The document provides an overview of the German healthcare system. It describes how the system is based on both public and private insurance, with public insurance covering around 88% of the population. Public insurance is funded through income-related contributions from employers and employees. The system aims to provide equal coverage to all citizens regardless of income or age. It covers a wide range of medical services and utilizes various strategies to ensure quality of care and reduce disparities.
Their universal health care system is based on the principles of Bismark, which say that the state should provide only for those unable to provide for themselves. It’s a private insurance system, and it’s the topic of this powerpoint
Health Financing System of United KingdomAditya Sood
Discussing in brief bout the latest statistics of Health Financing in UK, with emphasis on National Health Services (NHS) model and the key challenges being faced by the UK health system financing.
Their universal health care system is based on the principles of Bismark, which say that the state should provide only for those unable to provide for themselves. It’s a private insurance system, and it’s the topic of this powerpoint
Health Financing System of United KingdomAditya Sood
Discussing in brief bout the latest statistics of Health Financing in UK, with emphasis on National Health Services (NHS) model and the key challenges being faced by the UK health system financing.
Seminar 9 health care delivery system in united states of americaDr. Ankit Mohapatra
Health care organization
Health financing in US
Payment mechanism
Health expenditure
Human and physical recourses
Public health
Patient pathway into health care
Provision of services
ACA
US vs India Healthcare
Slides used to deliver presentation on Korean healthcare system overview. Main topics are: payer, healthcare delivery system, regulation, stakeholders.
Japan has made numerous achievements in health most notably the world’s highest life-expectancy in the past two decades, since its founding Universal Health Insurance System in 1961. However, ageing population with low-fertility rates, stagnating economy, increasing burden of NCDs and growing use of expensive technologies pose the critical challenges in service delivery and financial stability in health. Japan HiT reports current health system reforms undertaken and also recent discussion on paradigm shift to the new system as proposed in Japan Vision: Health Care 2035.
Health system in the perspectives of health economicsBPKIHS
Here is the slide on Health system in the perspectives of health economics. The content of this presentation doesn't belong to me. They are copied from several literature and internet
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN CHINA MOSTLY STUDIED IN ECONOMICS.
THIS ALSO SHOWS YOU ABOUT THE INSURANCE POLICY AND GDP RATE AND MANY MORE
Seminar 9 health care delivery system in united states of americaDr. Ankit Mohapatra
Health care organization
Health financing in US
Payment mechanism
Health expenditure
Human and physical recourses
Public health
Patient pathway into health care
Provision of services
ACA
US vs India Healthcare
Slides used to deliver presentation on Korean healthcare system overview. Main topics are: payer, healthcare delivery system, regulation, stakeholders.
Japan has made numerous achievements in health most notably the world’s highest life-expectancy in the past two decades, since its founding Universal Health Insurance System in 1961. However, ageing population with low-fertility rates, stagnating economy, increasing burden of NCDs and growing use of expensive technologies pose the critical challenges in service delivery and financial stability in health. Japan HiT reports current health system reforms undertaken and also recent discussion on paradigm shift to the new system as proposed in Japan Vision: Health Care 2035.
Health system in the perspectives of health economicsBPKIHS
Here is the slide on Health system in the perspectives of health economics. The content of this presentation doesn't belong to me. They are copied from several literature and internet
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN CHINA MOSTLY STUDIED IN ECONOMICS.
THIS ALSO SHOWS YOU ABOUT THE INSURANCE POLICY AND GDP RATE AND MANY MORE
Chapter 18 Private and Government Healthcare Systems PriMorganLudwig40
Chapter 18
Private and Government Healthcare Systems
Private and Government Healthcare Systems
In the United States, health insurance coverage is generally classified as either private (non-government) coverage or government-sponsored coverage.
Healthcare Coverage vs. Uninsured
The National Center for Health Statistics defines health insurance as public and private payers who cover medical expenditures incurred by a defined population in a variety of settings.
In the United States, the risk of becoming uninsured increases significantly for those earning low wages, the unemployed, and when employers are unable to provide insurance to workers.
Table 5-2 presents the trend of declining health insurance coverage.
Private Health Insurance
The concept of insurance is to combine the healthcare experiences of many enrollees in order to reduce expenses for any one individual to a manageable prepayment amount.
Employment-Based Plans is coverage offered through one’s own employment or a relative’s employment.
It may be offered by an employer or by a union.
Private Health Insurance Continued
Direct-Purchase/Fee-For-Service Plans are the traditional type of healthcare policy.
The physician sets a price for each type of service delivered, and then the client or insurance company pays the fee.
This type of health insurance provides the most choices of doctors and hospitals.
Private Health Insurance Continued
The two kinds of fee-for-service coverage are basic and major medical.
Basic covers some hospital services and supplies, such as X-rays and prescribed medicine.
Major medical insurance covers the cost of long-term, high-cost illnesses or injuries plus whatever basic did not cover.
Private Health Insurance Continued
Group Contract Insurance—to make hospitals and physicians products and services affordable to ordinary people in the United States.
With unmanaged care (fee-for-service) payments, healthcare providers could increase the number of single services they deliver in order to increase profit.
Private Health Insurance Continued
Managed Care—manages the cost and delivery of healthcare services, the quality of that healthcare, and access to care.
Managed care influences how much healthcare clients can use.
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) are prepaid health plans.
The goal of an HMO is to provide affordable, well-organized healthcare by allowing clients to prepay (capitation payment) on a regular monthly basis for all services provided.
Private Health Insurance Continued
Including physicians’ visits, hospital stays emergency care, surgery, laboratory (lab) tests, X-rays, and therapy for all members and their families.
There may be a small co-payment for each office visit, such as $15 for a doctor’s visit or $50 for hospital emergency room treatment.
Private Health Insurance Continued
Point-of-Service Plans (POS) offer enrollees the option of receiving services from participating or nonparticipating prov ...
1. Health Policy,
2. Features of health policy,
3. Types of health insurance,
4. Ayushman Bharat,
5. Mediclaim Policy,
6. Types of Mediclain policy,
7. What mediclaim policy cover,
8. Types of Mediclaim policy,
9. What Mediclaim policy not covered,
10. Difference between Health Policy and Mediclaim policy
Health insurance and cost containment in Canadian health Systemiyad shaqura
This is a power-point presentation which is about the health insurance, financing and cost containment in Canadian Health System according to most recent data.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
4. Originally designed for the
reunification of Germany in
the
19th Century
Similar to the type of
healthcare you would see in
the USA
except that the Bismarck
model is paid for by
employers
that often do payroll
deductions to pay for the
insurance
5. overview
The German healthcare system is one of the oldest healthcare systems in the world,
dating back to 1880s. The system is organized into two major divisions:
Public
insurance
Private
insurance
German
healthcare
system
The German public health care system is based on the principle of
solidarity.
6. Understanding the German healthcare system
The most important thing to know about the German health care system is that it is
mandatory. All nationals and temporary residents in Germany have to pay for health insurance
every month. The cost of health insurance in Germany comes down to two main factors:
Your income and employment status.
Whether you are paying for Public or Private health insurance.
7. Characteristics
Public or statutory insurance
◦ Cost:the higher your salary, the more you will
have to pay for health insurance
◦ Your employer pays half of your contributions:
◦ Equal coverage: Just because people with higher
salaries pay more, it does not mean that they
have better coverage. Everyone has equal
coverage, regardless of their income or age.
Private insurance
◦ It can be cheaper if you are young and healthy
◦ It is more expensive the older you are
◦ You may not be covered for pre-existing
conditions
◦ You may not be able to get back on public health
insurance
◦ You have to choose what you want covered
8. More on public insurance
◦ You can include your dependents on your own insurance: If you have children or your spouse is
unemployed (or has a low income), then you can include them on your own health insurance
with no additional cost.
◦ Who can opt-out: If your income is above a certain amount (appx. € 59,000 per year), then you
can opt-out of public health insurance and obtain private health insurance instead. If your
annual income is less than € 59,000, then you must get public health insurance.
◦ 59,000 EURO = 5176217.89 INR
◦ Long-term care services are covered separately under Germany’s
mandatory, statutory long-term care insurance (LTCI).
9. ROLE OF PLAYERS
The statutory health insurance (SHI) system consists of 110 sickness funds (acting as third-party payers) covering around
88% of the population. The self-employed and employees who exceed a certain income threshold may choose to stay
with SHI or opt for private health insurance (PHI) provided by 41 insurance companies. PHI covers around 10% of the
population, including civil servants; the remainder (e.g. military) are covered through special schemes. An estimated
0.1% of the population, however, does not have insurance due to administrative hurdles or problems paying premiums
SHI is financed mostly through income-related contributions equally shared between employer and employees.
Contributions are pooled in a central fund and reallocated to sickness funds based on the health needs of their
constituents. PHI is financed through premiums defined by individual health risk upon entry (“life-time underwriting”)
10.
11. CONTINUED..
◦ Role of government: The German health care system is notable for the sharing of decision-
making powers among the federal and state governments and self-regulated organizations of
payers and providers
◦ Role of public health insurance: In 2017, total health expenditures made up 11.5 percent of the
gross domestic product (GDP). Of this health spending, 74 percent was publicly funded, and
most of that spending (57% of total) went toward SHI
◦ Role of private health insurance: In 2017, private health insurance accounted for 8.4 percent of
total health expenditures
12. SERVICES COVERED UNDER SHI
◦ Preventive services, including regular
dental checkups, child checkups, basic
immunizations, chronic disease
checkups, and cancer screenings at
certain ages
◦ Inpatient and outpatient hospital care
◦ Physician services
◦ Mental health care
◦ Dental care
◦ Optometry
◦ Physical therapy
◦ Prescription drugs, except for those
explicitly excluded by law
◦ Medical aids
◦ Rehabilitation
◦ Hospice and palliative care
◦ Maternity care
◦ Sick leave compensation.
13. HOW IS THE DELIVERY SYSTEM
ORGANIZED AND HOW ARE
PROVIDERS PAID?
14. Physician education and workforce: About 35 public universities and five private ones offer degrees in
medicine. Studying at public universities is free, while private institutions sometimes require tuition fees
Primary and outpatient specialist care: General practitioners (GPs) and specialists in ambulatory care
typically work in their own private practices. Most physicians working in multispecialty clinics are salaried
employees
Administrative mechanisms for direct patient payments to providers: Copayments or payments for services
not included in the SHI benefit package are paid directly to the provider. In cases of private health
insurance, patients pay up front and submit claims to the insurance company for reimbursement
15. Mental health care: Acute psychiatric inpatient care is provided largely by psychiatric wards in general (acute)
hospitals. The number of hospitals providing care only for patients with psychiatric and/or neurological illnesses is
low
Long-term care and social supports: Statutory LTCI is mandatory. People typically get statutory LTCI from the same
insurers that provide SHI. Employees share the contribution rate of 3.05 percent of gross salary with their
employers; people without children pay an additional 0.25 percent
After-hours care: After-hours care is organized by the regional associations to ensure access to ambulatory care
around the clock. After-hours care assistance is available mainly through a nationwide telephone hotline
Hospitals: Public hospitals make up about half of all beds, while private not-for-profits account for about a third. The
number of private, for-profit hospitals has been growing in recent years
17. Quality of care is addressed through a range of measures broadly defined by law and in more detail by the
Federal Joint Committee
The Institute for Quality Assurance and Transparency (IQTiG) is responsible for measuring and reporting on
quality of care and provider performance on behalf of the Federal Joint Committee
In addition, the institute develops criteria for evaluating certificates and quality targets and ensures that
the published results are comprehensible to the public
All hospitals are required to publish findings on selected indicators, as defined by the IQTiG, to enable
hospital comparisons
The results of these quality checks are published in transparency reports
Disease management programs ensure quality of care for people with chronic illness
Nonbinding clinical guidelines are produced by the Physicians’ Agency for Quality in Medicine and other
professional societies
19. Strategies to reduce health
disparities are delegated
mainly to public health
services, and the levels at
which they are carried out
differ among states
A network of more than 120
health-related institutions,
including sickness funds and
their associations, promotes
the health of the socially
deprived
Primary preventive care is
mandatory by law for
sickness funds
21. Since 2015, electronic medical chip cards have been used nationwide by all
the SHI-insured
they encode information including the person’s name, address, date of birth,
and sickness fund, along with details of insurance coverage and the person’s
status regarding supplementary charges
In 2015, Parliament passed a law for secure digital communications and
health care applications
SHI physicians receive additional fees for sharing electronic medical reports
with other providers (since 2016–2017)
23. • The Hospital Care Structure Reform Act of 2016 aims
not only to link hospital payments to good service
quality but also to reduce payments for low-value
services
• To enhance competition, some purchasing power has
been handed over to the individual sickness funds
instead of relying on collective contracts with regional
associations
• All drugs, both patented and generic, are placed into
groups with a reference price serving as a maximum
level for reimbursement, unless an added medical
benefit can be demonstrated
25. Conclusion
Germany seems to have an utterly well-organized system, where help, care, prescription drugs or
surgery is guaranteed when needed. This method is used in many European countries
India saw its crisis several years ago and started projects to improve the situation and tried to
offer everybody the care they needed, similar as in European countries. Since average income in
India is very low and big parts of the population live below the international poverty line, the
government and the provinces have to raise the incidental costs themselves
RSBY - Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
The RSBY is an Indian mission, launched in 2008. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana, the Indian
name for this project can be translated to National Health Insurance Program. The main idea of it
is to cover a specific amount of the medical fees for the poorest parts of the population