1. The 2008 financial crisis was caused by the bursting of the housing bubble in the U.S., also known as the subprime mortgage crisis. 2. Subprime lending involves giving loans to borrowers who may have difficulty maintaining repayments, and are characterized by higher interest rates and poorer terms. 3. The crisis occurred due to a relaxation in lending regulations, poor creditworthiness of borrowers, rising housing prices, and borrowers' inability to pay their mortgages, leading to failures of major banks and financial institutions.

1. Presented by
Valliappan P (128939)
SOM NIT Warangal

2. Why the financial crisis of 2008 happened?
The answer is simple: The housing bubble
burst (U.S. subprime mortgage crisis )
What is subprime lending?
Subprime lending means giving loans to people who may have
difficulty in maintaining the repayment schedule. These loans are
characterized by higher interest rates, poor quality collateral, and
less favorable terms in order to compensate for higher credit risk.
Example: Student loans in India are considered to be subprime.

3. Lending decision
by Financial
Institutions
Housing
Bubble
formation
Borrowing
decisions by
individuals

5. Causes of crisis
• Relaxation in lending regulations
1 • Poor creditworthiness of borrowers
• Rising EMI due to higher interest costs
2 • Borrowers Unable to pay
• Failure of Banks and Financial
3 Institutions

7. Prime Asset
Sub Prime
Mortgage
backed
Mortgage
Securities

8. Lenders – the biggest culprits

9. 2006
2008
2009

11. Impacts of Subprime crisis
1) Major banks suffered from huge losses.
2) Lehman Brothers went out of business.
3) Merrill Lynch had to sell itself to Bank of America for a fraction of
its former value
4) Countrywide Financial Corporation, the biggest U.S. mortgage
lender, eventually gets taken over by Bank of America.
5) In Sept 2008, AIG collapses as it could not afford to pay for all of
these US mortgage defaults. The US government nationalises AIG
by becoming 80% shareholder.

12. Direct Impacts of the Crisis
Financial Institutions – Bankruptcy
 New Century Financial (USA)– Apr. 2, 2007
 American Home Mortgage (USA) – Aug. 6, 2007
 Sentinel management Group (USA) – Aug. 17, 2007
 Ameriquest (USA) – Aug. 31, 2007
 NetBank (USA) – Sept. 30, 2007
 Terra Securities (Norway) – Nov. 28, 2007
 American Freedom Mortgage Inc. (USA) – Jan. 30, 2007

13. Financial Institutions – Write-Downs
 Citigroup (USA) - $24.1 bln
 Merrill Lynch (USA) - $22.5 bln
 UBS AG (Switzerland) - $16.7 bln
 Morgan Stanley (USA) - $10.3
 Credit Agricole (France) - $4.8 bln
 HSBC (United Kingdom) - $3.4 bln
 Bank of America (USA) - $5.28 bln
 CIBC (Canada) – 3.2 bln
 Deutsche Bank (Germany) - $3.1 bln
Total Write downs and losses were around $300 - $350 billion
US dollars

14. 1 • Sub Prime Mortgage Crisis
2 • Collapse of Financial System
3 • Economic Crisis
4 • Job Loss
5 • Low consumer spending
6 • Recession  Low Economic activities
7 • Very low GDP growth
8 • Poor Prosperity of the countries

15. Global Impacts of the Crisis
 Investors lost confidence in the stock market.
 Consumer spending slowed down due to lack of cash/
unwillingness.
 U.S.A’s economic condition affected the global economy.
 World economy slipped into recession.
 Exports from China, Korea, Taiwan and India decreased.

18. Impact on India
 FIIs pulled out of money from the Indian stock market
 Public Sector Banks, viz State Bank Of India, Bank Of Baroda,
Canara Bank, Punjab National Bank etc did not have major
exposure to credit derivatives market due to their limited
overseas operations.
 Stock market Crashed and BSE sensex crashed from 24000
level to 8000 level.
 ICICI Bank incurred a loss of close to Rs.1000 Crores because
of exposure to international securities market

20. “If companies around the globe are unable to borrow, they'll
begin to cut jobs, cease investment, and default on their debt
in larger numbers.“ - Peter Coy BW, Oct 3, 2008

21. References:
1)www.worldbank.org
2)World Bank (2008), World Development Indicators 2008
3)Blanchard, Olivier (2009), “Sustaining a Global Recovery”,
Finance & Development, September, International Monetary Fund
4)Calvo, Guillermo (1998), “Capital Flows and Capital-market Crises:
The SimpleEconomics of Sudden Stops”, Journal of Applied Economics 1(1),
pp 35-54.

22. Thank You..!