This document discusses abortion from a global perspective, covering various legal systems, cultural and religious traditions, and abortion laws and statistics around the world. It notes that abortion is a highly controversial issue that raises fundamental questions about when life begins, a woman's right to control her own body, and the role of religion and the state. The document then examines abortion laws and policies from the perspectives of civil law, common law, Islamic law, and various countries. It also provides statistics on the prevalence of legal and unsafe abortions globally.
Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing human population exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth. Overpopulation is caused by number of factors. Reduced mortality rate, better medical facilities, depletion of precious resources are few of the causes which results in overpopulation.
(HEPE) Introduction To Health Disparities 1antz505
Many youth leaders are compelled to do work with community based non-profit and local public health agencies as both a service learning and philanthropic component in their development as young professionals. However, despite invaluable experiential learning, students often don\'t comprehend key overarching issues such as health disparities, social determinants of health, health policy and community organizing. To address this gap and optimize their community based work, the Health Disparities Student Collaborative (HDSC), a Boston-based student group under Critical MASS for eliminating health disparities and the Center for Community Health Education Research and Service Inc. (CCHERS), developed a curriculum for students designed to broaden their perspectives while working with local public health, non-profit/community organizations and to develop their interest and ability to visualize the power of their collective voice as students and contributors to social justice work. The curriculum utilizes peer education and webinar software and covers three main topics: Current State of Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, and Youth Activism on Health Disparities/Social Determinants of Health. HDSC has collaborated with local partners CCHERS/Critical MASS and the Community Based Public Health Caucus (CBPHC) Youth Council to develop this comprehensive “Health Equality Peer Education” training.
Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing human population exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth. Overpopulation is caused by number of factors. Reduced mortality rate, better medical facilities, depletion of precious resources are few of the causes which results in overpopulation.
(HEPE) Introduction To Health Disparities 1antz505
Many youth leaders are compelled to do work with community based non-profit and local public health agencies as both a service learning and philanthropic component in their development as young professionals. However, despite invaluable experiential learning, students often don\'t comprehend key overarching issues such as health disparities, social determinants of health, health policy and community organizing. To address this gap and optimize their community based work, the Health Disparities Student Collaborative (HDSC), a Boston-based student group under Critical MASS for eliminating health disparities and the Center for Community Health Education Research and Service Inc. (CCHERS), developed a curriculum for students designed to broaden their perspectives while working with local public health, non-profit/community organizations and to develop their interest and ability to visualize the power of their collective voice as students and contributors to social justice work. The curriculum utilizes peer education and webinar software and covers three main topics: Current State of Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, and Youth Activism on Health Disparities/Social Determinants of Health. HDSC has collaborated with local partners CCHERS/Critical MASS and the Community Based Public Health Caucus (CBPHC) Youth Council to develop this comprehensive “Health Equality Peer Education” training.
Globalization, Global Health and Public Health.
Changing Concepts of Public Health.
Causes, Aspects and Types of Globalization.
Social Changes due to Globalization.
How Globalization affects Public Health.
Globalization of Public Health.
Threats to Global Health.
About Healthcare system of Bangladesh: Health care delivery is a daunting challenge area of the Bangladesh’s healthcare systems. The Health
care system in Bangladesh falls under the control of the Ministry of Health and Family Planning. The
government is responsible for building health facilities in urban and rural areas.
A Comparative Analysis Of The UK And US Health Care Systemsabbiemc
- Published a comparative review of health systems of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and the varying approaches to health systems in the United States
- Developed research question, conducted interviews, utilized PubMed and similar research database systems, performed literature review, and prepared and submitted for publication
Effect of globalization on health care meghadevgan3
Globalization is characterized by the circulation of goods and services between countries using the criteria of efficiency.
The direct health effects of globalization has not been yet observed but there are factors which may influence this phenomenon the further discussion of the impacts is given under following:
Circulation of Patients
Circulation of Health Professionals
International Accreditation System
Health Equity: Why it Matters and How to Achieve itHealth Catalyst
According to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, health equity is achieved when everyone can attain their full health potential and no one is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of social position of any other socially defined circumstance.
Without health equity, there are endless social, health, and economic consequences that negatively impact patients, communities, and organizations. The U.S. ranks last on measures of health equity compared to other industrialized countries. Healthcare contributes to this problem in many ways, including ignoring clinician biases toward certain populations and overlooking the importance of social determinants of health.
Fortunately, there are effective, tested steps organizations can take to tackle their health inequities and disparities (e.g., incorporating nonmedical vital signs into their health assessment processes and partnering with community organizations to connect underserved populations with the services they need to be healthy). Some health systems, such as Allina Health, have achieved impressive results by making health equity a systemwide strategic priority.
Universal health coverage (UHC) is a vision where all people and communities have access to quality health services where and when they need them, without suffering financial hardship. It includes the full spectrum of services needed throughout life—from health promotion to prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care—and is best based on a strong primary health care system.
students wonder exactly what health economics is. is it about money in health, more health for the same money ? about health in hospitals or health of the country.
Introduction to ethical issues in public health, Public Health Institute (PHI...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
An introduction to ethical issues in public health practice and research I gave to master students in the Public Health Institute in Sudan -- My Home Country. This was on Jan. 5, 2012.
International Conference on Population and Developmentsheldk
Transcript:
1. Goals of the conference
2. Political Atmosphere
3. Key players
4. Old thoery
5. Enviromental Efforts
6. NGO's
7. The Program of Action
8. United States
9. Abortion Debate
10. Outcome
11 Achievements
12. Critics
CHAPTER 1 Legal Heritage and the Digital AgeStatue of Liberty,.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 1 Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor
The Statue of Liberty stands majestically in New York Harbor. During the American Revolution, France gave the colonial patriots substantial support in the form of money for equipment and supplies, officers and soldiers who fought in the war, and ships and sailors who fought on the seas. Without the assistance of France, it is unlikely that the American colonists would have won their independence from Britain. In 1886, the people of France gave the Statue of Liberty to the people of the United States in recognition of friendship that was established during the American Revolution. Since then, the Statue of Liberty has become a symbol of liberty and democracy throughout the world.
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Define law.
2. Describe the functions of law.
3. Explain the development of the U.S. legal system.
4. List and describe the sources of law in the United States.
5. Discuss the importance of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
2. What Is Law?
1. Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case • Brown v. Board of Education
3. Schools of Jurisprudential Thought
1. CASE 1.1 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Company
2. Global Law • Command School of Jurisprudence of Cuba
4. History of American Law
1. Landmark Law • Adoption of English Common Law in the United States
2. Global Law • Civil Law System of France and Germany
5. Sources of Law in the United States
1. Contemporary Environment • How a Bill Becomes Law
2. Digital Law • Law of the Digital Age
6. Critical Legal Thinking
1. CASE 1.2 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • Shelby County, Texas v. Holder
“ Where there is no law, there is no freedom.”
—John Locke Second Treatise of Government, Sec. 57
Introduction to Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
In the words of Judge Learned Hand, “Without law we cannot live; only with it can we insure the future which by right is ours. The best of men’s hopes are enmeshed in its success.”1 Every society makes and enforces laws that govern the conduct of the individuals, businesses, and other organizations that function within it.
Although the law of the United States is based primarily on English common law, other legal systems, such as Spanish and French civil law, also influence it. The sources of law in this country are the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions, federal and state statutes, ordinances, administrative agency rules and regulations, executive orders, and judicial decisions by federal and state courts.
Human beings do not ever make laws; it is the accidents and catastrophes of all kinds happening in every conceivable way that make law for us.
Plato
Laws IV, 709
Businesses that are organized in the United States are subject to its laws. They are also subject to the laws of other countries in which they operate. Busin.
Globalization, Global Health and Public Health.
Changing Concepts of Public Health.
Causes, Aspects and Types of Globalization.
Social Changes due to Globalization.
How Globalization affects Public Health.
Globalization of Public Health.
Threats to Global Health.
About Healthcare system of Bangladesh: Health care delivery is a daunting challenge area of the Bangladesh’s healthcare systems. The Health
care system in Bangladesh falls under the control of the Ministry of Health and Family Planning. The
government is responsible for building health facilities in urban and rural areas.
A Comparative Analysis Of The UK And US Health Care Systemsabbiemc
- Published a comparative review of health systems of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and the varying approaches to health systems in the United States
- Developed research question, conducted interviews, utilized PubMed and similar research database systems, performed literature review, and prepared and submitted for publication
Effect of globalization on health care meghadevgan3
Globalization is characterized by the circulation of goods and services between countries using the criteria of efficiency.
The direct health effects of globalization has not been yet observed but there are factors which may influence this phenomenon the further discussion of the impacts is given under following:
Circulation of Patients
Circulation of Health Professionals
International Accreditation System
Health Equity: Why it Matters and How to Achieve itHealth Catalyst
According to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, health equity is achieved when everyone can attain their full health potential and no one is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of social position of any other socially defined circumstance.
Without health equity, there are endless social, health, and economic consequences that negatively impact patients, communities, and organizations. The U.S. ranks last on measures of health equity compared to other industrialized countries. Healthcare contributes to this problem in many ways, including ignoring clinician biases toward certain populations and overlooking the importance of social determinants of health.
Fortunately, there are effective, tested steps organizations can take to tackle their health inequities and disparities (e.g., incorporating nonmedical vital signs into their health assessment processes and partnering with community organizations to connect underserved populations with the services they need to be healthy). Some health systems, such as Allina Health, have achieved impressive results by making health equity a systemwide strategic priority.
Universal health coverage (UHC) is a vision where all people and communities have access to quality health services where and when they need them, without suffering financial hardship. It includes the full spectrum of services needed throughout life—from health promotion to prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care—and is best based on a strong primary health care system.
students wonder exactly what health economics is. is it about money in health, more health for the same money ? about health in hospitals or health of the country.
Introduction to ethical issues in public health, Public Health Institute (PHI...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
An introduction to ethical issues in public health practice and research I gave to master students in the Public Health Institute in Sudan -- My Home Country. This was on Jan. 5, 2012.
International Conference on Population and Developmentsheldk
Transcript:
1. Goals of the conference
2. Political Atmosphere
3. Key players
4. Old thoery
5. Enviromental Efforts
6. NGO's
7. The Program of Action
8. United States
9. Abortion Debate
10. Outcome
11 Achievements
12. Critics
CHAPTER 1 Legal Heritage and the Digital AgeStatue of Liberty,.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 1 Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor
The Statue of Liberty stands majestically in New York Harbor. During the American Revolution, France gave the colonial patriots substantial support in the form of money for equipment and supplies, officers and soldiers who fought in the war, and ships and sailors who fought on the seas. Without the assistance of France, it is unlikely that the American colonists would have won their independence from Britain. In 1886, the people of France gave the Statue of Liberty to the people of the United States in recognition of friendship that was established during the American Revolution. Since then, the Statue of Liberty has become a symbol of liberty and democracy throughout the world.
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Define law.
2. Describe the functions of law.
3. Explain the development of the U.S. legal system.
4. List and describe the sources of law in the United States.
5. Discuss the importance of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
2. What Is Law?
1. Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case • Brown v. Board of Education
3. Schools of Jurisprudential Thought
1. CASE 1.1 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Company
2. Global Law • Command School of Jurisprudence of Cuba
4. History of American Law
1. Landmark Law • Adoption of English Common Law in the United States
2. Global Law • Civil Law System of France and Germany
5. Sources of Law in the United States
1. Contemporary Environment • How a Bill Becomes Law
2. Digital Law • Law of the Digital Age
6. Critical Legal Thinking
1. CASE 1.2 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • Shelby County, Texas v. Holder
“ Where there is no law, there is no freedom.”
—John Locke Second Treatise of Government, Sec. 57
Introduction to Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
In the words of Judge Learned Hand, “Without law we cannot live; only with it can we insure the future which by right is ours. The best of men’s hopes are enmeshed in its success.”1 Every society makes and enforces laws that govern the conduct of the individuals, businesses, and other organizations that function within it.
Although the law of the United States is based primarily on English common law, other legal systems, such as Spanish and French civil law, also influence it. The sources of law in this country are the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions, federal and state statutes, ordinances, administrative agency rules and regulations, executive orders, and judicial decisions by federal and state courts.
Human beings do not ever make laws; it is the accidents and catastrophes of all kinds happening in every conceivable way that make law for us.
Plato
Laws IV, 709
Businesses that are organized in the United States are subject to its laws. They are also subject to the laws of other countries in which they operate. Busin.
Dissecting the Reproductive Health Law Policy ProcessAlbert Domingo
Slides intended for interactive discussion on the policy process behind the Philippines' Reproductive Health law (RA 10354), following the framework of Walt and Gilson (1994)'s health policy triangle and the legislative threshold of Gray (2004).
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. OVERVIEW ON CONTENTIOUS NATURE OF
SUBJECT
Although abortion is commonly
practised throughout most of the world
and has been practised since long
before the beginning of recorded history,
it is a subject that arouses passion and
controversy.
3. ABORTION RAISES FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS:
When does life begin?
Does a woman have control over their bodies?
What is the State’s duty to protect the unborn?
Where should the divide be drawn between secular
and religious views?
Also central to the subject of abortion is one of the
most highly controversial social issues of all,
sexuality.
4. Module 36
THE BATTLE OVER ABORTION
FROM A U.S. STANDPOINT
█ Understanding the Issue
– In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court granted
women the right to terminate pregnancies
– Pro-choice groups believe women have the
right to make decisions about their bodies
– Pro-life believe life begins at the moment of
conception, so abortion is an act of murder
5. Module 36
THE BATTLE OVER ABORTION
FROM A U.S. STANDPOINT
█ Understanding the Issue
– Debate following Roe v. Wade
revolves around prohibiting abortion
– Parental notification and
consent especially sensitive issues
– In U.S., people appear to support right
to legal abortion, but with reservations
6. Module 36
THE BATTLE OVER ABORTION
FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
█ Initiating Policy
– Supreme Court continues to hear cases
– Most European nations liberalized abortion
laws beginning in the 1970s
– Throughout 1980s and 1990s, Congress
often blocked aid to countries that
might use funds to encourage abortion
• 40% of abortions worldwide
are performed illegally
7. Module 36
FIGURE 35-4: RESTRICTIONS ON PUBLIC FUNDING FOR
ABORTION
8. Module 35
FIGURE 35-5: THE GLOBAL DIVIDE ON ABORTION
9. MAJOR DIMENSIONS OF ABORTION
POLICY: PRACTICAL CHALLENGES
The major organizations that compile
international abortion statistics:
the Guttmacher Institute, an
organization that supports a woman's
right to choose abortion,
The World Health Organization (WHO) of
the United Nations (UN).
10. POLITICAL CHALLENGES CONT.
In countries where abortion is illegal or severely
restricted, it is impossible to know how many women
get private abortions or how many miscarriages were
actually induced abortions through a home method.
Also, many countries where abortion is legal do not
keep complete medical records.
The abortion and health data that is available for
other countries is often not as current at that for the
United States. (“Abortion Around the World”)
11. CHALLENGES – LEGAL SYSTEMS
Abortion law, like most law in the countries of the
world, is governed by widely differing legal systems.
These systems are based on varying sets of
principles which can be generally divided into three
separate systems:
Civil law, including what was once denominated
“socialist law,”
Common law
Islamic law.
12. CIVIL LAW
Civil law, originally from Roman law
More recently from the Napoleonic Code
enacted by the Government of France at the
beginning of the nineteenth century
System based primarily on codified laws,
such as civil codes, penal codes, family codes
and commercial codes, each devoted to a
specific topic.
13. BRANCH OF CIVIL LAW: SOCIALIST LAW
Enacted in the twentieth century, after the First and Second
World Wars, by the newly created Marxist States in Eastern
Europe and parts of Asia.
Like civil law, socialist law is based on codification, but largely
of Marxist and socialist principles, and allows judges little
room for interpretation of laws, except to conform to those
principles.
Emphasizes primarily the good of society as a whole, not the
rights of individuals, and establishes a sort of guide for
conduct.
Differs from the civil law model in that it was initially imposed
as a means of radically transforming the economic and social
bases of society, as well as the behaviour and attitudes of its
people.
14. COMMON LAW
Has its origins not in codes, but in court determinations
made by judges within the lands governed by the English
crown.
Law was viewed not primarily as a guide for conduct, but as
a means of resolving disputes by individuals.
Emphasized principles of self-reliance and individual rights
such as property rights and freedom of contract more than
the order and welfare of society.
Law changes and progresses not primarily by means of
enactment by the Government, but through the development
of a body of court decisions containing the changing
interpretations of judges as social conditions change.
15. COMMON LAW CONT.
Thus, judges are given much greater
leeway than under the civil law system to
interpret these statutes in novel ways.
Also, law is more fluid and less static
than under the civil law system
16. ISLAMIC LAW
Islamic law, known as Shariah, can be viewed as an
example of a larger category of religious law, differs in
important ways from both civil law and common law.
Primary difference: its conception of law as inseparable
from religion, so that no distinctions exist between the
secular and the religious, as there are under the civil and
common law systems.
Law under Islam is based primarily on the text of the Quran,
the holy book of Islam and the sunnah, the collection of
acts and statements made by the prophet Mohammed
17. ISLAMIC LAW CONT.
Thus, Islamic law is for the most part fixed
and viewed as unchanging
In cases where situation is not specifically
mentioned, Islamic jurists engage in
interpretation and employ deductive or
analogical reasoning leading to consensus.
18. CULTURAL & RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS
Religions play or have played an important role in shaping
legislation in a number of countries, particularly law relating
to personal relationships, such as marriage, family
interactions, children, and inheritance.
For example, although not accepted as official law, canon law
as developed by the Roman Catholic Church has been a
significant force in countries with large Catholic populations
such as Portugal, Spain and the countries of Latin America,
as have Shintoism and Buddhism in Japan.
19. CULTURAL & RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS CONT.
Local customary law, as practised by
indigenous populations before the advent of
European colonialism, has played a similar
role in many developing countries of Africa.
Family law, especially is based on the
traditions of various ethnic groups.
20. INTEGRATION OF LEGAL SYSTEMS
WITH TRADITIONS
Countries have tried different strategies to solve the complex
problem of legal systems and cultural/religious tradition.
Some have preserved religious and customary law within the
sphere of personal relationships while relying on colonial-
based law in other areas of life.
Some, such as Indonesia, have tried to blend the two to form
a unique national system.
Some, including Turkey and Japan, have almost entirely
adopted Western models similar to those of France, Germany
and Switzerland.
Most recently, some countries, such as Afghanistan, Iran,
Sudan and, increasingly, Pakistan, have moved to Islamic
models.
21. ABORTION LAWS WITHIN LEGAL
SYSTEMS
Most common law countries, other than the United States, have abortion
laws that are based on various English laws and court decisions.
Some take as their model the Offences Against the Person Act of 1861.
Under this Act it was prohibited “unlawfully” to use any means to procure
an abortion.
Other countries follow the English court decision, Rex v. Bourne, in which
it was held that abortions performed for serious physical or mental health
reasons would not be considered “unlawful” under the 1861 Act.
22. ABORTION LAWS CONT.
Still other countries have looked to the British Abortion Act of
1967, which sets forth broad health, fetal impairment, and
socio-economic indications for abortions, in general until the
twenty-fourth week of pregnancy.
Many civil law countries are based on the abortion provisions
of the French Napoleonic Code of 1810, the 1939 French
version of that Code or the 1979 abortion law of France.
Any person who by any means procured the abortion of a
pregnant woman was punished with imprisonment, although it
was understood that an abortion could be performed when
necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman.
23. ABORTION LAWS CONT.
To the provisions of the 1810 Code, the 1939 French Penal
Code added language specifically allowing an abortion to be
performed to save the life of the pregnant woman.
The 1979 Law allows a woman who is in a state of distress to
have an abortion performed on request during the first ten
weeks of pregnancy after she undergoes counselling and
waits a week, and later in pregnancy on other serious
grounds.
In contrast to the common law system, court interpretations
of these laws play a minor role.
24. ABORTION LAWS UNDER ISLAMIC LAW
No single abortion text or court case serves as a model
The Quran and the sunnah, do not deal specifically with
abortion.
Moreover, until recently, Islamic criminal laws were not
always codified.
Consequently, Islamic law adopts a number of approaches
towards abortion.
In general, the attitude towards abortion is dependent upon
whether the abortion is performed before ensoulment, the
time at which a fetus gains a soul.
Most often viewed as occurring 120 days into a pregnancy,
but is also interpreted as occurring at 40 days.
25. ABORTION LAWS UNDER ISLAMIC LAW CONT.
Some schools permit abortion for justifiable reasons
before ensoulment, while others generally prohibit it
at all points of pregnancy.
All schools, however, allow abortion at any time
during pregnancy in order to save the life of the
pregnant woman.
The punishment for abortion under classic Islamic
law is payment of a sum of money to the relatives of
the fetus
26. ABORTION LAW STATISTICS
The Center for Reproductive Rights, which supports
a woman's right to choose, reports in "The World's
Abortion Laws" :
61% of people live in countries where abortion is
permitted for a wide range of reasons or without
restriction.
About one-fourth (26%) of the world's population,
however, live in countries that generally forbid
abortion.
May 2007, http://www.reproductiverights.org/pub_fac_abortion_laws.html
27. ABORTION STATISTIC
PERMISSIVENESS
69 countries (25.9% of the world's population):
Prohibited altogether or permitted only to save the
woman's life
34 countries (9.4% of the world's population): To
preserve the woman's physical health (and to save
her life).
Sometimes require that the potential injury be either
serious or permanent.
23 countries (4.2%): To preserve the woman's
mental health (and to preserve her physical health
and save her life)
28. ABORTION STATISTIC
PERMISSIVENESS
14 countries (21.3%): Socioeconomic grounds (also
to save the woman's life and physical and mental
health
But consider a woman's economic resources, her
age, whether she is married, and the number of
children she already has. These laws are usually
interpreted liberally.
56 countries (39.3% of the world's women): Without
restriction as to reason
29.
30. UNSAFE ABORTION STATISTICS
The WHO reports in Unsafe Abortion: Global and
Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe
Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2000 :
An estimated nineteen million unsafe abortions
were performed around the world
Nearly sixty-eight thousand women died because of
these unsafe abortions.
2004, http://www.who.int/reproductive-
health/publications/unsafe_abortion_estimates_04/estimates.pdf
31. LIMITATIONS EVEN IN LIBERAL
COUNTRIES
The laws usually mandate certain conditions for allowing the
abortion.
The Center for Reproductive Rights indicates in Crafting an Abortion
Law That Respects Women's Rights: Issues to Consider that these
countries may impose:
Gestational limits
Consent, counseling, and waiting-period requirements
Fetal-age restrictions
Limitations on advertising abortion services; and limitations on the
place of abortion and the person performing the procedure.
*Get citation
32. EXAMPLES OF LIMITATIONS
A woman in Turkey needs her husband's permission
In Germany a woman is required to receive
counseling that is intended to discourage her from
having the abortion
In Belgium the waiting period is six days.
Most countries set fetal age limits of seeking an
abortion with the least restrictions at an upper limit
of twelve to fourteen weeks.
33. AMBIGUITIES
Owing to the different treatments of abortion in these three legal
systems, a number of ambiguities arise:
For example the health indication for abortion.
A number of countries use the term “health” in their abortion laws
without specifying what it encompasses.
Thus it is unclear whether they intend abortions to be allowed in
cases of threat to mental and physical health or only physical
health.
If one follows the definition of health accepted by the World Health
Organization, health is a very broad term—“a state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity,” then abortion for health reasons would be
very common (WHO, 1994b).
34. COUNTRIES IN FOCUS: IRELAND
The only west European country that still bans abortion except in
cases where the mother's life is threatened.
In 1983 the Irish constitution was amended to ban abortion.
In 1992 the Irish Supreme Court ruled that a woman could legally
obtain an abortion in another country if there was a threat to her
life, including the threat of suicide. In 1992 and 1995 other laws
and measures were passed to allow women information but only
on foreign abortion clinics.
A 1997 poll found that 77% of respondents believed abortion
should be allowed.
In recent years about six thousand Irish women have received
legal abortions annually at clinics in England, where the practice
was legalized in 1967.
World abortion laws, May 2S007
"Main Parties Unwilling to Grab Nettle of Abortion" (Irish Times, May 10, 2007),
35. COUNTRIES IN FOCUS: INDIA
Despite efforts to control population growth, mainly family planning
services India has seen its population more than double between 1960
Thus, in 1971 India legalized abortion with the enactment of the Medical
Termination of Pregnancy Act to help control its population growth.
Abortion is permitted for a wide range of reasons and no spousal consent
is required.
However, abortions must be performed within the first twenty weeks of
pregnancy and must be performed by a medical practitioner who has
been trained at a government-approved training facility to perform
abortions.
There are other technical constraints as well, including the types of
facilities at which abortions may be legally performed.
Therefore, abortions are legal in India, but safe legal abortions are difficult
to obtain.
36. COUNTRIES IN FOCUS: INDIA CONT.
Up to 90 percent of the six million induced abortions
estimated to occur annually in India are
While some of these illegal abortions are safe, many
are unsafe and result in morbidity or mortality.
Approximately twenty thousand Indian women die
each year from unsafe abortions.
Batya Elul et al. note in Unwanted Pregnancy and Induced Abortion in Rajasthan, India: A
Qualitative Exploration (2004, http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/SAReport.pdf)
Suneeta Mittal of the Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
(February 10, 2005,
http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/events/Gynaewebsite/ma_finalsite/introduction.html)
37. COUNTRIES IN FOCUS: INDIA
Strong preference for sons in India, as in China.
This preference is strongly influenced by the custom of providing a
suitable dowry, which puts a great financial burden on the bride's
parents.
In addition, sons customarily live with their parents after marriage,
providing both financial and emotional support to them.
Medical advances have made sex-selective abortions easier.
Prenatal testing has become routine among educated middle- and
upper-class women, who often terminate their pregnancies if they are
carrying a daughter.
Thus, Indian parents are increasingly using new genetic techniques
available to choose either the X or the Y chromosome in a potential
father's sperm to determine the sex of their child before conception.
Modern technology has even reached some rural areas, where vans with
ultrasound machines enable expectant mothers to determine the sex of
their fetuses.
Maxwell Pereira reports in "New Technology to Fan Female Foeticide" (August
31, 2006, http://www.indiaenews.com/pdf/20516.pdf)
38. COUNTRIES IN FOCUS: INDIA
“An estimated 7,000 fewer girls are born every day"
“In 80 percent of India's districts, a higher proportion of boys
are born every year than a decade ago."
The enactment of laws in 1996 forbidding sex selection has
not deterred selective abortion practices.
After the 2001 census found that there were 927 females for
every 1,000 males younger than age six, the Indian Supreme
Court ruled in September 2003 that federal and state
governments must begin enforcing the ban on sex selection.
In 2007 the Indian government set up a committee to
develop ways to strengthen the PNDT and to eliminate
loopholes in the law.
"Sex-Selection Abortions Rising in India, UN Says" (International Herald Tribune, December
13, 2006), Amelia Gentleman
39. Slide 1 - Bakersfield College
www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu/.../PowerPoint/B1/Schaefer_ppt_
ch11.... 27 Jun 2012
Abortion around the World. (2008). In S. M. Alters, Information Plus
Reference Series. Abortion (2008 ed.). Detroit: Gale. 28 Jun 2012.