Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
Retinal Arterial Obstructions is a common eye disease that causes loss of vision due to the blockage of the blood flow, runs into the retina which is to be found in the back of your eye.
Heard of people being unable to see other people's faces if not fr failure of recognition of people's faces (prosapagnosia)...then they need to get their retina in particular macula checked! And a bunch of other macular disorders are enlisted nd elaborated in the presentation
Leukocoria ( or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the eye.
Leukocoria is a medical sign for a number of several conditions.
- this presentation at annual conference of the Ophthalmic department, faculty of medicine - Al-Azhar University in association with DOS & EOS Cairo, Egypt January 2017
Retinal Arterial Obstructions is a common eye disease that causes loss of vision due to the blockage of the blood flow, runs into the retina which is to be found in the back of your eye.
Heard of people being unable to see other people's faces if not fr failure of recognition of people's faces (prosapagnosia)...then they need to get their retina in particular macula checked! And a bunch of other macular disorders are enlisted nd elaborated in the presentation
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
3. SECONDARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Caused by impairment of aqueous outflow secondary to
apposition between the peripheral iris and the trabeculum.
Related or identifiable ophthalmic condition is known to be
present with the onset of angle closure : “secondary”ACG
3
4. Two fundamental mechanisms:
Anterior pulling mechanism:
peripheral iris pulled forward onto
TM by contraction of a membrane,
inflammatory exudate, or fibrous
band
Posterior pushing mechanism:
peripheral iris is displaced forward by
lens, vitreous, or ciliary body
4
5. CLASSIFICATION
1. Anterior ‘pulling mechanism:
Contraction of an inflammatory, hemorrhagic, or vascular
membrane, band, or exudate in the angle
PAS
Forward displacement of lens-iris interface
Often accompanied by swelling and anterior rotation of ciliary body
5
6. ANTERIOR ‘PULLING MECHANISM
a. Neovascular glaucoma
b.Iridocorneal endothelial
syndromes (e.g. Chandler’s
syndrome)
c. Posterior polymorphous
dystrophy
d. Epithelial down growth
e. Fibrous ingrowth
f. Flat anterior chamber
g. Inflammation
6
7. NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA
Secondary glaucoma resulting from
neovascularization of anterior segment,
including iris and angle often
associated with retinal hypoxia.
SYNONYMS
1. Hemorrhagic glaucoma
2. Thrombotic glaucoma
3. Rubeotic glaucoma
4. Congestive glaucoma
5. Diabetic hemorrhagic glaucoma
9
8. NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA (NVG)
Primary initiating events : hypoxia
and poor retinal capillary
circulation
Begins as formation of new vessels
Ends with fibrovascular membranes
migrating over drainage angle,
potentially leading to end-stage
glaucoma 10
9. HISTORY
11
1906 Coates , NVI in CRVO termed as RUBEOSIS
IRIDIS
1937 Kurtz , NVA leading to PAS formation
1963 Weiss et al, coined the term NEOVASCULAR
GLAUCOMA
12. PATHOGENESIS
16
Theory of angiogenesis factor:
Michaelson 1948
Postulated existence of “X factor”, a vasoformative factor
which controlled development of new vessels
Folkman et al
Isolated a soluble substance from a solid neoplasm capable
of producing neovascularisaton and popularised the term
“tumor angiogenesis factor”
13. VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor)
Potent angiogenic stimulator
Has role in both normal and pathologic angiogenesis
Also known as “vascular permeability factor” as induces
vascular hyperpermeability and endothelial cell
proliferation
Four isoforms:
17
1. VEGF121
2. VEGF165 -
3. VEGF189
4. VEGF206
most abundant form in most tissues
14. Lens and vitreous acts as mechanical barriers and also releases
vaso inhibitory factors
So any complicated cataract sx PCR, APHAKIAmore
predisposition
VEGF synthesised by all tissues in retina, mainly
MULLERS CELL.
VEGF conc 50-100 times more in aqueous humour
in NVG
18
16. Muller cells –primary source in conditions of retinal
ischemia
Retinal capillary or venous obstruction
Hypoxia of retinal cells
Production of vasoformative factor
Diffuses anteriorly
Stimulates iris angiogenesis
20
17. Theory of vasoinhibitory factors (VIF):
Source of VIF : Vitreous, lens and retinal pigment
epithelial cells
Risk increased by vitrectomy and lensectomy
22
20. (A)Pre-glaucoma stage with new vessels appearing at pupillary margin
and in angle.
(B)Open-angle glaucoma stage with new vessels spreading and
fibrovascular tissue covering angle.
(C)Heavy neovascularization and extensive peripheral anterior
synechiae.
(D) Regression stage with angle sealed and vessels less visible
25
Stages of neovascular glaucoma.
21. DIAGNOSIS:
Gonioscopy: vitally important to detect in early stage as NVA
can occur without NVI
Strong association with CRVO
Treatment of choice
Clear media : Panretinal photocoagulation
Cloudy media
Prevent laser therapy
Panretinal cryotherapy - alternative to Vitrectomy to clear
the media with endophotocoagulation
Or subsequent panretinal photocoagulation
Anti -VEGF
33
22. IRIDOCORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL (ICE)
SYNDROME
Group of disorders
characterized by abnormal
corneal endothelium
Usually includes-
iris atrophy
corneal edema
secondary angle-closure
glaucoma without pupillary
block
35
23. Cause:
Abnormal corneal endothelium forming a membrane over
anterior surface of iris and angle structures
Contraction of this membrane
Distorts iris and closes angle
36
24. In Variants:
In early to mid adult life
whites > blacks
women > men
U/L > B/L (fellow eye may havesubclinical
abnormalities)
37
25. PATHOGENESIS
corneal
contracts
Defect site: corneal endothelium – dysfunction
edema
Corneal endothelium elaborates a membrane
forms PAS glaucoma
Ischemia may be a secondary phenomenon ‘melt holes.’
Few postulations:
Abnormal proliferation of neural crest cells or a fetal crest of
epithelial cells
Inflammatory endothelial proliferation
Electron micrographic, immunohistochemical, and serologic
studies - herpes simplex virus and EBV as cause 38
27. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
PAS: extensive in quadrant toward which
pupil is displaced
Thinner iris stroma in opposite quadrant to
PAS
Full-thickness iris holes
Anteriorly projected pigmented lesions
from iris surface with multilayered
membrane
40
28. THREE WELL CHARACTERIZED CLINICAL
ENTITIES
Progressive iris atrophy
Chandler’s syndrome
Cogan-reese syndrome
41
29. Slit-lamp: ‘beaten silver’
endothelium
Specular reflection: loss of
the normal, regular
endothelial mosaic
Specular microscopy:
alterations in size and shape
of endothelial
42
30. PROGRESSIVE (ESSENTIAL) IRIS ATROPHY
Corectopia and ectopion uvea
(synechiae lift the iris off the
surface of the lens)
Iris dissolution - patchy
disappearance of the stroma
progresses to full-thickness holes
‘stretch holes’
‘melt holes’
Broad patchy PAS – extend ant to
schwalbe line
43
31. E
- Most common variant
- Marked corneal changes
- Corectopia is minimal or absent
-Endothelium - hammered silver
appearance.
44
32. Iris involvement - mild and limited to superficial stromal
dissolution.
Peripheral anterior synechiae
- not diffuse
- do not extend as far anteriorly as in progressive iris atrophy
46
33. THE IRIS NAEVUS (COGAN–REESE)
SYNDROME
diffuse naevus which covers the anterior iris or iris nodules .
Iris atrophy - absent - 50% of cases
- remainder - mild to moderate although
corectopia may be severe.
47
34. TREATMENT
49
• Hypertonic solutions or soft contact lenses
• If corneal edema produces pain or reduced vision if IOP
is reduced - penetrating keratoplasty
Filtering surgery or glaucoma drainage devices
Goniotomy- short term sucess
35. POSTERIOR POLYMORPHOUS DYSTROPHY
50
Disease of corneal endothelium sometimes associated
with glaucoma
B/L
Inheritence: autosomal dominant trait (AR also reported)
Defect on: long arm of chromosome 20, three different
forms PPCD 1-3
36. HISTOPATHOLOGY
51
Thin descemet’s membrane covered by multiple layers of
collagen
Cell layers resembles endothelium, epithelium or
fibroblasts
Some cases: membrane in angle and on anterior surface
of iris
37. PATHOGENESIS
Cause -controversial
Analogous to ICE syndrome
Some postulates:
Dysplastic corneal endothelium produces BM-like material
Onto iris Contraction of
Iris atrophy, corectopia, and iridocorneal
Extends into angle
membrane
adhesions
developmental disorder
Viral infection (herpes simplex)metaplasia of the
corneal endothelium
52
38. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Variable
Most typical physical finding: cluster
or linear arrangement of vesicles in
posterior cornea surrounded by a gray
haze
Deep corneal stroma and DM :
Band-like thickenings
White patches
Peau d’orange appearance
excrescences projecting onAC
53
40. Mostly non-progressive, asymptomatic
Good vision throughout life
Few cases: progressive corneal changes: corneal edema
Glaucoma seen in 10–15%
Differential diagnosis:
Fuchs’ corneal dystrophy
Congenital hereditary corneal dystrophy
Axenfeld’s syndrome
Congenital glaucoma:
55
41. TREATMENT
56
Most : need no treatment
For edematous cornea
Hypertonic solutions
Soft contact lenses
Penetrating keratoplasty (as needed)
glaucoma - medication
- filtering surgery
42. EPITHELIAL DOWNGROWTH
Pathophysiology
Due to entry of epithelial membrane via wound
Proliferation over corneal endothelium, TM, anterior iris
surface, and vitreous face
Membrane in angle contracts
PAS
Severe angle-closure glaucoma without pupillary block
57
44. Most common cause - Cataract surgery (ICCE)
- penetrating keratoplasty
- glaucoma surgery
- penetrating trauma,
- unsuccessful removal of epithelial
cysts of anterior segment
59
45. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
low-grade persistent
postoperative inflammation:
conjunctival injection
photophobia
Cells inAC
discomfort
Evidence of current or past
wound leak
61
46. Diagnostic finding: Hypotonic if
fistula is still functional
Grayish white membrane with a
scalloped, thickened leading edge
on the posterosuperior corneal
surface.
Cornea : edematous
Iris: drawn up to old wound or
incision.
Advanced cases:
Painful eye with bullous
keratopathy and intractable
glaucoma 62
47. TREATMENT
Difficult and unrewarding
Techniques used are to close fistula and then to excise or
destroy epithelium
For corneal portion of membrane: destroyed with cryotherapy
or chemical cauterization.
Iris membrane: excised
Cryotherapy applied to any remaining membrane on ciliary
body and retina
En-bloc excision of all involved tissues 63
48. FIBROVASCULAR INGROWTH
Occurs in an eye with open wound after penetrating
trauma or surgery
Specially if associated with
Hemorrhage
Inflammation
Incarcerated tissue
Membrane is seen as interlacing pattern of gray
fibers(woven cloth)
64
49. Attributing factor:
Invading fibroblasts to subconjunctival connective tissue,
corneal stroma, limbal tissue, metaplastic endothelium
Invading tissue grows over corneal endothelium, anterior
iris surface, vitreous face, and angle
Contraction of membrane
Formation of PAS
65
50. Other factors contributing to glaucoma:
Uveitis
Pupillary block
Underlying trauma
Less virulent in course than epithelial ingrowth
66
51. FLAT ANTERIOR CHAMBER
After penetrating trauma or surgery
Formation of PAS
SACG without pupillary block
Development of synechiae
Duration of flatAC
Degree of inflammation
SACG common - AC remain flat for 5 days or more after
cataract extraction 67
52. IRIDOSCHISIS
Patchy dissolution of iris in
which the ant stroma
separates from post stroma
and muscle layer
rare condition
elderly
bilateral.
69
53. Slit lamp biomicroscopy
Shallow anterior chamber
usually involves the inferior iris
severity ranges from intrastromal
atrophy to disintegrated iris
fibrils
Anterior stroma splits into
strands
Project intoAC
Touch cornea
70
54. Gonioscopy - narrow occludable angle – may be
associated with PAS.
Treatment
peripheral laser iridotomy.
Subsequent treatment is aimed at limiting
glaucomatous damage.
71
55. 2. POSTERIOR ‘PUSHING MECHANISM
a. Ciliary block glaucoma (malignant glaucoma)
b. Intraocular tumors
c. Nanophthalmos
d. Suprachoroidal hemorrhage
e. Intravitreal air injection (e.g., retinal pneumopexy)
f. Ciliochoroidal effusions (e.g., panretinal
photocoagulation)
a. Inflammation (e.g., posterior scleritis)
b. Central retinal vein occlusion
g. Scleral buckling procedure
h. Retrolental fibroplasias 72
56. POSTERIOR PUSHING (OR ROTATIONAL)
MECHANISM
Peripheral iris is displaced by lens, vitreous, or ciliary body often
accompanied by swelling and anterior rotation of the ciliary body
1. Swelling of ciliary body
Rotates forward about its attachment at scleral spur
Loosens the zonules
Diminishes diameter of ciliary ring
Displaces the root of iris
Which further acts to close angle.
73
57. MECHANISMS:
2. swelling of anterior uveal tract (inflammation or vascular
congestion)
Narrowing of ciliary ring
Reduced tension on lens zonules
Allows lens to come forward
Displaces peripheral iris
74
58. 3. Swelling of ciliary body is often accompanied by
accumulation of suprachoroidal and supraciliary fluid
further rotates ciliary body and iris root into angle
75
59. CILIARY BLOCK GLAUCOMA
Syn:
Aqueous misdirection
Malignant glaucoma
Hyaloid block glaucoma
Posterior aqueous entrapment
Described by von graefe 1869
Definition: A shallow or flat AC with an inappropriately highIOP
despite a patent iridectomy
Affects primarily patients who have narrow anterior chamber
angles 76
60. Precipitating factors:
As a complication of a filtering procedure in eyes
with pre-existing ACG or shallowAC
Laser iridotomy
Miotic usage
Infectious endophthalmitis
77
61. PATHOGENESIS…
Posterior misdirection of aqueous flow by a relatively
impermeable hyaloid membrane into or behind vitreous
body
AC
Increase in vitreous volume Shallower
Increase in IOP
Provocating factors:
Small, crowded anterior segment
Angle closure
Swelling and inflammation of ciliary processes
Anterior rotation of ciliary body
Movement of lens-iris diaphragm forward 79
62. OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS
red, painful eye: commonly after surgery forAACG
Timing:
Immediate- during surgery
Months to years later
Often corresponds to cessation by cycloplegic therapy or
initiation due to miotic drops
Slit-lamp examination
Shallow or flat anterior chamber(central and peripheral)
Asymmetry of AC with respect to fellow eye
No iris bombé 80
64. DIAGNOSIS
Clinical suspicion after ruling out
Pupillary block
Suprachoroidal hemorrhage
Serous choroidal effusions
Or other causes of a flat anterior chamber
High-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy:
Anterior rotation of ciliary body against peripheral iris
Forward displacement of posterior chamber intraocular
lens
Shallow centralAC 83
65. TREATMENT
1st line: medical (cycloplegics andmydriatics)
Atropine 1% and phenylephrine 2.5% QID : move lens-iris
diaphragm back and relax ciliary muscle
Decrease aqueous production by:
Topical β-blockers
Oral or topical CAI
α-agonists
Shrink the vitreous volume. :
Isosorbide 1.5 mg/kg orally
Mannitol 2 g/kg intravenously over a 45-minute period
85
66. No oral foods or liquids given 2 hours before and after
administration of a hyperosmotic agent
Thus, avoid reduction in osmotic effect
Atropine for prolonged period
Very slow taper to avoid high risk of recurrence
Miotic agents (contraindicated - may cause or contribute
to aqueous misdirection)
86
67. 2nd line of treatment: lasertherapy:
Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG)
To create a large PI and anterior hyaloid rupture
To release trapped aqueous from vitreous
Re-establish normal aqueous flow
Peripheral placement :
Enable anterior migration aqueous
Maximize likelihood of resolution of malignant
glaucoma.
87
68. Pars plana vitrectomy
Failed medical or laser therapy
Phakic eyes for which laser treatment is not a good
option:
Narrow angle in fellow eye - laser peripheral
iridectomy performed before any other surgical
procedures.
88
69. INTRAOCULAR TUMORS
89
Ocular malignant melanoma
Mechanisms:
Direct extension of tumor into TM
Seeding of tumor cells into outflow channels
Obstruction of meshwork by pigment or pigment-
laden macrophages
Neovascularization
PAS
Iridocyclitis
Hyphema
71. Leiomyoma pushing the peripheral iri9s1
forward and closing off chamber angle.
Adenomas and leiomyomas:
Pushes iris forward and cause
angle-closure glaucoma.
72. Retinoblastoma: frequently associated with glaucoma
Mechanisms
Neovascularization
Angle seeding
Iridocyclitis
Hyphema
By rapidly developing as posterior mass thus
displacing lens–iris diaphragm
the mechanism in 27% of cases with elevated IOP.
92
73. NANOPHTHALMOS
Normal shaped but small sized eye
sporadic or inherited in an AD/ARpattern
B/L
M =F
Prevalence: 0.06% and 0.1%
93
74. Features:
Short AP length (20mm)
Small corneal diameter
Lens: normal (even somewhat large, in size)
Volume of lens: volume of eye =10–25% (normal=3–
4%)
AC (central / peripheral): shallow
Iris: anteriorly displaced
Sclera: thick
High hyperopia
94
76. Develop ACG :4th – 6th decades of life
Can progress to total synechial closure
Angle closure precipitated by:
Development of a choroidal effusion
Rotates ciliary body anteriorly
Displaces peripheral iris
Loosens zonules
Allows lens to move forward 96
77. SUPRACHOROIDAL HEMORRHAGE
non-expulsive suprachoroidal hemorrhage
rapidly developing posterior mass
produce angle-closure glaucoma without pupillary block.
most often seen after filtering operations in aphakic eyes
97
78. POSTERIOR SEGMENT INFLAMMATORY
DISEASE
Posterior scleritis - increased IOP in12–46%
Mechanisms
increased viscosity of the aqueous humor
inflammation of the outflow channels
obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by inflammatory cells
and debris
PAS
Neovascularization
Elevated episcleral venous pressure
also be associated with choroidal effusion
secondary angle-closure glaucoma without pupillary block
swelling and anterior rotation of the ciliary body 98
79. CLINICAL FEATURES
shallow anterior chamber both centrally and peripherally,
partial to total angle closure
sectorial or circumferential choroidal effusion
IOP - normal, high, or even low depending on the rate of
aqueous hum
Treatment
Medical management
- systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
- topical cycloplegic agents
- topical and systemic corticosteroids
- control IOP
99
80. CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
Vein occlusion interferes with the venous
drainage of the uveal tract
swelling and anterior rotation of the ciliary
body.
transudation of fluid into the choroid, retina,
and vitreous.
Medical treatment
Laser gonioplasty
Pupillary block - laser iridectomy
If ischemia - retinal ablation after the anterior
chamber deepens
100
81. SCLERAL BUCKLING PROCEDURE
ocular pain, nausea, vomiting, and
chemosis.
Examination
shallow anterior chamber both
centrally and peripherally
corneal edema
total angle closure
Intraocular pressure - 25–50 mmHg
serous or bloody choroidal detachment
101
82. MECHANISM
displaces the lens, iris and ciliary body
encircling band - temporary interference with the venous
drainage of the uveal tract
swelling and anterior rotation of the ciliary body and
accumulation of supraciliary and suprachoroidal fluid.
buckle may directly compress one or more vortex veins,
leading to vascular congestion and angle-closure
glaucoma..
102
83. PANRETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION
often followed by a shallow anterior
chamber and angle
Asymptomatic
Examination
corneal epithelial edema
shallow anterior chamber both
centrally and peripherally
myopic shift in refraction
choroidal detachment
IOP in the range of 20–50 mmHg
partial to total angle closure.
103
84. Anterior chamber- deepens spontaneously over a few
days to a few weeks
Mechanism
interference with the venous drainage of the uveal tract
leading to choroidal detachment
swelling and anterior rotation of the ciliary body.
Medical therapy
104
86. PHACOMORPHIC GLAUCOMA
abnormal lens either
compromises the lens–iris
channel (pupillary block) or
mechanically pushes the
peripheral iris forward into the
angle structures.
intumescent cataracts - crowd
the anterior chamber
swelling, dislocation or
subluxation –laser iridotomy
106
87. Intumescent and swollen lens
Increased pupillary block - develop slowly with an age-
related cataract or rapidly with a traumatic, swollen
cataract.
Unilateral and resembles PACG
Definitive treatment - cataract extraction.
Iridotomy
107
88. ECTOPIA LENTIS :
Displacement of lens from its normal anatomical position
Forward displacement
Iris bombe
Shallowing of the anterior chamber angle
Pupillary block
Secondary angle closure. 109
90. TREATMENT
Long term treatment with miotic agents to prevent
forward movement of lens.
Treatment of choice to relieve pupillary block :
Two laser iridotomies (180° apart) pupillary block
Definitive t/m: lensectomy
Lens extraction- Indication:
to restore vision
to reduce risk of recurrence of pupillary block 111
91. APHAKIC OR PSEUDOPHAKIC ANGLE-
CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Extensive adhesions of the
iris to the vitreous face -
produce pupillary block and
secondary angle-closure
glaucoma
Iridectomy is not patent,
occluded, or omitted
Adherence of the iris to an
intraocular lens (IOL)
112
92. With anterior chamber lenses the
optic may form a ball valve type seal
over the pupil while the haptic covers
the iridectomy.
Iridectomies spaced far enough apart
to prevent the haptics from occluding
the openings
113
93. MICROSPHEROPHAKIA
lens (arrow) is trapped anteriorly by pupil,
resulting in iris bombe and dramatic shallowing ofAC
Congenital
Spherical or globular lens
Often familial
May occur as an isolated condition
Or as part of either Weill-Marchesani or Marfan syndrome.
Can cause ectopia lentis and subsequent pupillary block and 114
ACG
94. TREATMENT
115
Cycloplegia
tighten zonule, flatten lens, and pull it posteriorly,
breaking pupillary block
Miotics may worses the condition by
Rotating ciliary body forward
loosening the zonule
Allowing lens to become more globular
95. BIBLIOGRAPHY
116
# Becker-Shaffer's Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucomas;
8th Ed.
# American Academy of Ophthalmology BCSC. Section10;
2015-2016
# Shields Textbook of Glaucoma; 6th Ed.
# Yanoff and Duker Ophthalmology 5th Ed