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Similar to gerund-and-infiniti ENGLISH GRAMMAR.pptx
gerund-and-infiniti ENGLISH GRAMMAR.pptx
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- 2. Gerunds and infinitives Gerundsand infinitives can function as: can function as: NOUNS NOUNS ( (subjects, objects, subject subjects, objects, subject complements) complements) As subjects, they take a singular As subjects, they take a singular verb. verb. Only Gerunds can be Only Gerunds can be object of the object of the preposition. preposition.
- 3. To form To formgerunds gerunds, use , use the the base base form + form + ing ing (don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs) (don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs) I enjoy learning English I enjoy learning English To form negative gerunds, use To form negative gerunds, use not + gerund not + gerund Not speaking Not speaking English well is my English well is my biggest problem in this country. biggest problem in this country.
- 4. Gerunds Gerunds used assubject used as subject of the sentence. of the sentence. Dancing Dancing is fun. is fun.
- 5. Gerunds Gerunds used asobjects used as objects He enjoys He enjoys working working with with children. children.
- 6. Verbs that takeonly Verbs that take only Gerunds Gerunds • Appreciate Appreciate • Avoid Avoid • Delay Delay • Deny Deny • Discuss Discuss • Dislike Dislike • Enjoy Enjoy • Excuse Excuse • Finish Finish • understand understand • Keep Keep • Mention Mention • Mind Mind • Miss Miss • Postpone Postpone • Quit Quit • Recall Recall • Recommend Recommend • Resent Resent • suggest suggest
- 7. Gerunds Gerunds used asobject of used as object of the preposition the preposition I am thinking I am thinking about about taking taking the children the children to Mexico. to Mexico.
- 8. Common preposition combinations Commonpreposition combinations followed by gerunds followed by gerunds • Be excited Be excited about about, complain , complain about, about, talk talk about, about, think think about about, worry , worry about about • Apologize Apologize for for, blame , blame for, for, famous famous for for • Believe Believe in in, interested , interested in in, succeed , succeed in in • Take care Take care of of, instead , instead of of, be accused , be accused of of • Insist Insist on, on, count count on, on, concentrate concentrate on on • Keep Keep from from, prevent , prevent from, from, profit profit from from • In addition In addition to to, look forward , look forward to to, be used , be used to to
- 9. By + gerund By+ gerund You get good grades You get good grades by studying by studying hard. hard. go + gerund go + gerund Recreational activities: camping, dancing, Recreational activities: camping, dancing, sightseeing, swimming, skiing, fishing, jogging, sightseeing, swimming, skiing, fishing, jogging, I will I will go fishing go fishing with you tomorrow with you tomorrow. .
- 10. Some expressions are Someexpressions are used with used with gerunds gerunds Be busy, can’t help, have fun, Be busy, can’t help, have fun, it’s no use, it’s not worth it’s no use, it’s not worth
- 11. To form To forminfinitives infinitives use use to + base form of the verb to + base form of the verb I want I want to dance to dance To form negative To form negative infinitives infinitives use use Not + infinitive Not + infinitive He decided He decided not to go not to go to the party. to the party.
- 12. Infinitives Infinitives in thesubject in the subject position position To live To live in the United States is my dream in the United States is my dream It is It is my dream my dream to live to live in the United States. in the United States.
- 13. Verbs that take Verbsthat take infinitives infinitives Verb + infinitives Verb + infinitives – – agree, appear, decide agree, appear, decide hope, intend, learn, offer, plan, seem, tend, wait, hope, intend, learn, offer, plan, seem, tend, wait, can afford can afford Verb + Noun phrase + infinitive Verb + Noun phrase + infinitive – – cause, cause, convince, force, invite, order, persuade, remind, convince, force, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, trust, warn, advise, encourage tell, trust, warn, advise, encourage Verbs that come directly after the infinitive or Verbs that come directly after the infinitive or have a noun phrase have a noun phrase – – ask, beg, choose, expect, ask, beg, choose, expect, need, want, would like, promise need, want, would like, promise
- 14. Adjectives followed by Adjectivesfollowed by infinitives infinitives Afraid, amazed, anxious, ashamed, careful, Afraid, amazed, anxious, ashamed, careful, delighted, eager, fortunate, glad, happy, lucky, delighted, eager, fortunate, glad, happy, lucky, pleased, ready, sad, sorry pleased, ready, sad, sorry, ,
- 15. Infinitive of purpose Infinitiveof purpose In order to In order to I came here I came here in order to in order to learn. learn.
- 16. Infinitive Infinitive with with too tooand and enough enough too + adjective or adverb + infinitive too + adjective or adverb + infinitive She is She is too young too young to vote. to vote. Adjective or adverb + enough + Adjective or adverb + enough + infinitive infinitive They are They are old enough old enough to vote. to vote.
- 17. Gerunds Gerunds often followverbs that often follow verbs that indicate that an action is happening indicate that an action is happening or has happened. or has happened. The action expressed by the verb The action expressed by the verb comes at the same time or after the comes at the same time or after the action expressed by the gerund. action expressed by the gerund. We enjoy going to concerts We enjoy going to concerts. . (you can only enjoy things you are doing or have done – (you can only enjoy things you are doing or have done – not things you haven’t done yet.) not things you haven’t done yet.)
- 18. Infinitives Infinitives often followverbs that often follow verbs that indicate that an action will or could indicate that an action will or could happen. happen. The action expressed by the verb The action expressed by the verb comes before the action expressed by comes before the action expressed by the infinitive. the infinitive. We hope to go to the concert. We hope to go to the concert. (You can hope for things that could happen (You can hope for things that could happen not things that have already happened) not things that have already happened)
- 19. Verbs that arefollowed by Verbs that are followed by a noun phrase + infinitive a noun phrase + infinitive can also be followed by can also be followed by a gerund a gerund. . The gerund makes it general and the The gerund makes it general and the infinitive make specific the person infinitive make specific the person indicated. indicated. They They allow smoking allow smoking in this building. in this building. They They allowed me to smoke allowed me to smoke in the in the house. house.
- 20. These verbs are: Theseverbs are: advise advise allow allow encourage encourage permit permit require require urge urge
- 21. Some verbs canbe followed by both Some verbs can be followed by both gerund gerund or or infinitive infinitive with no change with no change in meaning. in meaning. Begin, hate, like, Begin, hate, like, start, love, prefer, continue start, love, prefer, continue
- 22. I like I likecooking. cooking. I like I like to cook. to cook. She started She started losing losing weight weight She started She started to lose to lose weight. weight.
- 23. Some verbs althoughthey can be used Some verbs although they can be used after both after both gerunds gerunds and and infinitives infinitives have a have a difference in meaning. difference in meaning. remember remember forget forget regret regret stop stop try try get get
- 24. She stopped She stoppedsmoking. smoking. She stopped She stopped to smoke. to smoke. They forgot They forgot buying buying bread bread. . They forgot They forgot to buy to buy bread. bread.
- 25. Used to Used to Beused to Be used to Get used to Get used to Used to + base form Used to + base form Be used to + gerund Be used to + gerund Get used to + gerund Get used to + gerund
- 26. Verbs of perception Verbsof perception: : infinitives: from start to finish infinitives: from start to finish Gerunds: in progress Gerunds: in progress I I heard heard the children the children cry cry. . I I saw saw your friends your friends walking walking in the in the park. park.
- 27. Infinitive forms arenot used after the Infinitive forms are not used after the following verbs of perception: following verbs of perception: feel feel see see hear hear smell smell
- 28. When a specificperformer of the When a specific performer of the gerund action needs to be indicated, gerund action needs to be indicated, a possessive noun or a possessive a possessive noun or a possessive determiner determiner is used. is used. I really appreciate I really appreciate Karen’s/her Karen’s/her writing that letter for me. writing that letter for me. Peter’s/his Peter’s/his coming late really annoys coming late really annoys me me. .
- 29. Your Your neglecting yourteeth will cause neglecting your teeth will cause an earlier return to the dentist. an earlier return to the dentist. Their Their denying the allegation was denying the allegation was understandable. understandable. I didn’t like the I didn’t like the dog’s dog’s barking all barking all night. night.
- 30. I don’t mind Idon’t mind his his leaving early. leaving early. (formal) (formal) I don’t mind I don’t mind him him leaving early. leaving early. (informal) (informal)
- 31. When an infinitivefunctions as a When an infinitive functions as a subject subject or a or a subject complement subject complement, any , any stated subject of the infinitive should stated subject of the infinitive should be preceded by be preceded by for for. . If a pronoun If a pronoun follows for, it must be in object form. follows for, it must be in object form. When the When the subject subject of a gerund is of a gerund is stated, it takes the possessive form. stated, it takes the possessive form.
- 32. For people For peopleto see is a wonderful gift. to see is a wonderful gift. Her desire was Her desire was for them for them to take a trip to take a trip around the world around the world They hoped They hoped for her for her to be able to to be able to attend the concert. attend the concert.
- 33. Infinitives Infinitives can occurin the can occur in the progressive but progressive but gerunds gerunds cannot. cannot. To be doing To be doing It is used to indicate an activity in It is used to indicate an activity in progress or ongoing progress or ongoing She had hoped to be working She had hoped to be working
- 34. Both Both gerunds andinfinitives gerunds and infinitives can can occur in the perfect form occur in the perfect form having done having done to have done to have done It is used to indicate that the activity It is used to indicate that the activity is in the past is in the past We appreciate having heard her sing. We appreciate having heard her sing. We’re fortunate to have heard her We’re fortunate to have heard her sing sing
- 35. A gerund canbe used in the passive A gerund can be used in the passive form form I dislike being told a lie. I dislike being told a lie.
- 36. Have Have make make let let are causative verbs.They cause are causative verbs. They cause someone to do something. someone to do something. They are always followed by a noun They are always followed by a noun phrase + base form of verb. phrase + base form of verb. Do not use an infinitive after these Do not use an infinitive after these verbs. verbs. She made She made me me fall fall. .
- 37. She She made made herdaughter her daughter go go to the to the party. party. She She let let him him take take the camera. the camera. She She had had me me prepare prepare breakfast breakfast yesterday. yesterday.
- 38. After After causative causative verbs verbs: : get get convince convince persuade persuade usethe use the infinitive infinitive She She got got me me to work to work. . She She convinced convinced me me to work to work. .
- 39. Sense-perception verbs: Sense-perception verbs: hear,listen to hear, listen to feel, smell, see feel, smell, see watch, observe, notice watch, observe, notice are followed by either a noun phrase are followed by either a noun phrase + base or –ing form with only a slight + base or –ing form with only a slight difference in meaning. difference in meaning.
- 40. We saw people Wesaw people living living in poverty. in poverty. We saw We saw them perform them perform
- 41. Help Help can take aninfinitive or base form. can take an infinitive or base form. It can occur It can occur with with or or without without a noun a noun phrase. phrase. I helped I helped them carry them carry the boxes. the boxes. I helped I helped them to clean up them to clean up after the after the party. party.
- 42. perfect infinitive: perfect infinitive:to have moved to have moved progressive infinitive: progressive infinitive: to be working to be working perfect progressive infinitive: perfect progressive infinitive: to have been playing to have been playing passive: passive: to be seen to be seen perfect passive: perfect passive: to have been chosen to have been chosen
- 43. Perfect gerund: Perfect gerund:having moved having moved passive gerund: passive gerund: being done being done perfect passive gerund: perfect passive gerund: having been having been selected selected
- 44.