In the history of Islam, the fall of Baghdad in 1258 indicates the decline of the Islamic empires.
The fall of the empires also marked the fall of the Islamic civilization and intellectualism. As the Islamic empires
fell one after another, starting with Baghdad, this left the Muslims in a pathetic condition, hardly able to regain
the prestigious position once they held on the world stage. The internal conflicts within the Ummah, also in a
way failed them in making any significant contribution during the great Industrial Revolution that happened
in the West. After that, Western colonization of Muslim lands, to some extent deprived them the success of
reconstructing and regaining the great civilization once they had during their heydays. Evers since the fall of
Baghdad, the Muslims are constantly bombarded with challenges they have to face in maintaining their faith,
culture and heritage. In modern times, after their independence, one of the serious problems they have to face
is globalization. Globalization which started some time ago is an ongoing thing that cannot be stopped. It is a
multi-faceted phenomenon which ramifies into all areas of the human life. Since the idea of globalization is a
thing that comes from the rich and affluent countries of the West, many in the developing and third world
countries welcome it with much delight as it offers them a great deal in terms of capital flow which promises
prosperity. Others perceive it with a doubtful and skeptical attitude by questioning as to what are the hidden
agendas of globalization. To them, globalization is a new agenda of the West to re-colonize the East. It is seen
as a new approach of how the Western hegemony can be imposed on the political, economic, social, cultural
and other aspects of the people in the East, particularly in the Muslim world. In the light of the present world
scenario, this paper intends to explore what globalization is all about, what sort of impact it has on the Islamic
civilization, very particularly in the areas of education and culture. Since globalization is irreversible, the paper
also aims at discussing on how the Muslim countries should strategize in facing the ferocious onslaught of
the tidal waves of globalization that have touched their shores
Globalization and its Impact on Education and Cultur (journal paper)Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
In the history of Islam, the fall of Baghdad in 1258 indicates the decline of the Islamic empires.
The fall of the empires also marked the fall of the Islamic civilization and intellectualism. As the Islamic empires
fell one after another, starting with Baghdad, this left the Muslims in a pathetic condition, hardly able to regain
the prestigious position once they held on the world stage. The internal conflicts within the Ummah, also in a
way failed them in making any significant contribution during the great Industrial Revolution that happened
in the West. After that, Western colonization of Muslim lands, to some extent deprived them the success of
reconstructing and regaining the great civilization once they had during their heydays. Ever since the fall of
Baghdad,the Muslims are constantly bombarded with challenges they have to face in maintaining their faith,
culture and heritage. In modern times, after their independence, one of the serious problems they have to face is globalization. Globalization which started sometime ago is an ongoing thing that cannot be stopped. It is a
multifaceted phenomenon which ramifies into all areas of the human life. Since the idea of globalization is a
thing that comes from the rich and affluent countries of the West, many in the developing and third world
countries welcome it with much delight as it offers them a great deal in terms of capital flow which promises
prosperity.Others perceive it with a doubtful and skeptical attitude by questioning as to what are the hidden
agendas of globalization. To them, globalization is a new agenda of the West to re-colonize the East. It is seen
as a new approach of how the Western hegemony can be imposed on the political, economic, social, cultural
and other aspects of the people in the East, particularly in the Muslim world. In the light of the present world
scenario,this paper intends to explore what globalization is all about, what sort of impact it has on the Islamic
civilization, very particularly in the areas of education and culture. Since globalization is irreversible, the paper
also aims at discussing on how the Muslim countries should strategize in facing the ferocious onslaught of
the tidal waves of globalization that have touched their shores.
History indicates that before the coming of modern globalization, the Muslims
had their own version of globalization. During the Muslim era of globalization
which coincides with the Golden Age of the Muslims, the West benefited
immensely from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scientists and
scholars. Modern globalization which started during the era of Western
colonization of the East has now gone to every nook and cranny of the world.
The usage of internet and other modern electronic media directly or indirectly
has speed up the process of transporting modern globalization to the world
community. Modern globalization has brought about radical change in aims of
education; it has marginalized local culture and language; it has caused brain
drain everywhere in the world. Muslims, it seems, are perceiving globalization as
identical to re-colonization. This paper intends to explore and investigate how
modern globalization heralded by the west is different from Muslim
globalization in the past.
Islam seeks to develop the human minds to a total submission to Allah the
Almighty. Through its divine guidance, the Qur’an ushered a large section of
the masses in Arabia from the darkness of ignorance into knowledge and
enlightenment of their souls. Islam grew from a humble beginning into a
mighty civilizational force. Islamic civilization like all other civilizations,
started to decline after reaching its pinnacle of success. Ever since the fall of
Baghdad in 1258, the Muslim world has been confronted with endless
problems in all fields of life. Colonization of Muslim lands by the West had
created the knowledge and technological gap between them and their
colonizers. Being subjected to colonization, neo-colonization, and now
globalization, Muslims are lagging behind other communities of the world. The
Muslim minds which once came up with great ideas, discoveries, innovation
and inventions, at the moment somehow become less prolific, and experiencing
a state of lethargy and malaise. In realizing the great challenges faced by the
Muslims in the modern world, this research intends to re-visit Iqbal’s ideas to
remedy the awful situations experienced by the Ummah.
Long before the coming of the modern era of globalization from the West, the Muslim world had seen and enjoyed its own era of globalization. The Muslim era of globalization happened exactly during the peak of the Islamic civilization (750-1258). Around that era, there appeared a great multitude of Muslim scholars and scientists. The openness of the Islamic civilization led early Muslims scholars to borrow ideas from the earlier civilizations; like the Greeks, Persians and Indians. Many pioneering works produced by early Muslims scholars in the areas of science, technology and philosophy later immensely benefited scholars in the West. Concurrent to modern globalization was the era of European colonization of the East and Africa. Since then, Western globalization has been influencing every part of the globe. In the last few decades with the advent of the internet and now social media, knowledge and information sharing have become a lot easier than before. At times, however, the internet and social media have negatively impacted on the masses living in the East, nevertheless their positive impact challenges governments and local authorities in many countries to practice good governance in the day-to-day running of their countries. Through this paper, the researchers intend to explore globalization from the Islamic perspective and discuss issues related to the practice of good governance, politics and the phenomenon of brain drain in the Muslim world. As a qualitative study, this research employs the library research method that uses the textual and content analysis techniques. Pertinent data related to the study will be gathered from print and internet sources.
Early Muslims were able to embellish their civilization with great achievements in the areas of science and
technology. The Holy Qur‟an not only speaks about spirituality but also on science and the natural world. The
Qur‟an was the driving force in encouraging the Muslim scholars to go into science and research. The zeal to
understand the hidden message of Allah, in the natural world, made them learn from contributions made by earlier
civilizations. In taking knowledge from others, early Muslims used the methodology of adopt, adapt and integrate.
During their heydays, Muslim scholars were pioneers in many areas of knowledge and sciences; natural and
social. The peak of Islamic civilization drew Europeans scholars to their centers of learning. In modern times, the
European renaissance movement which started in the 14
th
century got the impetus from the culture of learning,
doing research and exploration that was shown by the Muslim scholars of the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258).
The decline of the Islamic empires and the internal conflicts within the Ummah in some ways made the Muslims
to lag behind others in science and technology. This paper intends to explore the ideas of Iqbal (1873 -1938) on
science and what are the obstacles highlighted by him that hindered the Muslims‟ march towards making this
world a better place for them and others as well.
This document discusses world history from an Islamic perspective based on a presentation given at the International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities. It outlines some key differences between traditional Western and Islamic schemes for periodizing world history, and proposes a unified modern framework. The document also discusses concepts like the creation of man, periodization of history, and the tripartite dimensions of historical events from Islamic and Darwinist paradigms. Further, it outlines the Islamization of knowledge movement and efforts at the International Islamic University Malaysia to reorient social sciences using an Islamic worldview.
Study about the intellectual and philosophical challenges faced byaism hafeez
Students today face various intellectual and philosophical challenges. These include religious fanaticism, Islamophobia, materialism, secularism influences on education. Historically, Muslim students flourished during the Islamic Golden Age but then declined due to colonialism. Western concepts like nationalism replaced Islamic transnationalism. Now, students must address these challenges through understanding the Quran and promoting moderate Islamic teachings of patience, mutual respect among cultures, and not judging all by the actions of a few. This research aims to identify challenges faced by secondary students and ways to resolve them based on Quranic guidance and scholarship.
Rethinking islamist politics, culture, the state and islamism by salwa ismailtopbottom1
This document provides an overview and summary of the book "Rethinking Islamist Politics" by Salwa Ismail. Some key points:
- The book aims to provide an account of Islamist activism by examining the socio-political contexts and "infrastructures of action" rather than invoking Islam as a unitary entity.
- It focuses on both macro-level factors like state structures, but also micro-level processes like how Islamist activists mobilize at the neighborhood level and engage with communities.
- The book examines the heterogeneity of Islamist movements and how their discourses generate meanings in relation to historical contexts rather than referring to sacred texts alone.
- The author argues against generalizations about the
Globalization and its Impact on Education and Cultur (journal paper)Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
In the history of Islam, the fall of Baghdad in 1258 indicates the decline of the Islamic empires.
The fall of the empires also marked the fall of the Islamic civilization and intellectualism. As the Islamic empires
fell one after another, starting with Baghdad, this left the Muslims in a pathetic condition, hardly able to regain
the prestigious position once they held on the world stage. The internal conflicts within the Ummah, also in a
way failed them in making any significant contribution during the great Industrial Revolution that happened
in the West. After that, Western colonization of Muslim lands, to some extent deprived them the success of
reconstructing and regaining the great civilization once they had during their heydays. Ever since the fall of
Baghdad,the Muslims are constantly bombarded with challenges they have to face in maintaining their faith,
culture and heritage. In modern times, after their independence, one of the serious problems they have to face is globalization. Globalization which started sometime ago is an ongoing thing that cannot be stopped. It is a
multifaceted phenomenon which ramifies into all areas of the human life. Since the idea of globalization is a
thing that comes from the rich and affluent countries of the West, many in the developing and third world
countries welcome it with much delight as it offers them a great deal in terms of capital flow which promises
prosperity.Others perceive it with a doubtful and skeptical attitude by questioning as to what are the hidden
agendas of globalization. To them, globalization is a new agenda of the West to re-colonize the East. It is seen
as a new approach of how the Western hegemony can be imposed on the political, economic, social, cultural
and other aspects of the people in the East, particularly in the Muslim world. In the light of the present world
scenario,this paper intends to explore what globalization is all about, what sort of impact it has on the Islamic
civilization, very particularly in the areas of education and culture. Since globalization is irreversible, the paper
also aims at discussing on how the Muslim countries should strategize in facing the ferocious onslaught of
the tidal waves of globalization that have touched their shores.
History indicates that before the coming of modern globalization, the Muslims
had their own version of globalization. During the Muslim era of globalization
which coincides with the Golden Age of the Muslims, the West benefited
immensely from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scientists and
scholars. Modern globalization which started during the era of Western
colonization of the East has now gone to every nook and cranny of the world.
The usage of internet and other modern electronic media directly or indirectly
has speed up the process of transporting modern globalization to the world
community. Modern globalization has brought about radical change in aims of
education; it has marginalized local culture and language; it has caused brain
drain everywhere in the world. Muslims, it seems, are perceiving globalization as
identical to re-colonization. This paper intends to explore and investigate how
modern globalization heralded by the west is different from Muslim
globalization in the past.
Islam seeks to develop the human minds to a total submission to Allah the
Almighty. Through its divine guidance, the Qur’an ushered a large section of
the masses in Arabia from the darkness of ignorance into knowledge and
enlightenment of their souls. Islam grew from a humble beginning into a
mighty civilizational force. Islamic civilization like all other civilizations,
started to decline after reaching its pinnacle of success. Ever since the fall of
Baghdad in 1258, the Muslim world has been confronted with endless
problems in all fields of life. Colonization of Muslim lands by the West had
created the knowledge and technological gap between them and their
colonizers. Being subjected to colonization, neo-colonization, and now
globalization, Muslims are lagging behind other communities of the world. The
Muslim minds which once came up with great ideas, discoveries, innovation
and inventions, at the moment somehow become less prolific, and experiencing
a state of lethargy and malaise. In realizing the great challenges faced by the
Muslims in the modern world, this research intends to re-visit Iqbal’s ideas to
remedy the awful situations experienced by the Ummah.
Long before the coming of the modern era of globalization from the West, the Muslim world had seen and enjoyed its own era of globalization. The Muslim era of globalization happened exactly during the peak of the Islamic civilization (750-1258). Around that era, there appeared a great multitude of Muslim scholars and scientists. The openness of the Islamic civilization led early Muslims scholars to borrow ideas from the earlier civilizations; like the Greeks, Persians and Indians. Many pioneering works produced by early Muslims scholars in the areas of science, technology and philosophy later immensely benefited scholars in the West. Concurrent to modern globalization was the era of European colonization of the East and Africa. Since then, Western globalization has been influencing every part of the globe. In the last few decades with the advent of the internet and now social media, knowledge and information sharing have become a lot easier than before. At times, however, the internet and social media have negatively impacted on the masses living in the East, nevertheless their positive impact challenges governments and local authorities in many countries to practice good governance in the day-to-day running of their countries. Through this paper, the researchers intend to explore globalization from the Islamic perspective and discuss issues related to the practice of good governance, politics and the phenomenon of brain drain in the Muslim world. As a qualitative study, this research employs the library research method that uses the textual and content analysis techniques. Pertinent data related to the study will be gathered from print and internet sources.
Early Muslims were able to embellish their civilization with great achievements in the areas of science and
technology. The Holy Qur‟an not only speaks about spirituality but also on science and the natural world. The
Qur‟an was the driving force in encouraging the Muslim scholars to go into science and research. The zeal to
understand the hidden message of Allah, in the natural world, made them learn from contributions made by earlier
civilizations. In taking knowledge from others, early Muslims used the methodology of adopt, adapt and integrate.
During their heydays, Muslim scholars were pioneers in many areas of knowledge and sciences; natural and
social. The peak of Islamic civilization drew Europeans scholars to their centers of learning. In modern times, the
European renaissance movement which started in the 14
th
century got the impetus from the culture of learning,
doing research and exploration that was shown by the Muslim scholars of the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258).
The decline of the Islamic empires and the internal conflicts within the Ummah in some ways made the Muslims
to lag behind others in science and technology. This paper intends to explore the ideas of Iqbal (1873 -1938) on
science and what are the obstacles highlighted by him that hindered the Muslims‟ march towards making this
world a better place for them and others as well.
This document discusses world history from an Islamic perspective based on a presentation given at the International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities. It outlines some key differences between traditional Western and Islamic schemes for periodizing world history, and proposes a unified modern framework. The document also discusses concepts like the creation of man, periodization of history, and the tripartite dimensions of historical events from Islamic and Darwinist paradigms. Further, it outlines the Islamization of knowledge movement and efforts at the International Islamic University Malaysia to reorient social sciences using an Islamic worldview.
Study about the intellectual and philosophical challenges faced byaism hafeez
Students today face various intellectual and philosophical challenges. These include religious fanaticism, Islamophobia, materialism, secularism influences on education. Historically, Muslim students flourished during the Islamic Golden Age but then declined due to colonialism. Western concepts like nationalism replaced Islamic transnationalism. Now, students must address these challenges through understanding the Quran and promoting moderate Islamic teachings of patience, mutual respect among cultures, and not judging all by the actions of a few. This research aims to identify challenges faced by secondary students and ways to resolve them based on Quranic guidance and scholarship.
Rethinking islamist politics, culture, the state and islamism by salwa ismailtopbottom1
This document provides an overview and summary of the book "Rethinking Islamist Politics" by Salwa Ismail. Some key points:
- The book aims to provide an account of Islamist activism by examining the socio-political contexts and "infrastructures of action" rather than invoking Islam as a unitary entity.
- It focuses on both macro-level factors like state structures, but also micro-level processes like how Islamist activists mobilize at the neighborhood level and engage with communities.
- The book examines the heterogeneity of Islamist movements and how their discourses generate meanings in relation to historical contexts rather than referring to sacred texts alone.
- The author argues against generalizations about the
PhD Students in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor & Faculty Mentor,
PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System
The golden ages of islamic civilizationSHAMJITH KM
The document provides an overview of the golden ages of Islamic civilization between 600-1600 CE. It highlights key contributions Muslims made to various fields including mathematics, chemistry, medicine, physics, geography and history. Some of the major figures mentioned include Al-Khwarizmi (father of algebra), Jabir Ibn Hayyan (father of chemistry), Ibn Sina (father of modern medicine), Al-Idrisi (created influential early world maps) and Ibn Khaldun (considered the father of sociology). The golden age was driven by inspiration from the Quran and hadith, promotion of learning by caliphs, and universities being established across the Islamic world. Overall, Muslims made pioneering advances in many areas
The document discusses the historical contributions of Muslims to science and intellectual development. It notes that Muslims made significant advances in fields like mathematics, astronomy, optics, mechanics, geography, and more between the 8th-16th centuries. However, Muslims have since experienced a decline and "brain drain" where talented individuals leave Muslim-majority countries. The document aims to analyze factors for this downturn and recommend solutions to promote education reform and highlight Islam's historical role in advancing scientific knowledge.
This document provides a history of internationalization in higher education from ancient times to the present. It discusses:
- Early examples of internationalization dating back to universities in ancient Greece, India, the Middle East in the 7th-9th centuries that attracted students from across Asia and Europe.
- The spread of knowledge through translation of texts into Arabic and Latin, and the influence of ancient Greek and Eastern texts on the development of science in Europe.
- The role of learned societies and universities in establishing norms of scholarly cooperation and institutionalizing scientific communication through academic journals from the 17th century onward.
- The intertwining of science and imperialism/colonialism from the 18th century,
The Islamic Golden Age lasted from the 7th to 13rd centuries, during which the Islamic world made significant advances in art, science, engineering, and more. Under various caliphates, the Islamic empire spread across much of Asia, Africa, and Europe, bringing diverse populations together and establishing a universal civilization. This era of achievement was spurred by Islamic teachings that promoted education and knowledge, as well as tolerant governments that financed scholars. Notable contributions included major developments in areas like medicine, math, astronomy, and agriculture. The Golden Age declined due to later wars and conquests, but its influences on science, technology, and culture remain important today.
This document discusses the historiography of world history as an academic field. It outlines how world history has evolved from earlier universal histories that focused on civilizations and the rise and fall of empires. More recent approaches examine themes of connections, interactions and relations across different places. The document also discusses new methodologies in world history, such as environmental history, transnational history, and big history. It emphasizes teaching world history through essential questions and themes that are globally significant, such as race, revolution, imperialism and decolonization.
The document provides an overview of key developments in the early modern period including the globalization of Christianity, the scientific revolution, and their cultural impacts. It discusses how Christianity spread globally for the first time through missionary efforts and imperialism. The scientific revolution challenged religious authority and older worldviews, fostering new ways of thinking. Enlightenment thinkers applied the scientific approach to human affairs and society, advocating reason and progress. However, 19th century science later undermined some Enlightenment assumptions. European science was selectively adopted in Asia, influencing fields like medicine and cartography but not wholly transforming local traditions.
The document discusses internationalization and international understanding in higher education based on the experience of Chinese higher education. It argues that universities need to train citizens of the world by consciously absorbing other cultures. Chinese education strengthens understanding by promoting internationalization of universities and establishing Confucius Institutes to promote harmonious development of cultures.
The document discusses the role of universities in promoting international understanding and cultural exchange through higher education. It argues that universities should train citizens of the world by embracing multiculturalism, understanding different cultures, and promoting harmony between civilizations. It highlights how Chinese education internationalizes its universities while also establishing Confucius Institutes abroad to share Chinese culture and promote global cultural development.
The document discusses several theories for what caused the rise of the West between 1450-1750. The environmental theory argues Europe's natural advantages like resources, climate and harbors gave it a head start. D'Souza's theory says Europe rose due to institutions like science, democracy, and capitalism. Other factors discussed include the centralization of nation-states, population impacts from the Black Death like labor shortages and immunity, religious changes from the Reformation, and technological advances like the printing press.
Internationalization of higher education is important for fostering international understanding and training citizens of the world. Chinese higher education promotes internationalization by increasing international student and scholar exchanges and founding Confucius Institutes to share Chinese culture. It also emphasizes absorbing knowledge from all cultures to develop students' global perspectives while maintaining national identity. Strengthening internationalization in universities helps educate students on diverse cultures and perspectives to build mutual understanding between countries.
Early Muslims were able to embellish their civilization with great achievements in the areas of science and technology. The Holy Qur‟an not only speaks about spirituality but also on science and the natural world. The Qur‟an was the driving force in encouraging the Muslim scholars to go into science and research. The zeal to understand the hidden message of Allah, in the natural world, made them learn from contributions made by earlier civilizations. In taking knowledge from others, early Muslims used the methodology of adopt, adapt and integrate. During their heydays, Muslim scholars were pioneers in many areas of knowledge and sciences; natural and social. The peak of Islamic civilization drew Europeans scholars to their centers of learning. In modern times, the European renaissance movement which started in the 14th century got the impetus from the culture of learning, doing research and exploration that was shown by the Muslim scholars of the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). The decline of the Islamic empires and the internal conflicts within the Ummah in some ways made the Muslims to lag behind others in science and technology. This paper intends to explore the ideas of Iqbal (1873-1938) on science and what are the obstacles highlighted by him that hindered the Muslims‟ march towards making this world a better place for them and others as well.
The Concept on Man: A Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamicmohd abbas abdul razak
Being placed in the highest pedestal in the hierarchy of creations, man has been the focus in many areas of research, be it in religion, psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc. Regardless in the East or West, the study on man which started in the ancient past is still an on-going one. In the West, the research on man which started with the Greek philosophers has not ended for the reason there does not exist a comprehensive conclusion on the many enigmatic questions that surround the study on man. This scenario has opened the opportunity in West for the emergence of a divergent concept on man. In the Islamic world ever since the heydays of the Islamic civilization (750-1258), Muslim scholars have been constantly researching on the many dimensions of man stated in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Since the quest to understand man is a perennial one, this paper intends to explore and make an exposition on the concepts of man provided by the mainstream Western psychology; namely psychoanalysis, behaviorism and humanistic psychology. In this research too, in a contrastive manner the researchers would like to compare the Western theories on man with that mentioned in the Islamic psychology.
History indicates that before the coming of modern globalization, the Muslims
had their own version of globalization. During the Muslim era of globalization
which coincides with the Golden Age of the Muslims, the West benefited
immensely from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scientists and
scholars. Modern globalization which started during the era of Western
colonization of the East has now gone to every nook and cranny of the world.
The usage of internet and other modern electronic media directly or indirectly
has speeded up the process of transporting modern globalization to the world
community. Modern globalization has brought about radical change in aims of
education; it has marginalized local culture and language; it has caused brain
drain everywhere in the world. Muslims, it seems, are perceiving globalization as
identical to re-colonization. This paper intends to explore and investigate how
modern globalization heralded by the west is different from Muslim
globalization in the past.
The Islamic world has witnessed the emergence of great number of
Muslim scholars. The names of those who made positive
contributions are mentioned till to these days. The poet-philosopher
Allama Muhammad Iqbal is one of those great scholars who have
left a legacy behind to be followed by other scholars particularly in
the area of how to deal with the West. His own reconciliatory
approach in dealing between the West and the Islamic world should
be an interesting one. Within the confines of this paper, the
researcher would like to explore and analyze the life, works and
mission of Iqbal, focusing on his philosophical approach to Muslim
ummah.
This is a philosophical expression to show the cohesion of the individual with the rest of humanity. All people and all countries are great in certain ways. Instead of thinking we are great about ourselves, we should be able to learn the good qualities of others that live on this planet
Human nature is a widely and popularly discussed topic not only in the East but also in
the West. This topic has drawn people from diverse backgrounds of knowledge to
explore and investigate who or what man is in relation to his Creator and other
creations that exist in the universe. The research on man and the attempts to answer
many of the intricate questions related to his creation and existence which started in the
ancient past is still on-going. The fact that the latest findings on man have added
information to the existing body of knowledge makes the study on human nature a
dynamic and perennial one. Within the scope of this paper, the researcher has made an
attempt to discuss the topic on human nature from the Islamic perspective. In
discussing the nature of man, the researcher has ventured into the physical and
metaphysical realms of his existence as described in the Qur’an. Besides that, the
researcher has also entertained some discussions on how man has been perceived in the
mainstream Western and Islamic psychologies. In concluding the paper, the researcher
has anchored the discussion as to why the study on human nature is important.
The document consists of short quotes and reflections on various topics such as God, civilization, relationships, home, success, humanity, music, food, prayer, life, Freud, social media, and being a universal man. The quotes are attributed to Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak and were collected from IIUM.
Ramadan and Eid are highly anticipated events in Malaysia. During Ramadan, families wake up early to eat sahur before the start of the daily fast. Iftar is an important meal to break the fast together. As Ramadan ends, preparations begin for Eid, including making new clothes and traditional foods. On Eid day, millions attend mosque prayers dressed in their finest attire, expressing gratitude and forgiveness. People spend the day visiting family and friends, strengthening social bonds and celebrating their faith with food and goodwill.
STABILIZING MUSLIM MARRIAGES: SOME REFLECTIONS ON ETHICAL MANAGEMENT OF FAMIL...mohd abbas abdul razak
Marriage breakdowns and family instability with their debilitating after-effects on women and children are the hallmark of greatly mechanized global community at present time. To remedy the situation, social scientists have diagnosed a multitude of variables as the precursor for the upward trends in marriage breakdowns and family disintegration. In Malaysian context, women`s financial independence, easy access to multimedia and early marriage are among the factors which account for the rising phenomenon of divorce even during the early years of marriage among Muslims. To remedy the situation, marriage counseling, law reform and pre-marriage courses are mostly emphasized by both mainstream legal scholars and women right activists. It is my considered opinion that these formalistic approaches if not integrated with the emphasis on ethical side of Islamic law may cause more marriage breakups than enhancing families. The bigger issues in terms of ethical management of Muslim family, such as marriage fidelity, sense of commitment to care for women and children, and spousal mutual empathy and responsibility may help a great deal in acculturating our society from early childhood to adolescence and through adulthood. The paper, therefore, argues for the more concentrated ethical approach for addressing the underlying causes of marriage disability in order to give more effect and meaning to the existing formalistic social and legal measures by reforming Muslims` mindset and outlook towards family.
History indicates that before the coming of modern globalization, the Muslims had their own version of globalization. During the Muslim era of globalization which coincides with the Golden Age of the Muslims, the West benefited immensely from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scientists and scholars. Modern globalization which started during the era of Western colonization of the East has now gone to every nook and cranny of the world. The usage of internet and other modern electronic media directly or indirectly has speeded up the process of transporting modern globalization to the world community. Modern globalization has brought about radical change in aims of education; it has marginalized local culture and language; it has caused brain drain everywhere in the world. Muslims, it seems, are perceiving globalization as identical to re-colonization. This paper intends to explore and investigate how modern globalization heralded by the west is different from Muslim globalization in the past.
Iqbal's Ideas for the Restoration of Muslim Dynamism(Journal Paper)Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Islam seeks to develop the human minds to a total submission to Allah the Almighty. Through its divine guidance, the Qur’an ushered a large section of the masses in Arabia from the darkness of ignorance into knowledge and enlightenment of their souls. Islam grew from a humble beginning into a mighty civilizational force. Islamic civilization like all other civilizations, started to decline after reaching its pinnacle of success. Ever since the fall of Baghdad in 1258, the Muslim world has been confronted with endless
problems in all fields of life. Colonization of Muslim lands by the West had created the knowledge and technological gap between them and their colonizers. Being subjected to colonization, neo-colonization, and now globalization, Muslims are lagging behind other communities of the world. The Muslim minds which once came up with great ideas, discoveries, innovation and inventions, at the moment somehow become less prolific, and experiencing a state of lethargy and malaise. In realizing the great challenges faced by the Muslims in the modern world, this research intends to re-visit Iqbal’s ideas to remedy the awful situations experienced by the Ummah.
PhD Students in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor & Faculty Mentor,
PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System
The golden ages of islamic civilizationSHAMJITH KM
The document provides an overview of the golden ages of Islamic civilization between 600-1600 CE. It highlights key contributions Muslims made to various fields including mathematics, chemistry, medicine, physics, geography and history. Some of the major figures mentioned include Al-Khwarizmi (father of algebra), Jabir Ibn Hayyan (father of chemistry), Ibn Sina (father of modern medicine), Al-Idrisi (created influential early world maps) and Ibn Khaldun (considered the father of sociology). The golden age was driven by inspiration from the Quran and hadith, promotion of learning by caliphs, and universities being established across the Islamic world. Overall, Muslims made pioneering advances in many areas
The document discusses the historical contributions of Muslims to science and intellectual development. It notes that Muslims made significant advances in fields like mathematics, astronomy, optics, mechanics, geography, and more between the 8th-16th centuries. However, Muslims have since experienced a decline and "brain drain" where talented individuals leave Muslim-majority countries. The document aims to analyze factors for this downturn and recommend solutions to promote education reform and highlight Islam's historical role in advancing scientific knowledge.
This document provides a history of internationalization in higher education from ancient times to the present. It discusses:
- Early examples of internationalization dating back to universities in ancient Greece, India, the Middle East in the 7th-9th centuries that attracted students from across Asia and Europe.
- The spread of knowledge through translation of texts into Arabic and Latin, and the influence of ancient Greek and Eastern texts on the development of science in Europe.
- The role of learned societies and universities in establishing norms of scholarly cooperation and institutionalizing scientific communication through academic journals from the 17th century onward.
- The intertwining of science and imperialism/colonialism from the 18th century,
The Islamic Golden Age lasted from the 7th to 13rd centuries, during which the Islamic world made significant advances in art, science, engineering, and more. Under various caliphates, the Islamic empire spread across much of Asia, Africa, and Europe, bringing diverse populations together and establishing a universal civilization. This era of achievement was spurred by Islamic teachings that promoted education and knowledge, as well as tolerant governments that financed scholars. Notable contributions included major developments in areas like medicine, math, astronomy, and agriculture. The Golden Age declined due to later wars and conquests, but its influences on science, technology, and culture remain important today.
This document discusses the historiography of world history as an academic field. It outlines how world history has evolved from earlier universal histories that focused on civilizations and the rise and fall of empires. More recent approaches examine themes of connections, interactions and relations across different places. The document also discusses new methodologies in world history, such as environmental history, transnational history, and big history. It emphasizes teaching world history through essential questions and themes that are globally significant, such as race, revolution, imperialism and decolonization.
The document provides an overview of key developments in the early modern period including the globalization of Christianity, the scientific revolution, and their cultural impacts. It discusses how Christianity spread globally for the first time through missionary efforts and imperialism. The scientific revolution challenged religious authority and older worldviews, fostering new ways of thinking. Enlightenment thinkers applied the scientific approach to human affairs and society, advocating reason and progress. However, 19th century science later undermined some Enlightenment assumptions. European science was selectively adopted in Asia, influencing fields like medicine and cartography but not wholly transforming local traditions.
The document discusses internationalization and international understanding in higher education based on the experience of Chinese higher education. It argues that universities need to train citizens of the world by consciously absorbing other cultures. Chinese education strengthens understanding by promoting internationalization of universities and establishing Confucius Institutes to promote harmonious development of cultures.
The document discusses the role of universities in promoting international understanding and cultural exchange through higher education. It argues that universities should train citizens of the world by embracing multiculturalism, understanding different cultures, and promoting harmony between civilizations. It highlights how Chinese education internationalizes its universities while also establishing Confucius Institutes abroad to share Chinese culture and promote global cultural development.
The document discusses several theories for what caused the rise of the West between 1450-1750. The environmental theory argues Europe's natural advantages like resources, climate and harbors gave it a head start. D'Souza's theory says Europe rose due to institutions like science, democracy, and capitalism. Other factors discussed include the centralization of nation-states, population impacts from the Black Death like labor shortages and immunity, religious changes from the Reformation, and technological advances like the printing press.
Internationalization of higher education is important for fostering international understanding and training citizens of the world. Chinese higher education promotes internationalization by increasing international student and scholar exchanges and founding Confucius Institutes to share Chinese culture. It also emphasizes absorbing knowledge from all cultures to develop students' global perspectives while maintaining national identity. Strengthening internationalization in universities helps educate students on diverse cultures and perspectives to build mutual understanding between countries.
Early Muslims were able to embellish their civilization with great achievements in the areas of science and technology. The Holy Qur‟an not only speaks about spirituality but also on science and the natural world. The Qur‟an was the driving force in encouraging the Muslim scholars to go into science and research. The zeal to understand the hidden message of Allah, in the natural world, made them learn from contributions made by earlier civilizations. In taking knowledge from others, early Muslims used the methodology of adopt, adapt and integrate. During their heydays, Muslim scholars were pioneers in many areas of knowledge and sciences; natural and social. The peak of Islamic civilization drew Europeans scholars to their centers of learning. In modern times, the European renaissance movement which started in the 14th century got the impetus from the culture of learning, doing research and exploration that was shown by the Muslim scholars of the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). The decline of the Islamic empires and the internal conflicts within the Ummah in some ways made the Muslims to lag behind others in science and technology. This paper intends to explore the ideas of Iqbal (1873-1938) on science and what are the obstacles highlighted by him that hindered the Muslims‟ march towards making this world a better place for them and others as well.
The Concept on Man: A Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamicmohd abbas abdul razak
Being placed in the highest pedestal in the hierarchy of creations, man has been the focus in many areas of research, be it in religion, psychology, sociology, anthropology, etc. Regardless in the East or West, the study on man which started in the ancient past is still an on-going one. In the West, the research on man which started with the Greek philosophers has not ended for the reason there does not exist a comprehensive conclusion on the many enigmatic questions that surround the study on man. This scenario has opened the opportunity in West for the emergence of a divergent concept on man. In the Islamic world ever since the heydays of the Islamic civilization (750-1258), Muslim scholars have been constantly researching on the many dimensions of man stated in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Since the quest to understand man is a perennial one, this paper intends to explore and make an exposition on the concepts of man provided by the mainstream Western psychology; namely psychoanalysis, behaviorism and humanistic psychology. In this research too, in a contrastive manner the researchers would like to compare the Western theories on man with that mentioned in the Islamic psychology.
History indicates that before the coming of modern globalization, the Muslims
had their own version of globalization. During the Muslim era of globalization
which coincides with the Golden Age of the Muslims, the West benefited
immensely from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scientists and
scholars. Modern globalization which started during the era of Western
colonization of the East has now gone to every nook and cranny of the world.
The usage of internet and other modern electronic media directly or indirectly
has speeded up the process of transporting modern globalization to the world
community. Modern globalization has brought about radical change in aims of
education; it has marginalized local culture and language; it has caused brain
drain everywhere in the world. Muslims, it seems, are perceiving globalization as
identical to re-colonization. This paper intends to explore and investigate how
modern globalization heralded by the west is different from Muslim
globalization in the past.
The Islamic world has witnessed the emergence of great number of
Muslim scholars. The names of those who made positive
contributions are mentioned till to these days. The poet-philosopher
Allama Muhammad Iqbal is one of those great scholars who have
left a legacy behind to be followed by other scholars particularly in
the area of how to deal with the West. His own reconciliatory
approach in dealing between the West and the Islamic world should
be an interesting one. Within the confines of this paper, the
researcher would like to explore and analyze the life, works and
mission of Iqbal, focusing on his philosophical approach to Muslim
ummah.
This is a philosophical expression to show the cohesion of the individual with the rest of humanity. All people and all countries are great in certain ways. Instead of thinking we are great about ourselves, we should be able to learn the good qualities of others that live on this planet
Human nature is a widely and popularly discussed topic not only in the East but also in
the West. This topic has drawn people from diverse backgrounds of knowledge to
explore and investigate who or what man is in relation to his Creator and other
creations that exist in the universe. The research on man and the attempts to answer
many of the intricate questions related to his creation and existence which started in the
ancient past is still on-going. The fact that the latest findings on man have added
information to the existing body of knowledge makes the study on human nature a
dynamic and perennial one. Within the scope of this paper, the researcher has made an
attempt to discuss the topic on human nature from the Islamic perspective. In
discussing the nature of man, the researcher has ventured into the physical and
metaphysical realms of his existence as described in the Qur’an. Besides that, the
researcher has also entertained some discussions on how man has been perceived in the
mainstream Western and Islamic psychologies. In concluding the paper, the researcher
has anchored the discussion as to why the study on human nature is important.
The document consists of short quotes and reflections on various topics such as God, civilization, relationships, home, success, humanity, music, food, prayer, life, Freud, social media, and being a universal man. The quotes are attributed to Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak and were collected from IIUM.
Ramadan and Eid are highly anticipated events in Malaysia. During Ramadan, families wake up early to eat sahur before the start of the daily fast. Iftar is an important meal to break the fast together. As Ramadan ends, preparations begin for Eid, including making new clothes and traditional foods. On Eid day, millions attend mosque prayers dressed in their finest attire, expressing gratitude and forgiveness. People spend the day visiting family and friends, strengthening social bonds and celebrating their faith with food and goodwill.
STABILIZING MUSLIM MARRIAGES: SOME REFLECTIONS ON ETHICAL MANAGEMENT OF FAMIL...mohd abbas abdul razak
Marriage breakdowns and family instability with their debilitating after-effects on women and children are the hallmark of greatly mechanized global community at present time. To remedy the situation, social scientists have diagnosed a multitude of variables as the precursor for the upward trends in marriage breakdowns and family disintegration. In Malaysian context, women`s financial independence, easy access to multimedia and early marriage are among the factors which account for the rising phenomenon of divorce even during the early years of marriage among Muslims. To remedy the situation, marriage counseling, law reform and pre-marriage courses are mostly emphasized by both mainstream legal scholars and women right activists. It is my considered opinion that these formalistic approaches if not integrated with the emphasis on ethical side of Islamic law may cause more marriage breakups than enhancing families. The bigger issues in terms of ethical management of Muslim family, such as marriage fidelity, sense of commitment to care for women and children, and spousal mutual empathy and responsibility may help a great deal in acculturating our society from early childhood to adolescence and through adulthood. The paper, therefore, argues for the more concentrated ethical approach for addressing the underlying causes of marriage disability in order to give more effect and meaning to the existing formalistic social and legal measures by reforming Muslims` mindset and outlook towards family.
History indicates that before the coming of modern globalization, the Muslims had their own version of globalization. During the Muslim era of globalization which coincides with the Golden Age of the Muslims, the West benefited immensely from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scientists and scholars. Modern globalization which started during the era of Western colonization of the East has now gone to every nook and cranny of the world. The usage of internet and other modern electronic media directly or indirectly has speeded up the process of transporting modern globalization to the world community. Modern globalization has brought about radical change in aims of education; it has marginalized local culture and language; it has caused brain drain everywhere in the world. Muslims, it seems, are perceiving globalization as identical to re-colonization. This paper intends to explore and investigate how modern globalization heralded by the west is different from Muslim globalization in the past.
Iqbal's Ideas for the Restoration of Muslim Dynamism(Journal Paper)Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Islam seeks to develop the human minds to a total submission to Allah the Almighty. Through its divine guidance, the Qur’an ushered a large section of the masses in Arabia from the darkness of ignorance into knowledge and enlightenment of their souls. Islam grew from a humble beginning into a mighty civilizational force. Islamic civilization like all other civilizations, started to decline after reaching its pinnacle of success. Ever since the fall of Baghdad in 1258, the Muslim world has been confronted with endless
problems in all fields of life. Colonization of Muslim lands by the West had created the knowledge and technological gap between them and their colonizers. Being subjected to colonization, neo-colonization, and now globalization, Muslims are lagging behind other communities of the world. The Muslim minds which once came up with great ideas, discoveries, innovation and inventions, at the moment somehow become less prolific, and experiencing a state of lethargy and malaise. In realizing the great challenges faced by the Muslims in the modern world, this research intends to re-visit Iqbal’s ideas to remedy the awful situations experienced by the Ummah.
Early Muslims were able to embellish their civilization with great achievements in the areas of science and technology. The Holy Qur‟an not only speaks about spirituality but also on science and the natural world. The Qur‟an was the driving force in encouraging the Muslim scholars to go into science and research. The zeal to understand the hidden message of Allah, in the natural world, made them learn from contributions made by earlier civilizations. In taking knowledge from others, early Muslims used the methodology of adopt, adapt and integrate. During their heydays, Muslim scholars were pioneers in many areas of knowledge and sciences; natural and social. The peak of Islamic civilization drew Europeans scholars to their centers of learning. In modern times, the European renaissance movement which started in the 14th century got the impetus from the culture of learning, doing research and exploration that was shown by the Muslim scholars of the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). The decline of the Islamic empires and the internal conflicts within the Ummah in some ways made the Muslims to lag behind others in science and technology. This paper intends to explore the ideas of Iqbal (1873-1938) on science and what are the obstacles highlighted by him that hindered the Muslims‟ march towards making this world a better place for them and others as well.
globalization and its impact on education and cultureArvin Montiveros
This document discusses globalization and its impact on education and culture. It summarizes that globalization has led to a Western-centric model of education that prioritizes individual economic gains over community and national interests. This has contributed to the decline of local languages and cultures. The document recommends that Muslims actively engage with new technologies but also invest in developing their own countries and use education to promote Islamic values.
This document discusses globalization and its impact on the Muslim world. It explores how globalization has affected various areas of life like economics, politics, culture, and education. The paper also examines the Muslim era of globalization, noting that it aimed to peacefully share knowledge and call humanity to justice, not force religion or culture on others. While globalization has helped disseminate information through technology, some scholars argue it is actually Western re-colonization in disguise that benefits Western nations. The conclusion calls for Muslims to engage thoughtfully with globalization and find solutions, rather than total rejection or isolation, while also asking the West to move past past mentalities of domination.
This document discusses globalization and its impact on the Muslim world. It explores how globalization has affected various areas of life like economics, politics, culture, and education. The paper also examines the Muslim era of globalization, noting that it aimed to peacefully share knowledge and call humanity to justice, not force religion or culture on others. While globalization has helped disseminate information through technology, some scholars argue it is actually Western re-colonization in disguise that benefits Western nations. The conclusion calls for Muslims to engage thoughtfully with globalization and find solutions, rather than total rejection or isolation, while also asking the West to move past past mentalities of domination.
This document provides an overview of a lecture by Seyyid Hossein Nasr on the relationship between Islam and modern science. [1] Nasr outlines three main positions that exist in the Islamic world on this issue: those who see no problem with studying science while maintaining religious beliefs, modernists who equate Western science with Islamic science and believe acquiring it will restore Islamic power, and fundamentalists/apocalyptic groups. [2] Nasr then discusses how Jamaluddin Al-Afghani's views in the 19th century influenced modernists to adopt Western science without considering its philosophical implications. [3] As a result over the last 150 years, the Islamic world produced few historians or philosophers of science
This document discusses the role of contemporary Islamic movements towards social and political changes of modernity. It summarizes that contemporary Islamic movements emerged in response to Western colonialism and domination, the negative effects of modernization, and the failure of secular ideologies. The movements aim to reestablish an authentic Islamic society based on the Quran and hadith. Notable 19th-20th century Islamic thinkers like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and Muhammad Rashid Rida advocated Islamic reform and responding to modern challenges through ijtihad (independent reasoning). Their ideas influenced later Islamic revivalist movements.
Civilization of faith, solidarity, tolerance and equality in a nation built o...topbottom1
Civilization of faith, solidarity, tolerance and equality in a nation built on shariah, a journey through islamic history (english) by dr mustafa as sibaie
A Lecture presented at the Video Conference jointly organized by Mutiara International Grammar School & Choate Rosemary Hall, United States. Held at MIGS, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia, on the 28th of May, 2015
The Impact of Early Muslim Thoughts on the Renaissance Movement in the WestMohd Abbas Abdul Razak
This presentation intends to explain that there was a time in the history of the Muslims known as the ‘Golden Age of Islam’. During that period of time (750-1258), Muslims built their great civilization by merging science and spirituality. They were prepared to learn all that are positive and non-contradictory to their Muslim faith from others; particularly from the Greeks, Persians and Indians. At the peak of their civilization, Europeans came to learn at the Islamic centers for leaning and scientific investigation. In modern times, the West not only failed to acknowledge the contribution of the early Muslim scholars to the Renaissance movement, but also its obsession and passion for science took the masses away from God and spirituality. Looking into the present condition of the world, this presentation calls for an ideal situation that can solve violence, backwardness and moral decadence. It calls upon the West and the Muslim world to share with one another what they have. The West needs spirituality and the Muslim world needs science and technology. It is believed that through such an exchange and sharing between the two, a better world free of violence, hatred and moral decadence can be created.
This document discusses the role of linguistic theory in countering violent extremism in the context of political Islam and the Arab-Islamic discourse. It argues that ongoing conflicts in the Middle East are centered around debates over how much Islam should structure societies and governance. It analyzes this issue from the perspectives of medieval Islamic scholars, modern philosophers of language, and suggests that promoting rigorous instruction in Islamic exegetical traditions combined with modern linguistic theory could help prevent violent extremism by addressing the existential crisis felt by many Muslims in the post-colonial era.
Prince Sultan University final year commercial Law Student Presentation Law 402 (Commercial Organizations)under the supervision of Dr.Rehana Parveen (Course Instructor),,,related to Globalization in the Middle East
TCW - MODULE 1 - THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD.pdfYmerTiburcio1
This document provides an overview of a chapter on the introduction to globalization. It discusses definitions of globalization, traces its historical evolution from prehistoric to contemporary times, and outlines five distinct historical periods of increasing global connections. The chapter aims to differentiate competing conceptions of globalization, identify underlying philosophies, agree on a working definition, and trace the process from limited early human contact to today's highly interconnected world.
1001 Inventions Muslim Heritage in Our World.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World". It discusses how the book came to be written to help fill a 1000 year gap in history textbooks regarding scientific and technological developments during the Islamic Golden Age. The introduction describes the book's goal of highlighting important Muslim contributions in fields like mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, medicine, architecture, and more that helped lay the foundations for modern science and technology. It expresses hope that the book will help inspire people of all faiths and provide a better understanding between cultures.
Similar to Globalization and its Impact on Education and Culture (15)
Man and Creativity: A Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamic Psycho...mohd abbas abdul razak
This document provides an overview of concepts of creativity and human nature from Western and Islamic perspectives. It discusses how Western psychology, including Freudian psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism, have differing views on human nature ranging from pessimistic to neutral to optimistic. Islamic psychology presents a holistic view of human nature based on the Quran and hadith, seeing humans as having physical, social, psychological and spiritual dimensions. The document then defines creativity and explores how creativity is perceived differently in various cultural contexts before contrasting Western and Islamic views on creativity.
STABILIZING MUSLIM MARRIAGES: SOME REFLECTIONS ON ETHICAL MANAGEMENT OF FAMIL...mohd abbas abdul razak
Marriage breakdowns and family instability with their debilitating after-effects on women and children are the hallmark of greatly mechanized global community at present time. To remedy the situation, social scientists have diagnosed a multitude of variables as the precursor for the upward trends in marriage breakdowns and family disintegration. In Malaysian context, women`s financial independence, easy access to multimedia and early marriage are among the factors which account for the rising phenomenon of divorce even during the early years of marriage among Muslims. To remedy the situation, marriage counseling, law reform and pre-marriage courses are mostly emphasized by both mainstream legal scholars and women right activists. It is my considered opinion that these formalistic approaches if not integrated with the emphasis on ethical side of Islamic law may cause more marriage breakups than enhancing families. The bigger issues in terms of ethical management of Muslim family, such as marriage fidelity, sense of commitment to care for women and children, and spousal mutual empathy and responsibility may help a great deal in acculturating our society from early childhood to adolescence and through adulthood. The paper, therefore, argues for the more concentrated ethical approach for addressing the underlying causes of marriage disability in order to give more effect and meaning to the existing formalistic social and legal measures by reforming Muslims` mindset and outlook towards family.
The discussion on the mind and body continues to be debated by
philosophers and psychologists. Ever since the Renaissance, Western scholars
have shifted their research on the man from a religious to a scientific one. They
argued that spirituality cannot be scrutinized using science and scientific tools.
Yet, they are not any closer to finding a comprehensive solution to many of
man’s psychological problems. In realizing that man’s spiritual dimension is an
area avoided by Western mainstream psychology, this study analyzes some
aspects of the soul entity and its varied manifestations from an Islamic
perspective. Through a review of related literature and documentary analysis,
this study highlights the spiritual dimension of man as understood by Muslims
scholars and psychologists.
Human Nature & Motivation: A Comparative Analysis between Western and Islamic...mohd abbas abdul razak
In the fi eld of psychology, the topics on human nature and motivation
have been quite extensively discussed. These two topics are interrelated
and inseparable. Any endeavor to understand man and his potentials makes
it necessary for one to venture into the study of human nature. Major topics
in psychology like motivation, personality, creativity, psychotherapy, mental
health, etc. could be well understood with a proper understanding on human
nature. In the light of this reality, what makes this research an appealing and
interesting one is the fact that the researchers had comparatively analyzed the
ideas on human nature and motivation showcased to the world by Western and
Islamic psychologies. The fact that there exist a great number of schools of
thought in Western psychology, the researchers had narrowed their scope of
investigation to three only. As such, they discussed the ideas on human nature
and motivation as conceptualized in Psychoanalysis, Radical Behaviorism and
Humanistic psychology. Upon analyzing Western theories, the researchers
performed a compare and contrast analysis with ideas provided by Islamic
psychology on human nature and motivation. This academic exercise was done
in the hope of identifying as to whether there exist any similarity and difference between the two psychologies. Since the nature of this study was a qualitative
one, the researchers conducted a library research to collect the relevant data.
In analyzing the data related to the study, the researchers used the content and
textual analysis methods.
This document outlines Iqbal's model of personality development, which involves obeying God, attaining self-control, fulfilling one's role as God's representative, utilizing resources to enrich one's spiritual status, and developing virtues while avoiding vices. The model has three stages to reach the status of insan al-kamil, or the ideal person who earns God's pleasure, with the Prophet Muhammad as the role model.
Slides on the topic of Human Nature. The focus is on the concept of the human at showcased by Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanistic Psychology and Islamic Psychology.
Impact of Multicultural Environment of Islamic Educational Institutes on Stud...mohd abbas abdul razak
The study focuses on the effect of exposure to Multicultural and international environment of an Islamic educational institution on the acculturation of its students. Acculturation has been used in this study with a wide sense of meaning that underscores the sense of co-existence and feeling of unity. This study investigated whether the Internationalization process of the International Islamic University, Malaysia, with intergroup contact taking place under optimal conditions helps its students to, appreciate the differences that other cultures bring, be comfortable with differences and also seek diversity of contact. The study employed Miville-Guzman Universality – Diversity Scale, (M-GUDS-S) to collect data by survey method from 400 IIUM undergraduate students selected using Quota sampling. 200 of them were the first year students and the rest were fourth-year students. The result showed that there is a significant improvement in the feeling of unity among the students. The fourth year students showed more appreciation for other cultures and comfort with differences. Based on the finding it has been suggested that if efforts are made to establish optimal conditions for positive intergroup contact to take place, intergroup prejudice can be reduced and problems of co-existence in the Muslim countries and communities can thus be addressed.
Man and Creativity: A Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamic Psycho...mohd abbas abdul razak
Among all creations of God living in this planet, man is the most intelligent, innovative and creative. Imbued with these qualities, man was able to plan, create and recreate new things using the resources available in the environment. Man’s position as God’s best creation and as the recipient of the creative intelligence from his Creator has further advanced him in mastering science and technology. As a result of his advancement in knowledge and science in one way or another has ushered man into creating great civilizations. While the discussion goes on as to whether man’s creativity is an inborn or a learned behaviour, this paper intends to explore and analyze some of the existing concepts on human creativity found in Western and Islamic psychologies. Very particularly, the researchers would like to examine the concept of creativity put forward by Freudian Psychoanalysis, Behaviorists, Humanistic and Islamic psychologies. It is expected that the findings of this research can motivate mankind to be more dynamic and productive in bringing upon the much needed positive change to the present world conditions.
This presentation emphasizes the importance of knowledge and learning from the Islamic perspective. In Islam, seeking knowledge should be a continuous process from cradle to death. The Qur'an states that man of knowledge is held high in the sight of God. A well-educated individual should enjoy good relationship with God, his/her self, flora and fauna, and humanity at large.
This presentation is focused on lifelong learning beyond school. As such, education should not be confined to the four walls of the classroom. Anything can be learning experience under the sun.
The magazine article focuses on the kind of relationship Man should have with the environment. Many of the destructions to flora and fauna happen due to Man's negligence.
This document provides a contrastive analysis of Western and Islamic perspectives on the concept of man and creativity. It discusses concepts of man in psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism. In psychoanalysis, man is driven by instincts and lacks free will. Behaviorism views man as a product of his environment conditioned by stimuli. Humanism sees man as having a tendency for growth. Islamic psychology views man as possessing a creative intelligence, having free will but also weaknesses, and being created in the best form. The document then examines concepts of creativity in these perspectives and in Islamic psychology, which sees creativity as existing within man's soul and fitrah. It concludes that understanding different concepts of creativity requires understanding perspectives on human nature and that Islamic psychology
This study in the area of philosophical psychology is a contrastive analysis on the personality theories that have been showcased to the world by Freud and Iqbal. In analyzing the data pertinent to the study, the researcher has used the historical and content analysis methods. As a prelude to the kernel of the research, the researcher has explored the historical and philosophical developments that have taken place in the areas of human nature and personality in the West and Islamic world. The fact that both Iqbal and Freud believed the inner dimension of man, particularly the ego, which plays a pivotal role in all human behaviours has drawn the interest of the researcher to explore their concepts on the human psyche, and on how personality development takes place in individuals. Through the contrastive analysis, it has come to light that Freud and Iqbal had conceptualized their theories on personality as a response to the demands and challenges of their time. Besides that, factors like their personality, philosophy towards life, education and their travels have influenced directly or indirectly their conceptualization of their theories.
Shifting Paradigms in the Study of Personality: A Retrospective Survey of Wes...mohd abbas abdul razak
The birth of the Renaissance movement in the West ushered the scholars as well
as the masses into a broader perspective of learning and knowledge seeking. The spirit
of the Renaissance paved the way forward for scholars to gain freedom of speech and
liberation from their old mindset. Europe that was bursting with new philosophical and
scientific ideas also gave its people a wide range of perspectives in understanding man
and personality. Secularism and modernism that came as a result of the Renaissance
movement caused a shift in the understanding on man and his personality from a religious
to a scientific one. In this study, the researchers would like to venture into the
areas of man and personality from the Western perspective. Very precisely, the researchers
would like to conduct a survey on the shifting paradigms in the field of Western
psychology, pertaining to the study on man and personality. Upon performing the
survey, the researchers would like to identify and analyze the underlying factors that
caused the emergence of the different paradigms in Western psychology.
Man and Creativity: Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamic Psycholo...mohd abbas abdul razak
Among all creations of God living in this planet, man is the most intelligent, innovative and creative. Imbued with these qualities, man was able to plan, create and recreate new things using the resources available in the environment. Man’s position as God’s best creation and as the recipient of the creative intelligence from his Creator has further advanced him in mastering science and technology. As a result of his advancement in knowledge and science in one way or another has ushered man into creating great civilizations. While the discussion goes on as to whether man’s creativity is an inborn or a learned behaviour, this paper intends to explore and analyze some of the existing concepts on human creativity found in Western and Islamic psychologies. Very particularly, the researchers would like to examine the concept of creativity put forward by Freudian Psychoanalysis, Behaviorists, Humanistic and Islamic psychologies. It is expected that the findings of this research can motivate mankind to be more dynamic and productive in bringing upon the much needed positive change to the present world conditions.
Iqbal’s Ego Philosophy and Its Importance in Awakening Man’s Spiritualitymohd abbas abdul razak
History reveals the fact that the coming of modernity and secularism has allured
modern man towards a materialistic concept of life, ignoring his spiritual needs in respect
of his role as the vicegerent of God. This predicament has not only marred man’s
relationship with God but has also failed him toward understanding his true nature and
mission in life. The large segment of humanity today is on the brink of losing its human
and spiritual values, resulting in severe environmental degradation, racism, terrorism,
war, poor mental health, and other psychopathological illnesses. This paper intends to
explore and draw out conclusions from the philosophical thoughts of Muhammad Iqbal
(1877-1938) with regard to his ego philosophy that explains man’s relationship with
God, community and the universe (flora and fauna). Lessons drawn out from Iqbal’s
ideas can be of great use in awakening man’s spirituality and improving his quality of
life by establishing a harmonious relationship with God, environment and fellow human
beings.
Early ideas on human nature and personality were presented by Muslim scholars during the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). The decline of the Islamic civilization and the dawn of the era of European colonization has somehow dwindled the study on man and his personality until the poet-philosopher Mohammed Iqbal (1879-1938) came up with his philosophy on the Ego (Khudi). Using philosophy and poetry as his vehicles, Iqbal called upon the Muslims to pay attention to the development and maintenance of the human Ego. Given Iqbal‟s fame in the East and West, it is pertinent to explore his ideas on human nature, philosophy of Ego or self, and personality. This study surveys the underlying factors that challenged Iqbal to conceptualize a theory on personality which is very different from others in the Islamic world.
Since ancient times, scholars in the West have shown great enthusiasm towards understanding
the subject on man and personality. Driven by this zeal, there appeared a multitude
of theories discussing man and his nature. Various concepts on man showcased by
the scholars, quite often, complemented one another and, at times, their ideas contradicted
and discredited one another. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) the founding father of
psychoanalysis presented to the world a concept on man and his personality which
turned out to be a controversial one. His idea of man seems to have shaped the western
culture and human psyche in general. What appears from the impact of Freud’s concept
of man and personality is that it has denigrated man. This paper represents an appraisal
of his idea of man and personality from human angle.
Islamic Psychology and the Call for Islamization of Modern Psychologymohd abbas abdul razak
The shifting of paradigms in modern psychology has left modern men in a state
of confusion on the issues pertaining to what should be the paramount concern
of psychology and in the proper understanding on the topic of human nature. In
a contrastive manner Islamic psychology which has been promoted by Muslim
scholars alongside with the process of Islamization of knowledge and education,
has its roots in the philosophical ideas of early Muslim scholars. Its resurgence,
which started some two decades ago, is seen as an initiative to introduce Islamic
understanding on man to the conflicting ideas prevalent in modern psychology.
Its approach, which is mainly philosophical in nature, goes back to the ideas on
man mentioned in the two primary sources of Islam, the Qur’an and ×adÊth.
Islamic psychology with its comprehensive ideas on human nature has been
seen by Muslim scholars as a new perspective in psychology that can fill in the
lacunae present in the modern psychological thoughts on man, and clears the
mist that surrounds most Western theories on man. This paper represents an
attempt to analyze and also synthesize Western psychology and Islamic psychology
in terms of their nature, development, contributions, and problems.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 1 (1): 59-69, 2011
60
Globalization has happened and it is an ongoing etc. At the moment, only a few Western scholars duly
process. It is a multi-faceted phenomenon, which goes acknowledge the great contribution made by the Muslims
into all areas of human life. Since globalization comes from in inspiring and introducing the West towards science
the rich and affluent countries of the West, countries that and scientific explorations [3,4].
comes under the categories of the developing and Much of the scholastic works accomplished during
underdeveloped countries are skeptical as to whether the Golden Age of the Muslims were either diminished or
they can benefit from it. Within this paper the researcher came to a standstill during the Mongols invasion of
would like to explore some of the definitions of Baghdad led by Hulagu Khan (1217-1265) in 1258. During
globalization and how globalization has affected the the Mongols invasion, not only great numbers of
culture and aims of education in the countries in the East. Muslims were butchered, but also their libraries with large
Besides that, this paper also intends to identify how volumes of books and original manuscripts were burnt to
Western culture penetrates into the Eastern culture ashes. The era between the fall of Baghdad and the
through globalization. Finally the paper discusses on the European colonization of Muslim lands in the 18th and
issues as to whether globalization can be regarded as 19th centuries kept the Muslim scholars occupied in their
colonization in disguise. own polemic in the area of Islamic jurisprudence. In
The Golden Age of the Muslims: During the Golden Age discrediting one another [3] This condition held them
of Islam (750-1258), Muslims were in the forefront in back from advancing any further in the field of science
conquering knowledge through scientific research, and technology. This situation persisted for very long in
exploration and expeditions. In their pursuit of mastering the Muslim world even during the dawn of the Industrial
new knowledge and technology, Muslims were prepared Revolution in Britain. During the Industrial Revolution,
and open to the idea of learning all that is positive from the West had managed to advance many steps ahead in
the earlier civilizations. As such they borrowed ideas from the areas of science and research, leaving the Muslim
the Indians, Persians and Greeks as a way of enriching world lagging behind. The Muslims who earlier did many
their own civilization. While pioneering into many pioneering works in the field of science either produced
scientific research works, Muslims were also equally little or showed no progress in their research works while
interested in mastering Greek philosophical thoughts and the Europeans made giant strides in science during the
the human sciences. The zeal they had for philosophy Industrial Revolution [5].
brought them closer to the ideas of the ancient In modern times, the brunt of Western subjugation
philosophers like Socrates (469BC-399BC), Plato (427BC- on Muslim countries is still obviously seen in how these
347BC), Aristotle (384BC-322BC) and others [1,2]. countries are impoverished and left behind in the many
In realizing the fact that not all ideas of the Greek sectors of nation building. The educational and
philosophers were acceptable to their Islamic worldview, technological gaps created by colonization are huge and
early Muslim scholars used the approach of adopt, adapt noticeable when compared to the rich and affluent
and assimilate or integrate. Through this methodology, countries in the West. Though at the moment all Muslim
the early Muslim scholars took all those ideas which were countries are liberated and some in spite of having rich
non-contradictory to their religious values and faith. The natural resources is still no where closer of being on par
scholars of the Golden Age of Islam not only borrowed with the advanced nations of the world. In a way
ideas from others but they went on to further expand and colonization has also made Muslim countries very much
come up with some new, original and innovative ideas. dependent on the West, particularly in the areas of
This was the spirit and culture of learning that was knowledge, science and technology. In turn, this state of
prevalent during the early Muslim era of knowledge dependence has given the West an advantage in
expansion and exploration. Similarly, Western scholars maintaining their control over their former colonies from
too had borrowed ideas from Muslim scholars during the afar. Colonization in the modern era is no longer physical
Golden Age of the Muslims. Europeans learnt in nature but more of controlling the hearts and minds of
philosophical ideas of the Greek from the translated and the people in the developing and third world countries.
annotated works done by the Muslim scholars. Moreover, This new form of colonization, better known as neo-
they also learnt from many pioneering works done by colonialism is done via the use of modern means of
Muslim scholars and scientists in the field of medicine, telecommunication that do not require the colonizers to be
astronomy, chemistry, mathematics, algebra, trigonometry, physically present in the countries of their interest.
addition to this, they were also busy bickering and
3. World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 1 (1): 59-69, 2011
61
The latest form of control used by the West in imposing The third meaning to the word globalization means
its supremacy over the East is through globalization. universalization. In this context, globalization is a process
Many experts in area of globalization indicated that this of spreading various objects and experience to people
term actually refers to re-colonization in the subtle form. living in the four corners of the world. The fourth,
meaning to globalization is referred to Westernization or
What is Globalization?: According to Kilminster, the modernization (to the Americans it is the Americanization
word Globalization first appeared in the Webster’s English of the world community). Through the Westernization
Dictionary in 1961. Going back to history, the word process, the pre-existing culture in the underdeveloped
Globalization was first coined by Roland Robertson. This countries is replaced with the Western culture. The last
scholar believes that globalization is a pre-modern definition given by Scholte explains globalization as
phenomenon that has already started in the fifteenth deterritorialization. This concept explains that incidents
century with the European colonial policy of and events that happen in one region of the world is not
expansionism to subjugate most parts of Asia and Africa. confined to a particular region but they are being
Through colonialism the Western superpowers then tried transported and shared by other regions of the world
to expand their power and influence on the through modern means of telecommunications.
underdeveloped countries in the world. The motto behind Finally, the modern day experts in the studies of
the coming of the Western powers was based on their globalization expound that globalization means free flow
three Gs’; gold, glory and gospel. With regard to the last of capital, people, news and information via electronic
mentioned, the Europeans were driven by the zeal and media from one country to another, without being
passion for the propagation of Christianity (mainly the subjected to any form of restriction imposed by
Catholic version of Christianity) to the Asians and governments in the world. Globalization explains the
Africans whom they thought were steep in their animistic scenario whereby people of the world live in a borderless
beliefs [6]. world without any geographical restrictions and the world
With the coming of the Western powers to Asia and will be transformed into a single global village.
to other parts of the world, they brought along their
culture, custom, and language, system of administration, The Changing Aims of Education: Education long ago in
law and order in having their hegemony over the the distant past which started as a private enterprise was
countries that came under their control. When they at the beginning mainly concerned in producing man with
managed to establish themselves through all these means knowledge and skills for his well-being and for his
that was the time that they imposed their hegemony on salvation in the hereafter. Definitely this was true during
the inhabitants of the countries they had colonized. As to the Western medieval time and in the early Islamic era
the moral issue, whether it was good to colonize another after the time of the holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). As
country, the Westerners have always justified that the political systems and boundaries and demarcation lines
countries that they had gone in are either primitive or differentiating one country from the other were drawn,
underdeveloped. As such, their presence there is to governments’ involvement in education came to be seen
provide knowledge, education, culture, religion, progress clearly through the establishment of the public schools
and development. On the whole, the Europeans justified [8]. The reason for such an involvement seen by the
their act of colonizing others as a process of civilizing the government was to have a good grip on its citizens. By
uncivilized people of the world. having a hold on its citizens, the government was able to
In addition to the historical evidence to the topic of have a common ideology inculcated and transferred on to
globalization, Jan Aart Scholte [7] gives various meaning its citizens. As a result of this effort a common patriotic
to the word globalization. In his opinion, there are five feeling was expected on the part of the citizens towards
broad definitions to the word globalization. The first one the nation-state. With this aim, nations around the world
explains that globalization is another word for carved out plans for their citizens to be imbued in the
internationalization. This definition explains the growth in knowledge of citizenship. This was thought by the
international exchange and interdependence among the authorities as a means to enhance the individual’s
countries in the world. Next he explained globalization as cohesiveness with others in the society. In turn, such an
liberalization. Through liberalization, countries remove effort is expected to bring unity among its citizens for
restrictions on the movement of capital from one country having common goals in the hearts and minds of its
to another by applying ‘open’, ‘borderless’ economy. citizens.
4. World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 1 (1): 59-69, 2011
62
In conclusion, the idea of having public schools was technology-mediated learning through the use of
to see education as means of transmitting knowledge, VCD, CD-Rom, Email, E-Chat, database, webpage, LMS,
skills expertise, values, civilization, language, culture, digital library, etc have helped in the dissemination of
customs and religion from one generation to the other. To information and knowledge to millions around the world.
the question of what education is all about can be well The emergence of technology-mediated learning has
understood by the following definition: revolutionized the teaching and learning process. For
Any process, either formal or informal, that shapes the access to books and research works done in other parts
potential of a maturing organism. Informal of the world without having the need to travel [10]. He has
education results from the constant effect of the opportunity to view articles, journals and other literary
environment, and its strength in shaping values and works with the help of his computer and the internet.
habits cannot be overestimated. Formal education Through the use of internet, VCD, course-wares and other
is a conscious effort by human society to impart the electronics gadgets the learner can get access to
skills and modes of thought considered essential for knowledge and information twenty-four hours in a day
social functioning. Techniques of instruction often without having to go and attend lectures in the lecture-
reflect the attitudes of society, i.e., authoritarian halls. The development in the information technology has
groups typically sponsor dogmatic methods, while also challenged the Islamic scholars and experts in
democratic systems may emphasize freedom of technology to employ the latest technology in teaching
thought [9]. and learning of Islamic Studies. At present, lessons on
All these lofty ideals and ideas of education that and CD-ROMs. Modern means of Islamic propagation and
started with the establishment of public schools are now knowledge has been made available through the Internet
being overshadowed or overridden by the relentless and web-pages.
pounding currents of globalization. Though the old ideals Although this scientific and innovative way of
of education are still there, much of today’s perception on learning has made modern man to get access to
education and the reason why parents sent their children knowledge and information fast and efficient, the
to school has somehow been forgotten due to downside of this means of getting knowledge has
globalization and modern day lifestyle. Living in a modern made people learn in a more personalized way
and globalized world, education has been sought and which cuts off much of their interaction with the
seen as a passport for achieving good life that promises community/society and drive them more towards material
material gains. Much of the emphasis of the lofty ideals gains. This idea has been heralded long ago, by a well-
and ideas that have been there all the while as the aims of reputed psychologist:
education is slowly disappearing. Though it is not wrong
all together to seek knowledge for material gains, but to be Modern man is alienated from himself, from his fellow
solely motivated to seek material gains through education men, and from nature. He has been transformed into
and learning makes the seeker of knowledge less a commodity, experiences his life forces as an
concerned for the community and the well-being of the investment which must bring him the maximum
nation state. People of a country become more profit obtainable under existing market conditions
individualized and egocentric. As this concept towards [11].
education expands, it will certainly create problems to the
existence of a country in terms of having a common goal Another aspect that is missing in the personalized
and national identity as a people belonging to a single form of learning is the interaction with the tutor or teacher.
nation. The proponents of teacher and student face-to-face
Impact on Education: Explosion of knowledge and to get acquainted with the teacher by physically being
information in the era of information technology has present in front of him. Besides that, raw information and
somehow helped the globalization of education. The data can be more meaningful when they are properly
introduction of computers and internet and other explained by the teacher.
instance, through the digital library, a researcher can get
Islamic Studies have been made available in VCDs, DVDs
interaction believe that it is very important for the leaner
5. World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 1 (1): 59-69, 2011
63
We live in a human space where proximity between teaching the subjects to get a mastery of English, the use
teacher and students make tangible communication of internet, computer software and skill. This ambitious
possible. Body language, tone of voice, personality mission on the part of the Malaysian government caused
and emotion are all indispensable elements in the it a great deal of money in training the teachers and in
formal activity of instruction. More than the facts, providing all the logistics to be used in their classroom
we need the elusive intimation of how they are teaching. This innovative classroom teaching using
being received, comprehended and evaluated. computers, LCD projectors and internet was viewed by
Teachers convey more than the subject matter under the government as an enhancement to the oldest
discussion. No matter what the topic they also technology available in the teaching profession that is the
embody something of what it means to be a human use of blackboard and chalk. In spite of the smooth
being [12]. running of the programme, due to the pressure exerted by
The above is very true with the teaching of Islam, government decided to revert to the old way of teaching
especially in the learning of the holy Qur’an and other the two subjects by the year 2012.
serious understanding of the faith and practical aspects The greater usage of English in the underdeveloped
of Islam for those who are new to the religion and for and developing countries in the world has created
those practicing Muslims who are still at their basic level lucrative business for the publishing houses in the United
of understanding the religion. Kingdom and United States. These publishing houses in
Along with the wave of globalization, western these countries are the feeder and provider of the relevant
universities realized that a great opportunity was books, software and other materials needed by those
available in the third world countries, particularly in Asia countries that want to use English as a medium in
and Africa, which were once the colonies of the West, to disseminating knowledge and information. Once again, in
open campuses there. Many foreign universities and looking into who are the real gainers if English becomes
colleges came to sell their education, and their degrees that dominant language, surely without any doubt one
and diplomas to the local students in the third world would say that it is the West.
countries which generates huge some of profit for their Besides that the impact of the media or
educational enterprise. Besides that, distance learning and communication technology is so powerful and it has great
twinning programmes were also offered by the foreign influence on the masses of a country. People can be
universities in the developing countries. As a result of emotionally awakened within a short span of time through
this, the cost of gaining access to higher education has news disseminated through the media. A few examples
risen tremendously. Due to higher fee structure, local can be mentioned on how powerful the media can be
students from the lower income group in the third world when utilized as a tool for the propagation of news and
countries find it difficult in getting a tertiary education. At information. The Algerian people’s revolution seeking
many time these universities are mainly driven by market independence against the French rule was successfully
forces. As such they offer courses to cater for the job done with the aid of the radio broadcast. Lenin too was
market. successful in propagating communist ideology by using
English as a Dominant Language: Due to the third example to quote was the Iranian revolution that
establishment of foreign universities, and the use of overthrew the mighty Shah of Iran. This people’s
software developed in the Western countries, the internet revolution was able to defeat the tyrant Shah by merely
and other technology-mediated learning have made the using audio-tapes that carried the voice of Imam Khomeini
learning and mastering of English as an inevitable thing who was at that time living in exile in France. This
for the people in the developing and underdeveloped revolution was actually a great success in the history of
countries. A case to state, in Malaysia in the year 2003, to the last century, in getting rid of injustice done by Shah
meet the challenges of globalization, the government to his people. Last but not least, the prodemocracy
introduced the teaching of mathematics and science using movement in China which gathered large number of
English as a medium of instruction. This ruling by the students at Tiananmen Square protesting against the
Ministry of Education in the country, made teachers communist rule was also done through the use of
the Malay linguists and political activists, the Malaysian
film as a powerful media in achieving his ambition. The
6. World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 1 (1): 59-69, 2011
64
computer bulletin boards and network. Although the 2. The expansion of trade and foreign investment has
prodemocracy movement was crushed down by the accelerated social mobility and strengthened the
Chinese government, at the end, this movement has sent middle class.
a message to the communist regime of how powerful the 3. New communication and information technology
media can be as an instrument if given a chance in have helped disseminate knowledge in many fields of
mobilizing the masses for a common cause [10]. study and disciplines.
Not only the coming of globalization has made 4. Communication is cheaper and easier. Costs of
English as a dominant language of the world but it has telephone call as well as travel have fallen.
also marginalized many local languages in Asia and 5. This makes it easier to understand one another.
Africa. Consciously or unconsciously, the learning of Communities, although heterogeneous, can be more
English language as an international language has cooperative now and there are more means of
brought foreign culture and way of living to most understanding each other.
countries in the East and to other parts of the world in 6. Globalization makes it possible for humanity to have
general. This invasion of foreign culture and way of life compassion for each other when calamities-natural or
can obviously be seen in the way the young ones (the man-made-affect others.
third generation of citizens) talk and dress in the countries 7. Issues such as human rights, public accountability
that have attained independence from the West. This is and problems faced by women are brought to the
also true with many youth in many Muslim countries. fore and addressed.
Muslim youths nowadays like to put on T-shirt which 8. The rights of women are highlighted and the
carries symbols and labels that are obscure in manner and problems many women face are now addressed.
wear jeans which are cut intentionally to expose parts of 9. All of these are conducive to religious teachings [13].
their body to be seen by others. Many Muslim scholars
are of the opinion that such a manner of dressing as In the Muslim world, scholars can generally
immoral and un-Islamic in nature. Besides the dress, the be classified into two main groups with regards to the
youngsters too like to eat fast food like KFC and issue of globalization. The first group claims that
McDonald, drink Coca-Cola and entertain themselves by globalization is not too bad and idea as it has some
watching American movies. All these behaviors and positive contribution in terms of trade and direct
preference for American items and way of life is causing foreign investment creating plentiful job opportunities
the local culture to slowly disappear substituting with in the underdeveloped and developing nations. The
foreign culture. In the process of globalization, the second group deems globalization as bad because
changing life-style of the people of the underdeveloped it is a Western idea or ideology that works well to
countries indirectly makes them adopt and apply the their benefit. According to this group, globalization is
foreign value systems. This in turn has caused the local actually colonization in disguise. They further believe
and Islamic value system to slowly diminish as it comes that the West has not changed in their mindset in
under the onslaught of the Western culture and value their ambition like in the past which brought them
system. ploughing the waves to subjugate the East in greed of
Impact on Culture: The proponents of globalization argue downtrodden. Through their direct subjugation of
that it has brought rapid development to many parts of the East and Africa, they have managed to plunder
the world by bringing people in the third world countries all the wealth of the under-privileged countries.
out of their backwardness and old ideas, and put them on Globalization as seen by these scholars is nothing new
par with the people of the developed countries in the than the old colonization, except it is done in a more
world. According to Chandra, the proponents of subtle manner, from distance by using sophisticated
globalization highlight the following positive aspects of media like cable and satellite TV, internet and other
globalization: modern means of communications. In describing the
1. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has helped to reduce West, Mohd Kamal has candidly explained in these
poverty by creating jobs and improving incomes. words:
power, riches and dominance over the weak and
nature and contents of globalization designed by the
7. World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 1 (1): 59-69, 2011
65
Facing the challenges of globalization with all the the Muslim society. Islam calls on the Muslims to take a
negative impacts of Americanization, stand by being judgmental. One has to be clear in his
secularization, materialism, neo-imperialism, debt- mind as to what are the things that have been approved
bondage to World Bank and IMF, unilateralism, and shunned by the Qur’an and the Sunnah with regards
militant liberal capitalism, global media to the human relationship. By referring to the religious
conglomerates’ manipulation and deception, guidelines, one can easily distinguish between what is
impoverishment and homogenization of culture, good and permissible and what is bad and should be
bullying by the powerful, imposed liberalization, avoided.
dominance of the global market, international and Parents, teachers and religious leaders in many
regional competition, commodification of Muslim countries fear that the call by proponents of
education, environmental degradation, moral globalization that states free flow of information, can be
decadence, high tech crime, violence and war-all really detrimental to the family and social structure of the
these and more at a time when the Muslim world is Islamic and Eastern society. They fear that globalization
divided, weak and poor [14]. transported via the internet and other modern means of
Going deep into contemplation and analysis of what hedonistic life-style. Many of these ideas and ideology
has been stated by Mohd Kamal will reveal that that come along through the media and internet bring
globalization has brought Western culture and way of life along ideology and way of life that are contradictory to
to the East and to the rest of the world. At many times the Islamic belief system and Eastern culture. One
these values are atheistic in nature that does not regard particular area that is feared by parents, among the many
the Supremacy of God Almighty. Through globalization, things that come from the West, is sexual perversion.
secularism practiced by the West is also transported to Under this category, homosexuality, lesbianism and other
the homes and minds of the people in the East, disrupting forms of sexual perversion are something that cannot be
their Islamic and Eastern family core-values that are allowed and practiced in Muslim countries. In Islam, these
already there in existence. Secularism is a way of life that forms of human relationship are not acceptable under the
separates things and actions into two-all that belongs to Islamic Syariah (Islamic Law). In the West, the rights of
God and all that belongs to the state. The two states of the individual for his/her desires to be fulfilled which do
affair cannot mix. The dichotomy that is prevalent in their not cause harm to another human beings is allowed
everyday life gives people in the West to think of God though this might go against their religious beliefs. Islam
only when they are in the places of worship and when forbids homosexual and lesbian marriages, and describes
they are elsewhere, they can behave and do anything and this sort of relationship is seen as an adulteration to the
everything that suit their selfish desires. Such a institution of family that has been thing sacred and
philosophy of life is very opposed and contradictory to ordained by God Almighty.
the Islamic and Eastern life style where people live very Besides that, children if left unchecked to use the
much attached to their religious beliefs. internet are exposed to the danger of entering into
Another important thing about globalization that is websites that display pornography and other unhealthy
contradictory to the religion of Islam is the Western idea and unethical information. It is believed that such
that states education should be value-free. Knowledge information can corrupt their innocent and tender hearts
and education are sought for knowledge and it does not and minds. It is feared that children that gain access to
link the individual with God almighty. In Islam, knowledge such information on the internet will be trapped in a
is sought for self-improvement that humbles down man in vicious circle that might lead them into other social ills.
the presence of his Creator. Knowledge is sought for the The exponents of globalization have also highlighted
enlightenment of the human soul that brings man closer that globalization abolishes cultural differences among the
to God. In contrast to the Islamic concept of seeking diverse and multi-lingual societies of the world.
knowledge, most people in the West believe that Globalization promotes homogenous society changing the
knowledge is value-free. Other than this, the Western world of its heterogeneous nature that has been created
attitude of non-judgmental in the things they see, acquire, by God Almighty. The present scenario in the world
experience and assess is not applicable in the context of clearly shows the process of homogenization is taking
telecommunication will somehow transport the Western
8. World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 1 (1): 59-69, 2011
66
place and this is an ongoing thing. Dominance of English scenario in Arabia was quite different. The Arabs at that
language as an important international language, time were still debating on minor issues of fiqh
obsession for American lifestyle in terms of their fast food (jurisprudence) and other issues regarding which school
like KFC and McDonald, preference over American of thought (mazhab) is more superior to the other. That
banded items like clothing, music and movies are clear time of the Arabs compared to the Golden Age of Islam,
indicators of the homogenization of societies in the world the Muslims were creative, productive and prolific and
is taking place. contributed a lot in the fields of philosophy, astronomy,
How Should Muslims Respond to Globalization: Europeans. Baghdad, Cordova, Syria and Egypt became
Globalization has started without being realized by a large centers for knowledge and learning which invited the
section of the Islamic Ummah. Since the tidal waves of Europeans to flock around in these centers and to learn
globalization have already started to touch the shores of from the scholastic works produced by Muslim scholars.
the Islamic countries, efforts need to be taken to prevent Tun Mahathir’s call is a reminder for the Muslims not
them from causing damage to their faith and Islamic way to ignore and stay away from the events and progress
of life. As it has been understood from the preceding that are taking place in the area of information technology,
discussion that globalization is irreversible and inevitable multi-media, e-learning, e-commerce, etc. If the Muslims
the Muslims have no choice but to prepare and safeguard choose to stay isolated from others in this era of
them to confront its onslaughts that come from all globalization then the Muslims will be the ones who will
directions. be left alone and become the losers compared to the rest
In realizing that something need to be done, of the world. A wise thing to do by the Muslims is to be
Malaysia’s former Prime Minister Tun Mahathir has said active in mastering the new technology and use it for a
the following in one of his addresses to the Islamic good purpose that can bring progress, development and
Ummah on the issue on globalization: economic benefit to themselves and for the rest of
Muslim countries and Muslim governments have a duty Other form of safeguarding the Ummah that can be
to ensure that globalization will not result in the undertaken by Islamic countries in this era of globalization
marginalization of their countries as happened with is by cutting down on their dependency on the West in
the Industrial Revolution and Industrial Age. We terms of technology, which also includes in the area of
cannot afford it this time. If once again we miss this multimedia and software development. Mental
opportunity to keep pace with the radical and dependency on the West is a form of colonization. So
rapid advances now being made with technology long as the Muslim countries and leaders depend on the
and the sciences, and the changes they cause to the West for technology and expertise, they will be
world’s perceptions of things, the new ideas and subjugated and put under their control. Islam as a way of
concepts in human and international relations; if life of the Muslims does not encourage them to be ruled
we miss all these and fail to handle them, then we by others and live under the hegemony and dictates of
will not only be marginalized, but be dominated others who preach against their religion [15].
and hegemonised permanently [5]. Besides that, oil rich Muslim countries should make
According to Tun Mahathir, during the last Industrial America and Europe to some of the developing and poor
Revolution that took place in the West, the European Muslim countries in the world. By doing that, it is hoped
nations used their creative intelligence and came up with that the disparities between the rich and poor Muslim
a lot of breakthrough in the areas of science, technology countries can be eradicated. This action also confirms
and medicine. They made many discoveries with the what has been emphasized in the Qur’an, that we should
creations of many items that became very essential for a help one another, and this is also deemed as a
better living for the modern man. The many machineries praiseworthy deed in the sight of Allah SWT.
discovered by scientists and scholars benefited them in On the question of internet as a powerful tool in
making them as advanced nations in the world later on. disseminating knowledge and information and what
While the Europeans were making new discoveries, the should be the Muslims stand on this matter. As there are
medicine, algebra, etc. which later benefited by the
humanity.
attempts to re-channel their multi-billion investments from
9. World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 1 (1): 59-69, 2011
67
good and bad in the internet usage, Muslims should be fully by the Muslims ever since that verse was
smart to use this tool for getting knowledge and revealed to the Prophet of Islam SAW. Besides this, the
information. They should also use it to their advantage in Westerners have also taught us that, “United we stand,
the promulgation of Islam, although some outside the divided we fall”. It seems that the Muslims have not
religion may want to use it for spreading profanity and learnt from their bitter experiences of the past living
sexual perversion. Besides that, the internet can also be under subjugation and their failures have not taught
used to stay connected with the rest of the Ummah living them lessons to mend their ways to attain the status
in other parts of the world. Allah has mentioned in the Qur’an as the best Ummah
Another important effort that needs the attention of (Khaira Ummah). Being united under organization like the
Muslim countries is their willingness to invest in the area OIC (Organization of Islamic Countries) gives the Ummah
of reach and development. This ability to do research its lost dignity in the eyes of the other nations of the
during the Golden Age of Islam brought them to the world. The state of being united makes the Ummah more
pinnacle of their success and made European scholars to vocal in sending a common message to the UN when
come to their centers of learning and research. After that making decision pertaining to the problems faced by the
period, due to complacency Muslims lost all the good Muslims, be it political or economic. People like Tun
qualities as good researchers to the Europeans. As a Mahathir, Chandra and Mohd Kamal believe that the UN,
result of this, the Ummah started to lag behind the World Bank and IMF are all part of the forces of
Europeans. Apart from that, colonization which forced globalization, working to the advantage of the rich and
Muslims into poverty also in a way made the strength of powerful nations of the world. If the Islamic Ummah is
the Ummah to dwindle drastically. Even after attaining weak and not alert of the forces that are at work to destroy
independence from the Western colonial powers, the it then it will suffer forever in the hands of the predators
Muslims have yet to reclaim the status they once had of globalization.
prior to the fall of Baghdad in 1258. In realizing this Another portent strategy to face globalization by the
predicament, Muslims should exert themselves diligently Islamic Ummah is to strike a balance between the physical
in conducting research. This in turn will break their mental development of the nation with the spiritual and moral
dependency on the West. development of its people. Without the spiritual and moral
In the area of news broadcast, the Muslims cannot development all other developments will not guarantee to
rely totally on the Western media like CNN, BBC, ABC bring real success and prosperity to the Muslim countries.
and other international news agencies. At the moment,
there has been a small breakthrough in the area of news Is Globalization Equal to Colonization: The researcher is
media with the emergence of Al-Jazeera. Before this, the of the opinion that, the five definitions provided by
Muslims like the rest of the other nations were all Jan Aart Scholte are all true in one way or the other.
dependent on the Western media to know what is All these definitions that explain globalization as
happening in the Islamic world and other regions of the Internationalization, Liberalization, Universalization,
world. Most of the time these Western medias provide a Westernization / Modernization and Deterritorialization
bias reporting of what is happening to the Muslims. when analyzed will reveal the true nature of globalization.
Through the manipulation of the media, the West has If colonization is to suppress and oppress others to
portrayed the Ummah as one that is dangerous, backward make one nation to stay high and mighty, definitely
and one that is posing a threat to the world community. globalization shares a lot in common with colonization.
All these false reporting and prejudices can be Globalization is an idea and ideology that comes from the
contradicted with the Muslims having their own news West, is mainly intended to make them rich and to put
media broadcasting the truth by reporting the actual and them high above the Asians, Africans and others.
factual happening in the Muslim world. Globalization is in fact colonization in disguise. Using it as
All the strength and riches cannot help the Muslims a tool and a means, the West intends to control the hearts
to fight the tides of globalization if the whole Muslim and minds of the young and old in the underprivileged
world does not come together as a one united Ummah. countries of the world. They control us with a press of a
The lesson taught by the Qur’an calling the Muslims to button using the internet, international media and other
get united (Al ‘Imran: 103) [16] has yet to be materialized modern and sophisticated ways of telecommunication.
10. World J. Islamic History & Civilization, 1 (1): 59-69, 2011
68
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