Slides on the topic of Human Nature. The focus is on the concept of the human at showcased by Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanistic Psychology and Islamic Psychology.
Human Nature & Education: An Analysis between Western and Islamic Psychologies Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
This presentation focuses on the different concepts of human nature and their impact on education. To carry out this task the researchers selected ideas on man provided by three mainstream psychology of the West and compared them with the Islamic psychology. After comparing ideas on man from the Western and Islamic psychological viewpoints, the researchers went on further to analyze the most likely type of person that can be produced by applying each concepts in education. The result has indicated that all the three Western schools did explain some aspects of human nature, but nothing was more comprehensible than what has been explained in Islamic psychology. The West can learn the philosophical ideas on the creation of a good man from the Islamic perspective. Likewise, Islamic psychology which is philosophical in nature, can adopt some aspects of the scientific methods in understanding man provided by Western psychology.
Some Selected Concepts on Man in Psychology and their Impact on EducationMohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Man who occupies the highest pedestal in the hierarchy of God’s creations has derailed himself from the lofty ideas and idealism mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. As a result of this, war, terrorism, racism, environmental degradation, corporate capitalism, etc. are all happening at an enormous rate. War that should have ended after the Second World War is still going on either in small or large scale in many parts of the world. Education that used to instil values and all the humanly qualities in man in the past is somehow at the moment failing due to globalization and commodification of education. In light of the new reality of the world today, this philosophical paper intends to investigate the concepts on man showcased to the world by psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic and Islamic psychologies. Upon identifying the various concepts on man, this research will perform a contrastive analysis on the impact of such theories when applied in the field of education. Very precisely, on the type of man they can produce at the end of one’s educational endeavor. The researchers will collect the relevant data through the library research method and analyze them by using the comparative and textual analysis methods which fall under the qualitative paradigm.
Human Nature & Education: An Analysis between Western and Islamic Psychologies Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
This presentation focuses on the different concepts of human nature and their impact on education. To carry out this task the researchers selected ideas on man provided by three mainstream psychology of the West and compared them with the Islamic psychology. After comparing ideas on man from the Western and Islamic psychological viewpoints, the researchers went on further to analyze the most likely type of person that can be produced by applying each concepts in education. The result has indicated that all the three Western schools did explain some aspects of human nature, but nothing was more comprehensible than what has been explained in Islamic psychology. The West can learn the philosophical ideas on the creation of a good man from the Islamic perspective. Likewise, Islamic psychology which is philosophical in nature, can adopt some aspects of the scientific methods in understanding man provided by Western psychology.
Some Selected Concepts on Man in Psychology and their Impact on EducationMohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Man who occupies the highest pedestal in the hierarchy of God’s creations has derailed himself from the lofty ideas and idealism mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. As a result of this, war, terrorism, racism, environmental degradation, corporate capitalism, etc. are all happening at an enormous rate. War that should have ended after the Second World War is still going on either in small or large scale in many parts of the world. Education that used to instil values and all the humanly qualities in man in the past is somehow at the moment failing due to globalization and commodification of education. In light of the new reality of the world today, this philosophical paper intends to investigate the concepts on man showcased to the world by psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic and Islamic psychologies. Upon identifying the various concepts on man, this research will perform a contrastive analysis on the impact of such theories when applied in the field of education. Very precisely, on the type of man they can produce at the end of one’s educational endeavor. The researchers will collect the relevant data through the library research method and analyze them by using the comparative and textual analysis methods which fall under the qualitative paradigm.
God Oriented life,The path to paradise,The purpose of life,After death,Final destination,What is life,who am i ?,The purpose of life,The message of god,The message of quran,The truth of life,
Australian Journal for Humanities and Islamic Studies Research
Vol.1, Issue 1, Jul-15 to Dec-15, Pg 99-131
Researchers: Muhammad Motahir Hussain, Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf (Also available in book form)
Citation: Hossain, M., M. & Musharraf, M., N. (2015). "O YE PEOPLE! – COLLECTION OF VERSES FROM QURAN DIRECTLY ADDRESSING MANKIND". Published in: Australian Journal of Humanities and Islamic Studies Research, Vol1, Issue 1, Jul-15 to Dec-15, Pg: 99-131
This presentation compares the different concepts on man and creativity. Besides, it also discusses whether the human creativity is within man or outside of him. The final part of the presentation is on the Islamic concept of creativity
God Oriented life,The path to paradise,The purpose of life,After death,Final destination,What is life,who am i ?,The purpose of life,The message of god,The message of quran,The truth of life,
Australian Journal for Humanities and Islamic Studies Research
Vol.1, Issue 1, Jul-15 to Dec-15, Pg 99-131
Researchers: Muhammad Motahir Hussain, Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf (Also available in book form)
Citation: Hossain, M., M. & Musharraf, M., N. (2015). "O YE PEOPLE! – COLLECTION OF VERSES FROM QURAN DIRECTLY ADDRESSING MANKIND". Published in: Australian Journal of Humanities and Islamic Studies Research, Vol1, Issue 1, Jul-15 to Dec-15, Pg: 99-131
This presentation compares the different concepts on man and creativity. Besides, it also discusses whether the human creativity is within man or outside of him. The final part of the presentation is on the Islamic concept of creativity
Islamic way of Life by Syed Moududi || Australian Islamic Library (www.austra...Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf
Visit Australian Islamic Library for a huge collection of Islamic Books and multimedia:
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Abstract
Among all creations of God living in this planet, man is the most intelligent, innovative and creative. Imbued with these qualities, man was able to plan, create and recreate new things using the resources available in the environment. Man’s position as God’s best creation and as the recipient of the creative intelligence from his Creator has further advanced him in mastering science and technology. As a result of his advancement in knowledge and science in one way or another has ushered man into creating great civilizations. While the discussion goes on as to whether man’s creativity is an inborn or a learned behaviour, this paper intends to explore and analyze some of the existing concepts on human creativity found in Western and Islamic psychologies. Very particularly, the researchers would like to examine the concept of creativity put forward by Freudian Psychoanalysis, Behaviorists, Humanistic and Islamic psychologies. It is expected that the findings of this research can motivate mankind to be more dynamic and productive in bringing upon the much needed positive change to the present world conditions.
This presentation on ‘The Call for Islamization of Modern Psychology’ elucidates the nature and focus of psychology in the West and Muslim world. Since the West has gone through a period of shifting of paradigms in its views on man and psychology, and the fact that there exist a myriad of schools in psychology, the presenters would like to restrict their scope of analysis to only three schools from the western mainstream psychology. Among others that include psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology. In a contrastive manner ideas on Man from the three schools will be compared with what has been conceptualized in Islamic psychology. Due to the fact that at times western schools of psychology agree and complement one another in matters related to man and at other times they are at loggerhead with one another, has created an opportunity for the introduction of Islamic psychology. It is the conviction of the presenters that Islamic ideas on man which are comprehensive and all-encompassing can act as a ‘peace-maker’ to the polemical issues that are prevalent in western schools of psychology. It is believed that ideas provided by Islamic psychology can harmonize many of the differences found in western mainstream psychology.
There are many religions in the world and each religion claims to be true, but all of them cannot be true, because they are contrary to each other. Now the question arises: Which is the true religion? This book gives you the answer of this question.
This presentation explains how issues related to science and spirituality are viewed from the Western and Islamic perspectives. Besides, explaining the advantage and disadvantage of modern science, the presentation also entertains some discussion on the diversity of the human intelligence. In realizing the downside of modern science and how it has been used for destructive purposes, the researchers recommend on how science can be employed in a positive manner that can yield good results for the benefit of mankind. Moreover, they highlighted the fact that large parts of modern science go in harmony with the Islamic principles. The parts rejected by Islam are those ideas of modern science that go against the fundamental and ethical teachings of the religion, like designer babies, sperm bank, human cloning, the creation of nuclear bombs, chemical weapons, biological warfare, etc.
Man and Creativity: A Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamic Psycho...mohd abbas abdul razak
Among all creations of God living on this planet, Man is the most intelligent,
innovative and creative. Imbued with these qualities, Man was able to plan, create and
recreate new things using the resources available in the environment. Man’s position as
God’s best creation and as the recipient of the creative intelligence from his Creator has
further advanced him in mastering science and technology. As a result of his advancement
in knowledge and science in one way or another has ushered Man into creating
great civilizations. While the discussion goes on as to whether Man’s creativity is an
inborn or a learned behaviour, this paper intends to explore and analyze some of the
existing concepts of human creativity found in Western and Islamic psychologies. Very
particularly, the researchers would like to examine the concept of creativity put forward
by Freudian Psychoanalysis, Behaviorists, Humanistic and Islamic psychologies. It is
expected that the findings of this research can motivate mankind to be more dynamic
and productive in bringing the much needed positive change to the present world conditions.
STABILIZING MUSLIM MARRIAGES: SOME REFLECTIONS ON ETHICAL MANAGEMENT OF FAMIL...mohd abbas abdul razak
Marriage breakdowns and family instability with their debilitating after-effects on women and children are the hallmark of greatly mechanized global community at present time. To remedy the situation, social scientists have diagnosed a multitude of variables as the precursor for the upward trends in marriage breakdowns and family disintegration. In Malaysian context, women`s financial independence, easy access to multimedia and early marriage are among the factors which account for the rising phenomenon of divorce even during the early years of marriage among Muslims. To remedy the situation, marriage counseling, law reform and pre-marriage courses are mostly emphasized by both mainstream legal scholars and women right activists. It is my considered opinion that these formalistic approaches if not integrated with the emphasis on ethical side of Islamic law may cause more marriage breakups than enhancing families. The bigger issues in terms of ethical management of Muslim family, such as marriage fidelity, sense of commitment to care for women and children, and spousal mutual empathy and responsibility may help a great deal in acculturating our society from early childhood to adolescence and through adulthood. The paper, therefore, argues for the more concentrated ethical approach for addressing the underlying causes of marriage disability in order to give more effect and meaning to the existing formalistic social and legal measures by reforming Muslims` mindset and outlook towards family.
The discussion on the mind and body continues to be debated by
philosophers and psychologists. Ever since the Renaissance, Western scholars
have shifted their research on the man from a religious to a scientific one. They
argued that spirituality cannot be scrutinized using science and scientific tools.
Yet, they are not any closer to finding a comprehensive solution to many of
man’s psychological problems. In realizing that man’s spiritual dimension is an
area avoided by Western mainstream psychology, this study analyzes some
aspects of the soul entity and its varied manifestations from an Islamic
perspective. Through a review of related literature and documentary analysis,
this study highlights the spiritual dimension of man as understood by Muslims
scholars and psychologists.
Human Nature & Motivation: A Comparative Analysis between Western and Islamic...mohd abbas abdul razak
In the fi eld of psychology, the topics on human nature and motivation
have been quite extensively discussed. These two topics are interrelated
and inseparable. Any endeavor to understand man and his potentials makes
it necessary for one to venture into the study of human nature. Major topics
in psychology like motivation, personality, creativity, psychotherapy, mental
health, etc. could be well understood with a proper understanding on human
nature. In the light of this reality, what makes this research an appealing and
interesting one is the fact that the researchers had comparatively analyzed the
ideas on human nature and motivation showcased to the world by Western and
Islamic psychologies. The fact that there exist a great number of schools of
thought in Western psychology, the researchers had narrowed their scope of
investigation to three only. As such, they discussed the ideas on human nature
and motivation as conceptualized in Psychoanalysis, Radical Behaviorism and
Humanistic psychology. Upon analyzing Western theories, the researchers
performed a compare and contrast analysis with ideas provided by Islamic
psychology on human nature and motivation. This academic exercise was done
in the hope of identifying as to whether there exist any similarity and difference between the two psychologies. Since the nature of this study was a qualitative
one, the researchers conducted a library research to collect the relevant data.
In analyzing the data related to the study, the researchers used the content and
textual analysis methods.
Impact of Multicultural Environment of Islamic Educational Institutes on Stud...mohd abbas abdul razak
The study focuses on the effect of exposure to Multicultural and international environment of an Islamic educational institution on the acculturation of its students. Acculturation has been used in this study with a wide sense of meaning that underscores the sense of co-existence and feeling of unity. This study investigated whether the Internationalization process of the International Islamic University, Malaysia, with intergroup contact taking place under optimal conditions helps its students to, appreciate the differences that other cultures bring, be comfortable with differences and also seek diversity of contact. The study employed Miville-Guzman Universality – Diversity Scale, (M-GUDS-S) to collect data by survey method from 400 IIUM undergraduate students selected using Quota sampling. 200 of them were the first year students and the rest were fourth-year students. The result showed that there is a significant improvement in the feeling of unity among the students. The fourth year students showed more appreciation for other cultures and comfort with differences. Based on the finding it has been suggested that if efforts are made to establish optimal conditions for positive intergroup contact to take place, intergroup prejudice can be reduced and problems of co-existence in the Muslim countries and communities can thus be addressed.
Man and Creativity: A Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamic Psycho...mohd abbas abdul razak
Among all creations of God living in this planet, man is the most intelligent, innovative and creative. Imbued with these qualities, man was able to plan, create and recreate new things using the resources available in the environment. Man’s position as God’s best creation and as the recipient of the creative intelligence from his Creator has further advanced him in mastering science and technology. As a result of his advancement in knowledge and science in one way or another has ushered man into creating great civilizations. While the discussion goes on as to whether man’s creativity is an inborn or a learned behaviour, this paper intends to explore and analyze some of the existing concepts on human creativity found in Western and Islamic psychologies. Very particularly, the researchers would like to examine the concept of creativity put forward by Freudian Psychoanalysis, Behaviorists, Humanistic and Islamic psychologies. It is expected that the findings of this research can motivate mankind to be more dynamic and productive in bringing upon the much needed positive change to the present world conditions.
This presentation emphasizes the importance of knowledge and learning from the Islamic perspective. In Islam, seeking knowledge should be a continuous process from cradle to death. The Qur'an states that man of knowledge is held high in the sight of God. A well-educated individual should enjoy good relationship with God, his/her self, flora and fauna, and humanity at large.
This presentation is focused on lifelong learning beyond school. As such, education should not be confined to the four walls of the classroom. Anything can be learning experience under the sun.
The magazine article focuses on the kind of relationship Man should have with the environment. Many of the destructions to flora and fauna happen due to Man's negligence.
Islam seeks to develop the human minds to a total submission to Allah the
Almighty. Through its divine guidance, the Qur’an ushered a large section of
the masses in Arabia from the darkness of ignorance into knowledge and
enlightenment of their souls. Islam grew from a humble beginning into a
mighty civilizational force. Islamic civilization like all other civilizations,
started to decline after reaching its pinnacle of success. Ever since the fall of
Baghdad in 1258, the Muslim world has been confronted with endless
problems in all fields of life. Colonization of Muslim lands by the West had
created the knowledge and technological gap between them and their
colonizers. Being subjected to colonization, neo-colonization, and now
globalization, Muslims are lagging behind other communities of the world. The
Muslim minds which once came up with great ideas, discoveries, innovation
and inventions, at the moment somehow become less prolific, and experiencing
a state of lethargy and malaise. In realizing the great challenges faced by the
Muslims in the modern world, this research intends to re-visit Iqbal’s ideas to
remedy the awful situations experienced by the Ummah.
This study in the area of philosophical psychology is a contrastive analysis on the personality theories that have been showcased to the world by Freud and Iqbal. In analyzing the data pertinent to the study, the researcher has used the historical and content analysis methods. As a prelude to the kernel of the research, the researcher has explored the historical and philosophical developments that have taken place in the areas of human nature and personality in the West and Islamic world. The fact that both Iqbal and Freud believed the inner dimension of man, particularly the ego, which plays a pivotal role in all human behaviours has drawn the interest of the researcher to explore their concepts on the human psyche, and on how personality development takes place in individuals. Through the contrastive analysis, it has come to light that Freud and Iqbal had conceptualized their theories on personality as a response to the demands and challenges of their time. Besides that, factors like their personality, philosophy towards life, education and their travels have influenced directly or indirectly their conceptualization of their theories.
At the moment globalization is a buzz word in everyone’s lips. Now it has been a few decades already, the subject on globalization has drawn the interest of many concerned people around the globe, namely; governments, scholars at the institutions of higher learning, business community worldwide, economists, students, NGOs’ (non-governmental organizations) and others. The passion to explore on the topic on globalization has led many people into conducting research on the many intricate issues that are interwoven around globalization. Moreover, at the international forums, the most frequently discussed and debated question with regard to globalization is who are the real gainers and losers of globalization. By identifying the winners and losers, governments and concerned parties can prepare themselves well to make strategic plans to meet the challenges they have to face with the coming tides of globalization. Many scholars have highlighted the fact that globalization is something devised by the West and directed towards the developing and underdeveloped countries of the world. It ramifies into many areas of human lives like economics, politics, culture, education, social life, etc. Also discussed within the paper is the brain drain phenomenon that is related to globalization, and on how Muslim should react to globalization. Finally the paper made an attempt to answer the crucial question as to whether globalization is identical to re-colonization or not.
Shifting Paradigms in the Study of Personality: A Retrospective Survey of Wes...mohd abbas abdul razak
The birth of the Renaissance movement in the West ushered the scholars as well
as the masses into a broader perspective of learning and knowledge seeking. The spirit
of the Renaissance paved the way forward for scholars to gain freedom of speech and
liberation from their old mindset. Europe that was bursting with new philosophical and
scientific ideas also gave its people a wide range of perspectives in understanding man
and personality. Secularism and modernism that came as a result of the Renaissance
movement caused a shift in the understanding on man and his personality from a religious
to a scientific one. In this study, the researchers would like to venture into the
areas of man and personality from the Western perspective. Very precisely, the researchers
would like to conduct a survey on the shifting paradigms in the field of Western
psychology, pertaining to the study on man and personality. Upon performing the
survey, the researchers would like to identify and analyze the underlying factors that
caused the emergence of the different paradigms in Western psychology.
Man and Creativity: Contrastive Analysis between Western and Islamic Psycholo...mohd abbas abdul razak
Among all creations of God living in this planet, man is the most intelligent, innovative and creative. Imbued with these qualities, man was able to plan, create and recreate new things using the resources available in the environment. Man’s position as God’s best creation and as the recipient of the creative intelligence from his Creator has further advanced him in mastering science and technology. As a result of his advancement in knowledge and science in one way or another has ushered man into creating great civilizations. While the discussion goes on as to whether man’s creativity is an inborn or a learned behaviour, this paper intends to explore and analyze some of the existing concepts on human creativity found in Western and Islamic psychologies. Very particularly, the researchers would like to examine the concept of creativity put forward by Freudian Psychoanalysis, Behaviorists, Humanistic and Islamic psychologies. It is expected that the findings of this research can motivate mankind to be more dynamic and productive in bringing upon the much needed positive change to the present world conditions.
Iqbal’s Ego Philosophy and Its Importance in Awakening Man’s Spiritualitymohd abbas abdul razak
History reveals the fact that the coming of modernity and secularism has allured
modern man towards a materialistic concept of life, ignoring his spiritual needs in respect
of his role as the vicegerent of God. This predicament has not only marred man’s
relationship with God but has also failed him toward understanding his true nature and
mission in life. The large segment of humanity today is on the brink of losing its human
and spiritual values, resulting in severe environmental degradation, racism, terrorism,
war, poor mental health, and other psychopathological illnesses. This paper intends to
explore and draw out conclusions from the philosophical thoughts of Muhammad Iqbal
(1877-1938) with regard to his ego philosophy that explains man’s relationship with
God, community and the universe (flora and fauna). Lessons drawn out from Iqbal’s
ideas can be of great use in awakening man’s spirituality and improving his quality of
life by establishing a harmonious relationship with God, environment and fellow human
beings.
Early ideas on human nature and personality were presented by Muslim scholars during the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). The decline of the Islamic civilization and the dawn of the era of European colonization has somehow dwindled the study on man and his personality until the poet-philosopher Mohammed Iqbal (1879-1938) came up with his philosophy on the Ego (Khudi). Using philosophy and poetry as his vehicles, Iqbal called upon the Muslims to pay attention to the development and maintenance of the human Ego. Given Iqbal‟s fame in the East and West, it is pertinent to explore his ideas on human nature, philosophy of Ego or self, and personality. This study surveys the underlying factors that challenged Iqbal to conceptualize a theory on personality which is very different from others in the Islamic world.
Since ancient times, scholars in the West have shown great enthusiasm towards understanding
the subject on man and personality. Driven by this zeal, there appeared a multitude
of theories discussing man and his nature. Various concepts on man showcased by
the scholars, quite often, complemented one another and, at times, their ideas contradicted
and discredited one another. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) the founding father of
psychoanalysis presented to the world a concept on man and his personality which
turned out to be a controversial one. His idea of man seems to have shaped the western
culture and human psyche in general. What appears from the impact of Freud’s concept
of man and personality is that it has denigrated man. This paper represents an appraisal
of his idea of man and personality from human angle.
Islamic Psychology and the Call for Islamization of Modern Psychologymohd abbas abdul razak
The shifting of paradigms in modern psychology has left modern men in a state
of confusion on the issues pertaining to what should be the paramount concern
of psychology and in the proper understanding on the topic of human nature. In
a contrastive manner Islamic psychology which has been promoted by Muslim
scholars alongside with the process of Islamization of knowledge and education,
has its roots in the philosophical ideas of early Muslim scholars. Its resurgence,
which started some two decades ago, is seen as an initiative to introduce Islamic
understanding on man to the conflicting ideas prevalent in modern psychology.
Its approach, which is mainly philosophical in nature, goes back to the ideas on
man mentioned in the two primary sources of Islam, the Qur’an and ×adÊth.
Islamic psychology with its comprehensive ideas on human nature has been
seen by Muslim scholars as a new perspective in psychology that can fill in the
lacunae present in the modern psychological thoughts on man, and clears the
mist that surrounds most Western theories on man. This paper represents an
attempt to analyze and also synthesize Western psychology and Islamic psychology
in terms of their nature, development, contributions, and problems.
It is an undeniable fact that every lear
! the wholc Muslim world waits eagerly
Ifor the apperuce ofthe crcrcent of the
ninth month ofthe Islamic caleodar,known
as Ramadhan. When this long ewaited
month appears it brings dongwith it a lot
ofblcssing and foqgiveness for the Muslims
A month long fasting during Remadhxn
acts as a spiritual cleansing for those who
fast Thc fast purges out all sins ofthc past
and purifies the heart, soul and mind ofa
Muslim. It has been admitted my many Mudims that thcy feel much, much closr
to Allah than any other timc of drc year.
During this holy moath, Muslims fecl
fully occupied performing Ibadah ofone
kind or enothcr; cithcr pcrforming Solah,
Tilawah, Zitr, Sadeqah, Zekah,ctc. As
fot this reasoo, Ramadhan is dccmed as
a Madrash(school) once a year, teaching
Muslims self-&scipline in usinghis senscs
end dso timemaoagemcnt io carrying-out
theirprayer and daily activities as Muslims.
Welcome to the Program Your Destiny course. In this course, we will be learning the technology of personal transformation, neuroassociative conditioning (NAC) as pioneered by Tony Robbins. NAC is used to deprogram negative neuroassociations that are causing approach avoidance and instead reprogram yourself with positive neuroassociations that lead to being approach automatic. In doing so, you change your destiny, moving towards unlocking the hypersocial self within, the true self free from fear and operating from a place of personal power and love.
2. 1. Man has been subjected to a never-ending
research and investigation
2. Religious scholars, philosophers, biologists,
psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists,
& others
2
3. 1. Beginning with the Greek
philosophers
2. Muslim philosophers
3. Wise men in almost all religions
4. From the ancient to the scientific age
5. This study is perennial in nature
6. New information emerge from time
to time
3
4. 1. Being perennial in nature, the old and
new studies conducted on man, try to
unearth and bring to light many of man’s
potentials, which were not known
previously
2. Researchers believe that any latest
finding on man will be added information
to the existing knowledge and science on
man
( Mohd Abbas, 1997 & 2011) 4
5. Nye(1986), states that although at
times many of the ideas on man in the
Western paradigms complement one
another in answering the intricate
questions on human nature, there are
also times when they contradict each
other
5
7. Painted a negative image of man
There is no difference between man and other
members of the animal kingdom
Man is an intellectual beast doomed for
destruction
Man is enslaved to his sexual impulses
Man has no freedom to cut loose from the
shackles of his psychosexual development
Freud’s concept on man is a pessimistic and
deterministic one
Man is driven by two psychic forces; Eros
(Life Instinct) and Thanatos (Death Insticnt) 7
9. Based on the ‘tabula rasa’ theory, man is
neither good nor bad
Man is nothing more than an outcome of his
environment
Radical Behaviorism: Man and animals can be
conditioned by stimulus and response and
reinforcement
Man becomes a mechanical being.
They emphasized on man’s learning
experience
They do not believe that man is born with
innate knowledge 9
11. Man is born with a good nature but reacts
negatively due to situations which he gets into
They did not believe that all human actions can be
reduced to a stimulus-response type of action
They believe, man has a subjective inner dimension
Man has the freedom to choose either to respond
or not to the demands of the environment
Man’s state of consciousness is more important
than his unconscious
Man has the tendency for growth to experience
‘Self-Actualization’ and ‘Fully-functioning Person’
11
12. Many scholars in the West were and
are influenced by what has been
conceptualized by Charles Darwin
(1809-1882).
Darwin’s idea that states the origin of
man goes back to the ape family is
lurking in the ideas of Western
scholars who appeared later on the
intellectual stage of Europe
12
13. • Man has pre-existed before he came to this
world
• Human beings are the progeny of Adam
• Man is the Khalifah/vicegerent of God on earth
• Man was taught by Allah - as such, he possesses
the creative intelligence
• Man was created in the best of moulds
• Man was given the natural disposition
• Man is placed on the highest pedestal in the
hierarchy of creations
• Man was not the First Creation of Allah SWT
• The world was prepared for Man before his
coming 13
14. At times man’s position can go higher than the
angels and lower than animals
Man is forgetful
Man is given the freedom of choice to choose his
way, either to be thankful or ungrateful to Allah
Man is given the ‘Amanah’
Man has a dual nature; soul and body
The spiritual dimension of man
14
15. 15
And when your Lord said to the
angels: “Indeed, I will make a
vicegerent upon the earth.” They
said: “Will you place upon it one
who will cause corruption therein,
and will shed blood, while we
glorify Your praise and sanctify
You.” He said: “Surely, I know that
which you know not.”
Surah Al-Baqarah 2:30
16. He is known in the Qur’an as:
Man
Al-
Insan
An-
Nas
Al-Ins
Bani
Adam
Zurriyat
Adam
Al-
Bashr
16
20. Allah
•Establish a good relationship with Allah,
•This world is given as a trust
•He has to serve Allah SWT and no other deities/gods
• He has to be accountable for all his actions on this world
Nature
•Bring out the potentials from the belly of the earth and
used them for his spiritual development
•Nature is a gift from Allah (Flora & Fauna)
•Man should not abuse or cause destruction
•Administer the world well- establish peace and harmony
Humanity
•Establish a good relationship with fellow human beings;
Muslims and non-Muslims
20
21. Born in the primordial nature/ born
with his natural disposition
Born without any stain of sin
In Islam, man is not born with the
‘Original Sin’
21
22. 22
So set you your face (O
Muhammad) towards (this)
Faith, inclining to truth. The
nature of Allah that upon
which He has created
mankind. There is no
altering in (the laws of)
Allah’s creation. That is the
right religion, but most of
the people do not know [ Surah Rum30: 30 ]
24.
“We did indeed offer the Trust to the Heavens and
the Earth and the Mountains; but they refused to
undertake it, being afraid thereof. But man
undertook it (the Trust);- he was indeed unjust
and foolish...” (Surah Al-Ahzab:72)
24
25. The word Amanah in Surah Ahzab:72 has
several meanings to it
Scholars say Amanah can be the sum total of all
the injunctions found in the Qur’an
The Qur’an can be the Amanah
The human intellect or Aql’ can be the Amanah
The Vicegerency can be the Amanah
The covenant between Allah and the whole of
humanity in the realm of soul, prior to his
coming to this world
25
26. 26
We have certainly created
man in the finest of moulds
(Surah Al-Tin 95:4)
And indeed, We have honored the
children of Adam, and We have carried
them on the land and the sea, and We
have provided them with good things,
and We have preferred them above
many of those whom We created, (a
sure) preference (Surah Al-Isra’:70)
27. 27
Indeed, We guided him to
the way, whether be he
grateful or be he
ungrateful (rests on his
will)
Surah Al-Insan76:3)
28. 28
And indeed, We made
a covenant with Adam
before, but he forgot,
and We did not find in
him determination
Surah Ta Ha 20: 115
29. 29
And He taught Adam all the
names, then He showed them to
the angels and said: “Inform Me of
the names of these, if you are
truthful.”
They said: “Glory be to You, we
have no knowledge except that
which You have taught us. Indeed,
it is You, the All Knower, the All
Wise.”
Surah Baqarah2: 31-32
31. 1. Jannah
(Adam& Hawwa)
2. Alam Al-Arwah
(Realm of the Souls)
3. Alam
Al-Arham
(9+ months)
4. Alam Al-
Dunya (60-70
yrs)
5. Alam Al-
Barzakh
6.
Qiyamah
(end of
time)
7. Yaumul
Hisab
(Judg-
ment)
8. Al-Mizan
(The Balance)
9. Sirat
(the Bridge)
The Spiritual
Journey of Man:
An Islamic
Perspective
Jahan
-nam
(Hell)
31