,000 annually from kit dispensing and testing
Creating a roadmap to clinical trial efficiencySubhash Chandra
The document discusses the increasing complexity of managing clinical trials and the need for life sciences companies to improve efficiency. It notes that companies have built inefficient processes over time and acquired disparate systems through mergers and acquisitions. To meet new challenges, companies must assess their current systems and processes to identify gaps and develop a roadmap to synchronize improvements across operations and systems. Conducting a clinical architecture assessment provides a full picture of current capabilities and a path forward to optimize both systems and operations.
The document summarizes strategies implemented at Cleveland Clinic to reduce unnecessary laboratory testing and associated costs. Key initiatives included (1) implementing "hard stops" in the electronic medical record to prevent duplicate testing orders on the same day, (2) restricting ordering of expensive genetic tests to qualified providers, and (3) utilizing genetic counselors to review testing requests and prevent unnecessary orders. These initiatives helped avoid over $1.9 million in unnecessary testing costs from 2011-2013 through prevention of over 24,000 unnecessary orders. Factors contributing to the success of the strategies included leadership support, multidisciplinary collaboration, and responsiveness of IT to support implementation.
Clinical development, contract & outsourcing in mena & asia pac webinar-l aju...Larry Ajuwon
This document provides a summary of a webinar on clinical development, contracting, and outsourcing in the MENA and Asia-Pacific regions. The webinar covered the clinical development process and landscape in these regions, opportunities and challenges, notable industry partnerships and transactions, and key growth areas. It found that clinical development accounts for a large share of pharmaceutical R&D spending. Both regions are growing markets and R&D is shifting there due to lower costs and other advantages. Outsourcing of clinical activities is increasing to access these markets and improve productivity. The CRO market in Asia-Pacific is more developed with strategic partnerships, while MENA's market is smaller and local.
The Patient-Centered Clinical Trial: A New ParadigmJohn Reites
The document presents a new paradigm for patient-centered clinical trials that aligns the heart, head, and hands. The heart refers to individual motivation and passion for patient care. The head sets the engagement strategy, vision, and measures of success. The hands demonstrate collaboration through processes and behaviors. Positive patient experiences and outcomes result from alignment in all three areas. The paradigm treats patients as whole human beings and listens to understand what patients value. Developing personal connections through relationships with physicians can increase recruitment and retention.
Patient recruitment into clinical trials presentationBeshr Nammouz
Clinical trial managers recruit patients through two primary methods: pull and push. Pull involves physicians who are principal investigators referring their own patients. Push involves encouraging patients to find a particular investigator through advertisements in various media outlets like television, social media, and radio. Issues with patient recruitment and enrollment are the main causes of missed clinical trial timelines, which can cost companies millions of dollars in lost sales per day.
The Integrated Early Drug Development Platform White PaperCovance
Is it possible to deal with the explosion of complexity in the early clinical development space? Is the traditional clinical pharmacology unit obsolete? The answers are yes and no, respectively. The optimal engine for early clinical development in the modern era is an integrated early drug development platform.
The document discusses an electronic clinical trial recruitment system that aims to address the problems of slow clinical research translation, labor-intensive and costly trial recruitment methods. It presents a solution of leveraging existing electronic medical record data across different healthcare systems and practices to more efficiently identify and enroll qualified patients for clinical trials in a networked system. The system could benefit research sponsors, investigators, medical practices, and patients by speeding recruitment times and lowering costs while improving clinical care engagement and outcomes. It analyzes the potential market opportunity and differentiation of this federated network approach to electronic clinical trial recruitment.
The late phase research environment has become more complex due to increased regulatory demands from the FDA and EMA for comprehensive safety data. Sponsors must begin planning late phase studies earlier in the investigative process and work with strategic research partners to effectively plan studies that address therapeutic, regulatory and economic concerns. Failing to take early action can result in costly delays and failure to obtain drug approval. Effective planning is essential to navigating today's complex late phase research landscape.
- Patient recruitment for clinical trials is a major challenge, estimated to be a $1.2-1.8 billion market. Recruitment costs average 6% of trial costs and are a primary factor in delays.
- Less than 5% of patients are aware of clinical trials, and only 2-3% actually enroll. However, over 90% of participants have a positive experience and would participate again.
- There is significant opportunity to improve recruitment through more patient-centric approaches leveraging data, technology, and analytics to identify more eligible patients and improve the recruitment process. However, this will require changes to traditional models.
IMS Health Clinical Trial Optimization SolutionsQuintilesIMS
IMS Health's Linda T. Drumright, general manager, Clinical Trial Optimization Solutions presents at the 3rd Annual Patient Recruitment & Retention Summit 2014 - San Francisco, CA
MTM Healthcare Solutions Inc. is a full-service pharmacy that provides multi-dose packaging of prescription medications directly to consumers. Their solution aims to reduce medication mismanagement, which costs $317 billion annually and is the fifth leading cause of death in the US. MTM's patented technology dispenses medications in easy-to-use packets labeled by date and time. This eliminates errors from sorting pills and improves medication adherence. MTM sees significant growth opportunities from the aging population and healthcare reform driving prescription drug use. Their solution fills an unmet need and has the potential to save tens of thousands of lives and billions in healthcare costs each year.
Results of an Online Survey of Stakeholders Regarding Barriers and Solutions ...John Reites
The survey found that the most significant barrier to clinical trial recruitment according to stakeholders was finding patients who meet eligibility criteria. The next most significant barriers were insufficient staff time for recruitment activities, followed by the length and complexity of consent forms, and protocol requirements other than eligibility criteria. Suggestions to overcome barriers included broadening eligibility criteria, improving planning, using effective recruitment methods and technology, simplifying processes, and improving staff support. Most stakeholders were optimistic that national recruitment rates would increase over the next 5-10 years if effective partnerships were formed between sectors like patient advocates, researchers, sponsors, and regulators.
Our main involvement with your clinical research recruitment program concludes with processing the responses to your mailer. As our staff members direct the respondents to your site, you can begin conducting final interviews to complete the clinical trial recruitment process.
This document discusses workplace substance abuse and drug testing programs. It emphasizes that a comprehensive substance abuse prevention program includes multiple components like needs assessment, employee education, supervisor training, drug screening, employee assistance, and documented policies and procedures. Drug testing is an important part of protecting a workplace from the negative effects of drug and alcohol abuse by deterring their use and discouraging abusers from joining an organization. A written policy lays the foundation for a drug-free workplace program by outlining reasons for testing, procedures, employee responsibilities, and consequences of violations.
Mosio's Clinical Trial Patient Recruitment and Retention Ebook (First Edition)Mosio
The first edition of Mosio's patient recruitment and retention ebook contains 68 tips and examples from clinical research industry professionals on ways to improve efforts to recruit, retain and engage clinical trial patients.
To get access to a free download of the 2nd Edition, visit http://www.mosio.com/prebook
For more information on how you can improve patient engagement while increasing workflow efficiencies in communicating with study participants using two-way text messaging, please visit us at http://www.mosio.com
Pharmacovigilance and Materiovigilance, Drugs and Cosmetics Actshashi sinha
Due to side effects of Medicines and Medical Devices increasing day by day it is important to monitor the Adverse Events arising out of use of Medicines and Medical Devices. The Pharmacovigilance and Materiovigilance monitors adverse events arising our of usage of Drugs and Medical Devices respectively. This chapter also deals with Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and their important provisions.
This document summarizes the key points from a document about patient safety goals for 2010. It discusses goals around improving patient identification, communication among caregivers, medication safety, reducing healthcare associated infections, medication reconciliation, and identifying patients at risk for suicide. The goals cover topics like using two patient identifiers, reporting critical test results in a timely manner, properly labeling medications, implementing best practices to prevent infections from multi-drug resistant organisms and central lines, and reconciling medications when patients transfer between care settings.
The document discusses the International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG) which were developed by the Joint Commission International to help improve patient safety. It provides background on how the IPSG were adapted from the National Patient Safety Goals established by the Joint Commission. The document then outlines several of the IPSG, including proper patient identification, improving staff communication, reducing risks associated with medications, and preventing wrong site/procedure surgery. The goals are aimed at reducing common safety issues and medical errors in healthcare facilities.
This document outlines patient safety goals and standards. It defines key terms like risk and safety. It lists international patient safety goals such as identifying patients correctly and reducing healthcare associated infections. National patient safety goals are discussed in more detail and include accurately identifying patients, improving caregiver communication, safely using medications, reducing anticoagulant therapy harm, maintaining accurate medication information, reducing clinical alarm hazards, and preventing healthcare associated infections. The document provides specific requirements for implementing several of the national goals.
Patient safety goals effective january 1, 2016Hisham Aldabagh
Includes the patient safety goals which must be achieved during the year 2016, focusing on patient identification, proper patient medication, protection patient against infection, and strict per operative patient safety procedures
Lecture 5_Managing People & Pharmacy Operations (PART II to III) (1).pdflaonedikgang1
This document provides an overview of managing medication use processes to reduce errors. It discusses the five stages of the medication use process: prescribing, transcribing, distribution, administration, and monitoring. For each stage, potential errors are described. Centralized and decentralized drug distribution models are compared. National patient safety goals and strategies for researching and preventing errors like failure mode and effects analysis and root cause analysis are also covered. The presentation aims to describe medication use processes and discuss ways to improve safety.
The document summarizes the presentation given by Ms. Eloisa E. Ramos on patient safety goals at Procare Riaya Hospital. It discusses the 6 International Patient Safety Goals including identifying patients correctly, improving communication, safety of high-alert medications, ensuring correct-site surgery, reducing healthcare-associated infections, and reducing falls. Key points from each goal are provided such as using two patient identifiers, implementing processes for verbal orders and reporting critical test results, and assessing and mitigating patient fall risks. The document aims to improve safety and quality of care through understanding and implementing the Joint Commission International's patient safety standards.
International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG) help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in some of the most problematic areas of patient safety.
International-Patient-Safety-GoalsGoal 1: Identify patients correctly
Goal 2: Improve effective communication
Goal 3: Improve the safety of high-alert medications
Goal 4: Ensure safe surgery
Goal 5: Reduce the risk of health care-associated infections
Goal 6: Reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls
The document discusses international patient safety goals in hospital settings. It outlines 6 main goals: [1] Identify patients correctly; [2] Improve communication among caregivers; [3] Improve safety of high-alert medications; [4] Ensure correct procedures and patients; [5] Reduce health care-associated infections; [6] Reduce risk of falls. The goals aim to prevent medical errors and harm to patients by establishing safety protocols for identification, communication, medication use, surgery, infection control, and fall prevention.
The document outlines international patient safety goals developed by the Joint Commission International to promote improvements in key areas of patient safety. It describes six goals: 1) identify patients correctly using two patient identifiers, 2) improve communication among caregivers by writing down verbal orders and test results and confirming accuracy, 3) improve safety of high-alert medications through restricted access and clear labeling, 4) ensure correct-site surgeries using checklists and time-outs to verify patient, procedure and site, 5) reduce healthcare associated infections by complying with hand hygiene guidelines, and 6) reduce falls risk by periodically assessing and mitigating patient fall risks.
Patient-centered pharmacovigilance represents a pivotal shift in the landscape of healthcare, emphasizing the active involvement of patients in the monitoring and reporting of adverse drug reactions. Unlike traditional pharmacovigilance, which primarily relies on healthcare professionals to identify and document adverse events, this approach recognizes patients as critical stakeholders in ensuring medication safety. By empowering patients to share their experiences, concerns, and observations regarding medication effects, whether positive or negative, healthcare systems can gain a comprehensive understanding of drug safety and efficacy in real-world settings. Patient-centered pharmacovigilance fosters a collaborative partnership between patients, healthcare providers, and regulatory agencies, promoting transparency, accountability, and ultimately, better patient outcomes. Through increased patient engagement and the utilization of patient-reported data, this approach enables healthcare systems to identify potential safety issues earlier, tailor treatment strategies to individual needs, and enhance overall drug safety surveillance efforts.
This document discusses tracking drugs across the supply chain in a regulated environment. It covers drug utilization reviews, compliance and persistence, concomitancy, dosing, and the lifetime value of patients. Drug utilization reviews help ensure appropriate medication decision making and outcomes. Tracking drugs and serializing packaging helps prevent counterfeiting and ensures drug safety. Associating adverse events and medications improves data quality in clinical trials.
GROWTH OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE IN INDIA Dr Deven V Parmar MD Vice President – Gl...Until ROI
The document discusses the growth of pharmacovigilance in India. It notes that while pharmacovigilance is still in its infancy in India, major advancements have been made in Western countries. It outlines the benefits of developing pharmacovigilance in India, including its large population and growing economy. Challenges to pharmacovigilance in India include its predominantly rural population, extensive use of traditional medicines, and lack of awareness among physicians and consumers. The document calls for building a more robust pharmacovigilance system in India through mandatory reporting, inspections, training programs, and collaborations.
Reporting of ADRS @clinical pharmacy 4th pharmDDrpradeepthi
This document discusses reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It states that ADRs should be reported to regulatory agencies like the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) and drug manufacturers. The CDSCO is particularly interested in unexpected, serious ADRs. It also notes common reasons for lack of ADR reporting by physicians and how drug manufacturers must record practitioner experiences. It provides details on voluntary and spontaneous reporting systems and how to start an ADR reporting program in a hospital.
This document outlines six international patient safety goals for healthcare organizations. The goals are to: 1) identify patients correctly using at least two patient identifiers; 2) improve effective communication among caregivers by writing down and reading back verbal orders; 3) improve safety of high-alert medications by addressing storage of concentrated electrolytes; 4) ensure correct-site, correct-procedure, correct-patient surgery through verification and timeout procedures; 5) reduce healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene policies and programs; and 6) reduce risk of falls through assessment and risk reduction measures for at-risk patients. Requirements are provided for each goal.
Patient safety is a fundamental principle of healthcare. Adverse events can result from problems in various areas of care and improving safety requires a complex, system-wide effort. Ensuring safety involves assessing risks, preventing harm, reporting and analyzing incidents, learning from mistakes, and implementing solutions. Guidelines include proper identification of patients, hand hygiene, medication reconciliation, and fall prevention.
Population Management PCMH 2011 - Northwest Medical Partnerspedenton
This document provides information on population management in healthcare, including:
1) It introduces concepts of preventive medicine and outlines why population management and preventive care management are important.
2) It discusses strategies for managing patient populations, such as identifying groups due for certain screenings and reaching out to schedule them.
3) The document also reviews guidelines and recommendations from organizations like the US Preventive Services Task Force for various cancer screenings and preventive services.
The document outlines 6 international patient safety goals related to improving safety in healthcare facilities. The goals are to: 1) correctly identify patients to prevent wrong-patient errors, 2) improve communication among staff to minimize errors, 3) safely manage high-risk medications like concentrated electrolytes, 4) ensure correct surgical procedures and sites to prevent wrong-site surgeries, 5) reduce healthcare-associated infections through proper hand hygiene, and 6) assess and mitigate patient fall risks. The document provides details on requirements for each goal around developing policies and checklists.
Similar to Goal 1 improve the accuracy of patient identification.nps (20)
500 wordsDetailsReminder Initial Discussion Board posts due by.docxssuser47f0be
500 words
Details:
Reminder: Initial Discussion Board posts due by Wednesday, responses due by Sunday
Students will be expected to post their first initial discussion board posting by Wednesday of each week. Discussion posts will be graded and late submissions will be assigned a late penalty in accordance with the late penalty policy found in the syllabus. NOTE: All submission posting times are based on midnight Central Time.
Students are expected to post their responses to peers by Sunday. NOTE: All submission posting times are based on midnight Central Time.
Primary Task Response
: Have you ever attended a play or musical? Do you frequently watch television programs or movies? Nowadays, drama is more popular in American culture than ever before. Yet what some forget is that it is a literary art form crafted by playwrights, TV and comedy writers, and Hollywood screenwriters. Drama shares many of the same elements as fiction and poetry; however, this literary genre is designed to be acted out on a stage or “dramatized” in front of screen audiences.
After you read the assigned essays in the textbook (and possibly the optional Seinfeld episode, “The Pitch”), please discuss the following questions:
Why, in your opinion, are dramas known as “plays?”
Talk about a time in which you attended a play, musical or opera—at a school, church or other public venue. Describe the experience: the sights and sounds, the mood of the audience, and the impact of seeing a drama performed on a live stage.
Have you ever acted and/or sung in a dramatic presentation? If so, depict for your classmates what it was like to be up on a stage performing material from a script. If you have never performed dramatic material, have you ever desired to? Why or why not?
Describe a favorite television show or movie in terms of its main characters, setting(s), basic plot, conflicts and themes. What makes it one of your favorites?
.
500-700 wordsThe city in which you live provides its budget in.docxssuser47f0be
500-700 words
The city in which you live provides its budget information in monthly budgetary control reports with each month representing 1/12th of the overall budget. You overhear several managers discussing the budget at a community meeting. You were surprised to hear that half of the managers liked this process and that the other half felt that it did not adequately match their expenses.
Discuss the issues regarding the preparation of the budgets and why half of the departments liked the process and why the other half did not like the process. Complete the following:
Give examples of 1 department on each side of this controversy.
Can the budgeting process be made more reflective of the work actually being completed?
Explain your answer.
.
500 words, All new content, 2 - references. You are to select a co.docxssuser47f0be
500 words, All new content, 2 - references
. You are to select a country(Not Sudan) that does not recognize all of the established legal guidelines reviewed previously in the last assignment, but the potential profit that could be realized warrants the risk. The following points need to be addressed in your international business expansion plan:
The issue of common and civil law systems internationally
Intellectual property, copyright infringements, and legal ramifications
Violation of human rights of employees and child labor law violations
Public perception of company doing business with companies that engage in that kind of activity
What has been the impact of the European Union of the business environment?
Anything else that you deem important to support your international business expansion plan
.
5Why is the ordination of women such a central issue both for women .docxssuser47f0be
5Why is the ordination of women such a central issue both for women and for many religious communities, including communities on both sides of the issue?
How did the United States evolve from the early intolerance of most of the colonies to the pluralistic society we see today?
250 words each
Prof Xavier
.
500 wordsAccountability and ethical conduct are important concep.docxssuser47f0be
500 words
Accountability and ethical conduct are important concepts in public administration. In Tennessee, recent political stakeholders and some bureaucratic stakeholders have been caught up in various scandals (Operation Tennessee Waltz, Operation Rocky Top, etc.). Based on the readings, what could Tennessee do to make political and bureaucratic functionaries more accountable?
For each thread, students must support their assertions with at least 1 scholarly citation in APA format. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include the textbook, the Bible, etc.
.
5. In what significant way do not-for-profits account for inve.docxssuser47f0be
Not-for-profits account for investments at fair market value rather than cost like businesses. Not-for-profits also account for business-type activities like dining halls and gift shops as enterprise funds similar to governments, showing revenue and expenses separately rather than rolled into overall program spending like other not-for-profit functions.
5.Missouri was International Shoe Corporations principal place .docxssuser47f0be
5.
Missouri was International Shoe Corporation's principal place of business, but the company employed between 11 and 13 salespersons in the state of Washington who exhibited samples and solicited orders for shoes from prospective buyers in Washington. The state of Washington assessed the company for contributions to a state unemployment fund. The state served the assessment on one of International Shoe Corporation's sales representatives in Washington and sent a copy by registered mail to the company's Missouri headquarters. International Shoe's representative challenged the assessment on numerous grounds, arguing that the state had not properly served the corporation. Is the corporation's defense valid? Why or why not? [
International Shoe Co. v. Washington,
326 U.S. 310 (1945).]
6.
The Robinsons, residents of New York, bought a new Audi car from Seaway Volkswagen Corp., a retailer incorporated in New York and with its principal place of business there. World-Wide Volkswagen, a company incorporated in New York and doing business in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, distributed the car to Seaway. Neither Seaway nor World-Wide did business in Oklahoma, and neither company shipped cars there. The Robinsons were driving through Oklahoma when another vehicle struck their Audi in the rear. The gas tank of the Audi exploded, injuring several members of the family. The Robinsons brought a product liability suit against the manufacturer, distributor, and retailer of the car in an Oklahoma state court. Seaway and World-Wide argued that the Oklahoma state court did not have
in personam
jurisdiction over them. After the state's trial court and supreme court held that the state did have
in personam
jurisdiction over Seaway and World-Wide, the companies appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. How do you think the Court decided in this case? Why? [
World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson,
444 U.S. 286 (1980).]
8.
Le Cabaret 481, Inc., an adult entertainment corporation, wanted to open a strip club in the city of Kingston. Kingston, however, passed an ordinance prohibiting adult businesses from operating within 300 feet of any church, school, nursery, public park, or residential property. Le Cabaret 481 filed a suit against the city, arguing that the ordinance left no feasible locations in the city for an adult business and thus violated the company's First Amendment right to free expression. The city, on the other hand, argued that Le Cabaret 481 did not present a ripe case to the court because the company had not applied for a building permit for its adult business. The company argued that it could not find a location for which it could apply for a permit. Do you think Le Cabaret 481 satisfied the ripeness requirement for its suit against the city? Why or why not? [
Le Cabaret 481, Inc. v. Municipality of Kingston,
2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 706 (2005).]
10.
The plaintiffs, parents of underage children, sued the Advanced Brands and Importing Co., a.
5.1 Deep-level abilities are closely related to job performance. As.docxssuser47f0be
5.1 Deep-level abilities are closely related to job performance. As a manager, how could you use the knowledge that people differ to increase the likelihood an employee will perform his or her job well? What challenges does this pose when managing a diverse workforce?
5.2
Employees often see change as threatening. What are some of the sources of resistance to change, and what can you as a manager do to overcome that resistance?
5.3
What role does diversity play in managing change? What are some possible strategies for managing diversity? What influence does diversity training have on organizations?
5.4
Does the type of change being planned affect the strategy for managing the change? Explain and provide an example.
.
5. Choosing a System Jurisdiction Overlap - Drug RingcloseRev.docxssuser47f0be
5. Choosing a System: Jurisdiction Overlap - Drug Ring
close
Review the following scenario:
You are a Wichita Police Department detective working in the major crimes unit, and you are assigned to a joint federal–state–city crime task force working on a number of major drug cases. Over a period of several months, your task force has been able to gather information and make cases on several of the drug suppliers, drug dealers, and drug buyers in the Wichita metropolitan area. The task force is about to complete its mission by filing criminal charges in the federal district court, the state district court, or the Wichita Municipal Court against these various suspects. These suspects will not be arrested until the warrants are issued.
Your job is to make recommendations concerning which jurisdictions should file the charges on which defendants. You will need to evaluate the criminal statutes and penalties in each jurisdiction and even the rules of evidence to determine where your task force has the best chance of obtaining a conviction and in getting the punishment to fit the crime.
The memo that you receive from your Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) task force supervisor explains the situation:
MEMO
Re: Charging Decisions
You are the primary investigator in the cases against Jones, Smith, and Thompson. As I review your reports, it appears that each of these cases has strengths and weaknesses that we should evaluate before we determine whether to file charges in the U.S. District Court, the Sedgwick County District Court for the State of Kansas, or the Wichita Municipal Court. I will summarize those strengths and weaknesses here to make sure I am reading your reports correctly. I need you to give me advice on where you think these charges should be brought.
Jones has been working for you as a confidential informant because you have evidence against him for a February 6, 2005 third possession of cocaine after convictions in 1993 and 1994. He appears to have followed the terms of his deal with you to introduce our undercover agents to his dealer. We have promised not to prosecute for any drug offenses he may commit in the presence of our undercover agent while playing the role of our informant. His assistance has enabled us to get sufficient evidence on Smith and Thompson to obtain convictions. Based on Jones’ two prior convictions for possession of cocaine, we would normally want him to go to federal court, where the maximum sentences are available. However, because of his cooperation, we could file the case in the Sedgwick County, Kansas, and district court under state law. We could even change the charge to a drug paraphernalia offense and send his case to the city of Wichita.
How do you think we should proceed concerning Jones' February 6, 2005 cocaine possession? (30%)
He will probably plead guilty unless we send him to federal court. Where do you want to file it? (20%)
Smith has sold cocaine to our undercover agents on two occasions: Ju.
5. (TCO4) As a manufacturing firm builds a plant in Bolivia, it also.docxssuser47f0be
5. (TCO4) As a manufacturing firm builds a plant in Bolivia, it also has to build an airstrip so that it can get the building supplies and the component parts it needs for operation to the Bolivian facility. The building of the airstrip was necessary because Bolivia has (Points : 2)
limited natural resources.
an underdeveloped infrastructure.
too many competing airports.
no international trade incentives.
None of these choices
.
5-6 paper written on dyslexia. APA format. What did the researcher.docxssuser47f0be
5-6 paper written on dyslexia. APA format. What did the researchers want to find out? What's the big picture- why was the topic worth studying? What data did they collect, and how did they collect it? What did they find, and what do those findings actually mean? What are the implications of those findings?
.
5 page apa style paperOne of the recent developments facing the .docxssuser47f0be
5 page apa style paper
One of the recent developments facing the public administration of corrections is that there has been an increasing call by public officials and the citizenry to privatize the prison systems in the United States.
First, from the perspective of a public sector correctional administrator, make 2 arguments for keeping the jails in public hands.
Second, from the perspective of a private sector, correctional facility manager make 2 arguments for turning the correctional system over to the private correctional industry.
Briefly discuss the types of challenges that each sector - both public and private may face.
Are there any legal issues, either criminal or civil, that need to be addressed before privatization can occur?
Support your viewpoints from your readings and other appropriate outside sources.
.
42. For fiscal year 2011, Starbucks Corporation (SBUX) had total r.docxssuser47f0be
42.
For fiscal year 2011, Starbucks Corporation (SBUX) had total revenues of $11.70 billion, net income of $1.25 billion, total assets of $7.36 billion, and total shareholder’s equity of $4.38 billion.
a. Calculate the Starbucks’ ROE directly, and using the DuPont Identity.
b. Comparing with the data for Peet’s in Problem 41, use the DuPont Identity to understand the difference between the two firms’ ROEs.
Q2
See
Table 2.5
showing financial statement data and stock price data for Mydeco Corp.
a. How did Mydeco’s accounts receivable days change over this period?
b. How did Mydeco’s inventory days change over this period?
c. Based on your analysis, has Mydeco improved its management of its working capital during this time period?
TABLE 2.5
2009–2013 Financial Statement Data and Stock Price Data for Mydeco Corp.
Mydeco Corp. 2009–2013
(All data as of fiscal year end; in $ million)
Income Statement
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Revenue
Cost of Goods Sold
404.3
(188.3)
363.8
(173.8)
424.6
(206.2)
510.7
(246.8)
604.1
(293.4)
Gross Profit
Sales and Marketing
Administration
Depreciation & Amortization
216.0
(66.7)
(60.6)
(27.3)
190.0
(66.4)
(59.1)
(27.0)
218.4
(82.8)
(59.4)
(34.3)
263.9
(102.1)
(66.4)
(38.4)
310.7
(120.8)
(78.5)
(38.6)
EBIT
Interest Income (Expense)
61.4
(33.7)
37.5
(32.9)
41.9
(32.2)
57.0
(37.4)
72.8
(39.4)
Pretax Income
Income Tax
27.7
(9.7)
4.6
(1.6)
9.7
(3.4)
19.6
(6.9)
33.4
(11.7)
Net Income
Shares outstanding (millions)
Earnings per share
18.0
55.0
$0.33
3.0
55.0
$0.05
6.3
55.0
$0.11
12.7
55.0
$0.23
21.7
55.0
$0.39
Balance Sheet
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Assets
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Inventory
48.8
88.6
33.7
68.9
69.8
30.9
86.3
69.8
28.4
77.5
76.9
31.7
85.0
86.1
35.3
Total Current Assets
Net Property, Plant & Equip.
Goodwill & Intangibles
171.1
245.3
361.7
169.6
169.6
243.3
184.5
309
361.7
186.1
345.6
361.7
206.4
347.0
361.7
Total Assets
Liabilities & Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts Payable
Accrued Compensation
778.1
18.7
6.7
774.6
17.9
6.4
855.2
22.0
7.0
893.4
26.8
8.1
915.1
31.7
9.7
Total Current Liabilities
Long-term Debt
25.4
500.0
24.3
500.0
29.0
575.0
34.9
600.0
41.4
600.0
Total Liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity
525.4
252.7
524.3
250.3
604.0
251.2
634.9
258.5
641.4
273.7
Total Liabilities & Stockholders’ Equity
778.1
774.6
855.2
893.4
915.1
Statement of Cash Flows
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Net Income
Depreciation & Amortization
Chg. in Accounts Receivable
Chg. in Inventory
Chg. in Payables & Accrued Comp.
18.0
27.3
3.9
(2.9)
2.2
3.0
27.0
18.8
2.8
(1.1)
6.3
34.3
(0.0)
2.5
4.7
12.7
38.4
(7.1)
(3.3)
5.9
21.7
38.6
(9.2)
(3.6)
6.5
Cash from Operations
Capital Expenditures
48.5
(25.0)
50.5
(25.0)
47.8
(100.0)
46.6
(75.0)
54.0
(40.0)
Cash from Investing Activities
Dividends Paid
Sale (or purchase) of stock
Debt Issuance (Pay Down)
(25.0)
(5.4)
—
—
(25.0)
(5.4)
—
—
(100.0)
(5.4)
—
75.0
(75.0)
(5.4)
—
25.0
(40.0)
(6.5)
—
—
Cash from Financing Activities
(5.4)
(5.4)
69.6
19.6
(6.5)
C.
5-6 minute persuasive speech onShould all children be taught se.docxssuser47f0be
5-6 minute persuasive speech on:
**Should all children be taught self defense in school?**
Include a specific purpose statement calling for either
-passive agreement
or
-immediate action
ALSO
The name os the type of organization method you have used in this speech.
.
5 haikus that relate to the pic attachedMust use the following 5.docxssuser47f0be
5 haikus that relate to the pic attached
Must use the following 5 words for each haiku:
- journey/destination
- emphasis/vibrant
- dusk/dawn
- contrast
- dream
- illusion
At least one word for each haiku, word must be the main topic of the haiku
Should be easy.
5-7-5 syllable pattern, 3 line haiku
If you don't know how to write a haiku like the people who accepted this hw before, then don't bother accepting please.
Example:
reflections i see
on the river's surface
blurry and unclear
.
4055-817 emerging network course Think about each question in .docxssuser47f0be
4055-817 emerging network course
Think about each question in detail before formulating your answer.
Your answer should be complete and
you should include examples
to support your answer.
There is no limitation on the amount you can write.
Each answer should include minimum of 130 words
1.
Explain Ad Hoc Networks and their usage.
2.
Explain the routing protocols in Mobil Ad Hoc Networks (MANET).
3.
What are your thoughts on MANET-VANET?
Implementation Issues?
Security challenges?
What is the current state of technology?
4.
How will routing be different in Ad Hoc Networks versus Wireless Sensor Networks?
5.
What are some of the security issues in Sensor Networks?
6.
How do we ensure data privacy, integrity, and authentication in Sensor Networks?
7.
List and explain at
least three
Mesh Network applications.
8.
Explain what a good Mesh Routing Protocol should have.
9.
Explain Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) and their usage.
10.
What is your opinion about Smart Grid technology and its usage its future use?
.
5 Page Paper on Billy and the American South. Include Works Cited..docxssuser47f0be
5 Page Paper on Billy and the American South. Include Works Cited.
Title: Billy and the American South: I ask Why?
Talk about the American south and how it was racist and explian why Billy was executed only at the age of 10. Also campare the american south then and now.
Due Monday 8 A.M New York TIme
.
4–5 pages; 5–7 PowerPoint slides (excluding title and reference slid.docxssuser47f0be
4–5 pages; 5–7 PowerPoint slides (excluding title and reference slides); Speaker notes of 150–250
Details:
You are the department manager for a thriving orthopedic center that is part of an integrated delivery system (IDS) in Denver. The IDS is owned by a national corporation, with varying sized health care facilities from coast to coast.
As the department manager, you participate in various committees and panels that address multiple aspects of the center’s business and administration. Currently, the chief executive officer (CEO) of the IDS is considering approving procurement of a surgical robotic unit, at the recommendation of the system’s chief of surgery, for use in the thriving but overloaded orthopedic center that the Denver hospital houses.
He has also asked you to prepare a PowerPoint presentation explaining the specific differences among economic factors that must be considered prior to the purchase of the surgical unit.
Key Assignment
Write a paper of 4–5 pages discussing the competitive ability of acquiring a surgical robot unit. In your paper, include the following information:
Who are the stakeholders in this scenario (both internal and external)?
What is the impact to the various stakeholders of acquiring a surgical robot unit?
What are the external and internal factors that will impact the decision?
How might consumers (patients) react?
How will acquiring this technology impact the organization’s ability to compete?
Also, prepare a PowerPoint presentation of 5–7 slides on the same issue, and be sure to do the following:
Make sure to use proper formatting for your presentation.
Include 150–250 words of speaker notes.
Include citations and a reference slide.
.
5 page paper that must discuss the topic above Must include scho.docxssuser47f0be
5 page paper that must discuss the topic above
Must include scholarly journals and articles 5 or more
Must be in apa format
Racial Barriers/ Injustices in the Criminal Justice System
Outline:
I. Introduction
In this paper I will be discussing the racial barriers and the injustices that go on in law enforcement. I will be giving details on the different racial disparities that many people as well as police officers face. When it comes to racial disparities it's not only a black and white issue, but law enforcement is also filled with different cultures and there are many people who are mistreated and targeted. Police brutality is a big issue as well and from this issue a lot of lives have been taken from mistakes police officers have made. Lastly, I will discuss the many barriers' women face in law enforcement, women are sometimes look passed and harassed and this is a not much popular issue people like to talk about.
II. Body
Racial Disparities
· Challenges that police officers face while working in Law Enforcement.
· Impact of racial profiling
· Bias in law enforcement
Police Brutality
· Police Shootings
· Excessive Force
Women in Law Enforcement
· Challenges women face while on the job.
· Sexual Harassment
· Unfair treatment on the job.
III. Conclusion
References
Bleakley, Paul. (2019). A Thin-Slice of Institutionalised Police Brutality: A Tradition of Excessive Force in the Chicago Police Department. Criminal Law Forum. 30. 10.1007/s10609-019-09378-6.
Kruttschnitt, C., et al. “A Man's World? Comparing the Structural Positions of Men and Women in an Organized Criminal Network.”
Crime, Law and Social Change
, Springer Netherlands, 1 Jan. 1970, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-020-09910-5#Bib1.
Shjarback, John & Decker, Scott & Rojek, Jeff & Brunson, Rod. (2017). Minority Representation in Policing and Racial Profiling: A Test of Representative Bureaucracy versus Community Context. Policing An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management. 40. 10.1108/PIJPSM-09-2016-0145.
.
5 discussion questions due friday morning (81613)100 words per q.docxssuser47f0be
5 discussion questions due friday morning (8/16/13)
100 words per question
please cite and reference
no plagarism
anatomy and physiololy
question 1
There are several cardinal signs of acute inflammation. Can you explain the underlying mechanisms responsible for these cardinal signs of acute inflammation including heat, pain, redness, and swelling?
question 2
Some individuals with a deficit of IgA exhibit recurrent respiratory tract infections. Can this be explained after covering this week's material?
microbiology
question 1
What factors influence bacterial growth and the growth of other microbes? How can the knowledge of these factors assist in controlling bacterial growth? What techniques are used to control the bacterial growth?
question 2
How are microbes classified? Discuss at least two (bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, parasitic worms (helminthes), or arthropods). Include:
The categories
The criteria used to place organisms in categories (morphology, staining, growth, nutrition, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, serology, phage typing, or protein profiles.
Why are viruses not classified?
question 3
The formation of the Germ Theory was important in moving scientists toward solving the problem of many diseases. Several individuals played a role in the development of this theory. Describe two experiments that led to the Germ Theory.
a. Spontaneous generation
b. Contributions of Louis Pasteur
c. Contributions of Robert Koch
Thank you!
.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Goal 1 improve the accuracy of patient identification.nps
1. Goal 1
Improve the accuracy of patient identification.
NPSG.01.01.01
Use at least two patient identifiers when providing care,
treatment, and services.
--Rationale for NPSG.01.01.01--
Wrong-patient errors occur in virtually all stages of diagnosis
and treatment. The intent for this goal is two-
fold: first, to reliably identify the individual as the person for
whom the service or treatment is intended;
second, to match the service or treatment to that individual.
Acceptable identifiers may be the individual’s
name, an assigned identification number, telephone number, or
other person-specific identifier.
Newborns are at higher risk of misidentification due to their
inability to speak and lack of distinguishable
features. In addition to well-known misidentification errors
such as wrong patient/wrong procedure,
misidentification has also resulted in feeding a mother’s
expressed breastmilk to the wrong newborn, which
poses a risk of passing bodily fluids and potential pathogens to
the newborn. A reliable identification system
among all providers is necessary to prevent errors.
Element(s) of Performance for NPSG.01.01.01
1. Use at least two patient identifiers when administering
3. Goal 2
Improve the effectiveness of communication among caregivers.
NPSG.02.03.01
Report critical results of tests and diagnostic procedures on a
timely basis.
--Rationale for NPSG.02.03.01--
Critical results of tests and diagnostic procedures fall
significantly outside the normal range and may indicate
a life-threatening situation. The objective is to provide the
responsible licensed caregiver these results within
an established time frame so that the patient can be promptly
treated.
Element(s) of Performance for NPSG.02.03.01
1. Develop written procedures for managing the critical results
of tests and diagnostic procedures that
address the following:
- The definition of critical results of tests and diagnostic
procedures
- By whom and to whom critical results of tests and diagnostic
procedures are reported
- The acceptable length of time between the availability and
reporting of critical results of tests and
diagnostic procedures
2. Implement the procedures for managing the critical results of
tests and diagnostic procedures.
3. Evaluate the timeliness of reporting the critical results of
tests and diagnostic procedures.
4. Goal 3
Improve the safety of using medications.
NPSG.03.04.01
Label all medications, medication containers, and other
solutions on and off the sterile field in perioperative and other
procedural settings.
Note: Medication containers include syringes, medicine cups,
and basins.
--Rationale for NPSG.03.04.01--
Medications or other solutions in unlabeled containers are
unidentifiable. Errors, sometimes tragic, have
resulted from medications and other solutions removed from
their original containers and placed into
unlabeled containers. This unsafe practice neglects basic
principles of safe medication management, yet it is
routine in many organizations.
The labeling of all medications, medication containers, and
other solutions is a risk-reduction activity
consistent with safe medication management. This practice
addresses a recognized risk point in the
administration of medications in perioperative and other
procedural settings. Labels for medications and
medication containers are also addressed at Standard
MM.05.01.09.
Element(s) of Performance for NPSG.03.04.01
1. In perioperative and other procedural settings both on and off
the sterile field, label medications and
solutions that are not immediately administered. This applies
even if there is only one medication
6. 4. Verify all medication or solution labels both verbally and
visually. Verification is done by two individuals
qualified to participate in the procedure whenever the person
preparing the medication or solution is
not the person who will be administering it.
5. Label each medication or solution as soon as it is prepared,
unless it is immediately administered.
Note: An immediately administered medication is one that an
authorized staff member prepares or
obtains, takes directly to a patient, and administers to that
patient without any break in the process.
6. Immediately discard any medication or solution found
unlabeled.
7. Remove all labeled containers on the sterile field and discard
their contents at the conclusion of the
procedure.
Note: This does not apply to multiuse vials that are handled
according to infection control practices.
8. All medications and solutions both on and off the sterile field
and their labels are reviewed by entering
and exiting staff responsible for the management of
medications.
NPSG.03.05.01
Reduce the likelihood of patient harm associated with the use of
anticoagulant therapy.
Note: This requirement does not apply to routine situations in
which short-term prophylactic anticoagulation is used for
preventing venous thromboembolism (for example, related to
procedures or hospitalization).
7. --Rationale for NPSG.03.05.01--
Anticoagulation therapy can be used as therapeutic treatment
for several conditions, the most common of
which are atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary
embolism, and mechanical heart valve implant.
However, it is important to note that anticoagulant medications
are more likely than others to cause harm due
to complex dosing, insufficient monitoring, and inconsistent
patient compliance. This National Patient Safety
Goal has great potential to positively impact the safety of
patients on this class of medications, including
improving patient outcomes.
To achieve better patient outcomes, patient education is a vital
component of an anticoagulation therapy
program. Effective anticoagulation education includes face-to-
face interaction with a trained professional who
works closely with patients to be sure that they understand the
risks involved with anticoagulation therapy
and the precautions they need to take. The use of standardized
practices for anticoagulation therapy that
include patient involvement can reduce the risk of adverse drug
events associated with heparin
(unfractionated), low molecular weight heparin, warfarin, and
direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).
Element(s) of Performance for NPSG.03.05.01
1. The hospital uses approved protocols and evidence-based
practice guidelines for the initiation and
maintenance of anticoagulant therapy that address medication
selection; dosing, including
adjustments for age and renal or liver function; drug–drug and
drug–food interactions; and other risk
10. January 2021 for the Hospital Program
Introduction to Reconciling Medication Information
The large number of people receiving health care who take
multiple medications and the
complexity of managing those medications make medication
reconciliation an important safety
issue. In medication reconciliation, a clinician compares the
medications a patient should be using
(and is actually using) to the new medications that are ordered
for the patient and resolves any
discrepancies.
The Joint Commission recognizes that organizations face
challenges with medication reconciliation.
The best medication reconciliation requires a complete
understanding of what the patient was
prescribed and what medications the patient is actually taking.
It can be difficult to obtain a
complete list from every patient in an encounter, and accuracy
is dependent on the patient’s ability
and willingness to provide this information. A good faith effort
to collect this information is
recognized as meeting the intent of the requirement. As health
care evolves with the adoption of
more sophisticated systems (such as centralized databases for
prescribing and collecting
medication information), the effectiveness of these processes
will grow.
This National Patient Safety Goal (NPSG) focuses on the risk
points of medication reconciliation.
The elements of performance in this NPSG are designed to help
organizations reduce negative
11. patient outcomes associated with medication discrepancies.
Some aspects of the care process that
involve the management of medications are addressed in the
standards rather than in this goal.
These include coordinating information during transitions in
care both within and outside of the
organization (PC.02.02.01), patient education on safe
medication use (PC.02.03.01), and
communications with other providers (PC.04.02.01).
In settings where medications are not routinely prescribed or
administered, this NPSG provides
organizations with the flexibility to decide what medication
information they need to collect based
on the services they provide to patients. It is often important for
clinicians to know what medications
the patient is taking when planning care, treatment, and
services, even in situations where
medications are not used.
NPSG.03.06.01
Maintain and communicate accurate patient medication
information.
--Rationale for NPSG.03.06.01--
There is evidence that medication discrepancies can affect
patient outcomes. Medication reconciliation is
intended to identify and resolve discrepancies—it is a process
of comparing the medications a patient is
taking (or should be taking) with newly ordered medications.
The comparison addresses duplications,
omissions, and interactions, and the need to continue current
medications. The types of information that
clinicians use to reconcile medications include (among others)
14. Page 6 of 14
Report Generated by DSSM
Wednesday, Oct 28 2020
National Patient Safety Goals Effective
January 2021 for the Hospital Program
Goal 6
Reduce patient harm associated with clinical alarm systems.
NPSG.06.01.01
Improve the safety of clinical alarm systems.
--Rationale for NPSG.06.01.01--
Clinical alarm systems are intended to alert caregivers of
potential patient problems, but if they are not
properly managed, they can compromise patient safety. This is a
multifaceted problem. In some situations,
individual alarm signals are difficult to detect. At the same
time, many patient care areas have numerous
alarm signals and the resulting noise and displayed information
tends to desensitize staff and cause them to
miss or ignore alarm signals or even disable them. Other issues
associated with effective clinical alarm
system management include too many devices with alarms,
default settings that are not at an actionable
level, and alarm limits that are too narrow. These issues vary
greatly among hospitals and even within
different units in a single hospital.
There is general agreement that this is an important safety issue.
15. Universal solutions have yet to be
identified, but it is important for a hospital to understand its
own situation and to develop a systematic,
coordinated approach to clinical alarm system management.
Standardization contributes to safe alarm
system management, but it is recognized that solutions may
have to be customized for specific clinical units,
groups of patients, or individual patients. This NPSG focuses on
managing clinical alarm systems that have
the most direct relationship to patient safety.
Note: Additional information on alarm safety can be found on
the AAMI website
https://www.aamifoundation.org/coalitions/clinical-alarm-
systems/complementary-research/.
Element(s) of Performance for NPSG.06.01.01
1. Leaders establish alarm system safety as a hospital priority.
2. Identify the most important alarm signals to manage based on
the following:
- Input from the medical staff and clinical departments
- Risk to patients if the alarm signal is not attended to or if it
malfunctions
- Whether specific alarm signals are needed or unnecessarily
contribute to alarm noise and alarm
fatigue
- Potential for patient harm based on internal incident history
- Published best practices and guidelines
(For more information on managing medical equipment risks,
refer to Standard EC.02.04.01)
3. Establish policies and procedures for managing the alarms
identified in EP 2 above that, at a
minimum, address the following:
- Clinically appropriate settings for alarm signals
17. guidelines.
--Rationale for NPSG.07.01.01--
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
each year, millions of people acquire an
infection while receiving care, treatment, and services in a
health care organization. Consequently, health
care–associated infections (HAIs) are a patient safety issue
affecting all types of health care organizations.
One of the most important ways to address HAIs is by
improving the hand hygiene of health care staff.
Compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) or
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
hand hygiene guidelines will reduce the transmission of
infectious agents by staff to patients, thereby
decreasing the incidence of HAIs. To ensure compliance with
this National Patient Safety Goal, an
organization should assess its compliance with the CDC and/or
WHO guidelines through a comprehensive
program that provides a hand hygiene policy, fosters a culture
of hand hygiene, monitors compliance, and
provides feedback.
Element(s) of Performance for NPSG.07.01.01
1. Implement a program that follows categories IA, IB, and IC
of either the current Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) or the current World Health
Organization (WHO) hand hygiene
guidelines. (See also IC.01.04.01, EP 1)
2. Set goals for improving compliance with hand hygiene
guidelines. (See also IC.03.01.01, EP 1)
3. Improve compliance with hand hygiene guidelines based on
19. physical environment that could be used
to attempt suicide; the hospital takes necessary action to
minimize the risk(s) (for example, removal of
anchor points, door hinges, and hooks that can be used for
hanging).
For nonpsychiatric units in general hospitals: The organization
implements procedures to mitigate the
risk of suicide for patients at high risk for suicide, such as one-
to-one monitoring, removing objects that
pose a risk for self-harm if they can be removed without
adversely affecting the patient’s medical care,
assessing objects brought into a room by visitors, and usi ng safe
transportation procedures when
moving patients to other parts of the hospital.
Note: Nonpsychiatric units in general hospitals do not need to
be ligature resistant. Nevertheless,
these facilities should routinely assess clinical areas to identify
objects that could be used for self-harm
and remove those objects, when possible, from the area around a
patient who has been identified as
high risk for suicide. This information can be used for training
staff who monitor high-risk patients (for
example, developing checklists to help staff remember which
equipment should be removed when
possible).
2. Screen all patients for suicidal ideation who are being
evaluated or treated for behavioral health
conditions as their primary reason for care using a validated
screening tool.
Note: The Joint Commission requires screening for suicidal
ideation using a validated tool starting at
age 12 and above.
3. Use an evidence-based process to conduct a suicide
21. January 2021 for the Hospital Program
The hospital identifies safety risks inherent in its patient
population.
Goal 15
Introduction to the Universal Protocol for Preventing Wrong
Site, Wrong
Procedure, and Wrong Person Surgery™
The Universal Protocol applies to all surgical and nonsurgical
invasive procedures. Evidence indicates that
procedures that place the patient at the most risk include those
that involve general anesthesia or deep
sedation, although other procedures may also affect patient
safety. Hospitals can enhance safety by correctly
identifying the patient, the appropriate procedure, and the
correct site of the procedure.
The Universal Protocol is based on the following principles:
- Wrong-person, wrong-site, and wrong-procedure surgery can
and must be prevented.
- A robust approach using multiple, complementary strategies is
necessary to achieve the goal of always
conducting the correct procedure on the correct person, at the
correct site.
- Active involvement and use of effective methods to improve
communication among all members of the
procedure team are important for success.
- To the extent possible, the patient and, as needed, the family
are involved in the process.
- Consistent implementation of a standardized protocol is most
effective in achieving safety.
23. UP.01.01.01
Conduct a preprocedure verification process.
--Rationale for UP.01.01.01--
Hospitals should always make sure that any procedure is what
the patient needs and is performed on the
right person. The frequency and scope of the verification
process will depend on the type and complexity of
the procedure.
The preprocedure verification is an ongoing process of
information gathering and confirmation. The purpose
of the preprocedure verification process is to make sure that all
relevant documents and related information
or equipment are as follows:
- Available prior to the start of the procedure
- Correctly identified, labeled, and matched to the patient’s
identifiers
- Reviewed and are consistent with the patient’s expectations
and with the team’s understanding of the
intended patient, procedure, and site
Preprocedure verification may occur at more than one …
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References
Rainie, L., & Wellman, B. (2012). Future of the networked.
New Scientist, 215(2875), 24–25.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(12)61936-8
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Future of the networked
OPINION
An always-on world is rapidly reshaping human social
interactions. Expect a battle between freedom and control, say
Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman
OUR social relationships are changing and technology is at the
centre of this unfolding story.
Take stock of your own world. You probably have a few family
27. members and friends who mean the world to you. Then there are
the many acquaintances, contacts, "followers" and
"consequential strangers" who you only interact with
occasionally but who serve useful purposes when you have
questions, need to make decisions or require a helping hand.
Your ties to all of them, especially those in the outer reaches of
your network, are increasingly mediated through digital
technology -- from email to Facebook to Skype calls.
This new social operating system has been emerging for several
generations but has accelerated in growth thanks to the recent
triple revolution: the widespread adoption of broadband,
ubiquitous mobile connectivity and the move from bounded
groups -- largely closed circles of interlinked contacts -- to
multiple social networks.
We have dubbed the result networked individualism because
loose-knit networks are overtaking more densely knit groups
and traditional hierarchies as the dominant structure of social
interaction.
In the world of networked individuals, the individual is the
focus, not the family, the work unit, the neighbourhood or the
social group. Each person creates their own network tailored to
their needs, maintaining it through their email address and
address book, screen name, social and technological filters, and
cellphone number.
Networks are thriving. People have more strong ties as well as
weak ones. The number of people on the periphery of each
network is growing. In this Web 2.0 world, community-building
can take new forms. Hobbyists, the civic minded, caregivers,
spiritual pathfinders and many others have the option of
plugging into existing communities or building their own --
which they often do.
This revolution doesn't mean physical isolation, as some fear.
People still value neighbours, because they remain important for
everyday socialising and emergencies. Yet neighbours are only
about 10 per cent of our significant ties. While people see co-
workers and neighbours often, the most important contacts tend
28. to be with people who live elsewhere in the city, region, nation
-- and abroad.
The new media are able to facilitate such contact, and, in effect,
have become the neighbourhood. And it is heavily populated.
Data from the Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life
Project suggests that more than two-thirds of American adults
and three-quarters of teenagers have become online content
creators through social media and rankings, ratings,
commenting and remixing applications. In this world, people
can easily locate and connect with others who share their tastes,
lifestyles, politics, spiritual practices, ailments or professional
aspirations.
With such a fundamental social shift linked to still-developing
technology, how it unfolds needs to be considered. We think
there are two possible scenarios.
In the first, virtual assistants operating in a semantic web-one in
which machines can better assess the ocean of information --
seamlessly mesh a user's life logistics and interests, allowing
people to be more productive and more effective at integrating
their needs. The merger of data and the physical environment,
especially in augmented reality apps, enriches people's
experiences as they can summon information about the things
they are observing -- a landscape, buildings in an unfamiliar
city or even faces of those they encounter.
In this benign world, the challenges of information overload are
reduced as these smart agents perform filtering and relevance
tests. This lets people interact with their social networks and
growing information stores in productive and socially beneficial
ways.
In the second scenario, a walled online world of tight corporate
permissions and Big Brotherish surveillance by business and the
state limits networked life. Personal agents turn out to be
double agents, feeding back information on users that can be
sold. People are limited in what they can do with their media
and networks by those determined to prevent pirating of
content.
29. Moreover, tech firms and their advertising allies scan users'
behaviour for commercial exploitation. People's social network
practices are quarantined inside filter bubbles that assume they
want homogenised content and contact with like-minded
individuals, rather than a diversified, broad outreach.
Which will unfold? The future will likely include parts of each.
The architecture of the internet -- dominated by the hacker
ethic-will facilitate open networks and all the social connection
that goes with them. Legal struggles over content ownership and
the cost of access may lead to restrictions that could limit the
capacity for users to do what they want.
Evolving social norms will push both ways. Some will
encourage openness as people want to connect; others will
encourage limits as the hassled and hard-pressed withdraw
occasionally.
In short, the world will fragment, with some parts moving
towards the brighter side of networked individualism and other
parts moving towards gated communities and more tightly
controlled information flows.
The triple revolution has given rise to far-reaching
consequences, though it is not yet clear what the outermost
points of impact will be. What is evident is that networked
individualism is tightly tied to technological changes on the
horizon and that the time is ripe to contemplate the shape of
things to come.
~~~~~~~~
By Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman
Lee Rainie directs the Pew Research Center's Internet&
American Life Project based in Washington DC. Barry Wellman
is a professor of sociology and director of NetLab at the
University of Toronto, Canada. Their new book, Networked, is
out now (MIT Press)
Copyright of New Scientist is the property of New Scientist Ltd.
and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or
30. posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express
written permission. However, users may print, download, or
email articles for individual use.
Back
Encyclopedia of Communication Theory
Computer-Mediated Communication
Contributors: Author:David Holmes
Edited by: Stephen W. Littlejohn & Karen A. Foss
Book Title: Encyclopedia of Communication Theory
Chapter Title: "Computer-Mediated Communication"
Pub. Date: 2009
Access Date: February 23, 2021
Publishing Company: SAGE Publications, Inc.
City: Thousand Oaks
Print ISBN: 9781412959377
Online ISBN: 9781412959384
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412959384. n64
Print pages: 162-164
32. computers for communication, to the point
that today, CMC is often used interchangeably with online
Internet communication. Thus e-mail, chat rooms,
bulletin boards, and simulated worlds are all forms of CMC. But
the distinguishing feature here is that what
is being mediated is communication—not information or
entertainment. Browsing the World Wide Web and
downloading information—the primary activity of Web 1.0 (the
original use of the Internet)—are not examples
of CMC. Rather, communication between individuals, whether
one-to-one or many-to-many, sharing text,
sounds, and images in Web 2.0, and interacting in next-
generation environments are examples. However,
the most common forms of CMC are e-mail, with its very low
bandwidth, or the broader-banded online social
networking outlets, in which users can post images or music.
But in each case, text predominates.
A further division here is between synchronous and
asynchronous CMC. Many chat sites, such as the early
Internet Relay Chat and “I seek you,” Multi-User Dungeons
(MUDs) and MUDs object oriented (MOOs), and
today's Second Life are in real time. The bulk of CMC,
however, is asynchronous, with e-mail and online
social networking offering the convenience of communication
that can be stored in a threaded conversation.
The fact that there are several varieties of CMC, according to
temporal and bandwidth qualities, has led some
researchers to problematize the status and nature of interactivity
in CMC.
Interactivity
Founder of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,
Sheizaf Rafaeli is a key theorist who can
33. assist in understanding interaction within CMC. In an important
1988 article, Rafaeli distinguishes between
connectivity, reactivity, and interactivity. Networks must have a
human interface, but they must also have an
architecture that makes interactivity possible. Such interactive
networks, once established, take on a history
of their own, and through such a history, relationships are
formed. Two-way communication does not, in
itself, guarantee interactivity. Rather, an exchange or action-
reaction must develop into a relationship in which
one utterance becomes a context for another. Without this form
of connectivity, relationships become either
circular or solipsistic.
Rafaeli also wants to abandon the dyadic model that is applied
to most CMC. Online interactivity is distributed
across a network and cannot be reduced to the sum of a point-
to-point exchange. Every message takes
into account preceding messages, as well as the ways in which
previous messages react to one another.
This view of interactivity suggests that the actual use of CMC is
seldom interactive, particularly in cases of
anonymity in CMC discussion groups. For this reason, a
fundamental distinction needs to be made between
CMC users and groups that have other outside relationships and
those that do not.
Computer-Mediated Communication Research Directions
This distinction corresponds to two dominant directions in CMC
research—the cues-filter ed-out approach,
which focuses research on users, and avatar research. When
CMC is experienced as an extension of
interpersonal or institutional relationships online, interlocutors
are generally referred to as users. When
35. goes into bringing these external contexts
into the content of interaction.
Baym also identifies five different sources of impact on CMC:
(1) external contexts, in which the use of
CMC is set (language, city); (2) the temporal structure of the
group (synchronistic or asynchronistic); (3)
the infrastructure of the computer system (speed, number of
computers, capacity for anonymity, user-
friendliness); (4) the purposes for which the CMC is used
(interest oriented, uses and gratifications); and (5)
the characteristics of the group and its members (group size,
educational level of participants).
Avatar Research
The second direction of CMC research—avatar research—which
was very popular in the late 1990s,
champions the exclusion of external contexts of CMC. This
research argues that online identities, or avatars,
enjoy a neutral space of interaction. Because there are no cues
that can spontaneously signify an
interlocutor's appearance, gender, class, and ethnicity, avatars
are seen to communicate on an equal footing,
without any of the social discrimination that accompanies the
above categories. An avatar can exist in a
number of CMC environments. The avatar's identity may be
limited to textual representation, or in the case of
many synchronous forms of simulated CMC—such as MUDs,
MOOs, and Second Life—an avatar can take
on a visual form and adopt voices and behavior that are
constructed online. The avatar does not have an
identity or a history other than what is formed online.
In the 1990s, the question of online identity represented by the
avatar was a major source of fascination for
37. SAGE Reference
Page 3 of 4
Encyclopedia of Communication Theory
In recent years, the interest in the avatar has waned and is of
little interest to the net generation of young
people who are born as “digital natives” and have not faced the
novelty of having to migrate to digital culture.
As Susan Herring has noted, the net generation does not relate
well to the utopian speculations or the
debates about online democracy, identity, and virtuality of
earlier decades.
• avatars
• interactivity
• cues
• computer-mediated communication
• speech acts
• computers
• telephony
David Holmes
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412959384.n64
See also
• Digital Cultures
• Media Equation Theory
• Network Society
• New Media Theory
• Presence Theory
Further Readings
38. Baym, N.(1998).The emergence of online community. In
S.Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety: Computer-mediated
communication and community (pp. 138–163). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Haythornthwaite, C., & Wellman, B.(2002).The Internet and
everyday life: An introduction. In B.Wellman, &
C.Haythornthwaite (Eds.), The Internet and everyday life (pp.
3–41). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Herring, S.Slouching towards the ordinary: Current trends in
computer-mediated communication.New Media
and Society6(2004).26–
36.http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444804039906
Nancy, J.-L.(1991).The Inoperative Community (ed. P.Connor;
trans. PeterConnor, LisaGarbus,
MichaelHilland, and SimonaSawhney). Minneapolis: University
of Minnesota Press.
Rafaeli, S.(1988).Interactivity: From new media to
communication. In R. P.Hawkins, J. M.Wiemann, &
S.Pingree (Eds.), Sage annual review of communication
research: Advancing communication science, Vol.
16 (pp. 10–134). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Rafaeli, S., and Sudweeks, F.Networked interactivity.Journal of
Computer-Mediated
Communication2(4)(1997).Retrieved February 11, 2009, from
http://jcmc.indiana.edu/v012/issue4/
rafaeli.sudweeks.html
Riva, G., and Galimberti, C.Computer-mediated communication:
Identity and social interaction in an electronic
environment.Genetic, Social and General Psychology
Monographs124(1998).434–464.
Turkle, S.(1995).Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the
Internet.New York: Simon & Schuster.
Wellman, B., & Gulia, M.(1999).Virtual communities as
communities: Net surfers don't ride alone. In M.Smith,
& P.Kollock (Eds.), Communities in cyberspace (pp. 167–194).
London: Routledge.
41. This PDF has been generated from SAGE Knowledge. Please
note that the pagination of the online
version will vary from the pagination of the print book.
javascript:void(0);
javascript:void(0);
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412958479.n98
Computer-mediated communication is the domain of human
communication in which individuals and groups
interact, form impressions, establish relationships, and
accomplish tasks using networked computers.
Although the timing and stylistic features of communication
often distinguish online from offline relationship
development and management, people can initiate relationships,
establish effective groups, and develop
personal partnerships using computer systems.
Generally speaking, people interacting on computers have
access to fewer nonverbal cues than those who
interact in person. Although early research predicted that people
would not be able to form meaningful
relationships using computer-mediated communication,
subsequent studies have demonstrated that
relational communication is indeed amenable to online
interaction. Because there are fewer nonverbal
cues available to people who are interacting on computers, it
typically takes longer for people to achieve
their interpersonal goals than when they interact on a face-to-
face basis. Malcolm Parks provides a useful
metaphor for understanding this aspect of computer-mediated
communication: Interpersonal interaction via
computers is a garden hose. Interpersonal information can flow
42. like water through the hose and fill a container
(an interpersonal impression) just as well as can a large fire
hose; it just takes longer with the smaller hose.
Since the language and timing of written messages exchanged
via computer systems convey all the social
information, with no additional matter relayed by nonverbal
behavior, it takes longer for people interacting on
computers to accrue sufficient social information with which to
form and transmit impressions and affective
influence statements.
In some cases individuals form more positive impressions of
others via computer-mediated communication
than they would form had they had a face-to-face conversation.
This phenomenon is known as hyperpersonal
communication. The nature of computer-mediated
communication contributes to the phenomenon of
hyperpersonal effects. One characteristic is that
computermediated communication allows people to carefully
select the ways that they present themselves. For example,
college students may carefully edit their grammar
when they interact with their professors on the computer so that
their professors will infer that they are
bright and conscientious. Also, because people are not located
in the same place during computer-mediated
communication and cannot observe their partners' normal
appearance and traits, people idealize their
partners' charac teristics. For example, a couple who met on an
online dating site and had their first
interactions online may overattribute the similarity and
attractiveness of their partners. Computer-mediated
communication also allows users to craft their messages quite
deliberately and edit them to fit their desired
self- and partner-oriented stereotypes and communication goals.
Computer-mediated communication is also
hypothesized to foster mutual influence of idealizing responses
43. so that users come to act in ways consistent
with the desires their communication partners envision of them.
Hyperpersonal communication tends to occur
quickly when people plan to have ongoing interaction with
others.
One feature that is common in some computermediated
communication settings is anonymous
communication. Anonymous communication occurs when people
communicate with one another without
knowing the specific personal identities of those with whom
they are interacting. When people are anonymous
in computer-mediated groups, they tend to be influenced by
group dynamics more strongly than they
otherwise would. Researchers believe that this occurs when
people are relating to others and thinking of
themselves as members of social groups or categories as
opposed to operating as if they were unique
individuals. This has the effect of causing people in computer -
mediated groups to exhibit behavior that is
consistent with group norms. This effect is particularly strong
when there is another group, an outgroup, which
members implicitly reject. The effect of group norms has been
used to explain the occasional occurrence of
flaming in online groups, that is, the contagious reciprocation
of insults and profanities. Early research claimed
that this kind of misbehavior was a result of the lack of
nonverbal cues in computermediated communication,
and individuals' inability to assess situational norms when they
were online. Group identification research
provides a better account of flaming, however: When it appears
in some groups, it is reciprocated and
becomes normative for that group. This is why flaming is not
endemic to all computer-mediated
communication: It is a function of local group norms
exacerbated by anonymity, and not a function of online
45. with one another. Current research is exploring
the characteristics of personal information about online
acquaintances which make it either more or less
believable. It appears that information is more believable when
the person it describes is unlikely to be able
to create or manipulate it.
New technologies also support mixed-mode relationships that
began offline. Social networking technologies
such as Facebook and MySpace allow friends to carry on
relationships that move between online and offline
venues. Social networking technologies also help people to stay
in touch easily with larger networks of
acquaintances. These technologies have allowed people who
were once out of touch to reconnect easily with
one another and continue their relationships online. They are a
vital tool for relational maintenance.
Brandon Van Der Heide & , and Joseph B. Walther
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412958479.n98
See also
• Communication, Instant Messaging and Other New Media
• First Impressions
• Internet, Attraction on
• Internet Dating
• Technology and Relationships
Further Readings
Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C.(2007).A familiar
Face(book): Profile elements as signals in an online
social network. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.
435–444). New York: ACM
Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240695